CHAPTER 1: KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY

History
 The possession and transmission of a culture that man differs from other animals
 As culture is not merely a chronological reconstruction of the past events but process of creation or a
formation of culture specifically a national culture (Nick Joaquin).
 The study of past events, recording of analysis and branch of knowledge that recalls past events

Importance of History
1. Allows us to understand our past and present
2. It gives insights the culture we are less familiar
3. Teach us valuable perspective of our problem in our society
4. We have learned and observed the beginning and development of our own country
5. It strengthens our sense of nationalism
6. Help us to know who we are while molding our future

Source of History
1. Primary Source
 Witnessed the event that took place
 Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
 Contemporary accounts
 Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video recording
etc.)
 Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters, and diaries.
Fossils, artifacts and testimony from living witnesses.
2. Secondary Source
 Not been part of the event
 Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
 Usually formed as public works
 Coming from original source
 Can be combination of primary and secondary source

Theories in Understanding History

A. Challenge and response (Arnold Toynbee)
 Based on the idea that man respond to the situation placed before him
 Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history
 He viewed the past as a succession of civilization to survive was the result of its inability to respond
challenges.
B. Exchange Theory (Alvin Scaff)
 Refers to the systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange of goods (tangible and
intangible) between individuals, groups, organization and nation.
 Alliances of people, communities as well as nations are rooted in the idea of interchange.
 Barter System – there was no currency
 Domestic trade and foreign trade

C. Role of History Man (Georg Wilhelm Hegel 1770-1831)

 Weltgiest or world spirit – patriotism, heroism and unity- since historical individuals are ideal and man
follows his ideal, this thought, which is guided by a particular ideal.
 Geisteswissenchaften or the world of spirit of thoughts
 Naturwissenchaften the antithesis or the complete opposite of the Geisteswissenchaften.
 Combination of the thesis and antithesis, man achieves the synthesis or historical reality.

D. Materialist Concept of History or Economic Theory (Karl Marx)

 Asserts that the prevailing economic systems determine the form of societal organization, political and
intellectual history of epoch which thus attributes actions and events in history to economic motives.
 God, Gold, and Glory the three primary motives.

Another Approach to Historical Studies

E. Method of Historiography
 Developed by Fernand Braudel (1902-1985)
 Father of historical structuralism.
 Human actions are not only based on human decisions but also on structures.
 To achieve total history is to integrate all aspects of man’s past.

F. Teodoro Agoncillo (1912-1985)

 Father of Filipino nationalist historiography

G. Renato Constantino
 Philippine history is a people’s history
 The recorded struggles of people
 Philippines history is a story of struggle
 History is not merely the works of heroes and great men
 History is not necessarily presenting a long unbroken chain of events
 History can serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing the challenges of time
Archaeology
 Study and reconstruct the cultural events of the past through the material remains left by people.
(Artifacts and Fossils)
 Idea on how things might have looked like at a particular time

1) Alfred Marche
 Frenchman
 First major expedition in 1881
 Island of Marinduque and other sites in central Philippines
2) Feodor Jagor
 German traveler
 Reported having encounter a priest in Naga, Camarines Sur, who collected artifacts from ancient
graveyard
3) Dr. Antonio De Morga
 Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas
 Described the ancient artifacts that were recovered by farmers of Ilocos, Pangasinan.
 Clay vessels with dark brown color and some marked with characters
4) Carl Guthe
 The second major archeological exploration
 Michigan archeological expedition (1922-1925)
 Conducted a dig with his team in Palawan, Bohol, Northern Mindanao
 The purpose of the expedition to collect Chinese ceramics exported in Philippines from China.
5) Henry Otley Beyer (1883-1966)
 Father of archeology
 The archeological site he discovered results the construction of a dam for Manila Water Supply
 Construction of a dam was his first archeological research in the country
 In 1947 published the “ONLINE REVIEW OF PHILIPPINES ARCHEOLOGY BY ISLANDS AND
PROVINCES”
6) Larry Wilson
 A mining prospector
 Assisted Beyer in the exploration of numerous Pleistocene site in the Northern Luzon

7) Wilhelm G. Solheim II
 First post war excavations in Masbate Island (1951-1953)
 Assisted by Alfedo Evangelista and Arsenio Manuel

8) Robert B. Fox and Alfredo Evangelista

 Both working for the National Museum of the Philippines
 Human fossils were found which classified as modern man of homo sapiens
  Tabon cave investigation

The Archipelago’s Name

Sung Dynasty
 Referred the island as “MA-YI”
Chau Ju – Kua
 Chinese trade officials who gave a detailed account of his travel.
 He called the island as “MA-I”
Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
 Named the island “ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO” or Archipelago of St. Lazarus
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1543)
 Named “Philippines“came from the word “Filipinas”
 Felipina was the first given by Villalobos’s men to refer to Leyte and Samar.
Fr. Juan J. Delgado
 A Jesuit historian
 He called Manila as “Pearl of the Orient”
Dr. Jose Rizal
 Gave the name “Pearl of the Orient Seas” to his native land
 The Spanish Filipinas or Felipinas was later change to

Philippine Island Republic of the Philippines

American Colonial - after the recognition of Independence Day
Era

Artemio Ricarte
 Katipunan General
 Wanted to be called Philippines as “Rizaline Republic”
Former President Ferdinand Marcos
 Proposed the name “Maharlika”
Study Guides
A. Terms/Concepts to Understand Historical
structuralism Prehistoric archaeology
Primary and secondary sources
Answer:
Primary Source
 Witnessed the event that took place
 Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
 Contemporary accounts
 Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video recording etc.)
 Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters, diarries. Fossils ,
artifacts and testimony from living withnesses.
Secondary Source
 Not been part of the event
 Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
 Usually formed as public works
 Coming from original source
 Can be combination of primary and secondary source

B. Questions to Answer
1. Why did some civilizations fail to survive according to
Arnold Toynbee?
Because of its inabilityto respond to challenges.

2. How do events happen in history according to AlvinScaff?

3. How can historical reality be achieved according toGeorg Hegel?

The combination of Geisteswissenchaften orthe world of Spirit of thoughtand Naturwissenchaften we can achieve the
synthesis or the historical reality.
4. What is the motivation for any human activity accordingto Karl Marx?

5. How can total history be achieved according to FernandBraudel?

To achieve "total history" is tointegrate all aspects of man's past. This involves the study of
history in its total view made possible by examining thecircumstances underlying such political, economic, social,
andcultural events.

6. Explain Renato Constantino's supposition that"Philippine history is a story of struggle."

7. Give the brief history of Philippine archaeology.

8. What made William Henry Scott to conclude thatMaragtas is not a prehispanic document?

Tinamad na ako hanapin sagot sa iba hahahahahahah

CHAPTER 2: GEOGRAPHICAL FOUNDATIONS (Physical Environment)

Geography
is the science of the physical nature of the earth that interacts with the inhabitants. It includes land
and sea masses, their size and shape, as well as climate, and many other such as borders, specific landforms and
waterforms.
Topography 
The study or description of surface features of a place on maps or charts.

The Philippine archipelago is composed of about 7,107 islandsand islets. It has a total land area of
300,000 square kilometers, 92% of which is found on the 11 largest islands. The country can be grouped
geographically into the three major islands groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Accounting for 47% of the
total land area, Luzon is the largest island group and is situated in the north. It has an area of 141,395 square
kilometers. Mindanao is the second largest group is located in the south and occupies 34% of the total land
area. It has an area of 101,999 square kilometers, while the Visayas is a group of smaller islands between
Luzon and Mindanao comprising the remaining 19% of land area. It has an area of 56,606 square kilometers.
The northernmost point of the country is Y’ Ami Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan. The southernmost point is
Saluag Isle, only 34 miles east of Borneo.

1. LANDFORMS

Among the central plains, Luzon has the longest unbroken ranges in the Philippines

The three large mountain ranges:

 Sierra Madre Range – known as pacific coast, traverse from Baler (Quezon) to Isabel onward to Nueva
Vizcaya and Cagayan.
 Caraballo del Sur – forms the borders of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan.
 Caraballos Occidentales – is broken into the Cordillera Central and runs through the region west of the
Cagayan River.

Mindanao has four distinct ranges namely:

 Surigao Range - flows down to the pacific coast.

 Butuan Range - traverse towards the south of the Agusan River as its recipient on the east and Pulangi
River on the west.
 Central Western Rangeit - has a 2,954 m that is 9692 ft.Mt. Apo is not only the highest of the central
western range but also the highest point in the Philippines.
 Western Range - starts from the west of Iligan Bay and it ends in the shore of Basilan Strait.

Large lowland is called Valley of Mindanao. It is situated or found in Southwestern Mindanao.

In Visayas the most prominent mountain range is:

1. Negros range - runs from northwest to southeast.

2. Panay range - crosses from the north to south isolating Antique from Ilo-Ilo, Capiz and Aklan.

Philippines is one of the countries known for their volcanic origin.

Famous Volcanoes in the country:

1. Iraya - Batanes.
2. Pinatubo - Zambales.
3. Taa l- Batangas.
4. Bulusan - Sorsogon
5. Kanlaon - Negros.
6. Hibok-hibok - Camiguin
7. Makaturing - Lanao
8. Apo - Davao del Sur
9. Mayon - Albay

Most active but eventually losing its world popularity as the most perfect cone-shaped volcano is Mt.
Mayon one of the most violent eruptions is in 1814 where the Cagsawa community is buried under hot Lava
and fire-burning rocks. A living proof of such terrible destruction was the fact that Cagsawa church got buried
to the ground that only its bell tower could be seen.

Taal Volcano, on January 1911 and September 1965 were considered to be the most destructive. Six
barrios were covered by boiling mud with thousands of nearby resident killed or died.
Mt. Pinatubo, a dormant volcano for about 600 years caught another world focus when it erupted, one
on July 12, 1991 and the other one is on June of 1992.

The Central Plain in Luzon traditionally known as the “rice granary” of the Philippines located in south
of Caraballo mountains.
Another broadplain in Northern Luzon is the Cagayan Valley found along the Cagayan River. It is
surrounded by the mountains of Sierra Madre (on east), Cordillera Central (on the west), and the Caraballo
Mountain on the south.

One of the most well known valleys in Southwestern Mindanaois the vast lowland area called Valley of
Mindanao
2. WATERFORMS

A. Rivers
 Rio Grande de Cagayan - one of the most notable river system. It is thelongest river in Luzon and the
mightiest watercourse.
 The largest river system in the Philippines is found in Mindanao.The central basin of Mindanao is being
drained by Rio Grande de Mindanao(known in its upper course as the Pulangi).
 Second longest river is Agusan with the basin of Surigao as its subsidiary.
 Other important rivers of the Island include Chico River, Abra Grande, Rio Grande de Pampanga, Bicol
and Agno River in Pangasinan.
 St. Paul Underground River - is located in Palawan. It is popular for being a tourist attraction it is
consider to be the world’s largest known underground river.

B. Lakes
Laguna Bay and Lake Lanaoare the country’s notable lakes. Laguna Bay is the largest lake in the
Philippines while Lake Lanao is the largest deep lake in the country. Other famous lakes: Taal Lake in Batangas,
Lake Naujan in Mindoro, andLake Bito in Leyte.

C. Waterfalls
Most of the country’s waterfalls are not only tourist attraction but also potent sources of hydroelectric
energy.

 Pagsanjan falls - is the most favorite tourist spot visited by both foreigners and local inhabitants.This is
located or situated in Laguna it is popularly called “shooting rapids” because of the heavy or quick flow
of waters from its top.
 Botocan falls - other waterfalls, the largest waterfall in the country.
 Maria Cristina Falls - is an important source of power found in Lanao del Norte.
 Hinulugang Taktak - is situated in Antipolo.
 Tamaraw Falls - in Oriental Mindoro.
 Darosdos Falls - in Samar.

D. Springs
Springs are sources of geothermal power and valuable medicinal watersare the various springs in the
country. These are the most notable springs in the Philippines:

 In Laguna, most popular spring is Los Banos and Pansol

 In Bulacan, most popular spring is Pandi spring and Sibul spring
 Magsingal spring in Ilocos
  Tiwi in Albay

E. Bays
Manila Bay is the largest bay in the Philippines and the finest harbor in Asia.

F. Gulfs
Three famous gulfs in the Philippines:
 Lingayen Gulf
 Leyte Gulf
 Davao Gulf

G. Straits
The narrowest strait in the world is San Juanico Strait. It is located between in Samar and Leyte.

H. Deep/Trench
Philippine deep has won recognition as the deepest point in the world with the depth of 37,732 ft.
below the sea level.

Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, and Zamboanga are among the numerous sea ports and busiest in the country. These
contribute greatly to the country’s economy due to their good harbors and rich fishing grounds.

3. NATURALRESOURCES
A. Agricultural Resources – the Central Plain of Luzon is trying take a last hold for being the Rice Granary or
food basket of the Philippines. It is still the largest producer of rice, the country’s staple crop. However, the
Pinatubo eruption and the continuous growth of as exploding population offset the total production of rice wills
the level of sufficiency.

Other major forms of production are coconut, tobacco, sugarcane, hemp or abaka, coffee, rubber, pineapple,
cacao, sweet potatoes, cassava and many others.

B. Forest Resources
Mindanao is blessed for having the largest forestry production. Palawan is the most heavily forested
province almost 90% of each area is forested.

1. Plants
Flora and fauna varieties of palm, rubber trees, indigenous hardwood trees such as Kamagong tree,
Yakal tree, Apitong tree, Ipil tree and Red Narra.

 Narra- is not only the country’s national tree it is known as the world’s best hardwood.
  Abaka or Manila hemp - is the most valuable indigenous plant in the Philippines.
 Sampaguita (Queen of flowers) – country’s national flower
 Pungapung – the largest flower in the world and also wild flower that grows in Mindanao
 Rafflesia – stinky flower

Another example of flower is milky white camia, cadena de amor, dama de noche and bougainvillea.

The Philippines is worldly known of being the Land of Flowers.

B.2 Animals
The most useful animal in the Philippines is “carabao”. Carabao is the most reliable and considered as
farmers best friend.

Other important animals are:

 Tamaraw - can be found in Mindoro
 Tarsier (Bohol) - the smallest monkey in the world
 Philippine mouse-deer – smallest deer in the world can be found in Palawan
 Zebronkey – half zebra and half donkey

B.3 Birds
 Katala/ Kalaw – is called the “clock of the mountains” because it makes a loud call every noontime.
 Palawan Peacock – known as the dancing bird
 Timbas – is unique for its scream as it glides into the sky
 Philippine falconet – world’s smallest falcon

B.4 Insect
 Giant Moth – largest Philippine insect with a wingspan of 1 foot.

C. Marine Life

Philippine rivers, seas, lakes are filled with fish, shell, pearl, coral, sea weeds and other marine wealth.

 Bangus – National fish

 Other famous fish is pating bulik(Rhineodon Typus), a huge whale is the world’s largest fish. it is
estimated 50 ft. or more in length and weighs several tons when fully grown.
 Pandaca Pygmaea or dwarf pygmy the world’s smallest fish its average length is 9.66millimeters that is
0.38 inches smaller than the famous sinarapan or tabyos, the smallest commercial fish.
C.1 Shells and Pearls

 The Philippine Glory of the Sea known as Conus Gloriamaris. The world’s rarest and most expensive
shell.
 Tridacna Gigas - world’s largest shell, its length is 1meter and weight 600 pounds
 Pisidum – world’s smallest shell
 Philippine pearl of Allah – largest pearl with a weight of 14 pounds

D. Mineral Resources

The country’s rich deposits of gold, iron, silver, copper lead, manganese, zinc, salt, chromite, marble and
coal.
Other minerals found in the country include mercury, limestone, petroleum, nickel, sand, gravel, rock,
asphalt, manganese, and uranium.

E. Scenic/Tourist Spot

The Philippines is one of the world’s most beautiful countries embellished with scenic and natural
wonders.

 Ifugao Rice Terraces – found in massive mountain slopes of northern Luzon

 Baguio - Summer capital
 Mt. Mayon in Albay – crowning glory of the natural wonders
 Taal Volcano - the smallest, found in the central of the Taal lake
 Mt. Apo – highest mountain
 Mt. Banahaw
 Mt. Makiling – woman lying flat with a long stretch and breast protruding.

CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL FOUNDATION (Social environment)

Theories of the Philippine Origin

Origin of the Philippines is one of the land masses that capable to changes to places or its surface, its origin
is most explained by other theories of earth’s evolution.

 Land bridge theory – the earth was made up of huge landmasses that connected each piece of land to
one another through land bridges located above big bodies of water. When the earth experienced global
warming, the ice melted and the land bridges were all destroyed. Thus, the broken pieces of landmasses
floated on water and gradually scattered elsewhere.
  Big bang theory –expounded by a Belgian astronomer-priest states that all matters in the universe had
been condensed into one large mass. As a result of the atmospheric changes, a graduated but increasing
gravitational force occurred immediately followed by a massive explosion for within the landmass.
 Biblical Theory – theory states that God created heaven and earth, after which the first man and woman
called Adam and Eve.
 Darwinian Theory – this theory traces man’s origin from apes. For several million of years, the ancestors
of man (Homo erectus) left Africa – cradle of man’s remote past – and scattered throughout the world
crossing the land bridges.
 Continental Drift Theory, Pacific Theory, and Asiatic Theory had slight differences to the above
mentioned theories drawing out similar conclusion on the evolution of the earth as caused by natural
forces.

Prehistoric Ancestral Lineage

Ancestral Lineage likewise made a further branching out leading to new specie called Homo Sapiens,
modern man’s direct ancestors. It is believed that from the sapiens the various racial groups sprang out. The
Filipino ancestry traces its roots to three groups of people: Negritos (commonly called aetas or pygmies),
followed by the two waves of Indonesian migrants and Malay’s being the last.

The Negritos were presumed to have reached the Philippines using land bridges. It is believed that this
group was one of the first primitive nomads, who wandered beyond the far reaches of Asia. They were short
(typically five feet –feet tall), round-headed with kinky hair, small flat nose with thick lips and dark complexion .
Using crude stone tools, they managed to survive through hunting and fishing. The new waves of migrants
eventually pushed them to the hinterlands. The descendants of the Negritos presently live in the mountains and
forest of Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Pampanga. Other Negritos settlers are Mindoro, Palawan,
Negros, Panay, and some remote places in Mindanao.

Indonesians are the next groups of Ancient Migrants. The first wave came from southeastern Asia. They
were the first people to reach the archipelago by sailboats. Indonesians are tall (the shortest being five feet in
height), slenderin physique, light complexion, thin lips, and high aquiline nose. The second wave of Indonesian
migrants in contrast with the Negritos the two groups of Indonesian migrants has a far advance culture because
they belong to New Stone Age. Their major economic activity was agriculture. Although hunting and fishing were
still employed. They both cooked foods in bamboo tubes. Indonesian built houses made of wooden or bamboo
frame with grass roof. (Nipa Hut)

Malays or brown raise were the last of the original that settled in many islands of archipelago they came
from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. They board on sailing boat called “Balangay”. The Malays
were of medium height, slim but well built, brown skin and with black hair and dark brown eyes.

When clusters of loosely independent settlements were placed under one leadership, the Spanish
colonizers began to coin term to identity all the subjugated natives. The term Indio . first coined by the
Spaniards referred to all colonized natives both in the Americas and in the Philippines. The term also referred to
the Christianized natives.

The America natives soon came to be called Creoles. After gaining great political and economic
influences, these minority groups (referring to those born in the Philippines of Spanish or Chinese descent are
called Insulares or Ilustrados.

Presently, the Filipinos divided into many group:

 Visayan – living primarily in the middle section of the Archipelago. They are lighthearted folks.
 Tagalog – living in Central Luzon. They are pragmatic people.
 Ilokanos – The third most important group, live mainly in Cagayan Valley. They frugal and hardworking
people from Northern Luzon.
 Bicolanos – from Southern Luzon, nature lovers.

The two Muslim groups: Moro and Samal are concentrated in the southern portion of the archipelago
particularly in Western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and Southern Palawan Island.

Those Spanish and Chinese descents comprised the chief and non-Malay inhabitants of the country.

RACIAL ORIGINS AND MAJOR GROUPS OF INHABITANTS

In Luzon, there are 28 identified ethnic groups with respective sub-branches. Living on purely highland
areas, they inherited from their ancestors.

 Apayao groups – they are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and-burn type of cultivation.Kalinga and
Itawit live in peaceful coexistence with the Apayaos.
 Kalingas – in the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao came to be called the “Peacocks of the North”.
Because of their weaknesses on dress and personal ornamentation.
 Ilokanos – live in flat lands.
 Bontocs – live in Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico River. Their culture can easily be
distinguished by the stone-walled rice terracing technology. The distinctive material culture of the group
is the customary use of pocket hats among the males and they preferred to use ax instead of the bolo.
 Ibalois – large group inhabiting the Benguet Province, they are well known for celebrations on numerous
tribal rituals.
 Ga’dangs - inhabiting in the middle of Cagayan Valley, use numerous types of beads made of semi-
precious stones as part of their attire.
 Ifugao ethnic groups–famous in oral literature such as “Hudhud” and “Alim”, experts in wood carving.
 Ivatan/Itbyat – live in Batanes-Babuyan. Their houses are strongly built with thick walls of stones and
mortar. One unique product of their creativity is the “so-ot”, the all-weather hat.
  Sambals – occupy the northwestern flank of Zambales Mountain Ranges as well as the Western tip of
Pangasinan. This Sambal language is closest to a variety of Tagalog vernaculars known as Sinaunang
Tagalog which is spoken in Tanay, Rizal.
 Negrito – various names such as Aeta, Ati, Eta, Ito, Batak, live in small groups. They are the masters of
life in tropical rainforest being most proficient in the use of bow and arrow. They survive the thick
forested areas on High Mountain. They are expert hunters and gatherers. Having knowledge of the
forested terrain, they are the mostly favored guide regularly hired by the US Army. They teach American
soldier on how to survive in the jungle. Because of Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption the Negritos must had
been displaced.
 The Mangyans of Mindoro are made up of several tribes. They are expert weavers particularly of “sturdy
cloth”.

There three major groups in Palawan:

 Bataks – found in several areas of Palawan, are like the Negritos who are small dark and kinky-haired
people. The distinguishing feature of this group is their culture of sleeping in treetops or in hearths to
ward off mosquitoes. Men wear “g-strings” and women wear only “skirts”. They are fond of
ornamentals placed from head to foot.
 Tagbanuas – are straight-haired people, slender in physique with brown skin. Tagbanuas like to wear
attractive colored dresses and ornaments. This group believes in fairies called “diwata” in shaping their
life.
 Palawans - have slight differences in physique with the Tagbanuas. They employ “Kaingin cultivation”.
And use bamboo, saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids for the field use a
support for vine-like crop plants.

Mindanao has various ethnic groups in both rural and urban areas

Muslim of the South are considered the largest cultural minority. Muslims are still expert political and
economic influences. The distinct Muslim groups in the region form the main bulk of the Tausug, Maranao,
Maguindanao, Samal, Badjao, and Yakan. The non-Muslim tribe such as T’Boli, Tiruray, Bagobo, Subanon,
Bukidnon, Mandaya, and Manobo live on the mountainous areas of Mindanao.

 The Badjaos are known as sea gypsies and called due to similarity of their culture with the boat people
of Borneo. This ethnic group lives in house boats called “iepa” and their culture is closely linked with the
sea.
 The Tausug lives in Jolo, Siasi and Patikul. The name was supposed to mean “people of the current”
although some say these interpretations came from the terms: “tau” which means a person and “suug”
– the traditional name of Jolo.
 The Maranao people of the Lake Maranao the largest ethnic groups in the country they give their
settlement in the Lake Lanao and economically associated with Market trade,
  One of the most non-Muslim group in the region are the Manobos they are known as the most
numerous of the ethnic group in the Philippines is on the ethnicity to the family of languages they are
concentrated on the areas from Sarangani Islands to the Mindanao Mainland particularly the province
of Agusan del Sur, Davao, Bukidnon, North and South Cotabato.
 Tasadays is a very small ethnic group is. One of the many Manobos sub group. They are hunters and
gatherers. The live to practice the “earliest primitive culture”.
CHAPTER 4: LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS (Pre-colonial Philippines)

1. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS FACETS OF THE ANCIENT FILIPINO SOCIETY

A. Pre-Colonial Setting

 Ancient literature of the land describes how our ancestors live. Ancient poem, epics, and riddles put in
vivid delineation the day-to-day activities of our ancestors and their lighthearted world view as they
struggle for survival.
 Blending fantasy with reality, heroism was seen through fierce battle fought by heroes against the force
of their enemies including the nature of God and Goddesses.
 Moral laws of the society had been ingrained in the minds of the children through songs and folktales.
 The present ethnic group from the remote rural of the Philippines became the most important source of
knowledge of the ancient times.
 Rituals, creed, songs and ancient myths aided the present day urban dwellers and researchers.
 Today’s typical barrio or village gives one a rough picture of Baranganic Community.
 Accounts written by Spanish historians, every barangay was inhabited by an estimate of fifty families.
 Every family was allowed to own as many areas they can cultivate.
 Houses best fitted the tropical climate. Materials used were bamboo for the structure of the house as
well as for the flooring. The sides and roof were covered with palm leaves. (Nipa hut)
 Malay influence is seen in houses built above the ground.
 The lower part of the house is for storage and enclosed by the thin pieces of bamboo. There is also a
detachable bamboo stair to the bamboo door leading to the house. It was usually drawn at night for
protection from bad elements either man or beast.
 The floor is made up pieces of polished bamboo. Nipa palm, kogon or sticks of bamboo were made as
walls of the house. These provide enough air to ventilate the house.
 The inner part is a spacious one big room for all purpose (sleeping, dining and reception quarter).
 Cooking and dishwashing were done in an extended part called “batalan”.
 Cooking utensils: knives, bolo, and wooden ladle
 Clay pots and stove were placed on a built bamboo ledge.
 A native dining table is set for approximately eight to ten persons. It is three feet high with length and
width enough for big family.
 This kind of dining table was very popular among the Tagalogs and came to be known as “dulang”.
 Our ancestors eat with bare hands. After every meal, dulang was placed in the corner of the room.
 The house of those lowland people was uniquely built being on top of the trees. It was Indonesian
influence. It was built for defense against warlike neighboring tribes and also against wild animals.
 Another unique dwelling is those Badjaos of Mindanao. They build their house on boat. They are
considered as the ancient counterpart of today’s Chinese boat people.
 During ancient time, people kept a breast with what was deemed a popular trend. Our ancestors were
at par with other civilized ancient people because they were found by the Spaniards with a distinct
mode of life defined by what was deemed in line with primitive fashion elsewhere.
 Our ancestors are fond of wearing colorful clothes. A colorless jacket with short sleeves called
“kanggan” is the common upper attire of the men. The lower part of their body is covered by a strip of
cloth called “bahag” it is a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist and down area between the legs.
 A headgear called “putong” a piece of cloth wrapped around the head is another indispensable part of
men’s attire.
 The color of kanggan and putong is associated with status symbol. The chief wore the red kanggan
while the rest below his rank wore either blue or black. The red putong signified that the wearer had
killed an enemy at war. Embroidered putting was worn by those who had killed at least seven. The
color of the putong worn by the men was both status symbol and war heroic record.
 The native women’s dress was made up of a semi-loose blouse with sleeves commonly called “baro” or
“camisa”. The skirt is semi-fitted and was called “saya” by the Tagalog and “patadyong” by the
Visayans. A piece of cloth wrapped about the waist called “tapis” had always been part of the women’s
attire. With long hair gracefully knotted at their heads.
 Native women can comfortably do household chores and gather fruits from the deepest forested areas.
 Filipino ancestors were very conscious of their personal hygiene, a quality which has been carried over
to the present generation.
 They frequently bathed in lakes and streams. To soften their hair they used “gogo”, a dried bark sliced
into pieces.
 Aside from knowledge on proper hygiene and carrying one’s self, they also know how to look beautiful.
 Personal adornment was an inseparable pan of grooming for both men and women.
 They wore adornments mostly of solid gold and precious stones heavily trapped from their head to
foot. Among these are kalumbiga (armlets), pendants, bracelets, rings, earrings and leglets.
 To adorn their teeth, they used gold fillings inserted in between each tooth.
 Tattoo is one of the most important part of our ancestor’s personal adornment. It is drawn on the body
and face of both men and women.
 Other purpose of tattoo for men is it shows the heroism they had scored in a battle. Tattoo signified a
man’s war medals acknowledge by all the natives as another status symbol. The more a man covered a
tattoo, the higher he gained respect in the society.
 Filipino ancestors were generally nature lovers.
 Being closed to the nature made them passionately romantic and artistic. Ancient Filipino epic poems as
well as songs on courtship and love signified the romantic fervor of the time.
 Their artistic inclination is evidently seen in the numerous wood crafts of idols and woven pieces of
cloth with bright colors from the people of north and south.
 In contrast to other societies, women were given due respect and recognition.
  The Baranganic community upheld the political and social rights of women never enjoyed by their
contemporaries.
 Given the highest status is Asia, the eldest daughter by birthright can inherit the position of "datu”
 In public, men out of due respect had to walk a little farther behind the women.
 Our ancestors produced many kinds of wine from our trees. “Tuba”, made from coconut palms, most
popular wine particularly in the Visayas and Mindanao.
 “pongasi” and “tapuy” wine both made from rice.
 “basi” wine that was made from sugarcane.
 Filipinos (past and present) are heavy drinkers.
 Filipino ancestors being expert makers of native wine enjoyed drinking in excess.
 Since wine dissipates body heat, they oftentimes plunge into the river after drinking or in between the
drinking session.
 In spite of being drowned in the spirit of alcohol, native Filipinos never lose their senses. They still
managed to find their way home or far under daylight or darkness of the night.

B. Social Classes
 In the Philippine setting, every community was made up of natives belonging to any of the three social
classes.
 Their way of life was dictated by social stratification and assumed a distinct role I n the society
depending on their position in the social hierarchy.
 “Maharlika” or nobles in English term was the highest than any members in the lower strata. Granted
with more rights. They held social, economic, and political influences. Nobility was acquired through
inheritance out of being a member of datu’s kinship. Even the succession to the position of datu was
chosen in maharlikas.
 “Timawa” a Visaya term for freemen. They had all rights and privileges in the community except that of
political power which was exclusively enjoyed by the noble class. They lived in a comfortable life within
their means given the right to own and cultivate lands. They are required to give a part of their harvest
to the datu as form of tribute.
 “Alipin” a Tagalog term for dependents were the prisoners captured in wars or acquired social position
by virtue of inheritance. Most often, timawa lost his position and was demoted to an alipin because of
nonpayment of debt or punishment for a serious crime.
 Alipin fall on two kinds: first is “aliping namamahay” they’re granted with limited rights. They’re
allowed to build their own house. Their obligation was to render service during planting and harvesting
season. They were also called in the construction of their master’s house and in household chores.
Second is “aliping sagigilid” lived with his master. Totally under the disposition of his master, he was
not allowed to marry without the consent of his master, he was not entitled to own a property.
 The ancestors of the Filipino adhered to the belief that each of the forces of the nature was caused by
their gods.
 The bounties of harvest and even good health were but the workings of their gods as a prize of their
good deed.
 Natural catastrophes were considered as punishment for wrong doings, from this mindset, the natives
had been conditioned to act and react according to what they believed. They performed their respective
roles in the community so as not to offend their gods.
 The datu was duty-bound to be a good ruler to his people.
 The members of maharlika and timawa had to treat well the alipin.
 Social mobility from one class to another was made possible regardless of the rigidity of social
stratification.
 Lost of one’s status was primarily caused by a wrong deed done to a fellow native.
 The natives soon developed the idea of a free life. Related to the concept of freedom i s the idea of
restricted liberalism. Anyone was given the chance to raise his position in the social ladder.
 “Intermarriages” meant that a noble could marry a freeman and a freeman to a dependent and vice
versa.

C. Family
 It assumes a very important in the process of socialization and moral formation.
 The character and outlook of an individual are molded first in the family.
 Being the simplest social unit and correspondingly has been translated into a bigger social group
called the “community”.
 Ancient family being patriarchal in nature highlighted the father as a figure head. He took the
charge of the family sustenance and his word was the law of the house to be obeyed by all
members.
 Deeply implanted in the primitive society, the members of the family normally stayed intact and
worked together
 The wife along with other children helped the father in the clearing of the land, planting, and
harvesting. Older son usually stays longer with their father in the field and most often do heavy
household chores such as drawing water from streams or springs and gathering woods from cooking
purposes.
 Older daughters helped the mother do household chores and in cloth weaving.
 Additional members outside from the immediate household lived together in one big house. This
came to be called an extended family composed of father, mother, children and the others who
were either grandparents, single uncles and aunts or relatives up to third degree.
 Ancient Filipino was significantly matriarchal. The mother most of the time exerted great influence
in managing almost all affairs of the house. Mandated by the social norms, they were given the
right to give names to their offspring as both a privilege and a prerogative.
 Daughters had equal rights with their brothers in the inheritance of properties.
 Marital relationship was strong and binding promiscuous native men secretly indulged in affairs
with another woman.
 Among Tagalogs, the term “asawa” referred to the legitimate wife while “ka-i-bi-gan” to the other
woman.
 Community had strict rules on property inheritances by claimants. Legitimate child (referring to
the children of the wife) were the legal heirs.
D. Education
 Education by then was informal and an all free time activity.
 Native mother taught their daughters on household chores and how to weave.
 Fathers took charge of teaching their sons to hunt in thickly forested areas and also to catch fish.
 All males were duty bound to defend and protect their community can hostile tribes. Part of the
training was that on the excellent acquisition of the hunting and fishing skills. To get a good catch was
the primary objective so as to develop speed and accuracy. Test of strength and endurance was
undertaken through running, swimming and mountain or tree climbing races.
 Role of the elders is the moral upbringing of the children. They were vivid storytellers of various myths
and other oral literatures of the tribe.
 Tribal rituals led by the priest and priestess and jointly participated by both young and adults assumed
another form of education.

E. Marriage Customs
 The natives of Luzon had marriage customs that underwent several stages.
 First, the young man had to undergo a pre courtship stage called “pamamalae”. Under this stage, the
man had to prove his sincerity and also of being a responsible husband. He was compelled to render
two obligations namely: servitude and dowry.
 Courtship stage. Parents of both sides are down to discuss other conditions to be met. To please the
parent of the bride, there were several gifts that had to be offered by the groom’s parent.
 “Bigay kaya” dowry in the form of land, gold or even dependents.
 “Himaraw” parents of the groom dole out an amount of money as payment for the expenses incurred
in feeding the future bride during her infancy.
 “Panghihimuyat” certain money given by the parents of the groom. It is the payment for taking care of
the girl since childhood.
 “Bigay suso” girl’s wet nurse gift. This is for having breast fed her during her infancy.
 Marriage ceremony. The most exciting stage with its observance varying from one tribe to another and
from among the social classes.
 Before and after the rituals, the father of the groom hat to be well-prepared with another set of gifts in
case the bride showed signs of shyness and aloofness.

F. Mourning Customs
 Filipino ancestors believed that when a man dies, his soul leaves his body and undergoes a long journey
to another world.
 They also considered the spirits of the dead are now members of their big constellations of their gods
and goddesses and deities.
 Native Filipinos have various forms of rituals to honor their dead.
 In Negritos, ashes were thrown around the bed of a dying man. The belief that once he leaves his body,
footprints marked on the ashes belonged to the dead man on set for the north to bury their dead along
with his clothes and other valuable personal belongings.
  Early Filipinos had developed the art of embalming. They used herbs to keep the body from total decay
and perfumed it with oil made from fragrant leaves and flowers.
 Some buried their dead under or near the house, in a cave, in the forest or at a certain elevated land
facing the sea.
 The mourning for men called “maglahe”, for women – “moratal”, and for the datu – “laraw”.
 In some tribes, the mourners wore white shirts or skirts while people in other group wore rattan bands
around their arms, legs, and necks.
 Formal ceremony was held for a dead chief.
 “Pasiyam” celebration held for nine days and attended by the immediate relatives as well as almost all
of the neighborhood im the community.
 “Tibawan” play in honor of the dead. This said play was the origin of the literature such as karagatan,
duplo and karilyo by the Spanish period.

G. Religious beliefs
 Our ancestor’s sense of spiritually had been evidently manifested in their worship of numerous gods
and goddesses, deities and soul spirit.
 Bathalang Maykapal - the supreme god believed to be the creator of earth and man.
 Idiyanale – god of agriculture
 Lalahon – goddess of harvest
 Balanghaw – god of rainbow
 Diyan Masalanta – god of love
 Sidapa – god of death
 Mandarangan – war god
 Sisiburanin – goddess of the underworld
 Agni – god of fire
 Barangao – god of rainbow
 Siginarugan – god of hell
 Ancient Filipino ancestors recognized the existence of soul spirits, a counterpart of the modern day
saints.
 Anitos – Tagalog term; soul spirits
 Diwata – Visayan term for soul spirits; the one who controlled their lives.
 Animism – the worship of nature. The sun, moon, bodies of water, animals, mountains and trees were
considered sacred and believed to have great powers to destroy or preserve.
 Misfortune, natural calamities, sickness or even death were treated as punishments to them.
 In fruit gathering or forested areas, they made it appoint to ask permission first from the nature gods.
 Before planting, they pray to their god of harvests for bountiful graces.
 In course of fighting with other tribes, rituals were performed to seek the intervention of the god of war
for their warrior’s victory.
 Some tribes captured natives from another tribe and offered them as human sacrifices.
H. Superstitious Beliefs and Auguries
 Our forefathers adhered to supernatural beliefs such as superstitions, auguries and charms. They were
very keen to natural signs and interpreted this either as good or bad luck.
 Old folks warmed marrying someone with a mole near the eye. It was believed that a woman or man
bears a mole exactly where tears flow will become a widow/widower in the near future.
 Mother usually forbid their daughter to sing in front of a stove out of fear that she will an old man.
 For newlywed couple, a son for a first born child is a sign of luck.
 Disabled child was believed to bring fortunes in the family.
 Twins was believed to bring prosperity in the family in the near future.
 Sickness, ill fortune and death were gauged through the howling of a dog and carrying of a crow in the
middle of the night. This corresponded to a black butterfly resting inside the house.
 A bird called “salaksak” is a sign for warriors on their way to the battlefield grew confident feeling
victory at hand.
 When a cat continuously rubs its face or a lizard is making an unbroken sound, it meant the coming of an
unexpected visitor.
 House cleaning at night is strictly prohibited because this meant throwing away good luck.
 Our ancestors believed on the existence of aswang, tikbalang, mangkukulam, tianak, and manananggal.
 Aswang is a counterpart of the European “poltergeist”, was a being who has a power to transform itself
into a dog, pig, horse, carabao, or any kind of animals using sick people or pregnant women as their
prey.
 Tikbalang could take any form of disguise to frighten passersby.
 Mangkukulam had the magic power to inflict or harm anyone.
 Tianak was blood sucker of newly born babies.
 Charms were believed to be a supernatural gift acquired men of extraordinary courage. One popular
kind of charm is the Tagalog anting anting or agimat. From a banana tree that is located at the deepest
part of the forest.
 A form of Amulet with a romantic fervor was believed to drive a woman to madly fall in love with a man
endowed with such mythical power. It is also called Gayuma.

2. ANCIENT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING

A. Political System
A.1 Early Laws
 Ethnic group’s rituals bespeak of the political culture that prevailed during the remote past.
 Some of them mention sets of codified laws such as the “Maragtas and Kalantiyaw Code”
 The first organized political community was believed to have been established in the Malay settlement
of Panay.
  Ten Bornean datu left Borneo to escape from the despotic rule of Datu Makatunaw: Puti, Bangkaya,
Dumalugdog, Sumakwel, Lubay, Paiburong, Dumangsil, Balensula, Paduhing and Dumangsol. They are
clusters of Malay that had successfully established throughout the archipelago.
 The Confederation of Madyaas was built in Panay by Datu Sumakwel. The first political confederation
aimed to extend assistance to its members in terms of protection from hostile non-Malay groups.
 Sumakwel Code – set of rules that guided the “The Confederation of Madyaas”. The said code was
overshadowed in obscurity and its existence was only kept alive through legendary tales.
 Kalantiyaw Code – it was believed to have been introduced in 1453. The promulgator of the code is
Datu Kalantiyaw, the third chief of Panay and a descendant of Datu Sumakwel. It was presumed that the
Kalantiyaw Code was a revised or modified form of the former code.
 It is from the confederation that the settlements were eventually transformed into a new political
organization known as “barangay”.

A.2 Unit of Government

 The unit of government during the time of our forefathers was called “barangay” derived from the
Tagalog word Balangay meaning “sailboat”.
 Each barangay which consisted of 50 – 100 families was established near a river or a sea.
 The leader called “datu” had immense political power to rule and govern his subjects. He is the chief
executor, legislator and judge. All his subjects were bound to obey him and mandated to pay an
attribute or buwis.
 With various confederations that sprang out, the desire for power and expansion became the primary
cause of wars. In preparation for an attack, all male members of the community from adolescence to
manhood were given rigid military training.
 The family and relatives of datu were exempted from the payment of tributes and service rendering
 Baranganic clashes were unavoidable. Wars between barangays were caused by atrocities such as
maltreatment, insult, murder and woman kidnapping. To protect the barangay, these communities
joined another much stronger confederation for mutual defense and trade partnership.

A.3 Laws
 Although the datu had an absolute authority to rule, he sought the assistance of the council of
elders on matters pertaining to community affairs.
 They helped the datu on settlement of disputes within the community and neighboring barangays.
 Once a new law had been made, it was immediately announced by a town crier called
“umalohokan”.
 The first written laws relied upon by the scholars of the present time were drawn out from oral
literatures attested by elders from various existing ethnic groups in the country.
 “Maragtas Code” other written law formulated by the Muslims. Considered major crimes were rape,
incest, murder, witchcraft, insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts, and larceny. Minor crimes are
adultery, cheating, petty, theft, perjury, singing aloud at night and destroying documents owned.

A.4 Trial by Ordeal

  Our forefather’s full reliance on providential guidance went to a greater extent of using signs from
Bathala as gauge to determine the guilt of a person accused of a certain crime.
 It was just by then considered fair and just out of the belief that god was the best judge of human
atrocities.
 Our ancestor’s judicial process was called “trial by ordeal” went in similar pattern to those practiced in
other ancient lands such as Egypt, Babylon, and Greece.
 There were various ways adopted by the Filipino ancestors to identify the real culprit. First, was the
boiling water test. The suspects were asked to dip their hands into a big clay kettle filed with boiling
water to take out a stone. Anyone from the suspects who refused to do so was pronounced guilty.
 The candle test was a matter of luck for anyone. The culprit was easily identified when the candle of
anyone from the accused died out first.
 The water diving test compelled the accused men under trial to dive into the water for as long as they
could hold on to their breath.
 Other form of trial by ordeal: race test, mountain climbing test, and duel fight test, the lower – the
perpetuator.
 The kind of punishment imposed was based on the nature of the crime committed. Major crimes
punished by death. Minor crimes were exposed to the ants, exacted with fire, flogged or finger cut.

B. Economic Activities
 In the land called today Philippines, the early migrants took the necessary measures to survive using
instinct, creativity, and ingenuity.
 Our hunting and fishing ancestors shifted to agriculture that went side by side with the domestication of
animals
 Waves of other settlers and traders came into our land, the simple day-to-day means of survival of our
ancestors was enriched with added technological know-how.
 Nomadic life ended and a new economic order was set into pace.
 Our ancestors had much freedom and opportunity to own as many lands as he could cultivate. The only
condition set for him was to give the datu a share of his harvest.
 Blessed with fertility of soil, various crops were planted that went beyond sufficiency level. Rice, sugar
cane, coconuts, cotton, hemp and many species of fruits and vegetables were produced for local
consumption and also for primary trade goods.
 Early Filipinos mined gold deposits in great quantity. Its abundance was evidently manifested in the use
of the said mineral as part of the ancient personal adornment.
 Aside from using the rich forest resources for house building, lumbering was one of the important trade
goods of our ancestors.
 Our ancestors used fishing nets, bows and arrows, fishing spears, and other primitive tools to exploit
water resources.
 Pearl diving thrive in Sulu, the richest pearl bed in the archipelago. This made Mindanaons world famous
as excellent sea divers ever since.
  Barter trade was employed. Barter, the exchange of one good to another. The archipelago became one
of the centers of Asian trade when merchants from neighboring lands beyond the seas came to
exchange their goods with those of our natives.
 Ancient pottery made of clay had been one of the trade products greatly demanded inside and outside
of the archipelago.

Trade Partners
A. Inter-baranganic Relations
- Trade was the lifeblood of our forefathers.
- Inter-baranganic alliances were not only based on friendship but also on trade partnership.
- Sanduguan- a symbolic treaty of blood compact between the contracting parties. Both parties drew
blood from their arms and mixed it with wine. They drank in the same cup as a sign of being “blood
brothers”

B. Orang Dampuans
- Trade was carried out with the neighboring barangays, as well as other groups of people across the
seas.
- “Orang Dampuans” or “Men from Champa”- group of immigrants from Southern Annam, first known
trade partner of our ancestors, between 900 and 1200 A.D.
- Established trading posts in Sulu. When their settlements began to prosper, the “Buranuns,” natives
of Sulu grew unfriendly. Feared of being overpowered, the Buranuns attacked the migrant
settlements and massacred the Orang Dampuans.
- The Orang Dampuans burned the native’s villages in revenge, then sailed back to their native land.
- They returned to Sulu in the 13th Century.
C. Men of Banjars
- Came from two of the important sub-states of the Shri-Vijaya Empire, Banjarmasin and Brunei.
- They entered into trade agreements with the Buranuns and eventually became friends
- Banjars succeeded to win the hearts of the natives through gift giving.
- The best gift offered to the Buranuns was their beautiful princess as wife to the datu of Sulu.
- They succeeded to acquire not only economic dominance but political as well.
- It was during the supremacy of the Banjars that Sulu became an important trading center in the
region.
D. Sri-Vijaya
- The greatest maritime empire in the vast area of ancient land today known as Southeast Asia was
the Sri Vijaya Empire (Mahayana Tantric Buddhist kingdom).
 - Arose from the city of Palembang located at the south-eastern coast of Sumatra in the beginning of
the 7th century
- Grew in military strength and extended over the entire Malay Peninsula.
- The commercial influence of the empire reached the Philippines.
- Under the Sri Vijayas, Sulu was a prosperous trading center in the region. Maritime trading activities
fell under the control of the empire for more than 500 years.
- Sri Vijayas succeeded to monopolize the trade centers in China and India, leading to direct contact
between the Filipino ancestors and the ancient Chinese and Indians traders
- The empire gradually crumbled when the Cholas from India attacked one after another the Shri
Vijaya headquarters
- In early 10th century, the empire collapsed following the rise of new powerful Southeast Asian
neighbor.
E. Majapahit Empire
- The greatest Javanese empire ever built in the ancient history of today’s Southeast Asian regions.
- Founded in 1293 by Raden Vijaya (reigned 1293-1309), a ruler of Java. He repulsed the forces of the
invading Mongols.
- The Majapahits came from southeast of Singosari (now Java).
- The empire reached its zenith power under Hayam Wuruk (reigned 1350-1359).
- Like the Sri-Vijaya Empire, it was Hindu Indian in culture. The difference lay in its adherence to
Brahmanism.
- In the Philippines, the empire’s political and economic influence reached as far north of the Manila
Bay region.
- Through the chief minister, Gajah Mada, the empire covered much of Indonesia and some parts of
Malaya. When Mada died, the empire soon weakened control over its territories.
- By the early 16th century, the Muslim-converted merchant princes from north Java successfully
monopolized the trade between Malacca and the eastern archipelago. They turned to the
Majapahits which lead to the Majapahit empire’s total disintegration.
F. Arab Traders
- In late 13th century, the Arab Muslims emerged as the most powerful trade partners of the Malay
states and neighboring island groups that extended to Southeast Asia.
- They were also missionaries of the Islamic faith.
- The Sultanate of Malacca was the 1 st Muslim political unit in the Malay Archipelago. Commercially, it
became the major emporium on the trade route between Moluccas (or Spice Islands) and the West.
Religiously, it became a major diffusion center for Islam.
- Mudum- and Arab scholar who succeeded to establish a strong foundation of Islam in Malaysia in
middle of the 14th century.
 - From Malaysia, Mudum proceeded to Sulu at about 1380 to spread the Islamic faith.
- In 1390, Raja Baginda, one of the petty rulers of Menangbakaw, Sumatra arrived in Sulu and carried
on the native conversion to Islam.
- At 1450, Abu Bakr left Palembang for Sulu. He married Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda.
- Abu Bakr took over when Raja Baginda died and patterned his government after that of the
Caliphate of Arabia.
- With full conversion to Islam, Sulu became the first Sultanate. Sulu became the main base for the
spread of Islam to other areas of the region.
- The conversion of the whole Mindanao as an Islamic region was attributed to Serif Kabungsuan, a
native of Johore. He was also credited as the first sultan of Mindanao.
- Islam spread rapidly from Mindanao to Visayas and Luzon, making the archipelago, once upon a
time, a Muslim land, until the Spaniards came during the second half of the 16 th century. Spanish
conquerors’ propagation of Christianity drove by force the Muslims back to the south.

Early Relations with India

- The trade relations of the Filipino ancestors and the Arab Muslims were that with the Hindus, the
major populace of India.
- Toward the 2nd century A.D., commercial and political expansion was undertaken by India through
the efforts of the Pallava Kingdom. It succeeded to build Indian Colonies that served as trading posts
and seats of Hindu civilization.
- The Pallava Kingdom eventually disintegrated due to attacks from warlike Indian tribes. The civil
strife further drove the Hindus to leave India. They outpoured in many Southeast Asian lands and
intermarried with the natives who gradually adopted Hindu names, culture, ways of life.
- In the Philippines, Hindu influenced various fields of art works, mode of dressing, and vernaculars.

Early Relations with China

- Philippine goods were brought by the Arab traders to the Chinese mainland through the port of
Canton.
- Arab traders became the primary agents of trade and commerce in the region.
- Chinese commercial expansion grew in strength during the height of supremacy of the Sung Dynasty
(960-1127) when direct trade contact between the Philippines and China began.
- When that trade began, there was an outpur of Chinese good into Philippines.
- During Ming Dynasty period, Chinese colonies began to increase and extended from coastal towns
to hinterlands. China’s control of trade in the Philippines was checked by stiff commercial rivalry like
powerful kingdoms of Cambodia and Champa (in Indo China), Annam, Siam and Tonkin that
established trade relation with the Philippines.
 - These kingdoms dominated the trade activity in the Philippines during the Javanesc or Madjapahit
period (1377-1478).
- Among the commercial rivalry, China managed to keep hold the commercial control over the
Philippines under Yung Lo (1402-1424), emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- Yung Lo dreamt to build a Chinese empire that will cover the region of Southeast Asia so he ordered
a large fleet commanded by Admiral Cheng Ho to explore the Philippine shores. Even they managed
to route the waters of Lingayen, Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu, they did not make any landing.
- When Koch’a-lao sent to Luzon, they succeeded to establish a political control.
- When Emperor Yung Lo died, the political control of China in Luzon stop.
- In 15th century, China’s economic control in the Philippines becomes more difficult. The rapid spread
of the Islam checked the flow of Chinese goods and trading partnership. The Muslim pushed back
the Chinese traders and confined them in the areas were not a Muslim foothold.
- At the present, 10% of the Filipino blood is Chinese and they had a greater influence in Filipino
culture than Hindu and Arab.

Early Relations with Japan

- The Japanese is an early group of Ancient Asians who went to the Philippines during the baranganic
era.
- The primary source of the early contacts with Filipinos ancestors was the Nihongi, a Japanese
chronicler. The Nihongi gave a vivid account of trade between Japan and Philippines.
- The Japanese came to know the Philippines by the name Tukhara.
- The possibilities on how to Asian people can be deduced using as reference in certain factors such as
geography and commonality in culture traits.
- Nearest geography of Japan and Philippines can be the possible reason of the trade partnership.
- In culture, both Filipino and Japanese ancestors are adventurous and sea-fearing people. Filipino
ancestor must have reached Japan in the course of their adventure in search of trading post for their
own goods. This went in parallel with the quality trait of the Japane-pirate-traders who, like their
Malayan native counterparts sailed the seas of Southeast Asia for markets of their products.
- Philippines and Japan established permanent settlements which converted to trading posts. As
proof, the Spaniards found several Japanese settlements in Cagayan, the shores of Lingayen Gulf and
Manila.
Influences and Contributions
 GROUP / TRIBE INFLUENCE PARTICULARS

Orang Dampuans Economic  Sula become the active trading center.

Men of Banjars Economic  Sulu become a prosperous trading center.

Sri Vijaya and

Economic  Made Sulu popular to nearby Malayan Islands.
Madjapahit Empire

 Sulu maintained the prominence as a

Religious prosperous trading center. Expose in Indian
culture and Hinduism religion.

Arab Traders Religious  Islam religion.

 Sultanate replacing small scattered Muslim

Political
groups called Banuas.

 Arabic script, Muslim arts and science, use of

firearms, sarimanok design in the Maranaw
decoration art, calendar, law and literature.
 Arabic word in the Muslim language: Kali
Cultural
(judge), Shara (law), Koran (Bible), Dunya
(world), Pandita (priest), and Nabi (prophet).
 Arabic words in Tagalog: Pilat (scar) and Sulat
(letter).

 Hindu influences Ancient Filipinos naming

their Gods and Goddesses: Bathala (supreme
India Religious God), Manasalitan (creator of the universe),
Badla (creator of man), Pudaugnon (destroyer
of men).

 “Bahala Na” reflects Hindu fatalism.

 Indarapatra and Sulayman of Mindanao, Biag
ni Lam-ang of Ilocandia, and the Ilim of
Mountain Province reflects Indian
Mahabharata.
 Sarong and Putong and tight-fitting trousers
and embroidered shawls of the Muslim, know
how to do in metalwork and use of weapons
and armors, titles of nobility such as
maharlika, hari lakan, and lakambini are Hindu
Cultural origin.
 Ancient Filipino system of writing and
language had influence from Sanskrit (ancient
language of India). Examples are Agama
(religion), Sumbahayang (prayer), Surga
(heaven), Batara (God), Guru (teacher), Dusa
(suffering) (scholar or priest), Baginda
(emperor), Surat (letter), Lacsamana (officer
of the state), Sutra (silk), Mutya (pearl),
Tumbaga (copper), Bara (measure) and Kunsi
(flock).

 Use of umbrellas, gongs, porcelain, and use of

 The American Rule

1. War of Philippine Independence from the United States

At first, President Aguinaldo regarded the United States an ally in the Philippines' road towards independence. Filipino-
American relations deteriorated as the American military authorities took over Manila in August 1898. The mandatory
evacuation of the Filipino troops in the captured districts of the city dismayed Aguinaldo and his men who joined the battle,
thinking that the Americans were on their side. The signing of the Treaty of Paris without consulting the Filipinos heightened
the tension. Neither Spain nor the US gave Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo's special envoy, a chance to join the Paris peace
talks.

Previously in Hong Kong, the Americans offered assistance to Aguinaldo in fighting the common adversary, the Spaniards.
However, the negotiations turned out to be tentative in nature. The plan of the new colonizers was becoming more evident as
the Americans eventually controlled more areas in the country.

There was a popular belief among the supporters of Manifest Destiny that the United States had the God-given right to help
oppressed countries and build democratic nations. When US President William McKinley issued his so-called Benevolent
Assimilation Proclamation on December 21, 1898, he expressly indicated American policy regarding the Philippines, that the
US shall exercise sovereignty over the entire archipelago. He argued that the Americans must educate and uplift the
conditions of the Filipinos. This ideology was used by the Americans to rationalize their actions in the country.

On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation and specified that his forces were prepared to fight any
American attempt to take over the country. The Filipinos waged a guerrilla warfare. They were supported in their struggle by
the local folks. Even if the American flag was publicly displayed and the local elite officials openly acknowledged support to
the United States government, the guerrillas continued to receive food supplies, and shelter from the people. Local resistance
showed that the Filipinos did not want to be under American rule. Suspicion and bitter feelings were growing between the
American soldiers and the Filipino dissidents

Still, the Americans occupied the Philippines. On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine
Commission to make recommendations in the administration of the country. This commission headed by Dr. Jacob
Schurman, issued a proclamation on April 4, 1899, declaring the establishment of American sovereignty in the Philippines in
the midst of the Philippine American war, which broke out months ago

Hostilities began on the night of February 4, 1899 at about 9 p.m. An American soldier named Private Robert Willie Grayson
of the Font Nebraska volunteers with two other members of the U.S. sentry shot and killed a man who happens to be a
Filipino soldier. The man together with three other Filipino soldiers were already entering into American lines on their way
home. The American soldiers tried to stop them and shouted "Halt!" twice, Unfamiliar with the word halt the Filipino shouted
"Halto.

Thinking that the Filipino soldier was making fun of them, the American soldiers fired on the Filipino soldiers who were
caught unprepared. The site of the first shot of the Philippine-American war, called Philippine Insurrection by the Americans,
is in Silencio corner Sociego Street in Sta. Mesa, Manila. (This is pursuant to National Historical Institute Board Resolution
07 s. 2003, Authorizing the Transfer of the Historical Marker for the Site of the First Shot of the Philippine-American War
from San Juan Bridge to Silencio corner Sociego St., Sta. Mesa, Manila' after a thorough deliberation on the position of Dr.
Benito Legarda). News reached the United States that the Filipinos were the ones who started hostilities. The Americans
viewed the fighting as an insurrection.

The next day, Sunday, General Arthur MacArthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops without
investigating the shooting incident. Aguinaldo tried to avoid war. He sent an emissary to inform Governor General Elwell
Otis that the firing on their side had been against his order

Governor General Otis answered that since the fighting had begun, it must go on to the grim end. On the same day,
Aguinaldo issued a declaration informing the Filipino people that they were now at war. This turned out to be the seven-year
Philippine-American War (1899-1906). Because of their advanced preparations and firearms, the American troops captured
Rizal Province, La Loma, and Kalookan (now Caloocan City).

The Muslims, uncertain of both Christian Filipinos and Americans opted to remain neutral. They signified their non-
involvement in the Filipino-American war. The Americans knew that the Filipino Muslims in Mindanao had not been
completely subjugated by the Spaniards. General John C. Bates tried to win the friendship of the Muslims by negotiating with
them on the basis of equality. On August 20, 1899, John Bates and Sultan Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu with three datus signed
the Bates Treaty. This treaty provided that the rights and dignities of the sultan and his datus shall be respected. Likewise, the
Muslims shall not be interfered with on account of their religion.
Nevertheless, the Muslim province remained under American military rule until 1914. Schools that taught non-Muslim
curriculum were established. The United States, seen as a challenge to Islam, intensified med resistance in the region.
Panglima Hasan led a rebellion against the American authorities. His fight for freedom ended on March 4, 1904.

In the suburbs of Manila, the American fleet started bombarding the Filipino fort north of San Juan del Monte on February 5,
1899. In the afternoon of that day, a fierce battle in La Loma, near the Chinese cemetery sued. Major Jose Torres Bugallon,
one of General Antonio Luna's gallant officers, fell mortally wounded. After capturing La Loma, General MacArthur headed
for Caloocan

In Caloocan, a fierce battle followed, with the Americans once again victorious. Undismayed by his defeat, General Antonio
Luna (younger brother of Juan Luna) prepared for a plan for the recapture of Manila by burning American occupied houses in
Tondo and Binondo. This took place on February 22, Washington's birthday (an American national holiday). American fire
brigades rushed to the area and fought the flames. They repulsed Luna's men with heavy losses. Luna then retreated to Polo
where he established his headquarters.

In late February, reinforcement arrived from the United States. The American troops under General MacArthur began their
offensive north of the city. They wanted to capture Malolos, capital of the Philippine Republic. Luna resumed his command
by building his position at the junction of Rio Grande and Bagbag Rivers, just outside Calumpit.

The Filipinos fought with fierce valor near Malinta. Colonel Harry O. Egbert of the 22nd U.S. Infantry died in action.
Fighting as they retreated, the Filipinos burned Polo and Meycauayan in order to delay the enemy advance.

On March 30, the American army was already in Malolos. By this time, the Aguinaldo government had evacuated Malolos
and established Its headquarters in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. General MacArthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo but Governor
General Elwell Otis ordered him to rest in Malolos. On March 31, General MacArthur captured Malolos.

The Filipino troops, although insufficiently armed and inadequately fed continued fighting. In Quingua (now Plaridel), on
April 23, the American cavalry under Major Bell suffered heavy losses under General Gregorio del Pilar. In this battle,
Colonel John Stotsenberg was killed.

General MacArthur continued his drive northward. The fierce battle of Bagbag River in Calumpit ensued for three days. On
April 25, Calumpit fell into American hands. General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops were left to defend the Filipino lines
since General Luna and his men, had already left for Pampanga at the height of the battle to see what had happened to the
reinforcement troops being asked from General Tomas Mascardo When Luna returned to Calumpit, the Americans had
already succeeded in penetrating the Filipino defensive lines
It was on March 6, 1899 that Apolinario Mabini, in his capacity as head of the Cabinet and minister of foreign affairs met
with the Schurman Commission and requested for a temporary cease-fire but was refused. He issued a manifesto dated April
15, 1899 in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija urging his countrymen to continue the struggle for independence Unlike him, the
members of the Filipino Assembly (formerly Congress) like Pedro Paterno Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, and Felipe
Buencamino wanted the American offer of autonomy rather than independence. Mabini made another attempt on April 28 by
seeking armistice but was again turned down.

Since the Assembly knew that Mabini opposed to their views, they persuaded Aguinaldo to remove him from office. A
resolution was passed by the Assembly asking Aguinaldo to reject Mabini's stand and to remove him as President of the
Cabinet. When Mabini resigned from his post on May 7, 1899, President Aguinaldo named Pedro Paterno the head of the
new Cabinet. Mabini spent his last years writing articles against the Americans.

The Paterno Cabinet, known as the "Peace Cabinet" created a Committee headed by Felipe Buencamino to negotiate peace
with the Americans. When General Antonio Luna heard this, he blocked the trip of the Committee to Manila and arrested the
members. He opposed any attempt to make peace with the colonizers and strongly advocated a fight for independence. His
dreadful temper won him enemies. His plan to recapture Manila was supposed to be carried out together with the Kawit
Company, Aguinaldo's bodyguards. Due to the latter's lack of cooperation Luna recommended to Aguinaldo that the Kawit
Company be disarmed for military insubordination.

General Luna met his tragic end in the hands of his fellow patriots. Early in June 1899, he received a telegram from
Aguinaldo asking him to go to Cabanatuan. He left his command in Bayambang, Pangasinan. On June 5 he went to a convent
in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, which served as Aguinaldo's headquarters. He got mad when he did not find Aguinaldo who had
already left for San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. After he had heard a rifle shot, General Luna rushed downstairs and cursed the
soldiers and then slapped one of them. Pedrong Kastila, a captain from Cavite drew his bolo and hacked him. Seeing him
wounded, the other soldiers stabbed him while others shot him. He received more than forty wounds. His aide-de-camp
Colonel Francisco Roman was also killed. The next day, he was buried with full military honors on Aguinaldo's orders.

Severino de las Alas, the Secretary of the Interior in his circular informed the provincial chiefs of Luna's death and said that it
was caused by Luna's insulting and assaulting of the President's bodyguards and the plan of Luna to take over the presidency
from Aguinaldo. After Luna's death, some demoralization set in. Many officers began to surrender to the Americans.
Aguinaldo's army gradually broke up with one defeat after another on the battlefields. By November 12, 1899, the regular
army was dissolved by Aguinaldo. He formed guerrilla units instead, to carry on the war.

The capture of Aguinaldo was one of the priorities of the Americans They mounted a full-scale offensive on October 12,
1899. From Cabanatuan, Aguinaldo moved his government to Tarlac, then to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya and then to
Bayambang, Pangasinan. With his wife, son, mother, sister, and some members of the Cabinet, he boarded the train on the
night of November 13 bound for Calasiao, with the Americans still finding ways to trap him
In order to elude the American forces, Aguinaldo and his forces proceeded to the Cordillera mountain range. In Candon,
Ilocos Sur, Aguinaldo and his troops went east and crossed the Ilocos range. This passageway to the Cordillera was Tirad
Pass. Del Pilar saw the advantageous terrain of the Tirad Pass. This could shield the Filipino troops. From atop Mt. Tirad,
which could provide view of pursuing Americans, Del Pilar and with 60 riflemen were given the mission of defending the
pass. They stood as guards to intercept the American soldiers and to give Aguinaldo sufficient time to escape.

In the morning of December 2, 1899, Major Peyton G. March and about 300 American troopers stormed the Pass, but were
repulsed by Del Pilar's men. The Americans had not so far located the exact position of the Filipinos. Tirad was 4,500 feet
high.

Through Januario Galut, an Igorot guide of the Americans, the secret trail to the top from the rear was known. In the midst of
the combat, General del Pilar, was hit with a bullet that passed through his neck. Only eight men escaped alive to relate the
tragic news to Aguinaldo.

After the Battle of Tirad Pass, which took six hours, the American authorities lost track of Aguinaldo until Cecilio
Segismundo, Aguinaldo's messenger fell into the hands of General Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija. He was
carrying important letters to Baldomero Aguinaldo, General Urbano Lacuna, and other guerrilla leaders. The dispatch to
Baldomero Aguinaldo directed the sending of reinforcement to Palanan. Isabela. This gave Funston a clue to the whereabouts
of Aguinaldo.

The Americans perceived conquest of Filipinos as dependent on the fall of the Aguinaldo government. With the approval of
General MacArthur, who had succeeded Otis as military governor, Funston employed 80 Macabebe scouts, two former
officers of Aguinaldo (Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido), three Tagalog natives, and four other American officers for
the capture of Aguinaldo.

Pretending to be the reinforcement with five American prisoners, the Macabebe scouts were able to enter Aguinaldo's camp.
Aguinaldo and his men met them and even gave them food. At a given signal, the Macabebe suddenly opened fire. Tal
Placido, a fat, powerful man, grabbed Aguinaldo from behind. General Funston and four other American officers entered the
room and arrested him in the name of the United States,

Aguinaldo was taken aboard the Vicksburg and brought to Manila General MacArthur graciously received him at the
Malacañang Palace On April 19, 1901, he took the oath of allegiance to the United States and appealed to all Filipinos to
accept the sovereignty of the United States,
At the time when some patriotic Filipinos were still fighting for independence, some officials of the revolutionary
government had already decided to make peace with the colonizers. The Pacificados (Pacifists) led by Pedro Paterno and
Felipe Buencamino founded Asociacion de Paz. Among the organizers were Cayetano Arellano, Tomas del Rosario, Trinidad
Pardo de Tavera, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Rafael Palma, Justo Lukban, and Pascual Poblete.

While Aguinaldo and some of his men were in the highlands of Northern Luzon, the Pacificados (Pacifists) in a meeting on
December 23, 1900 renamed the league for peace the Partido Federal (Federal Party), with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as
elected president. The Federal Party wanted to make the Philippines a part of the United States and be given rights and
privileges extended by the U.S. to other territories becoming eventually a state of the union. The Federalistas were haughtily
called Americanistas or pro-Americans by the nationalists.

The Filipino civilians, caught between the Americans and the Filipino revolutionaries suffered badly. More than 200,000
Filipinos died during the war, most often by famine and disease. Some Filipinos accepted the offer of amnesty. Notable
exceptions were Apolinario Mabini and Macario Sakay. On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the
Philippine American War was over. However, local resistance continued.

2. A Government Under America

Although the Philippine American war was still in progress, on March. 16, 1900 President McKinley appointed the Second
Philippine Commission (Taft Commission). He gave the commission the legislative and executive authority to put up a
civilian government,

On July 4, 1901, the American civil government was proclaimed with Judge William Howard Taft as the first civil governor.
Governor Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions because he was the head of the Second Philippine
Commission that served as the lawmaking body. His policy, the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundation of a
democratic government during his administration. Subsequently, the Second Philippine Commission passed a law
establishing a high school system in the country.

One of the achievements of the Taft administration was the sale of huge tracts of friar lands (410,000 acres) to Filipinos on
easy installment terms. In 1904, the US government paid the Vatican US $7.2 million for these lands held by the religious
orders. However, this scheme did not really alleviate the plight of Filipino tenants because estate owners bought most of
these lands.

The first congressional law about the government of the Philippines was the Cooper Act also known as the Philippine
Organic Act of 1902. It provided for the extension of the United States Bill of Rights to the Filipinos. it also guaranteed the
establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly, after the proclamation of complete peace and two years after the
publication of census.
Governor Taft proclaimed March 2, 1903 as Census Day. It was the first official census of the Philippines during the
American period. It reported a total Philippine population of 7,635,426. Filipino nationalists organized political parties to
counteract the pro American activities of the Partido Federal. Among these parties were Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist
Party), founded by Pascual Poblete in August 1901; Partido Independista (Independence Party), founded by Dr. Pedro A.
Paterno; and the Partido Democrata (Democratic Party) founded by Alberto Baretto, Leon Ma. Guerrero, Justo Lukban, and
Jose de la Viña in 1902 Partido Democrata like Partido Nacionalista advocated the independence of the country through
peaceful means.

The Partido Conservador, composed of prominent members of the Spanish community like Macario Adriatico, Francisco
Ortigas, and Gregorio Singian, was organized in February 1901. This group recognized American sovereignty in the
Philippines under the Treaty of Paris. It advocated for autonomous representative government after peace and order had been
restored.

Though thousands of Filipinos surrendered as a result of the American peace propaganda, some military commanders refused
to lay down their arms. In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing American soldiers. The brutality of the war
was best exemplified by the Balangiga Massacre. This happened in 1901, a few weeks after a company of American soldiers
arrived in Balangiga, Samar, took over the affairs of the town and occupied some local huts to protect the inhabitants from
the Muslim rebels. On September 28, 1901, the rAmerican soldiers were attacked by the townsfolk. At 6:30 a.m., the bells of
Balangiga were rung, signaling the attack of around 400 men.

Enraged at this tactic, General Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children above ten years of age. He wanted
the province of Samar to be turned into a "howling wilderness." Balangiga massacre took place in 1901-1902. After the end
of the bloody campaign, Smith was court-martial for the cruelties inflicted by his troops and found guilty. They retired him
from service. The American forces took the two Balangiga church bells and a rare 1557 cannon as war booty and transported
them to Wyoming (n being placed in a brick display museum in their home base Fort Russ Wyoming).

The fearless General Miguel Malvar continued the fight for Philippine independence. In a manifesto to the Filipino people
dated July 31, 1901, he urged the continuation of resistance to the American occupation, General Franklin Bell believed that
the entire population of his area of operations in Batangas and Laguna were actively aiding the guerrilla forces of General
Malvar. Accordingly, he decided to employ tactics to cause so much general apprehension. The principal measure he used
was reconcentration. On April 16. 1902 General Malvar surrendered in Lipa, Batangas, two months after the capture of
General Lukban in Catubig, Samar.

Bell directed his commanders to set up the outer limits of an area around each town chosen as a zone of reconcentration.
Before December 25, 1901, the people must have moved into this zone with all food supplies they could bring. All property
found outside the zone after said date would be confiscated or destroyed by the Americans. Furthermore, after January 1,
1902, any man found outside the reconcentration area would be arrested and imprisoned if he could not present a pass. He
could either be shot if he attempted to run away.
Several other Filipinos refused to conform to the American rule However, the American authorities were determined to assert
sovereignty in the Philippines, as manifested by the anti-nationalist laws imposed on the local inhabitants. These included the
Sedition Law, Brigandage Act, Reconcentration Act, and the Flag Law. Subsequently, these anti-nationalist laws were
scrapped following the policy of Filipinization in 1916 except the Flag Law, which was repealed in 1919. Flag Law (1907)
prohibited the display of the Philippine flag and other symbols used by the resistance against the United States.

It was on November 4, 1901 when the Second Philippine Commission or Taft Commission passed the Sedition Law, which
imposed death penalty or a long prison term on anyone who advocated separation from the United States even by peaceful
means. Sedition was defined as action pro independence, meant to inculcate a spirit of hatred and enmity against the
American people and the Government of the United States in the Philippines and to incite the people to open an armed
resistance to the constituted authorities. Within this precept, the display of the Philippine flag, the singing of the national
anthem, and plays advocating independence were prohibited.

Juan Abad's Tanikalang Guinto (Gold Chains) was closed after its Batangas performance on May 10, 1903. The author was
found guilty of sedition. He was sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine of US $2,000.

Hindi Aco Patay (I Am Not Dead) by Juan Matapang Cruz was closed on May 8, 1903 at the Teatro Nueva Luna in Malabon.
The red sun on a Katipunan flag that rose behind the stage caused the riot inside the theater. A drunken American soldier
climbed the stage and tore the scenery apart. A month later Cruz was arrested and later imprisoned, which he served in full.

Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), a play written by Aurelio Tolentino was also regarded as
seditious. It had its last show on May 14, 1903 at the Teatro Libertad. There were different versions of the last scene. In the
uncensored version, Inangbayan's (mother country, the Philippines) children rise in arms against Malaynatin (Who knows?
referring to the U.S. Insular government) and Bagong Sibol (newcomer - the United States). In the censored version, Bagong
Sibol grants the children their freedom. The uncensored version resulted to Tolentino's arrest. He was given life
imprisonment in 1905. In 1912, he was pardoned.

On November 12, 1902, Governor William H. Taft pushed through the passage of the Brigandage Act or Ley de
Bandolerismo, which punished with death or with a prison term of not less than 20 years for members of an armed band.
Persons aiding brigands were to be given prison terms of not less than 10 years.

On June 1, 1903, the Philippine Commission passed the Reconcentration Act, which gave the governor general the power to
authorize any provincial governor to reconcentrate in the towns all residents of outlying barrios if ladrones or outlaws
operated in these areas. This law was passed to facilitate the arrest of guerrillas who were being protected by the people. The
Philippine Constabulary, Philippine Scouts, and members of the United States Army combined to apprehend guerrillas.
In September of 1902, the resistance groups that had been operating in Rizal and Bulacan merged into a consolidated
movement with General Luciano San Miguel as supreme military commander. Starting with a force of around 150 men
armed with a few guns captured from municipal police detachments, San Miguel's group soon attracted new recruits. They
raided towns to obtain more weapons. They also captured some Filipino Scouts serving the U.S. Army.

The end for San Miguel came on March 28, 1903, after some Philippine Scouts discovered his headquarters between
Caloocan and Marikina. San Miguel and his force of two hundred men defended themselves. Hit three times, San Miguel
nevertheless fought until his last breath

With the death of San Miguel, Faustino Guillermo assumed the leadership of the New Katipunan movement in Rizal and in
Bulacan. Soon after, Guillermo was captured. Two men pretended to have defected from the Constabulary force under
Captain Keithley. While inside Guillermo's camp, they took Guillermo as prisoner and turned him over to Keithley

At the height of the rebellion in Samar in 1902, Macario Sakay, Julian Montalan, and Cornelio Felizardo organized their
resistance forces in the Rizal-Cavite-Laguna-Batangas area by formally establishing the Philippine Republic, or what Sakay
referred to as the Tagalog Republic. Sakay claimed that his republic was a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. He was
chosen as president with Montalan in charge of military operations, Francisco Carreon, a former councilor of the Katipunan,
as the vice-president

Sakay exerted efforts to provide some amenities for the movement. In April 1904, Sakay released a manifesto addressed to
all foreign consulates declaring that he and his men were real revolutionaries and not mere brigands as the U.S. government
claimed because they had a flag, a government, and a constitution. To obtain security of his followers, Sakay imposed
sanctions to uncooperative Filipinos. In one instance, they abducted the family of Mariano Trias, a former general of
Aguinaldo. This was a retaliatory move for his collaborationist act the arrest of four town presidents suspected of supporting
the guerrillas when he became the first civil governor of Cavite. Thereafter the Philippine Constabulary rescued Mrs. Trias
and her children. The same way, the government forces nevertheless were not able to suppress the Sakay rebellion

In mid-1905, Governor General Henry C. Ide authorized Dr. Dominador Gomez, a well-known labor leader, to conduct
negotiations for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Dr. Gomez went to Tanay and told the rebel leader that his surrender
would help restore peace and order in the country, a condition provided by the Cooper Act of 1902 for the establishment of a
Philippine Assembly. This assembly would serve as a training ground for self-government, the first step toward independence

Sakay agreed to end his resistance on condition that a general amnesty be given to them, that they be permitted to carry
firearms, and that he and his men be allowed to leave the country assured of personal safety. Gomez assured Sakay that his
conditions were acceptable to the American government. In July 1906, Sakay left his headquarters in Tanay and went down
to Manila. He viewed his surrender as a genuine step towards independence. The people honored him through receptions and
banquets.

Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz, who had been handling the negotiations with Dr. Gomez, invited Sakay, his principal
lieutenants and Dr. Gomez to a party in Cavite. While at the house of Cavite Governor Van Schaik where the party was being
held, the Americans and the Philippine Constabulary arrested and disarmed Sakay and his men Sakay and his principal
officers were charged with ladronism or banditry and other crimes such as robbery, rape, kidnapping, and murder.

In accordance with the provisions of the Brigandage Act, the court sentenced General Macario L. Sakay and Colonel Lucio
de Vega to die by public hanging. The other officers were sentenced to long prison terms. Julian Montalan and Leon
Villafuerte were eventually given executive clemency On September 13, 1907, Sakay and de Vega were taken out of their
Bilibid Prison cells. Standing on the death platform in the prison plaza, General Sakay shouted saying that he was not a
brigand but a sincere patriot working for Philippine independence. By calling Sakay a bandit, the Americans regarded him a
mere criminal. Sakay's resistance became the final chapter in the Philippine-American War.

The last revolutionary general to surrender to the Americans was General Simeon Ola, who surrendered to Colonel Bandholtz
in Guinobatan, Albay on September 25, 1903. Like Malvar, Ola took the oath of allegiance to the United States. They
surrendered to the Americans in order to save the people from brutality and hunger. Artemio Ricarte refused to take oath of
allegiance to the United States and was exiled in Hong Kong and later in Japan

As the 1907 elections for the First Philippine Assembly approached, the nationalists saw the need for fusion in order to win
against the well organized Partido Nacional Progresista (National Progressive Party), which was formerly the Partido
Federal. The Partido Nacionalista and Partido Nacional Progresista clashed in the elections of July 30, 1907 for 80 seats in
the First Philippine Assembly. The Partido Nacionalista advocated immediate and absolute independence. It won a landslide
majority.

The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Grand Opera House, Manila on October 16, 1907. Sergio Osmeña was
chosen Speaker of the Assembly while Manuel L. Quezon became the majority floor leader. The first bill passed by the
Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law (sponsored by Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon), which appropriated one million
pesos for barrio schools.

Pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (also known as Cooper Act), two Filipino resident commissioners represented
their countrymen in the U.S. Congress. They were Benito Legarda (1907-12) and Pablo Ocampo (1907-09). The resident
commissioners took part in the debates in Congress in defense of Filipino interest in America but were not given the privilege
to vote.

On August 19, 1916, the US. Congress passed the Jones Law, which wa signed by President Woodrow Wilson. The Jones
Law provided a bicameral Philippine legislature with an Upper House called the Senate (with 24 members) and a Lower
House called the House of Representatives (with 93 members). The law contained a preamble declaring that independence
would be granted to the Filipino people as soon as a stable government could be established in the Philippines.
The new legislature under the Jones Law was inaugurated on October 26, 1916, with Quezon as President of the Senate and
Osmeña as Speaker of the House (until 1922, since he became the Senate Pro-tempore after 1922) The Nacionalistas
dominated both Houses. The Progresistas had only one seat in the Senate and seven in the House of Representatives.

On October 5, 1921, Leonard Wood replaced their popular Govemor General Francis Burton-Harrison. In his first year of
administration, he vetoed 16 bills passed by the legislature, whereas Harrison, in his whole term (1913-21), vetoed only five
bills.

The heightening tension between Governor Wood and the Filipino leaders came to its climax on July 23, 1923, when Senate
President Quezon, Senate President Pro-tempore Osmeña, and the Filipino Department Secretaries resigned from the Council
of State. The incident, known as the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923" happened when Governor Wood governed the country without
the cooperation of the legislature.

Upon Quezon's advice, Filipino cabinet members resigned from their posts in protest of Governor Wood's handling of the
Ray Conley case. Detective Conley of the Manila police was charged with immorality and misconduct in office. Wood
created an administrative committee, which later exonerated Conley and recommended his reinstatement. Secretary of
Interior, Jose P. Laurel and Mayor of Manila, Ramon Fernandez had earlier resigned because of Wood's interference in the
prosecution of Conley Laurel's resignation incurred political repercussions. Quezon, acting as spokesman of the Filipino
members of the Cabinet, accused the governor general of controlling the affairs of the government in utter disregard of the
authority the department heads and other officials.

In 1926, Governor Wood abolished the Board of Control, which was created by law during Governor Harrison's term to
oversee and mariage the ownership of stocks of government-owned and controlled corporations. Those institutions included
the Manila Railroad Company, the Manila Hotel and the Philippine National Bank.

Governor Wood found himself opposed by Filipino advocates of political autonomy. The dilemma awakened the nationalistic
spirit of the people. The Nacionalista and the Democrata Parties joined forces in a common cause against this governor
general and to work for the recognition of the country's independence. A coalition called National Supreme Council was
formed. Tension ended with the governor general's death while undergoing surgery in the United States. Governor Wood
died on August 7, 1927.

From 1919 to 1933, there had been 12 Independence Missions sent to the United States to campaign for the recognition of
Philippine Independence. In December, 1931, the ninth mission popularly called the Os-Rox Mission, after its leader, Senate
President pro tempore Sergio Osmeña and House Speaker Manuel A. Roxas, brought home the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. The
HHC Act divided the Philippine Congress into two opposing camps - the Antis and the Pros. The Antis, led by Senate
President Quezon opposed the Act because of its objectionable features while the Pros headed by Senator Osmeña and
Speaker Roxas upheld it on the ground that it was the best independence measure

The HHC Act provided the granting of Philippine independence after 12 years, but reserving military and naval bases for the
United States. Also included in this controversial measure was the control of the currency system and the conduct of foreign
affairs by the US President. American goods were allowed free entry into the Philippines. The bill also directed the U.S. to
retain land for military and other reservations.

In December 1932, Quezon sent a one-man mission (Benigno Aquino) to Washington to discuss his objections.
Aquino, however, was won over by Osmeña and Roxas to their side.

In November 1933, Quezon led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. A new
independence measure called Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
on March 24, 1934. It closely resembled the HHC Act. The law was accepted by the Philippine Legislature.

The Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for a 10-year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
preparatory to the granting of absolute and complete independence on July 4, 1946. Also included in the
provisions were an annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America; control of the currency, coinage, foreign
trade, and foreign relations by America and representation of one Filipino resident commissioner in America and
an American High Commissioner in the Philippines

The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a constitutional convention to draft the
Constitution of the Philippines. It is also required that the Constitution be approved by the American president
and ratified by the people in a plebiscite,

On July 30, 1934, the Convention met in an inaugural session at the hall of the House of Representatives,
Legislative Building in Manila. The elected officers were Claro M. Recto, President, Ruberto Montinola and
Teodoro Sandiko, First and Second Vice-President, respectively; Narciso Pimentel, Secretary, and Narciso
Diokno, Sergeant-at-Arms.

The drafting of the Constitution lasted six months - from July 30, 19 to February 8, 1935 The Constitution was
approved by the Convention by vote of 177 to 1. Twenty-two members were absent. One member had died in
August 1934

Tomas Cabili of Lanao cast the dissenting vote. He opposed the Constitution because it did not provide the system
of popular election for the members of the National Assembly from Lanao. Gregorio Perfecto, a delegate from
Manila, signed the constitution in his own blood, like the Katipunan blood compact or pacto de sangre.
President Roosevelt approved the Constitution. Then on May 14 1935, the plebiscite for the ratification or
rejection of the Constitution w held. For the first time, Filipino women exercised the right of suffrage The
Constitution was overwhelmingly ratified by the people with a total of 1,213,046 in favor and those against were
only 44,963.

The first national election under the 1935 Constitution was held on September 17, 1935. The candidates for
President and Vice President were Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmeña (Coalition Party), General Emilio
Aguinaldo and Raymundo Melliza (National Socialist Party); and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay and Norberto Nabong
(Republican Party). Quezon and Osmeña were overwhelmingly elected as President and Vice-President
respectively by majority vote.

3. The American Legacy

After the victory of the Americans against the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila on May 1, 1898, the US
military reinforcement grew in number. The United States in fact, sent its top generals to the Philippines including
General John "Blackjack" Pershing who urged the Colt gun factory to manufacture the famous Colt 45 caliber
automatic revolver. This kind of weapon was used against the Muslim warriors in battle.

Veterans of the Indian wars were also sent to the country. Among them were General Elwell Otis and General
Henry W. Lawton, (for whom a street and a plaza were named respectively). Some of the American soldiers
helped in building roads. The rest of them staffed the American public schools. They came to be known as
Thomasites, from the name of the US army ship that they boarded on their way to the Philippines. These
American teachers, numbering about 540 who arrived in the country on August 21, 1901, established the modern
school system.

Public elementary education, which provided educational opportunity for all citizens, was financed by
government funds. Education was sought to acquire not only theoretical knowledge but also practical skills to
meet the essential demands of life. The English language was used to transmit these new ideas in the country

The Americans propagated the use of the English language for better understanding with the Filipinos. English
became the language of instruction in all schools and became the official language of the government.
The first American newspaper to appear in the Philippines was the Bounding Billow, published at irregular
intervals on board Dewey's flagship Olympia. The first American daily newspaper to be published in Manila was
the Anterican Soldier with its first issue dated September 10, 1898.

The first Filipino weekly paper in English was the Philippine Herald founded by Senate President Manuel L.
Quezon in 1902. Nationalistic periodicals like El Renacimiento and Muling Pagsilang also circulated. Despite the
Sedition Law of 1901, local writers continued criticizing individual Americans committing offenses against
Filipinos by using talinghaga or symbolism as a literary device to elude detection of censors.

In 1908, El Renacimiento attacked the then Secretary of the Interior, Dean Worcester in the article Aves de
Rapina (Birds of Prey). Worcester immediately sued the owner and editors of the newspaper for libel. The
litigants were defeated in court. The newspaper, together with its machinery was sold at auction. Teodoro M.
Kalaw, the editor of the newspaper, was imprisoned but later pardoned by Governor General Harrison.

A new generation of Filipino writers in English attracted appreciation from the people. Carlos P. Romulo won the
Pulitzer Prize for international reporting in 1942. Jose Garcia Villa was listed among the top short story writers in
America in 1932 by Edward O'Brien, a known American anthologist

The period from 1905 to 1930 was the golden age of the zarzuela in the country. Severino Reyes' Walang Sugat
(Not Wounded) was one of the most famous Tagalog zarzuela. With the introduction of the Hollywood talkies
(talking pictures), the zarzuela gradually vanished as a popular theatrical art.

Two Swiss entrepreneurs introduced film shows in Manila in 1897 The film clips showed recent happenings and
natural calamities in Europe. Then in 1912, two American entrepreneurs made a film about Jose Rizal's execution.
This became a big hit and greatly inspired the making of the first Filipino film in 1919. The credit of being the
first Filipino to make a film goes to Jose Nepomuceno, dubbed as the Father of Philippine Movies. Nepomuceno's
first movie was based on a highly acclaimed musical play, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) by Hermogenes
Ilagan and Leon Ignacio.

Cartooning began to blossom at the turn of the century after the American colonial government allowed free press
to flourish. Artists like George Pineda (1879-1972), who invented the immortal representation of the Filipino --
the salakot-wearing slippered Juan de la Cruz, did political cartooning like Jose Perreira (1901-1954), chief
cartoonist of the Philippine Free Press magazine from the 1920s to the 1930s.

In music, the young generation enthusiastically welcomed American jazz and swing music. However, talented
Filipino musicians tried to preserve the country's musical heritage. Nicanor Abelardo, a Bulakeho became a
prominent Filipino composer of kundiman, waltzes, marches, and sonatas for piano and violin. Among his famous
compositions are ng Pasig (Muse of Pasig), Nasaan Ka Irog (Where Are You My Love?), and Mutya Bituing
Marikit (Beautiful Star) Other luminaries in this field were Francisco Santiago, Jovita Fuentes, and Naty Arellano
Santiago became known for his Anak Dalita (Child of Woe) and Madaling Araw (Dawn).

Protestant Christianity was introduced in the country by the Americans This new religion, which stresses personal
salvation through faith, was able to attract a number of new Filipino converts. In 1899, Mr. C B. Randall, a lay
worker, distributed the first bibles in Manila.

Bishop James M. Thoburn of the Methodist Episcopal Church of India delivered the first Protestant sermon in the
country. Methodism, which began in 1729 at the University of Oxford in England, was brought to the United
States before the American Revolution (1775-1783) by migrants from Ireland and England.

Other Christian denominations were also allowed to practice their faith. Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) was
founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo. The members reject the doctrine of Trinity and argue the duality of Christ's
nature. The Seventh-Day Adventists (SDA) bears the Christian Old Testament doctrine of worshipping on the
Sabbath (Saturday); Felix Manalo, before founding the Iglesia ni Cristo, was said to have belonged to the SDA.
The Jehovah's Witnesses is another fundamentalist group. Like the INC, the Jehovah's Witnesses rejects the
concept of the Trinity. During the American occupation in the country, the people were permitted to honor and
celebrate the anniversaries of the Filipino national heroes. The country came to commemorate the Bonifacio Day
(November 30) and Rizal Day (December 30). America also added some holidays such as Valentine's Day
(February 14), Washington Day (February 22), Glorious Fourth (July 4), and Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday of
November).

The Filipino people adopted the American mode of dressing. Men started wearing pants with belts or with
suspenders. For casual wear, polo shirts became popular. Coat-and-tie became the typical formal attire. The
women began to wear skirts, high-heeled shoes, nylon stockings, artificial eyelashes, make-up, and even
perfumes.

Mr., Miss, or Madam as salutations became conventional. Women were granted more rights in education, in
places of work, and even in politics. Coeducational schools were also instituted.

In 1903, Charles M. Swift established the MERALCO (Manila Electric Company). Its original name was Manila
Electric Railroad and Lighting Company, the first company given the franchise to operate electric cars called
tranvia and supply electricity in Manila. Communication likewise improved with the creation of the Philippine
Long Distance Telephone by virtue of Act No. 3436 in 1928.
On February 17, 1905, the Philippine Constabulary School was established. Later it became the Philippine
Military Academy, the first military officers' school in the country. From Intramuros, it was moved to Baguio

In 1910, the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) located on Taft Avenue, Manila was established by the
government to attend to indigent patients.

The Americans also trained the Filipinos in various physical activities. Outdoor games such as baseball, softball,
calisthenics, football and volleyball, and indoor games like bowling, billiard, table tennis, poker, black jack, and
other card games became tremendously popular. The Americans emphasized the importance of sport activities to
improve physical fitness and ease tension arising from work. They also inculcated in the minds of the players the
notion of sportsmanship

The American era also marked the improvement of infrastructure, transport, and communication facilities as well
as community services. Manila and other population centers had modern buildings constructed along American
architectural lines resembling Greek or Roman temples with porticoes.

The architectural plan for the City of Manila and the Quezon Memorial Circle (with eight main roads encircling
from the rotunda) were done by the Americans. It was Daniel Burnham, noted Chicago architect and town planner
who designed Baguio City.

Filipino sculptors were given remarkable recognition in the middle of the 19th century. One of the most
prominent in the field was Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976), best known for his masterpiece, the Bonifacio
Monument, which is a group sculpture composed of several figures gathered around a central obelisk. The
principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Philippine revolution in 1896. Behind him stands Emilio
Jacinto. The monument was completed in 1933.

The Americans used their stay in the Philippines to teach us their way of life and the principles of democracy,
Individual freedom, respect for rights and liberties of the people, free and open elections, and multiple political
parties are among the principles found in a democracy. The Americans came and enhanced the knowledge of the
Filipinos on democratic ways and institutions. They organized the civil courts, including the Supreme Court with
Cayetano Arellano as the first Filipino Chief Justice.

Local governments were established in towns and provinces un the control of American troops. The first election
under the American flag was conducted on May 7, 1899 in Baliuag, Bulacan.
It is a fact that the Filipinos had already some idea of a democratie government as proven by the establishment of
a republican government Malolos, Bulacan. However, the First Philippine Republic did not last long having been
overthrown in 1899.
4. Philippine Independent Church

The Philippine revolution in the late nineteenth century both affected the Church and State. In the second phase of
the revolution, which began with Aguinaldo's return from Hong Kong, Governor General Basilio Augustin and
Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda commissioned Father Gregorio Aglipay to confer with the revolutionary leaders
to bring them back to the Spanish side with a promise of autonomy for the Philippines On the other hand, Emilio
Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel as his emissary to Aglipay for the purpose of persuading the latter to
go to the North to work for the revolutionary cause.

Aglipay went North to investigate the condition of the bishopric of Nueva Segovia (Cagayan). Upon his return to
Manila to report to Nozaleda, he found Manila besieged by the Americans. He decided to go to Cavite and join
Aguinaldo's movement, particularly the Malolos Congress.

On October 20, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree appointing Aglipay as Military Vicar General, making him the
religious leader of the revolutionary movement. A day after his appointment, Aglipay issued a letter to the
Filipino clergy to form an ecclesiastical council, which would ask the Pope to appoint Filipinos in all Church
positions from archbishop to the lowest parish priest.

Archbishop Nozaleda, deeply alarmed by Aglipay's decisions charged the latter with usurpation of power.
Nozaleda issued his decree excommunicating Aglipay, which took effect on May 5, 1899.

Returning to the Philippines early in 1901, Isabelo de los Reyes, a newspaperman imprisoned for conspiracy
against Spain, campaigned for the establishment of a Filipino Church, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente The
church was a breakaway from the Catholic Church. It was launched in August 1902.

In July of the same year, he founded the Union Obrera Democratica. (Democratic Labor Union). On August 3,
1902, de los Reyes called a meeting of his Democratic Labor Union at the Centro de Bellas Artes and proposed
the establishment of a Filipino Church independent of Rome with Er Aglipay as the Supreme Bishop. The
proposal was accepted and thus the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) was founded
In a conference with the Jesuits, Fr. Aglipay made his last attempt to prevent a schism in the Church. He did not
yet accept the position of a Supreme Bishop in the Philippine Independent Church when he was being interviewed
at the Jesuit house in Sta. Ana, Manila. For four days,

Fr. Francisco Foradada, a Spaniard, exerted all efforts to win back Aglipay to the Catholic fold although the latter
had not yet giver up his Catholic faith.

On the fifth day, Foradada handed Aglipay a document for his signature affirming his return to Catholicism.
Aglipay wanted an assurance that by signing the document, the problem of the Filipino Catholic priests will be
solved that is, their appointment to the posts formerly held by the Spanish regulars. Foradada in return replied
why did he mind so much the Filipino priests considering they are vicious and inefficient. Aglipay felt very
offended and he demanded Foradada to withdraw his odious remark He left the Jesuit house and severed relations
with Roman Catholicism.

Years later, the Jesuits tried their best to make up with Aglipay, Father Joaquin Vilallonga was chosen to deal
with Aglipay but the latter had already made his decision to support the Philippine Independent Church. In
September 1902, bishops were consecrated. On January 18, 1903 Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by
the bishops of Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan, and Abra.

Subsequently, more Filipino priests joined the Philippine Independent Church, which became popularly known as
Aglipayan Church. According to the Philippine census of 1918, out of a total population of 10 million, close to
one and a half million Filipinos were members of the Aglipayan Church

5. The Colorums

Indigenous religious groups mostly thrive in isolated islands and mountainous localities. Some are induced by the
power of natural forces, others a mixture of Catholicism, and superstition. The remnants of Hermano Pule's
Cofradia de San Jose retreated to the mountains between Tayabas and Laguna. They settled at the mountain of
San Cristobal and considered this place their Jerusalem. This group came to be known as colorum, a corruption of
the Latin phrase, et saecula saeculorum (world without end) used at Mass to end certain prayers.

During the American occupation, the term colorum was used by the authorities to refer to rebel organizations with
mystical characteristics. These colorum groups were characterized by religious fanaticism, which was a
combination of Catholic devotion, hero-worship and folk-superstition Members were recruited from the oppressed
masses that sought the messiahs for their redemption

Colorum organizations were active in the 1920s. In Leyte and Samar the Sociedad de la confianza was formed.
The Caballeros de la Sagrada Familia had one thousand followers in Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bulacan and Nueva
Ecija. Other colorum groups were established in Tarlac, Rizal, La Union, Batangas, and Surigao

In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Jose Rizal and Apo Ipe Salvador They believed that the two leaders would
resurrect and save them. Felipe Salvador, otherwise known as Apo Ipe was born in Baliuag Bulacan on May 26,
1870. When the Katipuneros from Balintawak arrived in Baliuag Ipe joined them. He was appointed as colonel by
Aguinaldo in 1899, Whe Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, he went to the mountains and began his
guerrilla operations. Soon, he organized his group and called it Santa Iglesia or Holy Church

Apo Ipe warned his followers that a second deluge would occur and destroy all non-followers and that after the
flood, there would be rain of gold and jewels for his followers. The colorums of Tarlac believed that anting-
antings made all members invulnerable to the bullets fired by the enemy

In Surigao, the colorum groups were devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Immaculate Heart of Mary, and Jose
Rizal. They believed that one day Rizal would return and rule the Philippines. The group grew in number and
spread from Surigao to Agusan, Cotabato, Samar, and Leyte.

The colorums of Surigao began their uprising by the end of 1923. They killed five Constabulary soldiers and later
attacked a Constabulary detachment, which resulted in the death of the provincial commander and 12 soldiers.
The government had to suppress the colorum rebellion, which lasted from January to October, 1924.

Governor General Leonard Wood, recognizing the patriotic zeal that animated the colorum rebellion, prohibited
the display of pictures of Filipino heroes in all public schools in Mindanao.

In Nueva Ecija, Pedro Kabola founded a secret society in 1923 called Kapisanan Makabola Makarinag. They
intended to assault the municipal building of San Jose and execute all town officials so that independence could
be achieved. Subsequently, land would be equally apportioned among the masses and the caciques as well as the
Americans would be expelled from the country. But before the appointed date of the attack, the Constabulary
troopers were able to discover the plan. Kabola was killed. Hundreds of Kapisanan members were arrested and
jailed for conspiracy and sedition

In Pangasinan, an Ilocano named Pedro Calosa began organizing a colorum group in 1929. Members were given
ranks ranging from corporal to general and wore colorful red and white uniforms with anting-uitings embroidered
on them.

In January 1931, the colorums decided to attack the town of Tayug supposed to be the spark of that would ignite
the Central Luzon area in a peasant revolution. Armed with knives, bolos, and a few guns, Calosa and followers
marched on Tayug at the night and managed to rout the soldiers. When a Constabulary detachment arrived, the
colorum group retreated into the convent. Pedro Calosa escaped but was captured a few days later

In an interview years later, Calosa himself said that many of the colorum members were tenants who had been
ejected by hacenderos, or were small farmers deprived of their lands by land grabbers who used their power to
advance their personal interests.

6. Land Tenure System

During the American colonial rule, the Spanish feudal system was not dismantled. Through the system of land
registration that favored the Filipino elite, tenancy became more widespread. The hacienda system kept the
peasants in bondage. The landlord-tenant relations ensued even after the institution of a democratic government.

Tenants were either inquilinos (cash tenants) or kasamas (share tenants). The inquilino paid yearly rent for using a
piece of land. Aside from this, he was often required to give various services to the hacendero for free, Refusal to
work or to contribute to the expenses could mean outright dismissal from the hacienda. It became customary for
the children of the tenants to serve the landlord as domestic servants to help their parents pay the interest on debts
incurred due to cash advances:

The kasama or sharecropper provided the labor on the hacienda where he shared the harvest on a 50-50 basis with
his landlord or hacendero, after deducting the expenses incurred in planting and in harvesting. Like the inquilino,
he was expected to render personal services to the landowner, at the latter's discretion.
Low productivity, due to traditional farming methods, along with cacique (landlord) exploitation insured the
tenants a low standard of living, Free trade likewise reinforced the feudal agrarian system of the Spanish regime
and twisted the normal development of local industries. The leading families of the Filipino elite joined the free
trade system. This system paved the way to multinational corporations. Rich landowners and investment
capitalists took control of the economy, laying the groundwork for limited per capita income, inflation, and
structural poverty.

Dependence upon duty-free, American goods increased the suffering of local producers. In the 1920s to the
1930s, a number of peasant uprisings and labor protests evolved from cases of exploitation and poor living
conditions.

The Philippines, though a country rich in resources, was unable to sustain the basic needs of the masses. The
Filipino leaders, absorbed with much attention on how to gain political autonomy had not fully given efforts to
bring about economic independence. Pressing issues like social reform, land ownership, tenancy rights, and the
distribution of wealth had been the causes of public discontentment.

7. The First Labor Groups

In January 1902, Isabelo de los Reyes organized the first labor tirion in the Philippines, the Union de Litografos e
Impresores de Filipinas. Soon after its founding the members decided to reorganize themselves into the Union
Obrera Democratic (U.C.D.), a federation of smaller unions of printer, lithographers, cigar makers, tailors, and
shoemakers, which demanded higher wages and worker's benefits

With its official organ, La Redencion del Obrero, the Union voiced the social demands and nationalistic feelings
of the workers. As a result of one of the strikes, Isabelo de los Reyes was imprisoned. A few weeks later, he was
pardoned.

Dr. Dominador Gomez, who succeeded De los Reyes, led a group of laborers on May 1, 1903 in a demonstration
before Malacañang. However, Gomez was replaced by Lope K. Santos for the union members distrusted the
former's involvement in the surrender of Sakay, which led to his capture

Lope K. Santos, a printer and newspaperman, was the last president of the U.O.D. Under him, the union became
known as the Union del Trabajo de Filipinas, Political rivalries had led to its dissolution in 1907.
On May 1, 1913, Labor Day was first officially celebrated in the country The labor leaders organized the
Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (C.O.F.). This Congress approved resolutions demanding eight-hour labor day,
child and women labor laws, and an employer's liability law.

Barely four years later, Vicente Sotto established his Asamblea Obrera, which he used to support his candidacy
for the House of Representatives In 1917, Joaquin Balmori founded the Federacion del Trabajo to support the
candidates of the Democratic Party. The Congreso Obrero de Filipinas for its part, backed the Nacionalista Party's
candidates.

In Bulacan, the Union ng Magsasaka was formed in 1917 to fight the evils of tenancy and usury. In 1919, Jacinto
Manahan, formed his own group in view of the decline of the original peasant organization

Also in 1919, the Legionarios del Trabajo was formally organized as a result of a strike against the Manila
Electric Company. The group pressed a number of nationalistic demands such as protection of Philippine products
from foreign competition. Crisanto Evangelista, one of its organizers, later left the association due to the adoption
of Masonic initiation rites.

In 1924, Evangelista, Domingo Ponce, and Cirilo Bognot formed the Partido Obrero de Filipinas. Its platform
showed a strong Marxist influence

Attendance at world conferences and their affiliation with international organizations of the Left, radicalized some
labor leaders. In 1927, the C.O.E affiliated itself with the Red International of Labor Unions. During its
convention, subjects such as communism, class struggle, and proletarian

internationalism were discussed. The following year, the CO.F. leaders Evangelista and Bognot attended the Red
International of Labor Unions Conference in Moscow.

8. The Communist Party of the Philippines

During the 1929 Congress of the Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (CO.F.), the conservative members clashed with
Crisanto Evangelista and his group over the proposals submitted by the latter. Some of the recommendations
included the organization of factory committees as a first step toward the formation of industrial unions, the
establishment of a workers political party, the advocacy of class struggle and the condemnation of the
Nacionalista and Democrata parties.
With the radicals in the minority, Evangelista and his followers walked out and immediately launched the
Katipunan ng mga Anak-pawis ng Pilipinas or KA.P. Evangelista became the elected executive secretary while
Manahan, the vice-president, in charge of the peasant movement.

Other officers were Jose Hilario, Antonio Ora, Patricio Dionisio, Cirilo Bognot, and H. C. Hao: The K.A.P.
wanted unity among workers, peasants, and the exploited masses. It advocated struggle against American
imperialism in the Philippines, betterment of living and working conditions, immediate and complete
independence of the country, unity among revolutionary movements all over the world, and an establishment of a
Soviet system in the Philippines.

On November 7, 1930, the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally established with all the officers of
the K.A.P. except Hao and Hilario, as members of the first Central Committee of the Philippines

Communist parties have been instituted in some countries in Europe and Asia to establish and maintain the Soviet
system. The working class has been designed to dominate the administration of the government.

Communism is a concept of society in which the major resources and means of production are communally
owned. Theoretically, there would be equal sharing of the benefits of production. This ideology involves the
abolition of individual ownership of property. It advocates the revolution of the working masses to overthrow the
capitalist society so that a classless society may be achieved.

The promises of Communism confounded a number of people. The CPP became more unrelenting after some of
its officials were apprehended by the military. Soon after, Antonio Ora, a CTP Central Committee member was
arrested in Manila

While Ora was being taken to prison, he died reportedly due to an automobile accident near Cabanatuan, Nueva
Ecija. The CPP members became skeptical about it. They were thinking that the incident was not purely by
chance. As a result, the Communists staged a demonstration on January 25, 1931. More than 10 thousand workers
joined the funeral march carrying red flags and placards with anti-imperialist slogans.
Evangelista, Manahan, Dominador Ambrosio, Guillermo Capadocia, and Alfonso Pangilinan were arrested the
following month. Charged with sedition on the basis of the platform actions and demands of the Communis Party,
they were found guilty by the Court of First Instance and sentenced to jail. It was on October 26, 1932 when the
Supreme Court declared the CPP an illegal organization

9. Sakdalism

Benigno Ramos, leader of a popular movement Sakdal, used to be a Senate clerk. In 1930, he purposely left his
job to work against the administration. The immediate cause of his resignation was his involvement in a student
picket staged in a Manila high school, which had been provoked by negative remarks made by an American
teacher against the Filipino students. A number of Filipino professionals gave their support for the students.
Ramos had already been warned by Quezon not to join the protest action but still he declined.

Ramos consequently founded Sakdal, a weekly tabloid, which became the vehicle for bitter denunciations of the
ruling oligarchy. This tabloid exposed the discontentment of the masses. It also adopted the position that
independence is not given but must be taken through the united action of the people. Through its newspaper, the
Sakdal movement campaigned against maldistribution of property, excessive taxes, and the concentration of land
ownership to a few. Subsequently, Ramos transformed the movement into a political party

In the 1934 election of delegates to the Constitutional Convention, the Sakdalistas desired to have a number of
candidates. In campaign meetings and through their paper, the Sakdalistas opposed colonial education in the
country, in particular Camilo Osias grade school "Readers," for their glorification of American culture. They also
expressed opinion against American economic control and the military bases. In this election, the Sakdalistas with
three candidates for representatives won.

With the coalition of the Antis and Pros of the Nacionalista Party for the 1935 National Elections, the Sakdalistas
predicted the greater expansion of American economic power. They continued their barrio campaigns to boycott
the plebiscite for the Commonwealth Constitution. However, Governor Frank Murphy issued a ruling that any
campaign against the plebiscite shall be branded as seditious. As a consequence, many Sakdalistas were arrested.

In various parts of the country. perpetuation of feudal and usurious practices, which originated from the Spanish
regime, intensified the agony of the peasant masses. On May 2, 1935, orie hundred fifty peasants armed with
bolos and politics marched to the municipal hall of San Ildefonso, Bulacan and hauled down the American and
Philippine flags, and raised the red Sakdal flag. Other Sakdalistas did the same in Cavite, Rizal, and Laguna. The
peasants occupied the town halls and burned American flags in such places as Tanza, and Caridad in Cavite, and
Cabuyao and Sta. Rosa in Laguna. Altogether, almost sixty thousand Sakdalistas were involved.
On the second day, constabulary troopers suppressed the uprisings in the beleaguered towns. Disorganized and
poorly armed, the peasants were in no way equal to the Constabulary detachments dispatched in the centers of the
rebellion. Fifty-seven peasants were killed, hundreds were wounded, and around five hundred were imprisoned.

Benigno Ramos was in Japan when the revolt broke out. He was then arranging for Japanese support for the
Sakdal party. He denied his involvement on the May 2 incident. Disowned by their leader, many peasants
withdrew support for Ramos. As a result, Sakdalista influence greatly diminished in the countryside

A. Age of Discovery and Exploration

-Trade laid the foundation of civilization in one locality to another

- Trade existed in antiquity that linked the people from africa to europe and from europe to asia.

-Spices such as pepper, cinamon, cloves, nutmeg, and ginger were indigenous to the East and considered as
valuable trade goods

-these oriental goods became the most demanded products among the Europeans because these were used in
the preservation of meat especially during winter season.

-Gold, slaves, silver and silk are the other valuable trade goods.

-these precious trade goods that reached Europe originated from the far east.

-Unfortunately, the rise of power to the islamic empire cut europe access to prosperous trading centers.

-The muslims controlled the 3 routes (northern, middle and southern route) that ended the monopoly of trade
once enjoyed by the europeans.

-With great loss of profit, they began to find means to discover a new trade.

-This eventually paved the way for the additional pages in the history book for a period that came to be known
as THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATIONS
1B Pioneers of European Explorations

A. Portugal

-was the first european state to build an empire which colonies that stretched from africa to the new world
(referring to the continent of the america) and onward to asia.

-Portugal’s colonial supremacy was greatly attributed to the efforts of Prince Henry (1394- 1460)

Prince Henry- won fame for his contributions to maritime explorations

-It was prince Henry who made series of his inventions or navigational instruments

-He devoted much of his time in the study of astronomy and made contacts with scholars, astronomers, and
experienced sailors.

-he studied the positions of stars, direction of the winds movement of tides and currents, and above all,
locations of unfamiliar waters.

-His dreams for the country to stand in fame and glory was realized with the series of land explored and claimed
in the name of portugal.

-Portuguese became the sole trade dealer of oriental goods such as silk, porcelain, dyes, drugs, and spices in
europe.

-However, the glory of portugal’s supremacy did not last long

-A very small country with vast colonial empire, portugal lacked the capability to manage her colonies with
limited numbers of personnel.

-The death of King henry leaving no immediate heir was taken advantage by Spain.

A.Portugal:

Africa – the first portuguese exploratory

Bartolome diaz and Vasco De Gama – pioneering explorers to africa.

Bartolome Diaz – 1488

- Southern tip of africa (now called Cape of Good Hope ) open a route to africa.

Vasco de Gama – 1497

-Sailing around the Cape of Good Hope moved further and crossed the Indian ocean

-Ended up into the harbor of Calicut, India May 19, 1498

-Diplomatic and commercial ties were soon secured with the indians (referring to the people of India)

B.Spain
Spain- was the greatest rival of portugal for colonial supremacy

-Portugal gained the lead in land explorations

-Spain got a major break when Christopher columbus, a native from genoa, italy sailed to the unknown seas to
find a new route.

Christopher columbus- 1451-1506

-presented his plan to King John II 1455- 1495 of portugal.

-since the route followed was that on sailing around africa, the king did not support his proposal.

-in disgust, he went then to spain and sought an audience with King Ferdinand 1452- 1516 and Isabella 1451-
1556

-the monarchs took his new route plan and with all out support, the queen personally funded the expidition.

-The successful expiditions embarked by columbus that opened a new route had been used by the succeeding
spanish explorers.

-Spain got much of the foothold in the lower part of northern america and most of the south america
1550- spain controlled most of the south america, florida, cuba and asia – the philippine island

-Christopher columbus made spain the undisputed master of the colonial world

-Unfortunately, due credit was not given to him when the new world was named after a certain wealthy
merchants by the name Amerigo Vespucci

The spaniards came to the philippines and asia because of these reasons:

1.God- spread the Roman Catholic Religion

-at that time spain was the greatest champion of catholicism ot the world.

-The spanish king spent vast sums of money to convert more people to Catholicism

2. Gold- aim of spain was to get rich

-it wanted to control the spice trade in asia

-Spices ( peppers, ginger, garlic etc) were very much in demand in europe.

-IF spain could control the spice trade, it would be the riches nation in the world, but it did not success in this
aim.

3. Glory- political glory

-When the spain conquered the philippines in asia, it became the greatest empire in the world during 16th
century

-Philip II was the first king to boast that the sun never set on his kingdom because it was sunset in manila it was
also sunrise in madrid, spain.

Driving spirit of the sea voyagers

-The series of exploration carried out in the middle part of the 15th century were triggered by the various
factors mentioned previously.

-All these factors were driven by three G’s namely; ‘’GOD, GOLD, GLORY’’

-The daring sea ventures were undertaken to introduce to the pagan natives the christianity concept of God

-Out of strong conviction that the east was great source of income for their national treasury , the voyagers
craved to accumulate ore gold used by then as gauge for wealth.
-With wealth came glory foe the European country to hold supremacy both political and economic aspects over
the subjugated lands. As it turned out, powerful nations poured huge capitals to the daring venture.

Magellan’s Expedition (fleet)

-The spaniards continued to voyage by going to Cebu

April 7- they reached the island

Humabon- chief of the island who welcomed the strangers and later concluded trade partnership with
exchanges of valuable goods.

King humabon and Magellan made a blood compact

April 14, 1521- mass was held on the shore. The magellan placed a cross which still stand at Cebu city today.

The coming of spaniards in the philippines:

March 16, 1521- spaniards saw the island of samar and group of other islands.

-The following day, the spaniards set foot for the first time on philippines soil.

-The two ships docked on the shore of an islet of Homonhon, south of SAMAR while the third ship was on stand
by.

-They met the natives of homonhon and nearby islands of Suluan, the natives were friendly and welcome them
due hospitality
-March 25 1521- they left Homonhon and after 3 days took sight of Limasawa an islet south of leyte

Rajah Kulambu- leader of limasawa natives, greeted the spaniards.

March 31 1521- first christian mass was celebrated

Fr. Pedro de valderama- officiated the mass.

Summit of a hill overlooking the sea- magellan planted a wooden cross signifying the conversion to christianity
of the natives and mark of spanish territorial ownersip.

-After the mass, the cebuanos were invited to convert Christianity including humabon his wife and son agreed to
be baptized.

-THEY BECAME THE FIRST FILIPINO CATHOLICS.

-The queen was baptized as Queen juana

-She was given a beautiful image of the child Jesus (Santo nino) which is still the patron saint of Cebu city until
today.

-Later, a miraculous cure of the king’s brother astonished the cebuanos.

-Thus, thousand more in the island threw away their pagan idols and became baptized as catholics.

-From cebu, magellan proceeded to Mactan

-Magellan found the atmosphere in the island in great contrast to the previously visited islands.

Lapu- Lapu- the chieftain proved to be straightforward in finding out magellan’s missions.

-Having sensed an intention of intimidation, the former rejected any condition set by the spaniards

-Magellan in great fury prepared in the battle.

-Through lame but with military expertise, he was confident that the natives can easily be subdued with a show
of force.

April 27, 1521- the battle of mactan fought between the spaniards and the natives.

-Magellan was killed and his men rushed to the sea and sailed away from the islands.

-Victory of lapulapu was the first successful armed resistance recorded against Spanish aggression

-LapuLapu of mactan was the first filipino hero

-It was the first battle between the filipinos and the white and was the first victory of the Filipinos.

-In his honor, LapuLApu city in Mactan was named after him
1C Magellam expedition

Ferdinand magellan- 1518-1521

-The height of spain supremacy as a world power was made possible through the efforts made by magellan.

-He was a soldier of the portuguese military force

-After a having a leg injury from a fierece fight against the muslims in morocco, he retired and went back to his
birth land portugal.

-Living a meager life, magellan asked the king to increase his monthly pension but was rejected.

-Saddened by the fact that he gave Portugal the best of his military career, he left and went to Spain

-He met Ruy faleiro- a brilliant cosmographer, finding commonality interest, the two friends spend most of their
leisure time together.

-With his friend magellan sought an audience with Charles I – who later became charles V, The holy roman
emperor.

-The king found his new route plan very convincing and without further interrogation approved his proposal.

Antonio pegafetta- a italian official chronicler of the expedition

September 20, 1519 – magellan’s fleet considered of five ships and 256 (270) men/crews left San Lucar Spain.

5 antiquated ships

A. Trinidad – the flagship

B. San antonio

C. Concepcion

D. Victoria

E. Santiago

October 1520- they crossed a narrow passage and was named by magellan as strait of magellan

-Great south seas (now pacific ocean) – magellan’s ships had the longest time travel with only 3 of his ships left

-The Great South seas was first identified by Balboa but it was magellan who first crossed it.

-Magellan and his men finally reach moluccas, the spice island
-Magellan saw an island known today as SAMAR.

-Since they found it on the feast day of saint lazarus, the island came to be called Archipelago of St. Lazarus

-Magellan entered the philippines with 3 remaining ships ( trinidad, victoria, concepcion.)

Rivalry between Portugal and Spain:

1493- Pope Alexander VI issued four Papal bulls (decrees). One of the papal bulls divided the world between
spain and portugal.

Treaty of tordesillas 1494- the two countries made an agreement, shifting the cemarcation line (division) made
by the pope.

1529- they quarreled again over ownership of the Moluccas (Spice islands).

- They made a new agreement (Treaty of Zaragosa) to fix a new demarcation line.

-The spanish king sold his rights to the moluccas to the portuguese king.

-This was a big mistake for portugal

-It didnt know that the moluccas and the philippines were really included on the side of the line belonging to
portugal

-Portugal only bought what is really owned.

-Portugal really owned the philippines and came here ahead of SPAIN.

16th century- Portugal and spain wre the most bitter rivals for colonies in the world.

-They quarreled because of ownership of these lands

Medieval Travelers

Nicolo Polo (father of marco polo)

-wealthy venetian merchant

-was welcome in the royal court by Kublai khan himself

-Intellectual and cultural exchanges made between nicolo and kublai made a lasting friendship between the two.

-stayed at peking for a longer time (present day beijing) learned chinese way of life.

-He was an eyewitness to the valuable chinese trade goods such as silk, porcelain, and ceramics.

-After 2 years, he returned back to ITALY bringing with him the fabulous riches of china.

-1271 journeyed back to china with his brother maffeo polo and son Marco polo

Marco Polo – 17 years old then

-famous medieval traveler to the east

-he was veentian by birth

-succeeded to win his sympathy and admiration of the Mongol rules in china.

-His close ties with the mongol rulers traced its beginning with his father’s first visit in china.

- inherited Adventurous spirit from his father who traveled diff parts of china

-trusted and given high recognition because of his father good reputations

-was appointed to envoy to the court

-given a task to inspect and disseminate information on the latest rules imposed by the royal court

- learned to speak fluently almost all of the chinese languages

-his 17 years stay in china ended becaue of civil strife that broke our between Venice and Genoa

-he sailed back to his birth land to serve in the Venetian military force

- he led the war offensive against the Genoans as a commander of the naval fleet.

-He was captured in the naval battle in Curzola (1298)

-He spent many months in his prison cell writing his memorable experience in China as well as its culture and
wealth.

-His book The travel of si Marc Polo described the way of life of chinese, Dynastic government, and wealth.

-After the war, the book published all over Europe and gained wide readership
Rise to Power:

-Stiff commercial rivalry ensued as kings and wealthy merchants funded experts sea explorers for adventurous
voyages. As a historical pattern of the said time in european continent, the dominant philosophical thought that
prevailed was ‘’more lands discovered, more wealth acquired. With immense wealth comes fame and power’’

-Thus, this world viewed underlined the course of events during the Age of explorations.

Renaissance Period

-In reality, the renaissance period was an offshoot to the scientific revolution as europe underwent remarkable
technological progress.

-Portugal – lead the inventions of maritime aids and instruments, other countries soon followed with their
perspective improvisations.

Mariners Compass and astrolobe- most important navigational instruments introduced

THE PROPAGANDISTS

● Those who joined the peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872, the Patriots who left the
islands to escape persecution and those who had been to Spain for their studies.

● The propagandists were young Filipinos in their twenties or thirties.

● They came from the best and brightest, and the richest families in the Philippines.

● They were mostly college students or professionals.

● All were men of intelligence, courage and patriotism.

● Today, they are known as great Flipino heroes.

PROPAGANDISTS
1. JOSE RIZAL

● Physician-novelist, and now National hero of the Philippines.

● His prestige was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio-historical novel Noli Me Tangere in
1887.

● The Noli reflected the defects of the Spanish rule in the Philippines, particularly the abuses of the friars.

● His second novel El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent in 1891

● Founder of La Liga Flipina (the Philippine League).

2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

● lawyer-journalist from the town of Bulacan

● In 1882, he helped established the first bilingual newspaper, the Diariong Tagalog and become editor of
the tagalog section;

● He released Dasalan at Toksohan (Prayers and mockeries), a manual anti clerical commentary in the
format of novena;

● He parodied the Lord's prayer, Hail Mary, the Apostles Creed, the Ten Commandment, the act of
Contrition and Catechism.

● He left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape the prosecution of the friars.

3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

● orator, like Del Pilar, parodied religious literature in his satire.

● he wrote Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly (circa 1874) where he ridiculed a cleric named Fray Botod,who
arrived looking like a hungry mosquito and soon became stout because of the stocks taken from the
people

● He moved to Madrid where he joined other Filipino expatriates into journalism.

4. MARIANO PONCE- Physician journalist

5. ANTONIO LUNA- Pharmacist and essayist.

6. JUAN LUNA- painter, known for his monumental painting Spoliarum

7. FELIK RESSURECTION HIDALGO- painter acclaimed for his masterpiece Virgenes Christians Expuestas al
Populacho. (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble)

8. Dr. PEDRO A. PATERNO- lawyer, poet and historian.

9. JOSE Ma. PANGANIBAN- linguist and essayist.

10. JOSE ALEJANDRINO- engineer and writer

11. FERNANDO CANON- engineer, poet and musician.

12. PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW- teacher and lexicographer (teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon, later
King Alfonse XIll of Spain)

13. ISABELO DELOS REYES- folklorist and newspaperman (historian and journalist)

14. DOMINADOR GOMEZ- physician-orator,

La Solidaridad (solidarity)

● La Solidaridad, a purely Filipino organization was established in Barcelona on December 31, 1888.

● This took place at a traditional Eve banquet with Galicano Apacible as President, Graciano Lopez Jaena
as Vice President, RIZAL Who was in London during that time, was named Honorary President.

● Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad in Barcelona on February 15,
1889.

● Marcelo Del Pilar, recently arrived from the Philippines joined the group and helped prepare the issues.

The aim of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation referring to the transition of the
Philippines from being a colony to province of Spain . The propagandists believed that it would be better if
the Filipinos would become Spanish citizens, since they would be enjoying the same rights and privileges of
the latter. Its adherents did not seek Independence from Spain but reforms
 These reforms were as follows equality of Filipinos and Spaniard before the laws restoration of the
Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes secularization of Philippine parishes and the expulsion of
the friar and human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to
meet and petition for redness of grievances.

Those who joined this peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots who left the
islands to escape persecution, and those who had been to Spain for their studies. Although not all of the
propagandists were sons of wealthy Filipinos, they were scions of good families. One of the greatest wis
Marcelo H del Pilar, a lawyer and journalist from the town of Bulacan. His oldest brother Toribio, a priest
was implicated in the Cavite Mutiny and exiled. From then on, he joined in dupluhan and dalitan or literary
jousts during fiestas. During a pintakasi (cockfighting day), he spoke out to the crowd by satirizing corrupt
officials and friars.

Del Pilar also sought to reach out to people through his pen He wrote his anti-friar pamphlets in simple
yet forceful Tagalog. In 1882, he helped establish the first bilingual (in Spanish and Tagalog) newspaper,
the Diariong Tagalog. He became the editor of the Tagalog section

Between 1887-1888, when anonymous manifestos against the friars were distributed to the public, he
released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries), a manual of anticlerical commentary in the format
of novena. He parodied the Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary, the Apostles' Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Act
of Contrition, and the catechism. With these anticlerical protests, Del Pilar's stay in the country became
dangerous. His house was burned mysteriously He left the Philippines in October 1888 to escape the
prosecution of the friars.

Like Del Pilar. Graciano Lopez Jaena parodied religious literature in his satires In Iloilo, he saw the
misery of rural communities and the abuses perpetrated by civil and religious authorities. He wrote Fray
Botod or "Friar Potbelly (circa 1874) where he ridiculed a cleric named Fray Botod, who arrived looking
like a hungry mosquito and soon became stout because of the stocks taken from the people Because of his
anticlerical literature, he moved to Madrid where he joined other Filipino expatriates into journalism.

Among those who had gone to Spain to study was Jose Rizal, born to a well-to-do family in Calamba,
Laguna. In 1882, he went to Spain and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid. His prestige
was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio-histocical novel Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in
1887.
 The Noli reflected the defects of the Spanish role Philippines particularly the abuses of the friars The
impact of the on the Spaniards in the Philippines was so intense, that later the reading of it was forbidden
in the country. Rizal may have been the first Filipino political cartoonist In his etchbook, he drew lamporen
of Chinese merchant and the cover design for the Noli included the hairy call and the slippered foot of
spanish friar.

Other great Filipino propagandist where Pedro A. Paterno lawyer, Antonio Luna, pharmacist and
esayst Pedro Serrano Laktaw teacher tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon ( later King Alfonso of Spain And
Isabelo de los Reyes, folklorist and newspaperman Juan Luna, known for his monumental painting
Spoliarium, and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo , acclaimed for his masterpiece, Las Virgenes Cristianas
Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble, also joined the movement for reforms.

The Filipino propagandists were also supported by a number of Spanish friends in 1882. Juan Atayde, a
Spaniard born in Manila founded the Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Unfortunately, the society did not stay long
due to shortage of funds and also because of the lack of confidence of the members in Atayde.

Professor Miguel Morayta. Rizal’s professor at Central University of Madrid, tried to form the
Asociacion Hispano Filipino. In 1889. This association was concerned with instituting reforms in the
Philippines. The association lobbied successfully for the passage of some laws which included the law
pertaining to the compulsory teaching of Spanish and the laws providing reforms in the judiciary. However,
these laws were not fully implemented considering the return to power of the reactionary group in Spain.

Since the membership of the association was composed mostly of Spaniards, it failed to secure the
support of many Filipinos, including Dr. lose Rizal and Antonio Luna: The young Filipinas felt that the
Spaniards and the creoles were too moderate in dealing with their clamor for reforms.

Finally, the La Solidaridad (Solidarity,a purely Filipino organization, was established in Barcelona on
December 31, 1888 This took place at a traditional New Year's Eve banquet with Galicano Apacible as
president and Graciano Lopez Jaena as vice president. Rizal, who was in London during that time, was
named as the honorary president.

To make known the objectives of the Propaganda Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly
newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. Marcelo H del Pilar recently arrived from the
Philippines. He joined the group and helped prepare the issues.
 La Soledaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to 31, 1889, then in Madrid, where it was
printed from Nov 15 1889, until is last issue on November 15, 1895. From December 15, 1889 until its last
issue, M. H del Pilar became the editor replacing Lopez Jaena.

The contributors of ta La Soledaridad were mostly Filipinos like MH del Pilar (Plaridel) Dr. Jose Rizal
(Dimas alang, Laong Laan ), Mariano Ponce (Naning Kalipulako, or Tikbalang), and Antonio Luna (Taga-
ilog) Some foreigners also contributed the articles like Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta

Many Filipino propagandists turned masons, including Dr. Riza; and M. HL. del Pilar because they
needed the help of the masons in Spain and in other countries in their fight for reforms. This organization
call Freemasonry, Consisted of fratemal lodges, which later evolved into social societies subsequently
opened to non-masons.

In the Philippines, the first masonic lodge was established in Manila in 1856 As a rule, masonic lodges,
were not opened to Filipino. It was in Spain where Filipino expatriates, students, and intellectuals found
themselves attracted to the ideas of equality, religious tolerance, fraternity and liberty espoused by the free
and accepted masons.

The first Filipino Masonic Lodge called Resolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona. This
lodge was recognized by the Grande Orienta Espanol headed by Morayta in April 1889 The Resolucion did
not last long. It ended after Lopez Jaena resigned as Worshipful Master on November 29, 1889.

The following month, M. H. del Pilar, with the help of Julio Llorente organized Lodge Solidaridad in
Madrid, with the latter as the first Worshipful Master. Grande Oriente Espanol recognized it in May 1990.
Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Rizal, Pedro Serrano
Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, Galicano Apacible, and others.

Towards the end of 1891, M. H. del Pilar sent Pedro Serrano Laktaw to the Philippines to establish the
first masonic lodge in Manila. Thus the Lodge Nilad was founded on January 6, 1892. In one of their
meetings the masons set forth the platform. They wanted a dignified, free and prosperous country with a
democratic regime and a genuine and effective autonomy, and a good government. They were asking, for
reforms. They wanted representation in the Cortes as well as the declaration of the country as a Spanish
province, with all the rights and obligations.
 As of May 1893, the masonic lodges in the country numbered thirty five, nine of which were in the city
of Manila They also accepted women members. The first woman to be admitted was Rosario Villaruel, who
was initiated as a member of the Lage Walana July 18, 1893. Other female members were Trinidad Rizal,
Romualda Lanuza, Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi, and Purificacion Leyva.

Almost simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines, Rizal wrote the
Constitution of La Liga Filipina( The Philippine League) while living in Hong Kong with the help Jose Ma.
Diana. In Hong Kong, Rizal deealed a proposal to governor general Eulogio Despujol y Dusay to establish a
Filipino Colony in sabah, Borneo, but the latter refused Rizal's scheme was meant for help resolve the plight
of ejected tenants from Calamba, Laguna.

After arriving, manila on June 26, 1892, rizal conferred with Governor General Eulogio Despujol y
Dusay to obtain pardon for his family. He met with some Filipino around the city, then took the train to
Malolos Bulacan; San Fernando and Bacolor, Pampanga and Tarlac.

On the night of July 3 199 Rizal founded la liga Filipina at residence of Doroteo , Ongjunco in Ilaya St.,
Tonda, Manila with Ambrosio Salvador as president, Deodato Arellano, as secretary, Bonifacio Arevalo
treasurer; and Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal Among those present in the meeting were Pedro Serrano Laktaw
(Panday Pira, Domingo Franco, (Felipe Leaf) Jose A. Ramos (Sacorro) Fautino Villaruel (ilaw), Numeriano
Adriano (lyel) Apolinario Mabini Katabay, and Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-ama) La Liga was to be a sort of
mutual aid and self-help society, dispeting scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up
cooperatives. The league's motto (One like all) Unas Instar Omnium serve as an _____ of their ideals. Based
in its constitution, the objectives of the liga were the unification of the whole archipelago inoa one compact,
vigorous and homogeneous body protection in cases of ant and necessity defense against violence and
injustice, encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce and the study and implementation of
reforms.

The goals of La Liga were to be cared out by the Supreme Council. the Provincial Council and the
Popular Council. That each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues. The members
ought to choose a symbolic name.

The members became quite active. Bonifacio for one, rated exerted great efforts to organize chapters
in various district in Manila. Rizal himself saused the circulation of a handbill. Ang Karapatan ng Tao
printed in both Tagalog and Spanish. This was his translation of the French, Declaration of the Rights of
Man of 1789.
 This situation alarmed the Spanish authorities. On July 6, 1992 Rizal was secretly arrested by order of
Governor General Despujol and subsequently imprisoned at Fort Santiago. The following day, the governor
general ordered the deportation of Rizal to Dapitan Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his allegedly
subversive materials.

27. The Katipunan

Some of the members of the La liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was not
enough. This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. Andres Bonifacio was one
of them. He did not join the Los Compromisarios or Cuerpo de Compromisarios led by Domingo Franco.
This faction pledged to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be achieved by
requests for reforms but by an armed revolution. Their goal was transformed from assimilation to
separation and then Independence.

On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano's house at No.
72 Azcarraga Street (now Claro M Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila. They decided to form
revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called Katastaasang Kagalang-galangan Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of the People), otherwise known as
K.K.K. or Katipunan dedicated to national independence through armed revolution.

The men, gathered around a flickering table lamp, signed the membership papers with their own
blood. It was agreed that the member be recruited by means of the triangle method in which an original
member would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the original member who
took them in. They also decided during the meeting the payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte
(twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of medio rial (about twelve centavos). The triangle method was
abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too cumbersome, New converts were initiated into
the secret society using rights borrowed from the masonry. The neophyte was made to swear to guard the
secrets of the society. More than a secret society, the Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution
promulgated in 1892, and another constitution replacing the first one in 1894. The central government of
the Katipunan was vested in a Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) with the officials
aforementioned.
 In each province, there was a Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council and in each town, a Sangguniang
Balangay Popular Council). The judicial power resided in a secret chamber called Sangguniang Hukuman
Judicial Council). There were three grades of membership in the Katipunan. The tint grade called a katipun
(associate), wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of the
People). The second grade called kawal (soldier), wore a green mask. His password was GOM-BUR-ZA. The
third grade called bayani (patriot) wore a red mask. His password was Rizal, the honorary president of the
Katipunan. During the first election the following officers of the supreme council were chosen

Deodato Arellano - President

Andres Bonifacio - Comptroller

Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal

Teodoro Plata - Secretary

Valentin Dia - treasurer

There were also women member of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with their Own
blood to be admitted in the women section, one had to be a wife, daughter, or sister of a Katipunero male
member) to ensure the secrecy of the movement. Among the women members were Gregoria de jesus,
Bonifacio’s wife who was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez the wife of Katipunero
Restituto Javier; and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal sisters of Dr Jose Rizal.

The women guarded the secret paper and documents of the society. When the Katipunan held a
meeting in a certain house they made it appear that a real social party was going on. Likewise, they were
also helping the society by recruiting more members. The womens chapter of the katipunam was born
during the presidency of Roman Basa second president in july 1893. Josefa Rizal was elected President of
the women’s chapter called la Semilla.

Bonifacio deposed Arellano As president in a meeting in February 1893 because of the latter's inaction.
However, early in 1995. Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was as infective as Deodato Arellano, that he
called meeting of the society and readily deposed Basa. Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo (President).

With the Katipunan's organizational setup. Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of its
authority. Upon his request. Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus made a flag which
consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with the three white Ks arranged horizontally at the center.
This was the first official flag of the society however, some members had their flag with three K's arranged
in the form of a triangle. Others had one K the center of the red flag. Some generals of the evolution,
likewise, adopted their own design.
 Knowing the Importance of a primer to teach the members of the society its ideals, Emilio Jacinto
prepared one which he called Kartilla, a word adopted from the Spanish cartilla, which at that time meant a
primer for grade school students (Former UP President Rafael Palma, a revolutionary patriot, noted that
Apolinario Mabini wrote the original.

Statutes of the Katipunans Kartilya and Emilio Jacinto translated Iit into Tagalog for the benefit of the
unschooled members of the Katipuran)

The Kartilla consisted of 13 teachings which the members of the society were expected to observe The
primer constituted the following

I. Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without a shadow. If not a
poisonous weed,

II. A good deed that springs from desire for personal profit and not from a desire to do good is not kindness

III. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one fellowmen and in adjusting every movement,
deed and won to true Reason.

IV. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white one may be superior to another in knowledge.
wealth, and beauty but cannot be superior in being

V. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains: he who is the prefers personal profit to honor.

VL To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate

VIL Don't fritter away time: Lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.

VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.

IX An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that must be
guarded.

X In the thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children: if he who guides moves toward evil,
they who are guided likewise move toward evil.

XI. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away with time, but as a helper and partner in the
hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you into this world
and who cared for you in your childhood.

XII. What you do not want done in your wife, daughter and sister do not do to the wife daughter and sister
of another.

XIII. The nobility of a man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and the
whiteness of the skin, nor in being priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on this earth but
pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods is possessed of an upright character, who is true
to his word who has dignity and honor, who does not oppress and does not help those who oppress who
knows how to look after and love the land of his birth. When these doctrines spread and the Sun of beloved
liberty shines with brilliant effulgence on these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays upon the united
people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors and suffering of those who are gone shall be
more than recompensed. (Teodoro agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, Quezon City, Malaya books,
1970. page 181)

Bonifacio wrote Decalogue or 10 commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Duties to be observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay down the guidelines for good citizenship. This
đocument in manuscript form still exist. The rules induce love of Cod ; love of country and one's fellowmen,
diligence in work; sharing of ones means with the poor; punishment of scounrels and traitors; and the
guarding of the mandates and aims of KKK.

Another step taken by the Katipunan to propagate in teaching was the establishment of a printing
press. In 1894, The Katipunan bought an old hand press with the money donated by two patriotic Filipinos
from Visayas Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban. These two Katipuneros who came back from
Australia in 1895, had one thousand pesos between them for having won in the lottery, The types used in
printing where purchased from Isabelo de los Reyes, and many were stolen from the pres of the Diario de
Manila (Manila Daily by Filipino employees who were members of the Katipunan)

Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printer Faustino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez,
printed the Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the deals of the society Kalayaan had its
first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a false masthead stating that it was being printed in
Yokohama with Marcelo H. del Pilar as editor. This was to deceive the Spanish authorities and evade arrest.

Published in the Kalayaan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" (What the Filipinos
Should Know) attributed to Bonifacio. This composition dealt with the three questions asked of Katipunan
applicants What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest? What is the condition of
the country today? What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"

Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through the efforts of Macario Sakay
and Pio del Pilar as distributors. The Katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Edja,
Bulacan, and Cavite. The society grew and began to spread into the non Tagalog provinces. By August 1896,
there were thousands of Katipunan members in the arrabales of Manila and some 18,000 in other towns.

During the Holy Week of 1895, Bonifacio and some Katipuneros went to the mountains of Montalban
in search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret meetings On April 10, 1895, Bonifacio and
his companions including Emilio Jacinto Restituto Javier, and Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan
Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) Mount Tapusi in the mountain ranges of San Mateo and Montalban. There
they held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits. After the session, Aurelio Tolentino
picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in Spanish, ‘’Viva La Independencia Filipina!"

In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo or the (head of Supreme Council). He also
occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December 1895 and
August 1896, respectively

On June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, sailed for Dapitan to get Rizal's
support for the armed revolution, To cover his real mission from Spanish authorities, he brought with him
a blind man named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal's medical services. Rizal did not agree to
the Katipunan's plans of an armed uprising since the people were not ready for it
 28. The Revolution of 1896

By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for revolution, hints about its existence
reached the Spanish authorities. On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guards
stationed at Pasig, reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.

On August 13, 1896. Father Agustin Fernandez, Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati wrote to Don
Manuel Luengo, the civil governor of Manila, about the evening gatherings in his parish, apparently by men
plotting against the Spaniards.

The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino, a member of the Katipunan
betrayed the secrecy of it to Father Mariano Gil an Augustinian parish curate. On the basis of Patino's
information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately .

The Spanish cazadores (civil guards) began making hundreds of arrests. Many of them died of
suffocation while detained at the overcrowded Fort Santiago. Two Katipuneros acting as spies for the
governor of Manila told Bonifacio about the discovery.

On August 21-22 Bonifacio called for a meeting at the house of Vidal Acab then to the residence of
Apolonio Samson in Kangkong, Caloocan to issue the call to arms. Emilio Jacinto summoned the heads of
Katipunan Councils to Kangkong to discuss their measures against the Spanish force.

The next day, August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other Katipunero met at Bahay Toro Pugadlawin,
Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora

In the mass meeting held in the yard of a man of Melchora Aquino, The Katipuneros tore their cedulas
personales (certification), the symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the same time shouting "Long
live the philippines! Long live the Katipunan!’’. This event recorded in history as the Cry of Pugad Lawin or
Cry of Balintawak, which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish government.

At Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong Bonifacio gave his last manifesto, Katipunang Mararahas ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (Society of Enraged Sons of the country) regardimg the the revolution that would take place in
Manila.
 Bonifacio led his army to attack the pulvorin (powder) in San Juan at the dawn of Sunday, August 30,
1896. This is known as the battle of pinaglabanan. The Spaniards outnumbered the revolutionaries who
were not Fully armed. Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his serving men were forced to retreat to
Balara.

A day earlier, Aug 29, Melchora Aquino, was arrested by the Guardia Civil at Pasong Putik Novaliches,
and jailed at bilibid (prison) for giving aid to the Katipuneros.

In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the Philippine
Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces -Cavite. Laguna
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac and placed them under martial law. The decree also
provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the publication of the decree would be
pardoned except the. leaders of the Katipunan.

Taking advantage of the amnesty provision, some Katipuneros surrendered like Valenzuela. However,
the Spanish authorities only subjected them to torture to make them squeal matters about the evolution.

After the San Juan del Monte Battle, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other leaders like Macario Sakay, Apolonio
Samson, Faustino Guillermo and General Lucino (alias Payat) set up camp in the hills are Mariquina (now
Marikina), San Mateo, and Montalban. more Filipinos joined them.

Series of executions by the government began after the proclamation of a state of war. Blanco
inaugurated a reign of terror in the belief that this would stop the rebellion. On September 4, four members
of the Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan. On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de
Armas, near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as "Los Trece Martires the Thirteen
Martyrs of Cavite). They Were Maximo Inocencio Luis Aguado, Victoriano Lasciano, Hugo Perez, Jose
Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas,
Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio.

Solidarity Continuation
 "La Solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in Madrid, until its
last issue on November 15, 1895.

From December 15, 1889 until its last issue, M. H. Del Pilar became the editor, replacing Lopez Jaena

• The Contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos like:

1. M. H. Del Pilar (Plaridel);

2. 2. Dr. Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan);

3. 3. Mariano Ponce (Naning. Kalipulako, or Tigbalang);

4. 4. Antonio Luna (Tagalog)

5. 5. Some Foreigners also contributed their articles, like Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta.

FREEMASONRY

Many Filipino propagandist turned Masons because they need the help of the masons in Spain and other
countries in their fight for reforms. This organization called FREEMASONRY

The first filpino Masonic Lodge called Revolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona

This fodge was recognized by the Grande Oriental Espanol headed by Morayta in April 1889. Revolucion
did not last long

The following month, Lodge Solidaridad was organized in Madrid by M. H. Del pilar with the help of Julio
Llorente.

Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro
Serrano Laktaw. Baldomaro Roxas. Galicano Apacible and others
La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League).

JOSE RIZAL wrote the Constitution of La Liga Filipina while living in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Ma.
Basa.

On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St.,
Tondo, Manila, with:

1. Ambrosio Salvador - President:

2. Deodato Arellano - Secretary;

3. Bonifacio Arevalo - treasurer;

4. Agustin De la Rosa - Fiscal, and

5. Among those present were Pedro serrano, Domingo Franco, lose A. Ramos, Moises Salvador, Apolinario
Mabini Faustino Villaruel and Andres Bonifacio

The League's Objectives & Motto.

Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like All) - served as an avowal of their ideals. Based in its
Constitution,

The OBJECTIVES OF LA LIGA were:

1) The unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body,

2) Protection in cases of want and necessity;

3) Defense against violence and injustice;

 4) Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce;

5) The study and implementations and reforms.

The Goals of La Liga

The Goals of La Liga were to be carried out by the Supreme Council The Provincial Council, and the
Popular Council.

Each member of the league had to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. The members ought to chose a
Symbolic name,

The situation alarmed the Spanish authorities

On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by Governor Despujol and subsequently imprisoned at Fort
Santiago.

The following day, the Governor General ordered the deportation of Rizal to L Dapitan, Zamboanga del
Norte as punishment for his allegedly subversive materials.

Unit VI - The Filipino Nationalism

TOPIC 5. Bonifacio and The Katipunan.

THE KATIPUNAN

Some of the members of the Liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was not enough.
 This time, they opted for the country's freedom more than anything else. Andres Bonifacio was one of
them.

The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be achieved by
requests for reforms but an armed revolution

Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then Independence.

The Revolutionary Society

On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano's house at No,
72, Azcarraga, St., (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila,

They decided to form a revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called Kataastaasan
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respected Society of the Sons of
People)otherwise known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to National Independence through armed
revolution

It was agreed that the members be recruited by means of the Triangle Method in which an original
members would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the original member
who took them in. (Payment of Entrance fee - one real fuerte (25 centavos) and a monthly due of medio
real - (about 12 centavos)

The Triangle Method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too cumbersome

New converts were initiated into the Secret Society using rites borrowed from the masonry. The
Neophyte was made to swear to guard the secrets of the society.

Aims of the Katipunan (the KKK had two aims).

1) To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation, and

2) To fight for Philippine independence from Spain.

The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain the country's lost freedom.

THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

The KATIPUNAN was more than a secret society. It was also a hidden government with a Constitution
The first one was promulgated in 1892 and another Constitution replacing the first one in 1894.

The Central government of the Katipunan was vested in a Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme
Council) with the officials aforementioned

In each Province, there was a Sanggunion Bayan (Provincial Council), and in each town, a Sangguniang
Balangay Popular Council),

The Judicial power resided in a secret chamber called Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council). The
courts passed judgment on members who disobeyed the secret rules of the society

Grades of Membership in the Katipunan.

There were three (3) Grades of Memberships in the Katipunan.

1. First Grade called Katipon (associate), wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His Password was
Anak ng Bayan (Sons of People)

2. The Second Grade called Kawal (Soldier), wore a green mask. His password was GOM-BUR-ZA.

3. The Third Grade called Bayani (Patriot), wore red mask. His password was Rizal, the honorary President
of the Katipunan.

Officers of the Supreme Council

During the first election, the following officers of the Supreme Council were chosen:

Deodato Arellano - President

Andres Bonifacio Ladislao Diwa - Comptroller Fiscal

Teodoro Plata - Secretary

Valentin Diaz - Treasurer

There were also woman members of the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with their own
blood

The Katipunan, (Continuation).

 To be admitted at the woman section. One had to be a wife, daughter. sister of a Katipunero to ensure
the secrecy of the of the movement.

Among the women members were: Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife was called the Lakambini of the
Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of Katipunan Restituto Javier and Josefa and Trinidad, sisters of Dr.
Jose Rizal.

The women's chapter of the Katipunan was born during the Presidency of Roman Basa (second
President) in July 1893.

Josefa Rizal was elected President of the woman's chapter called La Semilla.

Bonifacio deposed Arellano as President in a meeting in February 1893 because of the latter's inaction.
Roman Basa was as ineffective as Arelleno, that he called a meeting of the Society and readily deposed Basa.
Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo (President).

Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria De Jesus, made a flag, which consisted of
a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K's arranged horizontally at the center,

This was the first official flag of the society; however some members had their flag with three K's
arranged in the form of a triangle.

Others had one K at the center of the red flag.

Knowing the importance of Primer to teach the members of the Society its ideals, Emilio Jacinto
prepared one, which he called Kartilya, a word adopted from the Spanish Cartilla, which at that time meant
a primer for grade school students.
 Former UP President Rafael Palma, a revolutionary patriot, noted that Apolinario Mabini wrote the
original statutes of the Katipunan's Kartilya and Emilio Jacinto translated it into Tagalog for the Benefit of
the unschooled members of the Katipunan.

The Kartilya consisted of thirteen teachings which the members of the Society were expected to
observed

The Katipunan

Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (Duties to be observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay the guidelines for good citizenship.

The rules include:

1) Love of God, love of country, and one's fellowmen,

2) Diligence in work;

3) Sharing one's means with the poor)

4) Punishment of Scoundrel's and traitors, and

5) The guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.

 Under Emilio Jacinto's supervision, two patriotic printers, Faustino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez,
printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the ideals of the society.

KALAYAAN had its first and only issue in January 1896, which carried a false masthead stating that it
was being printed in Yokohama with Marcelo H. Del Pilar as editor. This was to deceive the Spanish
authorities and evade arrest.

Publised in the Kalayan was an essay titled "Ang Dapat mabatid ng Mga Tagalog"What the Filipino
should know) attributed to Bonifacio.

This Composition dealt with the three Questions asked of Katipunan applicants:

a) What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?

b) What is the condition of the country today?

c) What will be the Philippines tomorrow?

Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and possible recruits through the efforts of Macario Sakay
and Pio del Pilar as distributors.

The katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Cavite. The society
grew and began to spread into the non-tagalog provinces.

On April 10. 1895, Bonifacio and his companions including Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Javier and
Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in the Mountain
ranges of San Mateo, Montalban.

They held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of new recruits. After session, Aurelio
Tolentino picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in Spanish, "VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA
FILIPINA".
 In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo (Head of the Supreme Council). He also
occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December 1895 and
august 1896 respectively.

On June 15, 1896, Dr PIO VALENZUELA, acting as Bonifacio's emissary, sailed for Dapitan to get Rizal's
support for the armed revolution.

To cover his real mission for the Spanish authorities, he brought with him a blind man named
Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal's medical services. Rizal did not agree to the Katipunan's
plans of an armed uprising since the people were not ready for it.

The Revolution of 1896

By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolution, hints about its
existence reached the Spanish authorities.

On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guard stationed at Pasig, reported
the questionable activities of some Filipinos.

The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patino a member of the Katipunan
betrayed the secrecy of it to father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. On the basis of Patino's
information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately.

On August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak,
north of Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora.
 In the mass meeting held, the Katipuneros tore their Cedulas personales (certificates) and at the same
time shouting. "Long live the Philippines! Long Uve the Katipunan"

This event is recorded in the history as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin". which proclaimed
their defiance to the Spanish government.

At Haedane Bato, Mandaluyong. Bonifacio gave his last Manifesto Katipunang Mararahas ng mga Anak
ng Bayan Society of Enraged Sons of the Country regarding the revolution that would take place in Manila

Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan at the dawn of Sunday,
August 30, 1896. this is now known as the Battle of the Pinaglabanan.

The Spaniard outnumbered the revolutionaries who were not fully armed. Due to heavy casualties,
Bonifacio and his surviving men were forced to retreat to Balara.

A day earlier, August 29, Melchora Aquino was arrested by the Guardia Civil at Pasong putik,
Novaliches and Jailed at Bilibid prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros,

In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the Philippine
Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila and seven Luzon provinces. Cavite, Laguna,
Batanas, Bulacan, Pampangga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac and placed them under Martial Law.

The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the publication of the
decree would be pardoned except the leaders of the Katipunan.

Taking advantage of the amnesty provision some Katipuneros surrendered like Valenzuela, However,
the Spanish authorities only subjected them to torture and make them squeal matters about the revolution.
 On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of san Felipe in Cavite
and are now remembered as Los Trece Martires (The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite).

Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested while in his way to Cuba to serve as doctor for the Spanish army.

On November 20, Dr. Jose Rizal appeared before Colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to answer the charges
filed against him.

By December 26, the litigation of Rizal took place before the Military Court. Two (2) days after, Gov.
Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict.

Rizal, convicted of Sedition, Rebellion, and Illicit Associations, was executed by firing squad at
Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta) on December 30, 1896, at 7:03.

Eight (8) Filipino soldiers, with eight (8) Spanish sodiers behind them carried out the execution.

At the outbreak of revolution, the number of Katipuneros grew. On December 4, 1896, the Katipunan
members of Balangay Dimasalang met at Biga (now Balagtas) in the province of Bulakan.

They wanted to reinforce their operation against the Spaniards and to conduct an election of officials
under the newly founded Kakarong Republic. Led by General Eusebio Roque (a.k.a. Maestrong Sebio and
Dimabungo) and around 6000 men and women enlisted themselves as members.

On February 25, 1897 the town of Dasmarinas Cavite was taken by Spanish troops which was
defended by Gen. Flaviano Yengko, Yengko was mortally wounded in action and died on March 3, 1897 at
Imus Military Hospital,

Yengko was the youngest General of the Phil. Revolution, being younger than gen Gregorio Del Pilar by
one year, 2 months and 7 days in the bloody battle of Salitran, Gen Zabela was killed by Yengkos group.
Rivalry in the Katipunan

In Cavite there were two Katipunan councils -

1. The Magdalo Council - headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin), and

2. The Magdiwang Council - with Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife) as
President.

The Capital of Magdiwang Council was Noveleta, then later transferred to San Francisco de Malabon
(now General trias)

The magdalo's Council had its Capital In Imus.

Emilio Aguinaldo first gained popularity after he had beaten a Sergeant of the Guardia Civil in a single
combat.

He even became more renowned after his successful uprising in Kawit, then in the Battle of Imus and
in the early part of November 1896, he liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas from the Spanish soldiers
Upon Invitation of the Magdiwang in the Province of Cavite, Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong,

On December 1, 1896, he and his wife together with his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) General
Lucino and twenty soldiers arrived in Cavite ;

The Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly of both factions in Imus on December 31, a day after
Rizal's execution.
 Bonifacio Conducted the meeting. Among the issues discussed were:

1) Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials, and

2) Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The Magdalo faction
believed that with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and
therefor should be replaced by a new one.

The Magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government because the
Katipunan was actually a government with a Constitution and By Laws recognized by everyone,

Before the casting of votes had taken place, Bonifacio reminded that whoever should get elected in any
position should be respected. Elected were as follow:

President - Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President - Mariano Trias

Captain-General - Artemio Ricarte

Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior - Andres Bonifacio

Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio's election saying that his position should be occupied by
a lawyer.
 Daniel Tirona suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose Del Rosario, for the post.

Bonifacio felt insulted. He demanded Tirona to retract what he had said. But, Tirona, instead of
offering an apology, tried to leave the scene .

This infuriated Bonifacio and made him drew his revolver to shoot Tirona, but Ricarte and others
intervened.

Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void and left the assembly room with his bodyguards.

A day after the tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a document
called Acta de Tejeros, signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.

The document reiected the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo on the following grounds:

1. The Tejeros assembly lack legality;

2. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership:

3. The election of official was fraudulent and

4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency

Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal followers fled to
Limbon (barrio of Indang).

Upon learning of Bonifacio's presence at Limbon and the alleged crime committed by his soldiers in
Indang, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels Agapito Bengson, Felipe Topacio and Jose ignacio Paua to go to
Limbon with some troops and to arrest Bonifacio and his men. Bonifacio furiously resisted.
 Ciriaco Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while Bonifacio himself was wounded in the left arm
and neck.

Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken prisoners and
brought to Naic.

The case of Bonifacio brothers evolved quite rapidly after a Council of War headed by Gen. Mariano
Noriel was created

The Trial began on May 5, with Placido Martinez as defense attorney for Bonifacio and Teodoro
Gonzales for Procopio. - Tragically, the Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of death the next day. The
charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.

Pio del Pilar testified in the trial of Bonifacio saying that the latter had been forcing officers to join him.

As for Severino, de las Alas, it was he who made the false charges that the friars bribed Bonifacio to
established the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting the wars for which they were poorly armed.
Bonifacio also ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang, and

The soldiers had taken by force from people carabaos and other animals. He also accused Bonifacio
and his men that they planning to surrender to the Spaniards.

Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron, turning state witness, told the council that Bonifacio gave him initial
payment of ten pesos to assassinate Aguinaldo but he refused to follow the order.

On May 10, 1897, General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Macapagal to release the Bonifacio brothers
from Prison

He gave Macapagal a sealed letter with orders to read its details after reaching their destination.
 The Katipunan in Cavite rose in arms on August 31, 1896. At Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), the Magdalo
troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.

The Magdiwang forces on the other hand, pounded the Spaniards in Noveleta

In the morning of September 5, Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops stationed at
Imus under the command of General Eusebio Aguirre.

In This battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men, from that time on, Cavitenos recognized Aguinaldo
as man of Distinguished valor and called him General Miong, no longer Captain Miong,

Macapagal took four men with him and open the letter upon the request of Bonifacio

The letter ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio.

Included in the letter was a warning that failure to comply with the order would result to severe
punishment.

Macapagal followed the order and executed them at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to
National Historical Institute)

Macapagal placed a few twigs on the swallow grave of the two brothers.

The Biak-Na-Bato Republic.

 AFTER THE DEATH OF BONIFACIO, THE REVOLUTION WENT FROM BAD TO WORST FOR THE
FILIPINOS.

AGUINALDO LOST ONE BATTLE AFTER ANOTHER.

THE NEW SPANISH GO]]VERNOR GENERAL, FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA, BROUGHT FRESH
REINFORCEMENTS FROM SPAIN.

AGUINALDO MOVED HIS WAR CAMP MANY TIMES AWAY FROM CAVITE

Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of Gen. Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija in assaulting
Spaniards stationed in the Central Luzon provinces.

On November 1, the Revolutionary leaders met and adopted a Constitution titled the Provisional
Constitution of the Philippine Republic.

It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish monarchy
and the formation of the Philippine Independent State.

On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:

1) Emilio Aguinaldo - President

2) Mariano Trias - Vice President

3) Isabelo Artacho - Secretary of the Interior

4) Antonio Montenegro - Secretary of foreign Affairs

 5) Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of the Treasury

6) Emliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of war

This agreement known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, resulted to the voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and
his men to Hong Kong. This pact consist of three documents. The first were signed on December 14, and the
third on December 15, 1897.

On December 25, 1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen Pangasinan, from
where a Spanish merchant Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong.

Two days after Aguinaldo and 25 others sailed for Hong Kong on board the steamer Uranus, in
compliance with the pact.

General Artemio Ricarte stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the surrenders of arms by the
revolutionaries.

The Spanish Government announced the end of the Hostilities on the January 23, 1898. it proclaimed
amnesty two days later; and it gave part of the promised money to the rebels in Hong Kong.

However, after the peace fact, neither side fully complied with the terms of the Agreement.

The Government never instituted the expected reforms. Likewise, the Filipinos continued their plan to
overthrow the government

In central Luzon, General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac establish a provincial revolutionary

government with a Constitution written by him.

The Makabulos Constitution adopted on April 17, 1898, set up this provisional government in Central
Luzon to continue in force until a general government for the Republic was established.
 In Malolos, General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.

Revolts were also experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and others Island in the Country.

Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist, incited the patriots in Manila to continue the fight against the
Spaniards.

Aguinaldo and his officer went into exile but did not end the fight to win independence from Spain.

On a letter written in Hong Kong dated February 19,1898, Mariano Ponce stated that General
Aguinaldo had signed the Pact of Biak-na Bato because under its terms, the Filipino revolutionist could rest
and regain their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor.

The Spanish American war

The Spanish American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of the same year.

There were many factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against Spain.

These included the Cuban struggle for Independence, efforts of the American to extend influence
overseas and the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.

Americas open support for the Cubans revolution and her vast investment in Cubans sugar industry
led her involvement in this Spanish colony.
 On April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish forces in
Cuba. To save her honor, Spain declared war against U.S. on April 24.

The next day, the U.S. Congress declared war on Spain and thus the Spanish American war began.

The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the Americans paved
the way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United States as global power.

Filipino - American Collaboration

At the end of Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he had
negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the American's offer to
support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.

The US would then recognized the Philippine Independence after the defeat of Spain. .
 Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was then based in Hong Kong, if he
were to join the latter should he sail from the Philippines.

General Aguinaldo, rushed to HK but missed Commodore Dewey who had already sailed to Manila to
destroy the Spanish Fleet.

The Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio Montojo of
the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded.

This battle made Dewey instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later Admiral.

Upon the advice of the Hong Kong Junta, General Aguinaldo left on board the McCulloch (others
McCullough), Dewey dispatch vessel and arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898.

He reassumed command rebel forces.

His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the people to rise arms and join
the Americans in a common struggle against the Spaniards.

On May 24,1898 General Aguinaldo establish a dictatorial government with him as the Dictator, upon
the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.

Aguinaldo established a new government to revoke the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic and
unite the revolutionary forces.

At that time, a dictatorship was necessary to carry out the war successfully.

On May 28, the Consultative Assembly instituted by Governor General Basilio Agustin met for the first
time.
 But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms. They Clamor for total independence.

The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and his group
commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel, among
others, surrounded the city.

This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.

Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city walls.

Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city. The populace
suffered terribly during the siege.

Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but the latter
rejected him.

Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7. Consequently, the Spanish governor general
honorably conceded.

UNIT VII - THE BIRTH OF NATION TOPIC

1. The Proclamation of Philippine Independence;

2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila; and

3. The Malolos republic.

Learning Objectives:

• THE LEARNERS can:

1. Examine human weaknesses in the Filipino Heroes struggle for Independence;

2. Explain the factors leading to the Philippine Revolution; and

3. Appreciates the works of the reformists.

UNIT VI – FILIPINO NATIONALISM

TOPICS

1. Struggle for rights and freedom

2. Causes and effects of Revolt;
3. Rise and Nationalism; and
4. The Revolution of 1986,
5. The katipunan and revolution of 1896

Preliminaries
-During the three were (3) centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, there were more than
100 revolts by the Filipinos. They help to bring a little improvement in the People’s live. But the
Filipinos were not happy until they were free.

Causes of revolts: They were many causes of the Filipinos revolts and gives famous example of
this kinds of revolts.

Filipino Revolts against Spain

CAUSES OF REVOLTS
1) Our love of freedom and independence.
2) Spanish Depression.
3) Abuses of Spanish Encomenderos.
4) Tribute.
5) Force labor (Polo).
6) Land grabbing by the friars
7) Basi (wine) monopoly.
8) Religion

Filipino libertarians
1. Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman (Lakan Revolts)
2. Don. Juan de Manila and Don Nicolas Managuete (Pampanga Revolt)
3. Don Agustin de Legazpi and his cousin Martin Pangan (Tondo)
4. Magalat (Filipino rebei from Cagayan).
5. The Igorots of Northern Luzon.
6. Gabreil Dayot and Felix Cutabay.
7. Pedro Ladia.
8. Juan Sumoroy. (sya ang leader ng Sumonoy Revolt)
9. Francisco Maniago.
10. Andres Malong.(Malong Revolt)
11. Pedro Gumapos.
12. Pedro Almasan. (Almasan Revolt)
13. Francisco Dagohoy.
14. Diego Silang. (Ilocos)
15. Gabriela Silang. (Ilocos)
16. Juan Dela Cruz Palaris.
17. Manuel, Jose & Joaquin Bayot.
18. Apolonio Dela Cruz (a.k.a. Hermano Pule).
19. Pedro Mateo and Seralogo Ambaristo.
20. Muslim Filipinos.

1. Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt. (1574)

Causes: Lavezaris’s reversal of Legaspi’s Policy

-The Lakandula and Sulayman revolt, also known as the tagalog Revolt, was an uprising in
1574 by the Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo Manila.

 When Governor Guido de Lavazaris succeded Legazpi(LEGAZPI died August 20, 1572),
the privilege enjoyed by the two (2) were withdrawn. Thus, the native rulers and their
descendant, are no longer exempted from paying tribute.

 The governor also ordered the confiscation of their patrimonial land properties.

 Because of the New policy, Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise arms. Taking
advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack on Manila in 1574, the two Chieftains proclaimed
their revolt and gathered their warriors in Navotas.

 Governor Lavezaris sent Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin to persuade them not
carry out their plan. They were given an assurance that all their grievances would be
remedied and those who took arms would be pardoned.

 Govenor Lavezaris did these geture to ask help from Filipino natives on diving away Lim-
Ah-Hong from the country.

 The revolt was peacefully settled thru the diplomatic persuasion of Salcedo and Marin.

2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585)\

CAUSE: Abuses of Encomenderos

-Disgruntled by the way the encomenderos (holders of encomienda) administered, some

brave Pampangueno leaders connived/plotted with the people of Manila and the Borneans
to rise in revolt.

 The PLAN: They would secretly enter the City of Manila one dark night and massacre the
Spaniards.
 A native woman who was married to Spanish soldier happened to learn of it and warned
the Spanish authorities about it.
 The pilot did not succed.
 The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial.
 3. The Tondo Conspiracy (1587 – 88)
Cause: (Their Political motivation) – to Regain Lost Freedom

(According to Mabini, liberty is the freedom to do right and never wrong, so in other words
when you say freedom there's always limitation)

- The Tondo Conspiracy popularly known as the “Conspiracy of Maharlikas” (a.k.a. Revolt
of the Lakans) was a revolt planned by the tagalog nobles known as Maharlikas.

 It was territorially one of the largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule next to
katipunan.
 Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed during the pre-
colonial years, The “MAHARLIKAS”, planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in the
country due to injustices against the Filipinios.
 Led by Don Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula) together with some other leaders
like:
 Martin Pangan – Gobernadorcillo of Tondo;
 Magat Salamat – son of Lakandula;
 Juan Banal – another Tondo chief;
 Esteban Taes – chief of Bulacan;
 Pedro Balingit – chief of Pandacan;
 Pitonggatan – chief of Tondo;
 Felipe Salonga – chief of Polo; and
 Geronimo Basi – brother of Agustin de Legazpi.
~ They Planned to overthrow the Spanish Governor
 Agustin de Legazpi and his fellow conspirator, through Dionisio Fernandez, contacted a
Japanese sea Captain, Juan Gavo, to get arm and Japanese warriors to fight the
Spaniards
 Aside from this help would also secured from Borneo, Laguna and Batangas. The
conspirators with their warriors would the assault the City of Manila and start killing the
Spaniards.
 Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio Surabao, a cuyo native who was
pretending to be a supporter.
 Surabao later recounted this to his master, Pedro Sarmiento (Spanish encomendero of
Calamianes)
 Immediately, Capt. Sarmiento rushed to Manila and informed Gov. Gen Santiago de vera
on October 26, 1588 of the existence of the conspiracy against the Spanish Government.
• The Governor ordered the arrest of those persons implicated in the plot, including the Japanese interpreter
Dionisio Fernandes. All were investigated and tried in court.
• Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan were brutally hanged, their heads were cut off and placed in the iron
cage and their properties were seized by the government. Same is true with Dionisio Fernandez. The sites of
their home were plowed and sown with salt to remain barren.

• Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi and Esteban Taez also executed. The rest were given lighter punishments -
heavy fines and some years of exile from their town. Five of the leading members of the conspiracy, were exiled
to Mexico (Balinguit, Pitonggatan, salonga, Calao and Manuguit).

4. Magalat's Revolt, Cagayan (1596).

Cause: Tribute

- During the rule Governor Francisco Tello, two (2) brothers instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in
arms against the colonial government because of the latter's arbitrary levy collection.

• On economic motive - the revolt primarily centered on oppressive agrarian policies, force labor and
burdensome taxes.

• Magaļats led revolt was in defiance of payment of tribute. He and his men were kept in Manila in exiles.

• He was pardoned but went home and continued the revolt. Magalat, however, remained undefeated in open
battle.

• Later the Spaniards decided to hire a native assassin. Magalat was murdered in his own house (in his
Headquarter by his own men who had been promised reward by the Spaniards.

5. Revolt of the Igorots. (1601)

Cause: Refusal to accept New Religion

- The Spaniards were determined to convert the Igorots to Christianity.

• They launched a crusade to proselytize the highland native of Luzon and to place them under Spanish
authorities.

• Fr. Esteban Marin also offered his services as emissary but was met with hostility

• The Spanish Government sent a strong expedition under Lt. Mateo de Andrada to the Igorotland to stop the
natives from resisting colonial subjugation

• The Spaniards, however, were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
6. Revolt of Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the Cagayan Valley
(1621)
Cause: Oppression of Spanish Officials.

- The Revolt was led by rebel Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay, (in some book - Felipe Catabay)
• A Dominican missionary, Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas tried to convince the rebels to avoid an uprising
against abusive Spanish officials, but the rebels refused to heed the priest's words of peace,
• However, they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his missionary companions with respect. They allowed the
friars to leave unmolested.
• Fr. Santo Tomas returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down their arms and promised them that
the government would pardon them & remedy their grievances. The revolt ended without a fight.

7. The Revolt of Ladia (1643)

Cause: Spanish Oppression
- Pedro Ladia a native of Borneo, who claimed to be descendant of Rajah Matanda, instigated the people
of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms against the Spanish government.
• Confined its armed resistance in Malolos. Declared himself "King of Tagalogs".
• He was able to recruit a numbers of followers but before he could carry out his plan, Fr Cristobal
Enriquez had already entreated the people to remain loyal to Spain. • Pedro Ladia was later on arrested
and sent to Manila to be executed.

8. Sumoroy's Revolt, Samar (1649 – 50).

Cause: forced Labor.

- Under Juan Sumoroy's leadership, the people of Palapag, Samar rose in arms against the government.
• They resented Governor Diego Fajardo's order, which involved the sending of men to Cavite shipyards.
• Hostilities began on June 1, 1649, with the killing of the curate of the town.
• The revolt spread to Albay, and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin and as far as Northern
Mindanao.
• Sumoroy won several victories over the Spanish-Filipino forces.
• At one time the Spanish Commander offered a large sum of money in exchange of Sumoroy's head.
The rebels sent him the head of a pig instead.
• In July 1650, Under cover of Darkness and rainfall, the government forces staged an assault on the
native forts. The Rebels were caught by surprise.
• Sumoroy's mother perished in the battle. The revolt ended with individual surrenders.
• The rebels themselves killed Sumoroy and brought his head to the Spanish Government...
 9. Maniago's Revolt Pampanga (1660)
Causes: frequent recruitment of men to cut timber in the mountains and Bandala
- The Maniago revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1960's. it was a revolt against the Spanish
during the colonial period and was named after its leader Francisco Maniago (a chief from the village of
Mexico).
• The Pampanga's rice production suffered exceedingly from the disruptive effects of polo (one
thousand Pampaguenos had been working for eight months as timber cutters).
• To show their sentiments against the government, the workers mutinied and set their campsite on
fire.
• The Spaniards tried to end the rebellion immediately because they knew that the Pampanguenos had
been trained in military art.
• Governor Manrique de Lara began his manuevers with a show of force, by bringing with him 300 men
in Macabebe. Seeing the well armed Spaniards, the Pampanguenos showed with cordiality, Tis caused
other rebels to waver and distrust others

• Governor Lara called Juan Macapagal, Chief of Arayat, to a discussion. De Lara treated him well and assured
him rewards if he would side with the government. Macapagal consequently accepted the offer. He went back
to Arayat and organized a force to repress the rebels. His defection discouraged other chiefs.

• Parish priest as well as mercenary soldiers were also employed to demoralize the rebels.

• The Governor General moreover proposed a partial payment of 14,000 pesos on the total amount of 200,000
pesos that the government owed to the Pampanguenos.

• The Spaniards concluded an agreement with Maniago which brought about peace in Pampanga.

• For fear that the Pangasinenses would strike back, the Pampanguenos themselves demanded two Spanish
garrisons in the province, one in Lubao and another in Arayat.

• From then on, they never revolted against the Colonial government.

• The Maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan

• This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the
Spaniards.

10. Andres malong's Revolt: Pangasinan (1660-61)

Cause: Spanish Oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the People.
• Spurred by Pampagueno rebellion, the natives of Pangasinan also rose in arm against the Spanish
government in Lingayen on December 15, 1660.
 • Several Spaniards were killed including an Alcalde mayor, inspired by the growing numbers of their
followers and their early successes, Malong proclaimed himself King and directed his military leaders to
placed the province under rebel control with his defense at the capital town of Binalatongan (now San
Carlos City).
• He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua asjudge, and Jacinto Macasiag and Melchor
de Vera as army general.
• Letters were sent to the people of Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga and Cagayan, inviting them to rise
against the Spaniards. Pampanguenos did not joint because they had already made their peace with the
Spaniards.

• To extend his sovereignity, Malong sent 6,000 men to Pampanga and 3,000 men to Ilocos and Cagayan
leaving 2000 men with him in Pangasinan. But this depleted the forces.

• The government troops led by Don Felipe de Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban outmaneuvered his army in
Pangasinan.

• He was pursued into the mountains and was caught alive.

• He was executed together with Vera, Pacadua and macasiag in 1661 in Binalatongan.

11. The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)

Cause Continue Andres Malong's revolt
• Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many Spaniards in Ilocos. The ilocanos did not join
them for their loyalty was to their property.
• During the Zambal invasion they hid their valuables in the Bishop's house and buried other properties.
• The Bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them with excommunication. But the Bishop's
words fell on deaf ears.
• Gumapo's campaign ended after an encounter with the Spanish forces. Four hundred rebels were slain
and Gumapos himself was taken prisoner and was later hanged in Vigan.

12. The Revolt of Almazan (1660s)

Cause: Personal Ambitions
• The flames of rebellion soon spread in Ilocos with Pedro Almazan as the defiant leader. •Almazan, a
rich chief of San Nicolas, crowned himself king of Ilocos during the wedding ceremony of his son to the
daughter of another chief.
• He wore the crown of the Queen of Angels taken from the church, which the rebels sacked.
• The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards eventually suppressed them.

13. Dagohoy's Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)

Cause: Refusal to give his Brother a Christian Burial MICHELLE MAL and 21 more E Out Replace Select
Eang
• Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a Christian burial because the latter died in
a duel.
 • Dagohoy argued that his brother's burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit Priest because he had died
carrying out the missionary's order, to arrest an apostate.
• The priest refused to bury Dagohoy's brother unless the proper limosmas or church offerings were
given. The body were left decomposing for three (3) days.
• Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited the natives of Bohol to revolt. •
Dagohoy took around 300 men and women to the uplands, set up a self sustaining community far from
the Spanish authorities.
• Dagohoy's community grew in number as more people fled to the hills to avoid being recruited by the
government to join its expeditions in Northern Mindanao as well as to avoid imposition of the
government.
• Because of the killing of Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Fr Guiseppe Lamberti, the Spanish authorities
tortured and killed Dagohoy's future father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest.
• The death of the innocent porter drove more people to join Dagohoy's group. Shortly afterwards,
Father Morales was killed in cold blood
• Twenty Spanish governors from Gaspar de la Torre (1739-45) to Juan Antonio Martinez(1822-25) tried
to stop the Rebellion but failed.
• In the 1740's and in the 1750's, the Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim raids.
• In 1829, the rebellion finally ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and
permitted them to live in the newvillages.
• Nothing has been heard on how Dagohoy died. His autonomous community lasted for 85 years.

14. Silang's revolt 1724).

Cause: His imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation

•The locanos had already been complaining about the anomalous collection of tribute and the abuses of the
alcaldes mayores in the exercise of indulto de comercio

• Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio Zabala, the provincial governor of locos to consider the demands of the
natives. Regarding him an agitator, Zabala had Silang incarcerated.

• Silang's followers and friends successfully worked for his release. Taking advantage of the preoccupation with
the British in Manila, Silang led the revolt of the locanos (started on December 14, 1872) and made Vigan the
capital of his independent government

• Silang's defiance of the Spaniards lost him support of the principales. • He ordered that those principals who
were opposing him be arrested and brought to him, should they resist, they were to be slain.

• He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition Property of the
church were also taken • Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued an interdict against Silang and his followers,
and exhorted the locanos to withdraw support for the rebels cause. In retaliation, Silang imprisoned all of the
latter's followers.
 • Finally. Spanish Governor Simon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum. Fearing that Anda was planning to march
to ilocos, silang decided to seek protection of the British.

• However, Silang's leadership ended with an assassin's bullet. Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mestizo who wished to
take revenge on Silang and Pedro Becbec, a trusted aide of Silang conspired to kill the rebel leader in exchange
of large amount of monetary reward.

• Vicos shot Silang in the latter's house. He was assassinated on May 28, 1763

. • GABRIELA SILANG, Diego's wife, continued the fight

• Nicolas Carino, Silang's uncle, temporarily took command of the forces. He and Gabriela attacked the town of
Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over the government force. After the battle, Gabriela went to the forests of Abra
and recruited the Tingguians (itness).

Gabriela Silang's (continued fight....)

Another battle was fought at Cabugao, but this time the rebels were beaten, Carino perished in action. With her
newly reorganized battalion. Gabriela marched towards Vigan, She rode on a fast horse and led the troops into
combat but the attacked was repulsed by the Spanish government

. • Once more she went back to the mountains of Abra with her followers

• Don Manuel de Arza, lieutenant Governor of Northern Luzon and his Cagayan warriors followed ger trail. With
the aid of Anayacs and Kalingas they capured herand her surviving followers. On September 20, 1763 Gabriela
and her companions were executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

• Because she won many battles, Gabriela Silang was called the "Joan of Art" of the ilocos

16. PALARIS's Revolt (1762-65)

Cause: Tribute, Spain's loss of prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila.

•Simultaneous with the Silang revolt was an uprising in Pangasinan

• The local inhabitants wanted the abolition of the tribute and the removal of joaquin Gamboa, alcalde mayor,
of the province for irregularities in tax collection.

• The rebellion began on November 3, 1762 at the town of Binalatongan under the leadership of Juan Dela Cruz
Palaris.

•Palaris urged the people to fight since the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat at the hands of
British in Manila

•In March 1764, Don Mariano de Arza together with 3000 loyal focano soldiers suppressed the revolt of Patarts
in Pangasinan
• Palaris was publicly hanged.

17. BASI REVOLT, (1807)

CAUSE WINE MONOPOLY OF 1786)

• Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were prohibited to drink homemade BASI(wine
fermented from sugarcane).

•They were compelled to buy wine from government stores

• On September 16, 1807, the ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte, rose in arms in defense of their favorite wine,
Basi. The rebellion spread tothe neighboring towns, Badoc and Santo Domingo

• Finally, on September 28, 1807, the alcalde mayor, together with the strong force o regular troops attacked
them in San Ildefonso an quelled the revolt. (The locos Basi revolt was over)

18. Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822).

•The insulares in the Philippines, as well as the creoles in other colonies of Spain resented the extra privileges
given to the peninsulares

• The feeling of distrust and antagonism between the Peninsulares and the creoles became intense in the early
decades of 19 century.

• Inspired by the achievements of the creole liberators in Latin America from 1808 to 1826 and influence by the
ideals of the French revolution, the three Bayot brothers - Manuel, lose and Joaquin - sons of Colonel Francisco
Bayot, a prominent creole of Manila, conspired with other creole officers of the Battalion Real Principe, to
overthrow the government, which was dominated by the peninsulares.

•The plot was to be carried out on April 17, 1822 at dawn.

• A few days before the April 17, the Plan of the Bayot conspiracy was discovered.
• Governor Mariano de folgueras alerted the Queens Regiment and surrounded the barracks of suspected rebels
with loyal troops and 15 cannons. The Bayots brothers were imprisoned after a trial.

NOTE: Spaniards were divided between PENINSULARES born in Spain and INSULARES born in the Philippines

•Although both were legally and ethnically Spaniards, PENINSULARES were rank

higher than the INSULARLS, owing to them being born in Spain

•PENINSULARES were called full-blooded Spaniards, While INSULARES were

derisively called Filipinos.

•The highest offices in the government were given to Peninsulares, and they generally had it better than the
Manila bom counterparts.

19. Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule

Cause: Religious freedom

•IN 1939, Apolinario de la Cruz (better known as Hermano Pule) went to Manila to pursue priestly vocation
under the Dominican Order

• He was not accepted on the ground that he was an indian (native). At that time, all religious orders were
closed to Indios

•In June 1840, Hermano Pule returned to Lukban, Tayabas Province (Now Quezon province), and founded the
Cofradia de San Jose (confraternity of St. Joseph) a nationalist fellowship which fostered the practice of Christian
virtues.

• Hermano Pule sought the recognition of his religious brotherhood but the authorities banned his
confraternity.

• Undaunted by the intolerance of the government authorities, he carried on his religious movement at Barrio
Isbane of Mt. Banahaw, then later moved his Camp at Alitao, at the foot of Mt. Cristobal. His Brotherhood
attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas • On November 1, 1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet
a veteran Spanish combat commander launched a massive assault on Alitao, killing Hundreds of defenseless
men, women and children.

• Hermano Pule was captured the following evening at Barrio banga and was executed mon November 4, 1841.

•The Spanish soldiers paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby kukban, his birthplace.

Muslim Wars (1578 - 1898)

The Muslim Wars were brought about by the following reasons:
1) The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu;

2) The Preservation of Islam; and

3) The love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars.

• In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate into submission.

• Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo under the command of Captain Esteban Rodriguez de
Figueroa.

• He ordered the pacification of the place and the payment of the tribute by the inhabitants to the colonial
government.

• On March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops landed at the mouth of Rio Grande de
Mindanao

•The next day Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat's capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of Spaniards Kudarat retreated to
a hill called han Ilihan

• In 1645, the Tausugs finally liberated Iolo from the Spanish forces.

• In 1749, Sultan Almud Din I was deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship with the Spaniards.

• On April 28, 1750, he was baptized by the Dominican fathers at Panigul. Tarlac. He was named Don Fernando
Alimud in the first Christian sultan of Jolo.

• His son and daughter were likewise converted to christianity. And given education in Manila.

• Sultan Jamalul A'lam of Jolo transferred his capital to Maimbung. The Sultanate of Sulu, being a sovereign
government was able to lease Sabah (North Borneo) to a British company

•On January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul Alam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent, an Englishman and Baron Gustavus
Von Overbeck, an Austrian of British North Borneo company for annual rental of 5,000 Malayan Dollars.

• The contract inn 1878 used the Tausug word "padjack" which means lease. (The rental was increase to 5,300
Malayan dollars in 1903-1963)

The Sultan of Jolo, a direct descendant of Sultan Kudarat, acquired sovereingnty over North Borneo (Sabah) the
second half of the 17th century. (If you ask me, do we still a valid claim to the sabah? Yes, but our diplomatic
relation with Malaysia may severe if we declared again)

• When the sultan of Brunei sought help to the sultan of Jolo to suppress a rebellion in 1704, the Sabah territory
was ceded to the
latter in 1715 out of gratitude

• In 1886, Governor general Emilio Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato to subdue the Moro Maguindanaoans
and on august 21, 1891. Governor General Valeriano Weyler known as the "Butcher won the first battle of
Marawi in Lanao Lake

•Datu Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi was able to escape.

• In 1895, Gov-Gen Ramon Blanco, invade the Lanao lake region. Blanco's troop attacked Marawi on March 10,
1895. In this second battle of Marawi, the heroic Datu Amai Pakpak died in action.

• To avenge the fall of Marawi and the death of Datu Amai Pakpak, the muslims warriors declared a jihad (holy
war) forcing Blanco to halt the campaign and return to Manila,

• The bitter warfare between Spaniards and the Muslims ended in 1898, after the signing of the Peace Treaty of
Paris on December 10, 1898, which ended the Spanish domination in the Philippines.

Unit VI - Filipino Nationalism

• TOPIC

• 3. The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

the following have been regarded in history as factors that gave rise to filipino nationalism

1. Spread of liberalism

2. Sentiment against the principales

3. Racial prejudice
 4. Cultural changes

5. Secularization controversy

6. The cavite mutiny of 1872

Marami pang iba pero ito yung most common the dini discuss ng mga historian.

1. Nationalism- love of country with all its inhabitants finding commonality and aspiration towards a goal that
transcends local borders. It is a state of awareness that a nation does exist and is made of people who owe
allegiance not only to a tribe clan or region nor to any religious or political activity

Patriotism- is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland and allegiance with other
citizens who share the same sentiment.

2. Nationalism- is the identification with one's own nation and support to its interest, especially to the exclusion
or detriment of the interest of other nations

Patriotism- denotes an individual feeling and personal devotion or concern for one's country

3. Nationalism- encompases a bigger dimension referring to general temperament. While PATRIOTISM, is a

personal sentiment exhibited by individuals.

● The most important element of Nationalism is a sense of belonging expressed in the recognition and
appreciation of a common historical past and cultural tradition.

● It is not a product of sudden outburst of sentiment. It is brought about by certain political, economic,
social and intellectual factors that gradually develop at a certain stage in history of a group of people
living in a well defined geographical area.

● NATIONALISM gradually evolved like a seed nourished by common ideals and aspirations for national
unity.

● In Subjugated lands, Nationalism symbolizes freedom from the conquerors.

 ● In Contemporary times, Nationalism means freedom to enjoy inalienable rights of man with the
government acting as a protector and champion of the masses against bad elements from within and
from without.

( kaya ang nasyonalismo hindi agad na aano, pagmamahal sa bayan pagiging loyal or allegiance to one country.
Patriotism love and devotion to other)

1.Spread of Liberalism

● When Spain opened the Philippine ports in 1834 to free trade,commercialization of Philippine
agriculture and economic expansion greatly benefited the principalia in the country.

● They were able to send their children to schools and even to educational institutions in Spain, thereupon
giving them exposure tolibertarian ideals.

● In like manner, the ideas of Masonry (i.e., freethinking, anticlerical,and humanitarian) also made the
new middle class aware of the repressive policy of the Spanish authorities in the colony thus, making
themselves more outspoken on the excesses of the friars and government officials.

(kaya nung nakapag aral ang ating mga kababayan the life of RIzal, Marcelo Del Pilar. Natuto sila at lumaban na
ng tuluyan)

2. Sentiment against the Principales .

● There was a mounting dissatisfaction against the principals (or the political and social aristocracy, which
includes the prominent landowning and propertied citizens) accommodated as intermediaries of the
Spanish government from the inception of its colonial rule.

● The masses had been skeptical about the local aristocracy due to their proportion of influence in the
society.

● The llocano insurrection in 1815 was a manifestation of the people's cry to mass movement.
3. Racial Prejudice

● The Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to the "inferior race" and haughtily
called them as Indios

● The preconceived notion of the Spanish colonizers that the natives could not rise beyond their "limited
intelligence" instigated the enlightened Filipinos to struggle for equality.

● Jose Rizal's annotation of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos delas Islas Filipinas denounced the allegations of
the Spaniards That the Filipinos were savages and had no culture prior to the coming of the Western
Colonizers

(tinanggihan ni Rizal binago niya nung inanotate niya and Sucesos delas Islas)

4. Cultural Changes

● With the implementation of a new educational system, qualified Filipinos were able to pursue higher
education.

● Young men from prosperous Chinese mestizo and native families were able to take up law, medicine and
pharmacy.

● They were able to see the repressive colonial policies of Spain after being enlightened with liberal ideas;
thus giving birth to a new breed of Filipinos- the ilustrados (enlightened ones).

● The ilustrados got the chance to manifest their political will when Carlos Maria de la Torre became
Governor General in 1869.

● The benevolent Governor Carlos de la Torre was able to show his liberal disposition in administering the
government after he invoked reforms in the government like the revocation of press censorship and the
abolition of flogging as a form of punishment.

● He (the Governor) even lived simply within his means.

● Governor Carlos Maria De La Torre as a result, inspired the Filipino middle class (mga ilustrados) to
sustain their campaign for reforms in the country.
5. Secularization Controversy

● Due to lack of secular priests, Pope Pius V issued in 1567, upon the request of King Philip 1, the Exponi
Nobis which allowed the regular clergy (those belonging to monastic orders),to serve as parish priests
without diocesan authorization and be exempted from bishop's authority.

● However, the appointment of regular clergy to Philippine parishes brought about dissension among
members of the church. (maraming oposisyon)

● The regular orders resisted diocesan visitation on the ground that this would place them under the two
superiors, the head of their religious order and the bishop as well.

● This caused the expulsion of the priest who refused the visitation of parishes by representatives of the
bishop.

● The parishes vacated by the Jesuits (expelled in the country in 1768) were given to the native seculars.
(napunta sa mga FIlipino seculars yung binakante ng mga Jesuits na na expelled noong 1768)

● The return of the Jesuits in 1859 as well as the policy of desecularization directly affected the native
seculars.

● The secularization controversy transformed into a Filipinization issue since the secular priests were
mostly Filipinos. The efforts to secularize the parishes in a way heightened the nationalist feelings of the
people.

● Some of the strong proponents of the secularization movement of parishes were Archbishop Gregorio
Meliton and Fr. Jose Burgos (both from the archdiocese of Manila).

● In December 1870, Archbishop Martinez wrote to the Spanish Regent advocating secularization and
mentioned that discrimination against Filipino priests would encourage anti spanish sentiments.

6. Cavite Mutiny of 1872

● When Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Governor d la Torre in 1871, he promptly discarded the liberal
measures. The privileges of the arsenal workers and engineer corps regarding exemption from the
tribute and forced labor were also abolished.

● As an expression of protest, on the night of January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and dock
workers in the province of Cavite Mutiny and killed their Spanish officers under the leadership of
Sergeant Lamadrid (La Madrid). The rebellion were suppressed quickly. Two days after the mutiny La
Madrid was executed together with 41 mutineers at Bagumbayan.
cont

● The mutiny became an opportunity for the Spanish officials to implicate the liberal critics of the
government. The governor asserted that a secret faction existed in Manila to overthrow Spanish rule.
(sinamantala nila noon kaya ininpicate na lahat ng faction to overthrow spanish rule)

● Accused of alleged conspiracy in the rebellion were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgors and Jacinto
Zamora. They were sentenced to death by garotte on February 17, 1872

● Some were thrown into jail while the rest were exiled to the Marianas Islands on March 14, 1872.

● Among those who left on board the Flores de Maria were Father Jose Maria Guevarra, Fr. Pedro Dandan,
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.Regidor, Maximo Paterno, Jose Maria Basa Balbino Mauricio and
Pio Maria Basa. (other propagandist)

Cavite Mutiny (Continuation..)

● The Spaniards succeeded in uniting the Filipinos in a common spirit to oppose colonial authority.
Between 1872 and 1892, national consciousness was growing among Filipinos who had settled in
Europe.

● The Execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism.

● The concept of nationhood coincided with the development of the concept of Filipinos.

● Before, Flipinos would only refer to the espanoles insulares. Later, it included the mestizos de sangley
and the native elite who had Hispanized themselves.(nagsama sama na lahat)

Unit VI- Filipino Nationalism

4. The Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

The Propaganda Movement

 ● After the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA, conditions in the country went from bad to worse. The Spanish
officials oppressed the Filipinos even more.

● So many Filipinos took refuge in Europe and initiated in Spain a crusade for reforms in the Philippines.

● The emergence of more Filipino ilustrados gave birth to the unified nationalist movement.

● This peaceful campaign was known in our History as the Propaganda Movement.

● It began in 1872 (after the martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA) and ended in 1892(after the exile of Rizal in
Dapitan). (from 1892-1896 4years 13 days of exile of Rizal from dapitan)

The Aims of Propaganda Movement

● The Propagandists called for a peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the Philippines from
being the colony to a province of Spain.

● Propagandists believed that it would be better if the Filipinos Would become Spanish citizens, since they
would be enjoying the same rights and privileges (same laws be applied to Filipinos equally).

● Its adherents did not seek independence from Spain but reforms. (adherents = propagandist)

The Reforms desired by the Movement are as follows :

1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws

2. Restoration of the Philippine representations in the Spanish Cortes

3. Secularization of Philippine parishes (secularization transform into filipinization)

4. The expulsion of the friars

5.human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to meet and petition
for redress of grievances

6. Abolition of polo and bandala

7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos & Spaniard to enter government service

8. Creation of a public school system independent of friars

 CHAPTER 8

THE AMERICAN RULE

1. War of the Philippine Independence form the United States

FFThere was a popular belief among the supporters of Manifest Destiny that the US had the God-
given right to help oppressive countries and build democratic nations.

 Manifest Destiny & Benevolent Assimilation; Concept:

 Manifest Destiny - is a divine right that the white giving reason the spread westward of
American influence westward of the Pacific Ocean bringing with it Government, Economy and
Christianity.

 Benevolent Assimilation - it is succinctly stated that " future control, disposition, and
government of the Philippines Islands were ceded to the United States and the Military
Government is to take the whole of the ceded authority.
 The Policy of Manifest Destiny. (In the Philippines)

 The Americans believed it as their mission to:

1) Civilize the Filipinos,

2) to Educate and train them for Democracy, and

3) to make them better Christian. This was the so called Manifest Destiny

 American soldier with two other members of the U.S. shot and killed a man who happens to be a
filipino soldier.
 Aguinaldo declared war. This turn out to be to be the seven-year Filipino-American War (1899-1906).

 The American fleet started bombarding the Filipino fort north of San Juan del Monte. In the afternoon
of that day, the fierce battle of La Loma near the Chinese cemetery ensued.

 In kalookan a fierce battle followed, with the American once again victorious. Undismayed by his
defeat, Luna prepared for a Plan for a recapture of Manila by burning American occupied houses in
tondo and in Binondo.

 General Luna's tragic end:

 General Luna, after attending the meeting with his fellow patriots who were already planning
to make peace with the American (which he vehemently opposed) was stabbed to death by
Aguinaldo's Body guard. He received about 40 wounds.

 The Secretary of the Interior in his circular informed the Provincial chiefs of Luna's death and
said that:

a) it was caused by Luna's insulting and assaulting of the President's bodyguards, and

b) the Plan of Luna to take over the Presidency from Aguinaldo,

 At Tirad Pass, Gen. Del Pilar with 60 riflemen, stood guard to intercept the American soldiers and give
Aguinaldo sufficient time to escape.

 Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high.

 Only eight (8) men escaped alive to relate the tragic news to Aguinaldo.

 Aguinaldo's capture (March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela):

 Pretending to be the reinforcement with five American prisoners, the Macabbebe Scouts
were able to enter Aguinaldo's Camp. Aguinaldo and his men met them and even gave them
food.

 At a given signal, the Macabebes suddenly opened fire. Tal Placido, a fat powerful man
grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.
2. A Government under America

 Although the Filipino-American war was still in progress.

 Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission):

 He gave the Commission the Legislative and Executive authority to put up a Civilian
Commission.

 His Policy, the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundations or the Democratic
Government during his administration

 Cooper Act (Philippine Organic Act of 1902):

 The first Congressional law about the government of the Philippines

 Provided:
(a) for the extension of the United states Bill of Rights for the Filipinos.

(b) It also guaranteed the establishment of an elective Philippine Assembly after

the proclamation of complete peace.

 Though thousand of Filipinos surrendered as a result of American peace propaganda, some military
commanders refused to lay down their arms.

 The Tagalog Republic:

 Organized their Resistance forces in the Rizal-Cavite-Laguna-Batangas area by formally

establishing the Philippine Republic or what Sakay referred to as the Tagalog Republic.

 This Assembly would serve as a training ground for self government and the first step towards
independence.

 The Americans and the Philippine Constabulary arrested and disarmed Sakay and his men.
They were charged with ladronism or Banditry and other crimes such as rape, kidnapping and
murder.
  In accordance with the provision of Brigandage Act, the court sentenced General Macario
Sakay and Colonel Lucio De Vega to die by public hanging.

 The other officers were sentence to long prison terms.

 The Philippine Assembly:

 The first Bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the (Gabaldon Law). Which appropriated
P1 Million for Barrio Schools.

 Pursuant to the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Also known as Cooper Act), two Filipino
resident Commissioners represented their countrymen in the US Congress. They took part in
the debate in Congress but were not given the privilege to vote.

 (The Jones Law) provided a Bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Upper house (Senate)
and a Lower House (House o Representative).

 The Nacionalista and Democrata Parties Join forces in a common cause against the governor
general and to work the recognition of the country's independence.

 The OS-ROX Mission (Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act):

 The HHC Act, divided the Philippine Congress into two opposing camps - the Anti's and the
Pros

 The Antis, led by Senate President Quezon, opposed the acts because of its
objectionable features.

 The Pros headed by Senator Osmena and Speaker Roxas upheld it on the ground
that it was the best independence measures.

 The HHC Act provided the following:

1. The granting of Philippine Independence after 12 years but reserving military and
naval bases for the United states;
 2. The control of the currency system and the conduct of foreign affairs by the US
president;

3. American goods were allowed free entry into the Philippines;

4. The Bill also directed the U.S. to retain land for military and other reservations

 TYDINGS – MCDUFFIE LAW:

 A new Independence measure called Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed and signed, it closely
resembled the HHC Act. The Philippine Legislature accepted the law.

 THE TYDINGS-McDUFFIE LAW PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING:

1) A ten-year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines;

2) Preparatory to the granting of Absolute and Complete Independence on July 4,

1946;

3) Also included were an annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America.

4) Control of the currency, coinage, foreign trade;

5) Foreign relations by America and representation of one Filipino resident

commissioner in America and an American High Commissioner in the Philippines;

6) The Law also authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a Constitutional

Convention to draft the Constitution of the Philippines; and

7) That the Constitution be approved by the American President and ratified by the
people in a plebiscite.

 The Drafting of the Constitution:

 The Constitution was overwhelmingly ratified by the People with a total of 1,213,046 in favor
and those against only 44,963.

3. The American Legacy

  The first American newspaper to appear in the Philippines was the Bounding Billow, published at
irregular intervals on board Dewey's Flagship Olympia.

 The First American daily newspaper to be published in Manila was the American Soldier.

 The American used their stay in the Philippines to teach us their way of life and the principles of
Democracy. Individual freedom respect for rights and liberties of the people.

 They enhanced the knowledge of the Filipinos on democratic ways and institutions.

 They Organized the Civil Courts, including the Supreme Court.

 Local Government were established in towns and provinces under the control of American Troops.

4. Philippine Independent Church

 To bring back with the Spanish side with a promise of autonomy for the Philippines.

 The proposal was accepted and thus the Iglesia filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church)
was founded. Aglipay was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the Bishops of Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija,
Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan & Abra.

5. The Colorums

 The remnants of Hermano Pule's Cofradia de San Jose retreated to the mountains of Tayabas and
Laguna mountains of San Cristobal.

 This group came to be known as Colorums, a corruption of the latin phrase et saecula saeculorum
(world without end) used at mass to end certain prayers.

 They were characterized by religious fanaticism, which was combination of catholic devotion, hero-
worship and folk superstitions.

 In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Jose Rizal and Apo Ipe Saivador. They believed that the two
leaders would resurrect and saved them.
  When Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, he went to the mountains and begin his guerilla
operations. Soon he organized his group and called it Santa Iglesia or Holy Church.

6. Land Tenure system

 The hacienda system introduce during the Spanish period, kept the peasants in bondage. The landlord
- tenant relations ensued even after the institution of a democratic government.

 TENANTS were either: a) Inquilinos or b) Kasama.

A. INQUILINOS (Cash tenants) - paid yearly rent for using a piece of land.

 He was often required to give various services to the haciendero for free.

 Refusal to work or to contribute to the expenses could mean outright dismissal from the
hacienda.

 It became customary for the children of the tenants to serve the landlords as domestic
servants to help their parents pay the interest on debts incurred due to cash advances.

B. KASAMA (Sharecropper) -provided the labor on the hacienda where he shared the harvest
on a 50-50 basis with his landlord or Hacendero, after deducting the expenses incurred in
planting and in harvesting.

 Like the Inquilino, he was expected to render personal services to the landowner, at the
landowner's discretion.

7. The First labor Group

 Organized the first labor union in the Philippines, the Union de Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas

 Soon after its founding, the members decided to reorganize themselves into the Union Obrera
Democratica (U.O.D.) a federation of small unions of Printers, lithographer, cigarmakers, tailors and
shoemakers which demanded higher wages and workers benefit.
8. The Communist Party of the Philippines

 COMMUNISM - is a concept of society in which the major resources and means of production are
communally owned. Theoretically, there would be equal sharing of the benefits of production.

 This ideology involves the abolition of individual ownership of property. It advocates the revolution of
the working masses to overthrow the capitalist society so that the classless society be achieved.

 When some officials were arrested, soon after, Antonio Ora, a CPP Central Committee member was
arrested in Manila.

9. Sakdalism

 In campaign meetings and through their paper, the Sakdalistas opposed colonial education in the
country, in particular Camilo Osias grade school "Readers".

 Bulacan and hauled down the American and Philippine flags and raised the red Sakdal flag. Other
Sakdalistas did the same in Cavite, Laguna, Rizal.

 As a result, Sakdalista influence greatly diminished in the countryside.

CHAPTER 7

THE BIRTH OF THE NATION

1. Proclamation of the Philippine Independence

 Finally, after 333 years of Spanish domination, Philippines obtained independence.

 The sun and stars flag was officially unfurled at the Aguilnaldo’s mansion.

 The flag was made of silk.

  White Triangle contains a sunburst in the center with eight rays and a five-pointed star at each angle.

 The flag also have a blue upper stripe and a red lower stripe.

 Same as the Philippine National March ( Lupang Hinirang, Marcha Nacional Filipina ) was played in
public.

 Marcha Nacional Filipina ( formely Marcha Filipina Magdalo, named after Aguinaldo’s Nom De Guerre ),
it was played by the town band of San Francisco De Malabon.

 Republic Act 8491 - provides the rules and guidelines on the proper display and use of the flag, as well
as the singing of the National Anthem.

 The Act of the Declaration of the Philippine Independence - includes the explanation for the design
and color of the flag. It was signed by 98 people with 1 American.

2. The Incredulous Battle of Manila

 The Spanish authorities decided to surrender.

 The Americans established a government in the Philippine, after the surrender in Manila.

 The Philippines was ruled by the President of the US.

 Army Appropriations Act - this law carried the Spooner Amendment, which removed from the US
President the

 The treaty of Paris was signed between representatives/diplomats United states and Spain at Paris,
France

 It officially ended the Spanish - American war. The pull out of Spanish military in the Philippines was
provided in the Treaty of Paris.

 Treaty of Paris - It provided the following:

1) Spain ceded the Philippines to the united States;

2) Spain received from the U.S. an indemnity of $20,000,000;

 3) Guam and Puerto Rico were ceded by Spain to the United states;

4) Spain recognized the Independence of Cuba; and

5) U.S. agreed to give Spain the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a period of Ten (10)
years.

3. The Malolos Republic

 A total of 93 representatives took part in the Congress, 35 of them were directly elected. Many of them
were holders of academic degrees from Universities of Europe.

 It studied the three Constitutional drafts submitted - The Mabini plan, Paterno plan and the Calderon
plan.

1. The Mabini Plan was the Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic.

2. The Paterno Plan was based on the Spanish Constitution of 1868.

3. The Calderon Plan was a Constitution based on the Constitution of France, Belgium, Mexico,
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Brazil.

 After thorough examination and deliberation, the Committee choose the Calderon Plan and submitted
it to the Malolos Congress for approval.

 Del Rosario spoke in favor of the Principle of separation of Church and State. Calderon on the contrary
wanted to make Catholicism as State religion.

 For MABINI, independence would not simply mean liberation from Spain but also educating the people
for autonomy and refraining from colonial mentality.

 A system of free and compulsory elementary education was provided.

 Military training for the officers in the Army of the Republic was offered in the Military Academy of
Malolos whose Director was Major Manuel Sityar, a former Spanish lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia
Civil.

 Four (4) flag was hoisted on that day:

 1) The tricolor flag of the Philippine Revolution:

2) The white flag of surrender:

3) The National Flag of Spain and

4) The pontifical flag.

These fiags were symbols of the forces operating in the Philippines at that time.

 THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC IS THE FIRST REPUBLIC IN ASIA.

Chapter 7

The Birth of a Nation

(Date and Time)

1898

June 5, 1898 – Julian Felipe was asked to compose a march to be played in the proclamation

June 11, 1898 – Felipe presented his draft and played the march

June 12, 1898 – General Emilio Aguinaldo’s proclamation of independence in Kawit, Cavite

June 18, 1898 – President Aguinaldo organized the municipal and provincial governments

By the end of July 1898 – 12,000 American troops under Major Wesley Meritt arrived from San Francisco

Early August 1898 – Governador General Jaudenes secretly told Dewey and Meritt that they surrender

August 1, 1898 – First convention of municipal presidents was held in Bacoor, Cavite

August 13, 1898 – Sham battle of manila began after Dewey’s naval gun bombarded Fort San Antonio

 At About 11:20 a.m. – Spaniards had already raised the flag of surrender
 Noontime – General Greene noticed the flag

August 22, 1898 – The government’s seat of power from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan
August 28, 1898 – Last Spanish governor general transfer his headquarter to Iloilo

September 15, 1898 – Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos amidst
colorful Festivities

 In the Afternoon – the congress elected officers

September 29, 1898 – The declaration of Philippine Independence made on June 12, 1898

September 29, 1898 – First Issue of the official organ of the republic, four months before the emergence of the
republic

November 29, 1898 – Discussions on the draft constitution between the separation of church and state lasted
up until this date

December 10, 1898 – The Treaty of Paris was signed

December 20, 1898 – Decree of President Aguinaldo declaring December 30 as Memorial Day to honor our
heroes

December 24, 1898 – General Martin Delgado forced Governor de los Rios to leave Iloilo for Zamboanga

1899

January 17, 1899 – Wenceslao Gonzales proclaimed a Philippine Republic in Butuan

January 21, 1899 – President Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the fundamental law of the land

January 23, 1899 – The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated amidst festive ceremonies at the Barasoain
Church.

February 6, 1899 – The treaty was ratified, Philippines would fall into hands of other country if U.S forces leave

May 19, 1899 – American troops occupied Jolo, Displacing Spanish Garrison of Governor General in Zamboanga
June 2, 1899 – 33 Spanish Soldiers marched out of the church, ending 337 days of battle against Filipino

June 30, 1899 – The siege of Baler ended, highlighted the gallantry of both Filipino and Spanish Soldiers

October 14, 1899 – Last Issue of the Gaceta de Filipinas

November 1899 – All Spanish forces were shipped to Spain

1899 – Jose Palma wrote the poem “Filipinas”

1899 – Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero replaced Joaquin Gonzales as the president of Universidad Literaria de Filipinas

Towards the end of 1899 – Finally words are adopted from the march

1900’s

March 2, 1901 – Military Government in the Philippines ended, enacted Army Appropriation Act

April 16, 1900 – First issue of the newspaper El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) in Cebu

1951 - The Tagalog translation of the poem “Filipinas” was used

1965 – The Casa Real in Malolos was declared a National Shrine by President Diosdado Macapagal
 Chapter 7

The Birth of a Nation

(People)

Filipinos

President Emilio Aguinaldo

 Proclaimed the independence in Kawit, Cavite

 Guided the Revolution to its end
 Made the design of the Philippine Flag
 President of the Revolutionary Government

Apolinario Mabini

 Adviser of General Aguinaldo

 Advised to change the government from dictatorial to revolutionary
 Argued that the congress was a mere consultative body, it possessed no legislative powers.
 True Independence also means educating the people, give the idea to set up educational institution

Jose Palma

 wrote the poem in Spanish entitled Filipina

 23-year-old brother of Rafael Palma
 Member of La Independencia

Pedro Paterno

 President of the Congress

 Holder of bachelor’s degree in law from the University of Salamanca and a doctorate degree from
Universidad Central de Madrid

Felipe C. Calderon

 Contented that It was necessary to show that the Philippines was duly constituted as a state in order to
strengthen its claim to recognition of its sovereign status
 Chairman of the committee to draft the constitution
 Wanted to make Catholicism the state religion

Some Filipinos who wrote articles using their nom de plume for the newspaper

 Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon)

 Cecilio Apostol (Catullo)
 Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Fulvio Gil)
 Epifanio de los Santos (G. Solon
  Salvador V. del Rosario (Juan Tagalog)

Juan Felipe - Composed Marcha Nacional Filipina

Julio Nakpil – Composed Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Wrote and read the Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence

Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez – Filipino Patriot Lawyer who was sent to Paris to ask for the recognition of the
revolutionary government

Tomas del Rosario – Favor of the principle of separation of Church and State

Pablo Tecson – The separation of Church and State was approved by only one vote higher given by this man.

President Diosdado Macapagal – Declared the Casa real as National Shrine by virtue of Executive Act No. 173

Don Cecilio Apostol – A poet laureate who composed the poem ‘Al Heroes Nacional’ (To the National Hero)

Sergio Osmena – Founder and editor of the El Nuevo Dia (The New Day), a revolutionary newspaper

Camilo Osias and M. A. Lane – Made the English translation of Jose Palma’s poem “Filipinas”

Enrique Mendiola – Under his guidance, a college for boys called Burgos Institute was established

Joaquin Gonzales – First President of Universidad Literaria de Filipinas

Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero – replaced Joaquin Gonzales in presidency of the said university

Wenceslao Gonzales – Lead the emissaries of the Philippine Republic, proclaimed Philippine Republic in Butuan

Dona Marcela Marino Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
(niece of Dr. Rizal)

 Sewn the Flag in Hongkong, General Aguinaldo made its design.

Americans

L. M. Johnson – Colonel of the Artillery, an American, one of the 98 people that signed the declaration

Major General Wesley Meritt – Reinforce Dewey’s forces, with 12,000 American troops under his command

Edouard Andre – A Belgian consul that secretly told Dewey and Meritt about the surrender of manila

General Greene – Noticed the flag of surrender in noontime

U.S. Secretary John Hay - handed the 20-million-dollar sum as payment to Spain for the Philippines

Mark Twain – A writer and satirist, one of the citizens who prompted opposition in the treaty and U.S
Occupation of the Philippines

Andrew Carnegie – A business tycoon, one of the citizens who prompted opposition in the treaty and U.S
Occupation of the Philippines

Spaniards

General Fermin Jaudenes

 Succeeded General Basilio Augustin as Governor General of the Philippines

  Negotiated the surrender of Manila with an arranged show of resistance to show the prestige of the
Spanish Government

General Diego De Los Rios

 After the fall of manila, he became the Governor General

 Last Spanish Governor General of the Philippines

Lt. Martin Cerezo – Lead the fight in baler, unaware that Spain had lost its fight in Philippines

Jules Cambon – Spanish commission member that received the 20-million-dollar

Major Manuel Sityar

 A former Spanish lieutenant of the Spanish Guardia Civil

 Director of the Military Academy of Malolos

Major Jose Reyes and Major Candido Reyes – One of the instructors in the Military Academy in Malolos

UNIT 6

Filipino Nationalism and Birth of the Nation

Date and Time

August 20, 1572 – Death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

1574

 Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack in Manila

 Lakandula and Sulayman proclaimed their revolt and gathered warriors in Navotas

1585 - First Pampanga Revolution

1587 – 1558

 The Tondo Conspiracy

 On October 26, 1588, the existence of the conspiracy against Spanish government was revealed

1596 – Magalat’s Revolt in Cagayan

1601 – Revolt of the Igorots

1621

 Revolt of the Irrayas in Northern Isabela in the Cagayan Valley

 Revolt of Tamblot in Bohol

1622

 End of Tambot’s Revolution

 Bankaw’s Revolt in Leyte

1643 – The Revolt of Ladia

June 1, 1649 – Sumuroy revolution began their hostilities with the killing of curate of the town

1650

 The revolt of Dabao

 In July 1650, the Spaniards staged an assault and killed Sumuroy’s mother

1660

 Maniago’s Revolt in Pampanga

 In December 15, 1660, the native in Pangasinan rose in arms against Spanish Governments in Lingayen,
it was the Andres Malong’s Revolt in Pangasinan
 The Revolt of Almazan

1661

 Andres Malong together with Vera, Pacadua, and Macasiag was executed in Binalatongan
 The Revolt of Gumapos

1663 – Tapar’s Revolt in Panay

1744 – 1829

 Dagohoy’s Revolt in Bohol

 In 1739 – 1745, The Governador General was Gaspar de la Torre, tried to stop the revolt
 In 1740’s and 1750’s – The Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim raids
 1822 – 1825 – The Governador General was Juan Antonio Martinez, tried to stop the revolt
 1829 – The rebellion led by Dagohoy was ended

1762 – 1763

 Diego Silang’s Revolt in Iloilo

 On September 20, 1763, Gabriela Silang and her companions were executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

1762 – 1765
  Palaris’s Revolt in Pangasinan
 November 3, 1762, the rebellion began at the town of Binalotongan under Juan de la Cruz Palaris
 1764, the Revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan was suppressed

September 16, 1807 – Basi Revolt, The Ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte rose in arms in defense of their favorite
wine

September 28, 1807 – The alcalde mayor together with strong force attack San Idelfonso and quelled the Basi
Revolt

May 4, 1814 – The Spanish Constitution of 1812, Cadiz Constitution was abolished

March 3, 1815 – More than 1,500 Ilocanos under Simon Tomas rose in arms in defense of the Spanish
Constitution of 1812

March 6, 1815 – The Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution ended with the surviving leaders severely
punished

April 17, 1822 at dawn – The plot of the Revolt of the Bayot Brothers was supposed to be carried out

1840 – 1841

 Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule

 1839, Apolinario de la Cruz went to manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican order, not
accepted
 June 1840, Apolinario, known as Hermano Pule returned to Lucban, Tayabas Province and founded the
Confradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph)
 November 1, 1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet launched a assault in Alitao, Hermano Pule was captured
 November 4, 1841, Hermano Pule was executed, paraded his chopped body in his birthplace

January 21, 1843 – Samaniego and his men were shot to death at Bagumbayan at sundown

1578 – 1898

 Muslim Wars
 1597, Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo, Sultan Pangitan Budiman resisted, but still fall in the hands
of Spaniards
 June 23, 1635, Build the stone fort known as the Fort Pillar
 1660-1650, Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat held power in regions from the gulf of Davao all the
way to Dapitan
 March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops landed at the mouth of Rio de
Grande de Mindanao
 March 14, 1637, Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat’s capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of the Spaniards
 May 24, 1637, Governor Corcuera returned to Manila
 1645, Tausugs finally liberated Jolo from the Spaniards forces
  1749, Sultan Alimud Din I was deposed by his brother because of his friendship to Spaniards
 January 2, 1750, Sultan Alimud Din I and his family, together with some faithful followers arrived in
Manila.
 April 28, 1750, Sultan Alimud Din I was baptized by the Dominican fathers
 1751, Wanted Alimud to regain his throne in Jolo, accused of treason in Zamboanga, shipped back and
imprisoned at Fort Santiago
 1762, British troops rescued Alimud Din I at Pasig and later restored to him his throne in Jolo
 Second half of 18th century, the height of Moro was occurred
 1769, The Moros landed at Malate and plundered the place
 Closing decades of the 19th century, Moro power declined
 1848, Governor General Claveria attacked the Samals at Balangungui, brought 350 Samal to Manila
 December 11, 1850, Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo left Manila for Zamboanga to subjugate
Muslims of Sulu
 Last week of the month, came back to Manila upon realizing his troops were not enough
 January 1851, Sailed again to Sulu
 1861, Sultan finally recognized Spanish sovereignty
 1874, Admiral Jose Malcampo became Spanish governor general of the Philippines
 March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalul A’lam worked for peace with the Spaniards
 January 22, 1878, Sultan Jamalul A’lam lease Sabah to company
 1903 – 1963, The rental was increased to 5,400 Malayan Dollars
 1886, Governor General Emilio Terrero invade Cotabato, destroy some forts of Datu utto but still failed
 August 21, 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler won the first battle of Marawi in Lanao lake
 March 10, 1895, second battle of Marawi, Datu Amai Pakpak died, Blanco won the battle but failed to
conquer Lanao
 1898, warfare between Spaniards and the Muslims ended after signing the Peace Treaty of Paris

1834 – Spain opened Philippine ports to free trade

1856 – The first masonic lodge in the Philippines was established

1869

 Opening of the Suez Canal

 Carlos Maria de la Torre became Governor General

1567 – Pope Pius V issued upon the request of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis

1768 – Jesuits were expelled in the Philippines

18th century – Appointed native secular priests

November 9, 1774 – Royal decree was promulgated ordering secularization of the parishes

1776 – The royal decree was suspended

1859 – Jesuit returns in the country

December 1870 – Archbishop Martinez wrote Spanish regent that says discrimination against Filipino priest
would encourage anti-Spanish sentiments

December 1870 – Amadeo accepted the invitation to assume the Spanish crown

January 20, 1872 – 200 Filipino soldiers and dock workers mutinied and killed their Spanish officers

January 22, 1872 – The mutiny led by Sergeant Lamadrid ended, he was executed with 41 mutineers

February 17, 1872 – Some of liberal critics, Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were
sentenced to death by garrote

March 14, 1872 – Some of liberal critics were exiled to Marianas Islands

1872 – 1892 – National Consciousness was growing among Filipino who has settled in Europe

1882 – Del Pilar helped establish the first bilingual newspaper

1887 – 1888 – Del Pilar released Dasalan at Tocsohan

October 1888 – Del Pilar left the Philippines to escape the prosecution of the Friars

1882

 Dr. Rizal went to Spain and studied medicine at the Universidad central de Madrid
 Juan Atayde founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino

December 31, 1888 – La Solaridad was established in Barcelona

1889 – Professor Miguel Morayta tried to form the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino

February 15 – October 31, 1889 – La Solaridad was printed in Barcelona

November 15, 1889 – November 15, 1895 – La Solaridad was printed in Madrid

From December 15, 1889 to last issue – M.H. del Pillar became the editor, replacing Lopez Jaena

April 1889 – The first Filipino Masonic Lodge was founded

November 39, 1889 – The first masonic lodge was ended

May 1890 – Lodge Solaridad was recognized

Towards the end 1891 – del Pillar sent Serrano Laktaw to establish the first Filipino masonic lodge
January 6, 1892 – Lodge Nilad was founded

May 1893 – The masonic lodge in the country numbered rise, started to accept women members

July 18, 1893 – The first woman to be admitted was initiated as a member of the Lodge Walana

June 26, 1892 – Rizal arrived in Manila to obtain pardon for his family from Governor General Despujol

July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the residence of Ongjunco at ilaya St. Tondo, Manila

July 6, 1892 – Rizal was secretly arrested and imprisoned as Fort Santiago

July 7, 1892 – Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Arellano’s house, form a secret revolutionary society

1892

 Katipunan was government itself, the first Filipino constitution was promulgated
 The triangle method was abolished

February 1893 – Roman Basa replaced Arellano as president

July 1893 – The women’s chapter of the Katipunan was born during Roman Basa’s presidency

1894

 Another constitution was promulgated replacing the first one

 Katipunan bought an old hand press

Early 1895 – Bonifacio himself was elected Supremo

During the holy week of 1895 – Bonifacio and some Katipuneros went to mountains of Montalban in search of
good hideout where they could hold their meeting

April 10, 1895 – Bonifacio and his companions entered the Pamintinan Cave

December 1895 – Andre Bonifacio was elected as president of Katipunan in the 4 th election

1895 – Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban came back from Australia

January 1896 – Kalayan had its first and only issue

August 1896

 Andres Bonifacio was elected as president of Katipunan in the 5 th election

  The number of Katipuneros were thousands in Manila and some 18,000 in other towns

July 5, 1896 – Manuel Sityar reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos

August 19, 1896 – The Katipunan was discovered

August 21 & 22 1896 – Bonifacio called for a meeting to issue the call to arms

August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugadlawin or Cry of Balintawak

August 29, 1896 – Melchora Aquino was arrested by Guardia Civil

At the dawn of Sunday, August 30, 1896 – Battle of Pinaglabanan, Bonifacio attack polverin in San Juan

In the Afternoon of August 30, 1896 – Governor General Blanco issued a decree declaring a state of war

August 31, 1896 – Katipuneros in Cavite rose armed

September 4, 1896 – 4 members of Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan

September 5, 1896 – Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops stationed at Imus

September 12, 1896 – 13 Katipuneros were put to death at plaza de Armas

September 16, 1896 – 22 prominent residence of Manila were imprisoned

October 1896 – 150 Filipinos were sent to Spain then later to Africa to serve as exiles

November 1896 – Emilio Aguinaldo liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas, from the Spanish soldiers

November 9 – November 11, 1896 – The twin battles of Binakayan and Dalahican in Cavite

November 20, 1896 – Dr. Rizal appeared before Colonel Olive to answer charges filed against him

December 1, 1896 – Bonifacio together with his family and some troops arrived in Cavite

December 4, 1896 – The Katipunan members of Balangay Dimasalang met at Bigaa

December 26, 1896 – The process of taking action of Dr. Rizal took place before a military court

December 28, 1896 – Governor Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict

December 30, 1896 at 7:03 a.m. – Rizal was executed by a firing squad in Bagumbayan

December 31, 1896 – Magdalo Council hosted a general assembly

January 1, 1897 – General Feliu launched an assault against kakarong, defeating the revolutionaries
January 16 at 5:00 in Afternoon – Maestrong Serbio was executed

February 15, 1897 – Governor Polavieja launched an all-out offensive in Cavite

February 17, 1897 – A Spanish soldier killed General Evangelista in the battle of Zapote

February 19, 1897 – General Lachambre captured the town of Silang, Cavite

February 25, 1897 – General Zabala captured the town of Dasmarinas, Cavite

March 3, 1897 – General Flaviano Yengko died at Imus Military Hospital

March 22, 1897, started at 2:00 in the Afternoon – The second convention of the two Katipunan factions was
held

March 23, 1896 – Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted a document called Acta De Tejeros

April 9, 1897 – Another secret meeting was held at the friar estate house in Naic, made another document
called Naic Mlitary Pact

May 5, 1896 – Trial in Bonifacio’s case began

May 10, 1897

 Bonifacio was executed

 Spanish Army Attacked Maragondon

May 12, 1897 – After 2 days of defending the town, Aguinaldo and his men were compelled to leave

May 17, 1897 – Francisco del Castillo lead an attack t a Spanish garrison in Aklan, he died

June 10, 1897 – Aguinaldo crossed Pasig river and stay at Mount Puray, Montalban

June 12, 1897 – Morong Freedom Fighters under General Geronimo arrived and joined them

April 15, 1897 – General de Polavieja retired as governor general

April 23, 1897 – Fernando Primo de Rivera succeeded his post

June 14, 1897 – Spanish troops led by colonel Dujiols attacked rebel camp at Mount Puray

June 24, 1897 – President Emilio Aguinaldo and his men arrived at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo

November 1, 1897 – Revolutionary leaders adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic

December 14, 1897 – The first two document of the pact was signed

December 15, 1897 – The third document of the pact was signed
December 25, 1897 – Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen Pangasinan, from where a
Spanish merchant steamer was to take them to Hong Kong

January 23, 1898 – The Spanish government announced the end of hostilities

March 7, 1898 – The revolutionaries in Zambales besieged the cable station at Bolinao and seized the telegraph
line connected to Manila

March 25, 1898 – Federico Isabelo Abaya were able to get Cando, Ilocos Sur, from the Spaniards

April 17, 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos Constitution was adopted

February 19, 1898 – A letter written in Hong Kong state that Aguinaldo signed the pact so Filipino could rest and
regain their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor

February 18, 1898 – U.S battleship “Maine” in Havana was destroyed, 266 officers died

April 19, 1898 – U.S congress demands Spaniards to pull out Spanish forces in Cuba

April 24, 1898 – To save honor, Spain declared war against United States

April 25, 1898

 U.S. declared war on Spain

 The Spanish-American war broke out

August 12, 1898 – The Spanish-American war ended

May 19, 1898 – General Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite and reassumed command of rebel forces

May 21, 1898 – General Aguinaldo proclamation, urging the people to rise in arms and join the Americans

May 24, 1898 – General Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government with him as the dictator

May 28, 1898 – Consultative assembly instituted by Governor General Augustin met for the first time

August 7, 1898 – Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila

CHAPTER 6

FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE BIRTH OF NATION

Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman (1574) also known as TAGALOG REVOLT
-Cause: LAVEZARI’S REVERSAL OF LEGAZPI’S POLICY

- MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI promised SULAYMAN AND LAKANDULA some privileges like they would retain their
authority, be exempted from paying tribute, and be treated fairly in exchange for the Spanish sovereignty.

- MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI died

- GOVERNOR GUIDO DE LAVEZARIS replaced MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LAGZPI’S POSITION and ordered native rulers
and their descendants that they are no longer exempted from paying tribute, the GOVERNOR also ordered to
confiscate their patrimonial land properties or (private lands)

- The revolt occurred the same year with Chinese rebel Limahong, Limahong attack the Manila.

- LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN use this as an advantage to carry out their revolt in Navotas

- However, The Governor sent men namely JUAN DE SALCEDO and FR. GERONIMO MARIN to convince them to
not carry out their plan.

- they were given an assurance that their grievance would be remedied and those who join or take part will be
pardoned

- and instead of Fighting the Spaniards the Governor ask to be their accomplice to drive away or take away
limahong from the country.

-the revolt was peacefully settled thru the diplomatic persuasion of Salcedo and Marin.

FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT (1585)

Cause: Abusive Encomenderos

-because of the abusive encomenderos, the brave PAMPANGUENOS LEASDERS decide to rise a revolt

-they conspire the people of Manila and Borneans (native people of borneo, malay )

-their plan was to massacre the Spaniards in night time in the city of Manila

-unfortunately, a native lady who is married to a Spanish soldier learned about the plan and reported it to the
SPANISH AUTHORITIES

- the PAMPANGUENOS LEADERS were arrested and executed without a fair trial

THE TONDO CONSPIRACY (1587-1588) also known as CONSPIRACY OF THE

MAHARLIKAS or REVOLT OF THE LAKANS
Cause: Regain Lost Freedom

-According to Mabini, Liberty is the freedom to do right and never wrong, so in other word when you say
freedom there’s always limitation

-One of the largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule next to Katipunan.

-due to injustices against the Filipinos and to regain the Filipinos freedom

-DON AGUSTIN DE LAGAZPI OF TONDO (NEPHEW OF LAKANDULA) WITH HIS COUSIN MARTIN PANGAN
(GOBERNADORCILLO OF TONDO) led a revolt plan to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

- Together with the other tagalog nobles namely

MAGAT SALAMAT (SON OF LAKANDULA)

JUAN BANAL (TONDO CHIEF)

PITONGGATAN (CHIEF OF TONDO)

ESTEBAN TAES (CHIEF OF BULACAN)

PEDRO BALINGUIT (CHIEF OF PANDACAN)

FELIPE SALONGA (CHIEF OF POLO)

GERONIMO BASI (LAGAZPI’S BOTHER)

-DIONISIO FERNANDEZ serve as the translator to Legazpi and his fellow conspirator and the Japanese SEA
Captain JUAN GAYO

- LEGAZPI ask JUAN GAYO for arms and warriors to fight alongside them in exchange for one-half of the tributes
collected in the Philippines.

-They also requested help to some places such as BORNEO (BRUNEI, MALAY, INDONESIA), LAGUNA AND
BATANGAS with a plan to assault the city of Manila and assassinate the Spaniards

- However, their plan was discovered by the Spaniards when Magat Salamat revealed their plan to fellow
rebel Antonio Surabao, who turned out to be a traitor when he reported the conspiracy to the Spaniards.
Consequently, the rebels associated with the conspiracy were punished, with some being put to death and
others being exiled. The plot against the Spaniards died alongside them.

-Surabao tell this plan to his master namely Pedro Sarmiento (Spanish encomendero of Calamianes)

- Capt. Sarmiento rushed to manila and informed Gov. Gen Santiago De Vera of the existence of the conspiracy
against the Spanish government.

- DIONISIO FERNANDEZ WAS ARRESTED TOGETHER WITH THE OTHER PEOPLE INVOLVE
-LEGAZPI AND HIS COUSIN MARTIN WAS BRUTALLY HANGED, THEIR HEADS WERE CUT OFF AND PLACED IN IRON
CAGES TO REMIND INDIOS WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THEY BETRAY OR RISE A REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANIARDS
AND ITS GOVERNEMNT

-ALL OF THEIR PROPERTIES WERE ACQUIRED BY THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS THEIR HOMES

DIONISIO FERNANDEZ THE INTERPRETER WAS ALSO HANGED AND TAKEN AWAY HIS PROPERTIES

- MAGAT SALAMAT, GERONIMO BASI, ESTEBAN TAES were executed

- The rest were given lighter punishments such as heavy fines and some years of exile from their town
- PEDRO BALINGUIT, PITONGGATAN, FELIPE SALONGA, CALAO AND AGUSTIN MANUGUIT WERE EXILED
TO MEXICO

MAGALAT’S REVOLT, CAGAYAN (1596)

cause: Tribute

-during the reign of GOVERNOR FRANCISCO TELLO

-2 brothers decided to start a revolt against the colonial government because of a tax or tribute

-one named MAGALAT

- but immediately stop by authorities

-he and his men were kept in MANILA as exiles

-the Dominican missionaries ask the governor to pardon them after knowing the reason of their revolt

-it was granted

-after that MAGALAT went back to Cagayan to continue the revolt

-spaniards and natives were killed by the rebels

-the governor then send CAPTAIN PEDRO DE CHAVEZ to stop Magalat

-however MAGALAT remained undefeated

- so the Spaniards decided to assassinate him to stop his revolt because if it is an open battle, they cannot defeat
him

-MAGALAT was murdered in his home

REVOLT OF THE IGOROTS (1601)
Cause : refusal to accept new religion

- was a religious revolt in 1601 against Spanish attempts to Christianize the Igorot people of northern Luzon, in

the Philippines. 

-spaniards want to convert them into Christians

-sent expeditions to convert natives (under Lt. Mateo de Andrada)

-only political and military control was established because the Igorots want their religion as is.

REVOLT OF THE IRRAYAS, NORTHERN ISABELA IN THE CAGAYAN VALLEY (1621)

Cause: oppression of Spanish officials

-The revolt was led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay. (FELIPE CATABAY-OTHER BOOK)

-Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, a Dominican missionary tried stop the rebels from revolt

-they refuse the fathers peace treaty

-they respect father even though it is sided to the Spaniards

-rebels killed abusive Spanish

-after the bloody killing they went up to the rocky hill to build barricade or fortification

-father returned again for another peace treaty

- the revolt ended without a fight when the rebels heed the advice of Fr. Santo Tomas to surrender to the
government.

THE REVOLT OF LADIA (1643)

Cause: Spanish Oppression (Unjust Treatment)

-PEDRO LADIA – borneo (DESCENDANT OF RAJAH MATANDA) convince the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise
arms against the Spanish Government

-he was able to recruit men

-but before he can carry out his plans

-FR. CRISTOBAL ENRIQUEZ said that they should remain loyal to the Spain

-LADIA was arrested and executed in Manila

SUMOROY’S REVOLT, SAMAR (1649-50)

Cause: forced labor

-because of GOVERNOR DIEGO FAJARDO’s order to send men to the Cavite Shipyards people of Palagpag, Samar
resent him and together they rise a revolt led by JUAN SUMUROY

-they began their move on JUNE 1,1649, killing the curate(priest) in town

-the revolt were spread to ALBAY, CAMARINES, CEBU, MASBATE, CAMIGUIN and until to NORTHERN MINDANAO

-SUMUROY WON SEVERAL VICTORIES against the SPANISH-FIL FORCES

-Because of that a SPANISH COMMANDER offered large sum of money in exchange of SUMUROY’S HEAD

-the rebels send him the head of a pig instead

In JULY 1650, in darkness and rainfall, the gov. forces staged an assault on the native’s fort.

-the rebels were caught on surprise

-SUMUROY’S MOTHER died in the battle

-the revolt ended when the rebels individually surrender and the worst part of all

-the rebels, companion of SUMUROY beheaded SUMUROY and give it to the SPANISH COMMANDER.

MANIAGO’S REVOLT, PAMPANGA (1660)

Causes: frequent recruitment of men to cut timber in the mountains and Bandala

- Pampanga’s rice production suffered exceedingly from disruptive effects of POLO

- 1,000 pampangueno had been working for 8 months timber cutting (pagpuputol ng puno)
- This is to show their sentiments(saloobin) against the government
- They workers revolt and burn their campsite
- The workers chose DON FRANCISCO MANIAGO a chief from Mexico to be their LEADER
- The armed rebels gathered in Lubao under Maniago and another group made preparations in Bacolor
(Pampanga)
- They closed the mouths of the river with a stake (wooden pole pointed at the end)
 - They invite other chiefs in PANGASINAN, ILOCOS, CAGAYAN with a letter to join in revolt
- By the time they revolted, the Spanish Government owed the natives more than 200,000 pesos due to
unpaid rice purchases from the bandala system
- The Bandala System was a system implemented by Spanish authorities in the Philippines that required
native Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government.
- The Spaniards are threatened to the pampanguenos because they are military trained that’s why they
want to end the rebellion
- GOVERNOR MANRIQUE DE LARA began his movement by bringing with him 300 men in
MACABEBE,PAMPANGA
- Seeing the well armed Spaniards the pampanguenos showed cordiality---this cause distrust to one
another
- Governor Lara called JUAN MACAPAGAL (CHIEF OF ARAYAT) to side with the Government in exchange of
rewards – he agreed to it
- After that he went back to the ARAYAT to organized a force against the rebels
- His defection (traidor) discouraged other chiefs
- Parish priests as well as mercenary soldier were employed to demoralize(ipahiya) the rebels
- The Governor proposed partial payment for the Government’s debt -14,000 (186,000 left)
- MANIAGO AGREED PEACE WITH THE SPANIARDS, which brought peace to Pampanga
- Fearing Pangasinenses might fight back
- The PAMPANGUENOS themselves asked the Spaniards to put Garrison (military base) in the province,
one in LUBAO and one in ARAYAT
- From then on they never revolted against the Spanish Government again

-The maniago revolt was the start of much bigger and even bloodier revolt In Pangasinan

-This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against
the spaniards

ANDRES MALONG’S REVOLT, PANGASINAN (1660-61)

Causes: Spanish oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the people.

- Spurred (naganahan) by the Pampanguenos rebellion

- The natives of PANGASINAN also revolted in LINGAYEN DECEMBER 15, 1660
- Several spaniards were killed including alcalde mayor
- Because of the rebels success and gained followers
- ANDRES MALONG proclaimed himself as king and control the province under his, at the Binalatongan
(Now san carlos city)
- He appointed PEDRO GUMAPOS AS COUNT, FRANCISCO PACADUA AS JUDGE, JASINTO MACASIAG AND
MELCHOR DE VERA AS ARMY GENERALS
 - Letters were sent to the people of ILOCOS, ZAMBALES, PAMPANGA AND CAGAYAN inviting them to rise
a revolt against the Spaniards
- the Pampanguenos did not join because they already made a peace with the Spaniards
- to extend his sovereignty (nasasakupan) MALONG sent 6,000 men to Pampanga, 3,000 to Ilocos and
Cagayan
- he was left with 2,000 men in Pangasinan
- The Government troops led by DON FELIPE DE UGALDE and DON FRANCISCO ESTEBAN defeated
Malong’s Forces
- Malong hide in mountains but was caught alive and executed in Binalatongan together with MELCHOR
DE VERA, FRANCISCO PACADUA AND JASINTO MACASIAG IN 1661

THE REVOLT OF GUMAPOS (1661)

Causes: Continue Malong’s Revolt

- PEDRO GUMAPOS previous count of ANDRES MALONG

- he and his army of ZAMBALS (NATIVES OF ZAMBALES AND PANGASINAN) killed many Spaniards in
ILOCOS
- the Ilocanos did not join because of their loyalty (was to their property)
- during the Zambal invasion, the ilocanos hid their valuables in Bishop’s house and buried other
properties
- the bishop threatened the Zambals If they get anything from the churches or from his house
- but the Zambals did not listen
- revolt of gumapos ended after an encounter with a Spaniards
- 400 rebels were slain, GUMAPOS was taken as prisoner and soon expired by hanging in VIGAN, ILOCOS
SUR

THE REVOLT OF ALMAZAN (1660’S)

Cause: Personal Ambitions

- PEDRO ALMAZAN led the rebellion in ILOCOS

- He is a rich chief in San Nicolas, Manila
- Crowned himself as KING OF ILOCOS during the wedding ceremony of HIS SON to the daughter of
another chief
- He wore crown of the QUEEN OF THE ANGELS taken from the Church, which the rebels sacked (nalimas)
- They were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards suppressed (napigilan) them

DAGOHOY’S REVOLT, BOHOL (1744-1829)

Cause : refusal to give his brother a Christian Burial

-Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco’s Dagohoy’s brother a Christian burial because he died in a duel.

-He argued that this burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit priest because he died carrying the
missionary’s order (to arrest an apostate)

-The priest refused to bury his brother unless church offerings were given.

-The body were left decomposing for 3 days.

-Dagohoy got mad and convince the natives of bohol to revolt.

-He took around 300 men and women to the mountains far away to the Spanish authorities.

-They grew in number as people fled to the hills to avoid being recruited to the government.

-Because of the killing of Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Fr. Guiseppe Lamberti, The Spanish authorities killed
Dagohoy’s future father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest.

-Because of this, more people drove to join Dagohoy’s group.

-Afterwards, Father Morales was killed in cold blood.

-20 Spanish governors from Gaspar De la Torre (1739-45) to Juan Antonio Martinez (1822-25) tried to stop
the rebellion but failed.

-1740’s and 1750’s the Spanish government was preoccupied with the Muslim raids.

-1829, the rebellion ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,240 survivors and let them live in
the new villages.

-Nothing heard on how Dagohoy died, his autonomous lasted for 85 years.

SILANG’S REVOLT (1762-63)

Cause: His imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation

-The ilocanos are complaining unjust collection of tribute and the abuses of alcaldes mayores in the exercise
of indulto de comercio (it was meant to prevent them from using the Polo or Taxes from their own personal
needs and control the market)

-Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio Zabala (governor of ilocos) to consider the demands of natives.

-Zabala imprisoned Silang

-Silang’s followers and friend successfully worked for his released

 -Silang led the revolt and made the vigan the capital of his independent government

-It made him lost support from the principales

-Silang ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him and if resist,
they were to be slain.

-He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition, property of
the church were also taken.

-Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued a interdict (pagbabawal) against silang and his followers, and
encourage the ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebels.

-Silang imprisoned all of the latter’s followers.

-Spanish Governor Silmon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum (pagbabanta)

-Fearing that Anda was planning to march to Ilocos, silang decided to seek protection from the British.

-Silang died with an assassin’s bullet.

-Miguel Vicos (Spanish mestizo) who wished to take revenge on Silang and Pedro Becbec (trusted aide of
silang) conspired (make secret plans) to kill Silang in exchange of large amount of monetary award.

-Vicos shot Silang in the latter’s house.

-Gabriela Silang (Wife of Diego Silang) continued the fight

-Nicolas Carino (Silang’s uncle) temporarily took the command of the forces

-He and Gabriela attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over the government force.

-After the battle, Gabriela went to the forests of Abra and recruited Tingguians

-Another battle was fought at Cabugao but this time the rebels were beaten, Carino died.

-With her newly reorganized batallion, Gabriela marched towards Vigan, she rode on a fast horse and led
the troops in the combat but the attacked was repulsed (fight back) by the Spanish government.

-She went back again to Abra with her followers.

-Don Manuel De Arza (lieutenant governor of the northern Luzon) and his Cagayan warriors followed her
trails (bakas).

-With the help of Anayacs and Kalingas, they captured her and her surviving followers.

-They are executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

-Because she won many battles, Gabriela Silang was called the ‘’Joan of the Art’’ of the ilocos.
PALARIS’S REVOLT (1762-65)
Cause: Tribute, Spain’s loss of prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila

-Simultaneous (at the same time) with the silang revolt, was an uprising in Pangasinan

-The local people wanted the abolition of the tribute and the removal of Joaquin Gamboa (alcalde mayor) of
the province due to the irregularities in tax collection.

-Juan Dela Cruz Palaris led the revolt

-He urged the people to fight since the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat at the hands of
British in Manila.

-Don Mariano de Arza together with 3000 loyal focano soldiers put an end to revolt

-Palaris was publicly hanged.

Basi Revolt (1807)

Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786

- An alcohol monopoly is a government monopoly on manufacturing and/or retailing of some or all alcoholic
beverages, such as beer, wine and spirits. It can be used as an alternative for total prohibition of alcohol.

-Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were probihited to drink homemade Basi (wine
fermented from sugar cane)

-They were forced to buy wine from government stores

-The ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte rose in arms to fight for their favorite wine, basi.

-The rebellion spread to the neighboring towns, Badoc, and Santo Domingo

-The alcalde mayor together with strong force of regular troops attacked them in San Ildefonso the reason
the revolt was ended.

Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)

-The insulares (ANG INSULARES AY TUMUTUKOY SA MGA IPINANGANAK SA PILIPINAS NA MAY DUGONG
PURONG KASTILA ANG MGA MAGULANG) in the Philippines, as well as the creoles (mga taong pinaghalong
European at Black descent or ang mga kanunu-nunuan ay mga Negro or itim na tao) in other colonies of Spain
resented (bitterness) the extra privilages given to the peninsulares (TUMUTUKOY SA MGA ESPANYOL NA
NAKATIRA SA PILIPINAS NGUNIT IPINANGANAK SA ESPANYA).
 -The feeling of distrust and antagonism between the Peninsulares and the creoles became intense in the
early decades of 19th century

-The three Bayot brothers; Manuel, Jose and Joaquin (Sons of Colonel Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole
of Manila) conspired (secret plans) with other creole officers of the Batalion Real Principe, to overthrow the
government, which was dominated by the peninsulares.

-The plan of Bayot conspiracy was discovered

-Governor Mariano de folgueras alerted the Queens Regiment and surrounded the barracks of suspected
rebels with loyal troops and 15 cannons

-The bayots brothers were imprisoned after a trial.

NOTE: SPANIARDS WERE DIVIDED BETWEEN PENINSULARES BORN IN SPAIN AND INSULARES BORN IN THE
PHILIPPINES.

-although both were legally and ethnically Spaniards, PENINSULARES were rank higher than INSULARES,
from being born in Spain

-Peninsulares were called full-blooded Spaniards, while Insulares were called Filipinos.

-The highest officers in the government were given to Peninsulares.

Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule

Cause: Religious Freedom

-Apolinario Dela Cruz (known as Hermano Pule) went to manila to pursue priestly vocation under the
Dominican order

-He was not accepted because he was an Indian (native), at that time all religious orders were closed to
indios.

-Hermano Pule returned to Lukban, Tayabas Province (now quezon province) and founded the Cofradia de
San Jose (confraternity of St. Joseph) a nationalist fellowship which encourage the development of the practice
of Christian virtues.

-He sought the recognition of his brotherhood but the authorities banned his fraternity.

-despite of this, he carried on his religious movement at Barrio Isbane of Mt. Banahaw, then later to Camp
at Alitao, at the foot of Mt. Crsitobal

-His brotherhood attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas

-Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet (veteran Spanish combat commander) launched a massive assult on Alitao, killing
hundreds of defenseless men, women and children.
 -Hermano Pule was captured the following evening at Barrio banga and was executed

-The Spanish soldiers paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby kukban, his birthplace.

Muslim Wars (1578-1898)

The Muslim Wars were brought about by the following reasons:

1. The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu

2. The preservation of Islam and;
3. The love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars

Padjack – Tausug word means lease

Jihad- Holy War

300 years- war between the Muslim Filipinos and the Spaniards (aided by Christian filipinos)

Pearls- tributes given by the Spaniards after the fall of sulu

Moros- What Spaniards called Muslim

Fort Pilar – it is the building of the stone fort in the province, it is named in honor of nuestra senora del pilar, the
patroness of Zamboanga which helped the government forces in their campaign against the natives.

Ilihan- a hill where kudarat retreated

Moro-Moro performance- a stage play about the contending Christians and Muslims with the former emerging
as victors.

The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

1. Spread of Liberism
2. Sentiment Against the principals
3. Racial Prejudice
4. Secularization controversy
5. The cavite Munity 1872
1. Nationalism- love of country with all its inhabitants finding commonality and aspiration towards a goal
that transcends local borders.
 - identification of one’s own nation and support to its interest, especially to the exclusion or detriment
of the interest of other nations

Patriotism- is the feeling of love, devotion and sense of attachment to a homeland allegiance with other
citizens who share the same sentiment

- feeling and personal devotion or concern for one’s country

2. Nationalism- bigger dimension referring to general temperament

Patriotism- is a personal sentiment exhibited by individuals

Nationalism
-sense of belonging
-recognition and appreciation of a common historical past and cultural tradition
-not a product of sudden outburst sentiment
-It is brought by political, economic, social and intellectual factors that develop in a certain stage in
history
-evolved like a seed nourished by common ideals and aspirations
-freedom from the conquerors (SUBJUGATED LANDS)
-freedom to enjoy inalienable rights of man (CONTEMPORARY TIMES)

1. Spread of Liberalism
- Send their children to schools giving them exposure to libertarian ideals

Masonry- freethinking, anticlerical, and humanitarian

- The children are aware of the repressive policy of the Spanish, thus making themselves more outspoken
on the excesses of the friars.

2. Sentiment against the principals

- Dissatisfaction against the principals (landowning, propertied citizen)
- Having doubt to the local aristocracy due to their proportion of influence in the society

3. Racial Prejudice
- Inferior race- as what Spaniards regarded the Filipino natives
- Indios – as what Spaniards haughtily called filipinos
- The Spaniards think that filipino has a ‘’Limited intelligence’’ that couldn’t rise as their own
- Jose rizal with the Sucesos de las islas Filipinas of Antonio De morga – proved wrong the allegations of
the Spaniards that filipino wre savages and had no culture prior to the coming of the western colonizers

4. Cultural Changes
- Higher education was implemented
- Young men and Chinese mestizo and native families- can take up law, medicine and pharmacy
 - The ilustrados (enlighted ones)- see the repressive colonial policies of spain, enlightened with liberal
ideas.

5. Secularization Controversy

- The parishes vacated by the Jesuits were given to the native seculars

6. Cavite Mutiny 1872

- Filipino soldiers and dock workers killed their Spanish officers as an expression of protest.

-They were executed after.

-The execution of GOM-BUR-ZA growth the number of Filipino nationalisms

- Nationhood- coincided the development of the concept of Filipinos

- Esponales insulares, mestizos de sangley, native elite was united

Propaganda Movement and the Katipunan

-Propagandists called for peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the Philippines form being
the colony to a province of spain
- They believe that it would be better if the filipinos would become Spanish citizens to enjoy the same
rights and privilages
-Its aderents did not seek independence but reforms
- adherents=propagandist
- reforms;
1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws
2. Restoration of the Philippine representations in the Spanish cortes
3. Secularization of Philippine parishes (secularization transform into filipinization)
4. the expulsion of the friars
5. Human rights for filipinos , such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to
meet and petition for redress of grievances
6. abolition of polo and bandala
7. Equal opportunity for filipinos and Spaniard to enter government service
8. creation of a public school system independent friars

Propagandists

-Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots, and who had been to spain for their studies are the people who joined
- They were 20-30’s filipinos

-Came from the best, brightest and riches families in the Philippines

-College students or professionals

-Men of intelligence, courage and patriotism

Propagandists
1. Jose rizal
- -Physician-novelist
- -Noli me tangere- reflected the defects of the Spanish rules in the Philippines or the abusive of
the friars
- -El filibusterismo
- -Founder of La Liga Filipina
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Lawyer- journalist from Bulacan
- Diariong tagalog- first bilingual newspaper
- Dasalan at Toksohan
- Hail mary, Lord’s prayer, the apostles creed and Ten commandment, The act of Contrition and
Catechism
3. Graciano Lopez
- Fray Botod or Friar Potbelly
- Parodied religious literature
4. Mariano Ponce- Physician Journalist
5. Antonio Luna- Pharmacist and essayist
6. Juan Luna- painter, known for his monumental painting Spolarium
7. Felik Ressurection Hidalgo- Painter, Virgenes Christians Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Rabble)
8. Dr. Pedro A. Paterno- lawyer, poet and historian
9. Jose Ma. Panganiban – linguist and essayist
10. Jose Alejandrino- engineer and writer
11. Fernando Canon- engineer, poet and musician
12. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- teacher and lexicographer
13. Isabelo Delos Reyes- folklorist and newspaperman (historian and journalist)
14. Dominador Gomez- Physician-orator

La Solidaridad (Solidarity)
- Established in Barcelona
 - This took place at a traditional eve banquet
- La solidaridad newspaper founded in Barcelona
- Marcelo Del Pilar Joined

The contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos Like:

1. M.H Del Pilar (Plaridel)

2. Dr, Jose Rizal (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
3. Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, Tigbalang)
4. Antonio Luna (Tagalog)
5. Some foreigners like Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt and Dr. Morayta

Freemasonry
- Many filipino propagandist turned masons to get helped from the masons in spain and other
countries for the refoms
- Revolucion- first filipino masonic lodge
- The lodge solaridaridad was organized In Madrid
- It is prospered that the other filipinos joined it including Dr. Jose Rizal, Pedro Serrano Laktaw,
Baldomaro Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others

La liga Filipina
Constitution of La Liga Filipina- Jose rizal wrote it while in hongkong with the help of Jose Ma. Basa

Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila

Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)- served as an avowal of their ideals, based on its constitution

- Each member of the league had to pay 10 centavos as monthly dues

- They ought to choose symbolic name
- It alarmed the Spanish authorities

Dapitan, Zamboanga Del norte- deportation place of rizal

The Katipunan
- Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation and then independence

KKK- kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga anak ng Bayan

Triangle Method- original members would recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew
the original member who took them in.
25 centavos (one real fuerte)- Payment of entrance fee

12 centavos (medio real) - Monthly due

Kataastaasang Sanggunian (supreme council)- the central government of the Katipunan

Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)- in each province

Sangguninang Balangay (Popular Council)- in each town

Sangguninang Hukuman (Judicial Council)- judicial power secret chamber

Katipon (Associate) – black mass

Password: Anak ng bayan (sons of people)

Kawal (Soldier)- green mask

Password: GOM-BUR-ZA

Bayani (Patriot)- red mask

Password: Rizal

Flag of Katipunan- red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K’s arranged horizontally at the center

- Others have their flag arranged three Ks in the form of triangle

- Others had one K at the center of the flag

Kartilya- from the Spanish word Cartilla which meant for primer for grade school students, it composed of 13
teachings.

Katungkulang gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan

1.love of God; love of country and one's fellowmen

2. diligence in work

3. sharing of ones means with the poor

4. punishment of scoundrel’s and traitors

5. and the guarding of the mandates and aims of KKK.

Three Question asked to the Katipunan applicants

1. What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?

2. What is the condition of the country today?
3. What will the Philippines be tomorrow?"
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ( What the Filipino Should know)- it is attributed to Bonifacio and that was
published in the newspaper Kalayaan.

Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Cavite- recruited members of the katipunan

Pamitinan Cave (Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on Mt. Tipus in the Mountain Ranges of San Mateo, Montalban-
where Bonifacio and his companions entered

VIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA FILIPINA- wrote on the cave wall in Spanish

The revolution of 1896

Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, North of Manila- house of tandang sora, where the katipuneros met

Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin- Long Live The Philippines! Long Live The Katipunan! screamed of the
katipuneros while tore their Cedulas personales (certificates)

Haedene Bato, Mandaluyong – Bonifacio gave his last manifesto

Battle of the Pinaglabanan- Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot).

Balara- Where Bonifacio and his surviving men retreated

Pasong putik, Novaliches (Bilibid Prison)- where melchora jailed because of giving aid to the katipuneros.

Seven Luzon Provinces under martial Law- Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and
Tarlac

48 hours- hours given to those who surrender after the publication of decree would pardoned expect for the
leaders

Plaza de Armaz, near the Fort of san felipe in Cavite- death of 13 people called Los Trece Martires (The thirteen
martyrs of Cavite)

Sedition, Rebellion and Illicit Associations- charges to rizal that’s why he executed

Date and place of rizal’s execution- Bagumbayan Field (Luneta) December 30, 1896 at 7:03

8 spanish and 8 filipino soldiers, firing squad- people who executed rizal

Kakarong Republic- 6,000 men and women were members

Two Katipunan Councils in Cavite- The Magdalo Council, The Magdiwang Council

The Magdiwang Council- Noveleta, later in San Francisco de Malabon (now general Trias)

The Magdalo Council- Imus, Cavite

Bonifacio conducted the meeting, among the issued discussed were:

 1. Establishment of a revolutionary government under the new elected officials
2. Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under a single command. The magdali faction believed that
with the outbreak of revolution, the Katipunan has ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be
replace by new one.
- The magdiwang insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government because
the Katipunan was actually a government with a constitution and by laws recognized by
everyone

Acta De Tejeros- document signed by Bonifacio and 44 others

The document reiected the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo on the following grounds:

4. The Tejeros assembly lack legality;

5. There was a Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership:
6. The election of official was fraudulent and
4. Actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency

Limbon (barrio of Indang)- where Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and
loyal followers fled

Naic- Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken prisoners and brought
to

Charges put to Bonifacio- treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.

Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit)- the Magdalo troops led by Candido Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison.

General Miong- according to Cavitenos, and they also recognized Aguinaldo as man of Distinguished valor

The letter - ordered the execution of Andres and his brother Procopio, included in the letter was a warning
that failure to comply with the order would result to severe punishment.

Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to National Historical Institute)- execution place of Bonifacio and
his brother

The Biak-Na-Bato Republic.

It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish monarchy and
the formation of the Philippine Independent State.

On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated and the officials were:

6) Emilio Aguinaldo - President

 7) Mariano Trias - Vice President

8) Isabelo Artacho - Secretary of the Interior

9) Antonio Montenegro - Secretary of foreign Affairs

10) Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of the Treasury

6) Emliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of war

Pact of Biak-na-Bato- resulted to the voluntary exiled of Aguinaldo and his men to Hong Kong. This pact
consists of three documents. The first were signed on December 14, and the third on December 15, 1897.

Lingayen Pangasinan- Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went from where a Spanish merchant
Steamer was to take them to Hong Kong

Malolos- General Isidro Torres established his camp to continue the revolutionary spirit.
The Spanish American war
Factors that contributed to the US decision to open hostilities against Spain.

1. the Cuban struggle for Independence

2. Efforts of the American to extend influence overseas
3. The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.
- The Conclusion of the Spanish - American war, which resulted to the victory of the Americans
paved the way to the end of the Spanish Colonial rule and the rise of the United States as global
power.

Filipino - American Collaboration

Singapore- where General Emilio Aguinaldo had negotiations with the American consul general, Mr. E.
Spencer Pratt, regarding the American's offer to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.

The Battle of Manila Bay - May 1, 1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spanish
forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded.

- This battle made Dewey instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later
Admiral.
- The Capture of Manila bay was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and his group
commanded by General Gregorio Del Pilar, Pio Del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel,
among others, surrounded the city.
- This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit.
- Dewey's Squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city
walls.
- Aguinaldo's men had cut off the supply of foodstuffs and potable water in the city. The populace
suffered terribly during the siege.
- Aguinaldo offered Governor General Agustin terms for an honorable surrendered but the latter
rejected him.
- Dewey demanded the surrendered of Manila on August 7. Consequently, the Spanish governor
general honorably conceded.
1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901
One way to remember the first president of the Philippines First Republic is to look at the five
peso coin. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's face used to grace the five peso bill (which is not used
anymore). The back of the bill shows him holding the Philippine flag at the celebration of the
Philippine Independence Day.

Contributions and Achievements:

 first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolos Republic)

 signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine
revolutionaries
 known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
 led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War
 youngest president, taking office at age 28
 longest-lived president, passing away at 94

2. Manuel L. Quezon, 1935-1944

After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis
Quezon first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National
Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

Contributions and Achievements:

 first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

 first president elected through a national election
 first president under the Commonwealth
 created National Council of Education
 initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
 approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
 appears on the twenty-peso bill
 a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him
 his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle
3. José P. Laurel, 1943-1945
José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker
during the Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment
for treason was superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948.

Contributions and Achievements:

 since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines
 organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for
Service to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation
 declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in
1944
 with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines

4. Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the
Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.

Contributions and Achievements:

 became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office
 first Visayan to become president
 joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin
restoration of Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation
 Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International
Monetary Fund during his presidency
 Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency
 appears on the 50-peso bill

5. Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948

Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the
Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only
one year, 10 months, and 18 days.

Contributions and Achievements:

 inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II
  reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his
presidency
 under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were
accepted by Congress
 appears on the 100-peso bill

6. Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948,
Quirino became president.

Contributions and Achievements:

 Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency

 created Social Security Commission
 created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
 Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

7. Ramon Magsaysay, 1953-1957

Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer.
He died in an aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane.

Contributions and Achievements:

 Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency

 chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
 first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration
 presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption
 Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his
presidency
 established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among
other agrarian reforms

8. Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961

A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the
Pacific War. Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as
secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in
1957.
Contributions and Achievements:

 known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors
 established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
 known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
 cultural arts was revived during his term
 was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

9. Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

 established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to
be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless
 placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market
 declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day
 signed the Minimum Wage Law
 created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

10. Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1986

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for
three years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship
was known for its corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People
Power Revolution.

Contributions and Achievements:

 first president to win a second term

 declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
 increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
 by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
 by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
 built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former
presidents combined
 the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt
11. Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992
he first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an
Asian country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the
People Power Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship. Her husband,
Benigno Aquino Jr., was a senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was
assassinated while Marcos was still in power.

Contributions and Achievements:

 first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

 restored democracy
 abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the
Philippines
 reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government
Code, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government
 initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy
 named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine
 on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
Received honors and awards including:

 100 Women Who Shaped World History

 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
 65 Great Asian Heroes
 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

12. Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998

Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became
president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and
stability in the country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far
the only, non-Catholic president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

 oversaw Philippine economic growth

 presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998
 received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)
  hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines
in 1996
 Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency
 death penalty reinstated while he was in office
 signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

13. Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001

Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His
presidency was controversial. During his years in office economic growth was slow and he
faced impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later
convicted of stealing from the government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for
president in 2010.

Contributions and Achievements:

 during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were
captured
 joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
 cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
 among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S.
control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, president of the Philippines (and the second female president).
The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure improvements
and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy. The so-called
"Hello Garci" controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering the rigging of the
election that put her in office. In 2005 Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related to the recordings
but the impeachment failed. After she had left office Arroyo faced additional charges of election fraud
and misuse of state funds.

Contributions and Achievements:

 second female president of the country

 first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far
 first president to take oath outside Luzon
 former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current
president Benigno Aquino III was one of her students
 ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh
School of Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status
  oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her
 peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
 eVAT Law was implemented under her term
 currently on the 200-peso bill

15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-present

Benigno Aquino III joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency.
He is the first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children.

Contributions and Achievements:

 created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

 appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local
Government in 2010, where Robredo served until his death in 2012
 initiated K-12 education in the Philippines
 renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations
Office and appointed new officers
 suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation
and Government Financial Institution board members
 oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012

Rodrigo Duterte (2016–present)

Further information: Rodrigo Duterte

 First President from Mindanao.

 First Local Chief Executive to be elected president.
 First septuagenarian president. He turned 70 in March 2015 and was elected in May 2016 at the
age of 71.
 First president to visit Israel while in office.

UNIT 6

Filipino Nationalism and Birth of the Nation

People
Governor Guido de Lavezaris

 Change Legazpi’s policy, no longer exempted the native rulers and their descendant from paying tribute
 Ordered to confiscate patrimonial land properties from the native rulers
 Ask Filipino natives in driving away Lim-Ah-Hong

Lim-Ah-Hong - Attack Manila in 1574

Lakandula and Sulayman - Native rulers, decided to rise in arms because of the change in policy

Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin - Sent by Lavaeiz to persuade them not to carry their plan

Tondo Conspiracy (Planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in the country)

Agustin de Legazpi - Nephew of Lakandula, captured and brutally hanged

Martin Pangan – Gobernadorcillo of Tondo, captured and brutally hanged

Magat Salamat and Esteban Taes – Son of Lakandula, captured and executed

Geronimo Basi – Brother of Agustin de Legazpi, capture and executed

Juan Banal, Pitonggatan – Tondo Chiefs, exiled to Mexico

Pedro Balinguit – Chief of Pandacan, exiled to Mexico

Felipe Salonga – Chief of Polo, exiled to Mexico

Calao and Agustin Manuguit – One of the leading members of conspiracy, exiled to Mexico

Dionisio Fernandez

 A Japanese Christian who helped Agustin de Legazpi to contact a Japanese Captain

 Captured and hanged, his property was confiscated

Juan Gayo – Japanese sea captain who was asked by Legazpi to get arms with them in fighting Spaniards

Antonio Surabao – Cuyo native who was pretending to be a supporter, revealed it to his master Surabao

Pedro Sarmiento – A Spanish Encomendero who informed Governor General de Vera about the conspiracy

Governor Francisco Tello

 Governor in Cagayan on 1596

  Sent Captain Pedro de Chavez to quell the revolt

Magalat

 Instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in arms because of the latter’s arbitrary levy collection
 Was murdered in his own house by native assassins

Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas

 Dominican missionary who tried to convince the rebels lead by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay to avoid
uprising
 Returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down promising that they would be pardoned and remedy the
grievances

Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay

 Led the Irrayas to rebellion, killing oppressive encomenderos and burning their houses

Tamblot

 A Babaylan that reported the appearance of Diwata and promised the people a life of abundance
 Persuaded the natives to abandon the Catholic religion and rise against the Spaniards

Don Juan de Alcarazo

 Alcalde Mayor sent expedition of 50 Spaniards and 1,00 natives from Cebu and Pampanga to stop the
revolt of Tamblot
 Sent 40 fleet vessels manned by hundreds of Cebuanos and some Spanish arquebusiers to Leyte

Bankaw

 The aged chieftain of Limasawa

 First local leaders who received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
 Previously converted to Christianity but led the people of Carigara, Leyte to rise in arms in defense of
their old religion

Pagali – A native priest in Leyte

Fr. Melchor de Vera - A Jesuit who went to Cebu to warned Alcarazo about the uprising in Leyte

Pedro Ladia

 A native of Borneo, who claimed to be a descendant of Rajah Matanda

 Instigated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to rise in arms against the Spanish government

Fr. Cristobal Enriquez – Already entreated the people of Malolos, Bulacan to remain loyal to Spain
Dabao

 Manobo chieftain in Northern Mindanao

 Plans to kill religious and all Spanish soldiers in the fort
 Take advantage of the hunt down of a thief, offered himself to catch it, took his men to act as prisoner,
just when the prisoner was executed, he attacked the captain and the prisoner joined him, all Spaniards
in the garrison were killed

Governor Diego Fajardo

 Offered amnesty to the rebels to end the northern Mindanao rebellion

 Order to send men to Cavite shipyards

Juan Sumuroy

 lead the people of Palapag, Samar to rose in arms against the government
 Was killed by the rebels themselves and brought his head to the Spanish commander

Don Francisco Maniago

 A chief from the village of Mexico

 Lead the workers to mutinied and set their camp on fire
 Gathered armed rebels in Lubao
 Concluded an Agreement with Spaniards which brought out peace in Pampanga

Governor Manrique de Lara

 Tried to stop the Maniago’s revolt with a show of force, bringing with him 300 men in Macabebe
 Called Juan Macapagal and promised to be treated well if he sides on the Spanish government

Juan Macapagal – Chief of Arayat

Andres Malongs’ Revolt

Andres Malong

 Proclaimed himself as a king

 Sent 6,000 men to Pampanga, 3,000 men to Ilocos and Cagayan, leaving 2,000 men in Pangasinan
 Placed the province of Binalotongan under rebel control
 Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others

Francisco Pacadua – Appointed as Judge, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others

Jacinto Macasiag – Army General, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with other
Melchor de Verra – Army General, Executed in 1661 In Binalotongan, together with others

Pedro Gumapos

 Appointed as Count
 Continued Andres Malong’s Revolt
 Killed many Spaniards in Ilocos together with his Zambal army
 Was taken as prisoner and later hanged in Vigan

Don Felipe Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban – Outmaneuvered Malong in Pangasinan and captured them alive

Pedro Almazan

 A rich chief of San Nicolas

 Crown himself as the King of Ilocos wearing the crown of Queen of Angels taken from the church

Tapar

 A native of Panay who wants to establish areligious cult in Oton

 Attracted many followers with his stories about his frequent encounter with a demon
 Tapar and his men were killed, their corpses were impaled on stakes

Father Gaspar Morales

 Denied Francisco Dagohoy’s brother a Christian burial because the latter died in a duel
 Father Morales was killed in cold blood

Francisco Dagohoy

 Incited the natives of Bohol to revolt

 Set up a self-sustaining community far from Spanish authorities
 Raided the Jesuit estate of San Javier
 Killed Italian Jesuit curate in Jagna, Father Guiseppe Lambeti
 Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta
 Bishop in Cebu, tried to pacify the rebels through negotiations
 Ended the rebellion when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to
live in the new village

Diego Silang

 Appealed to Don Antonio Zabala about the anomalous collection of tributes

 Led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital of independent government
 Ordered that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him
  Imposed fine of 100 pesos on priest but lowered to 80 on their petition
 Accepted the British offer of friendship to fight against the Spaniards
 Silang’s leadership ended with an assassin’s bullet

Bishop Bernardo Ustariz – Exhorted the Ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebel’s cause

Governor Simon de Anda – Sent Silang ultimatum

Miguel Vicos

 A Spanish Mestizo wished to take revenge on Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for a large amount
of money
 Vicos shot Silang in the Latter’s house

Pedro Becbec

 A trusted aide of Silang, conspired to kill the rebel leader for large amount of money

Gabriela Silang

 Wife of Diego Silang

 Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over government forces
 Went to the forest of Abra and recruited the Tingguians (Itnegs)
 Was executed together with her companion in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Nicolas Carino

 Silang’s Uncle
 Temporary took the command of the forces
 Attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos together with Gabriela Silang and won over government forces
 Perished in Action at the battle fought at Cabugao

Joaquin Gamboa – An Alcalde Mayor in Pangasinan who has irregularities in tax collection

Juan de la Cruz Palaris

 Lead the rebellion at the town of Binalotongan

 Urged people to fight since Spaniards were weak because of defeat in the hands of British
 Rebellion was suppressed and he was publicly hanged

Don Mariano de Arza - Suppressed the Revolt of Polaris together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano soldiers

Ventura de los Reyes – A Filipino, one of the signatories of the Cadiz Constitution

King Ferdinand VII – A despotic ruler who abolished the Spanish Constitution of 1812 (Cadiz Constitution)
Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin Bayot - Conspired with creole officers of the Battalion Real Principe to overthrow the
government

Colonel Francisco Bayot – a prominent creole of Manila, father of the three conspirators

Governor Mariano de Folgueras - alerted the queen’s regiment, captured the 3 Bayot brothers

Apolinario de la Cruz

 Went to /manila to pursue priestly, rejected

 Known as Hermano Pule
 Founded the Cofradia de San Jose or Confraternity of St. Joseph
 Sought recognition but rejected, still continued his religious movement
 Was captured and executed, paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to Lucban, his birthplace

Sergeant Irineo Samaniego -Tayabas regiment with him leading, they secretly planned to rise in arms

Governor Francisco de Sande - sent forces to Jolo after his victorious battle in Borneo for the Spanish Crown

Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa – Command the forces that attacked Jolo

Sultan Pangiran Budiman (Muhammad ul-Halim) – resisted the attack, however, Sulu fell into Spanish hands

Sirungan and Salikala – Prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4,00 warriors

Don Juan Garcia de Sierra

 An Alcalde Mayor in Visayas

 Commanded 1,00 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers
 Repulsed the raid but died in battle

Father Melchor de Vera – Began the building of the stone fort along with 1,00 Visayans

Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat – held power in regions from the gulf of Davao all the way to Dapitan in
year 16000 – 1665

Governor Corcuera – Captured Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat ‘s capital in Cotabato, defeats Sultan Kudarat

Sultan Alimud Din I

 Deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship with Spaniards

 Was baptized to Christianity, later named Don Fernando Alimud Din I
  First Christian sultan of Jolo
 His sone Israel and daughter Fatima was converted to Christianity and given education to manila
 Was rescued by British troops in Pasig and later restored him his throned in Jolo

Governor General Francisco de Obando – wanted Alimud Din I to regain his throne in Jolo

Governor General Pedro de Arandia – Obando’s successor, released Alimud Din I

Governor General Narcisco Claveria – using new steamships, attacked the Samals at Balanguingui

Governor General Antonio de Urbiz - tondo left Manila for Zamboanga to subjugate the Muslims of Sulu

Admiral Jose Malcampo – Became the Spanish Governor General, prepare a mighty armada for the invasion of
Jolo

Sultan Jamalul A’lam

 Worked with peace with the Spaniards

 Transfer his capital to Maumbung
 Lease Sabah (northern Borneo) to a British company

Mr. Alfred Dent – an Englishman

Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck – An Austrian of British North Borneo company

Governor General Emilio Terrero - led the invasion to Cotabato to subdue the Moro Maguindanao’s

Datu Utto – Defended The territory and give heavy blow to Governor Terrero’s force, forcing them to return to
Manila

Governor General Valeriano Weyler

 Known as the “Butcher” for his ruthless suppression of early revolts in Cuba
 He won the first Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake
 Failed to Conquer Lanao and Cotabato

Datu Amai Pakpak

 Defender of Marawi, was able to escape

 Recruited more warriors to fight against Spanish invaders
 Died in the second battle of Marawi

Datu Alo Jimbangan – Defeated Weyler in Cotabato together with fierce krismen

Governor General Ramon Blanco

  Invaded Lanao lake region, attacked Marawi
 Won the battle but failed to conquer
 Issued a decree declaring a state of war in Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija, Tarlac

Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre - Benevolent governor who inspired Filipinos to sustain their
campaign for reforms in country

Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo – Replaced de la Torre and discarded all liberal measures and reforms
made by de la Torre

Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora

 Accused of alleged conspiracy, sentenced to death by Garrote

 Hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism

Marccelo H. Del Pilar

 A Lawyer and a Journalist from Bulacan

 Helped to establish the Diariong Tagalog, he became the editor of the Tagalog section
 Released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Mockeries)
 Became the last editor of La solaridad, pen name (Plaridel)
 Organized Lodge Solaridad with the help of Julio Llerente

Graciano Lopez Jaena

 Wrote “Fray Botod” or “Friar Potbelly”

 Founded a forthrightly newspaper, L asolaridad
 Founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge Revolucion in Barcelona

Jose Rizal

 Born in Calamba, Laguna

 Went to Spain and studied medicine at Universidad Central de Madrid
 Wrote Noli me Tangere
 Pen name (Dimas Alang, Laong Laan)
 Honorary President of the Katipunan

Pedro Paterno

 Lawyer
  Sent by Governor General Rivera to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotiations

Antonio Luna – Pharmacist and essayist, pen name (Taga-Ilog)

Pedro Serrano Laktaw – teacher/tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon

Isabelo de los Reyes – Folklorist and newspaperman

Juan Luna – Painting, Spolarium

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo – Virgenes Cristianas Expestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble)

Juan Atayde – Spaniard born in Manila, founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Miguel Morayta

 Rizal’s professor at Central Universidad of Madrid

 Founded Circulo Hispano-Filipino

Pedro Laktaw – sent by del Pilar to establish the first Masonic Lodge in Philippines

Rosario Villaruel – First woman to be admitted as mason

Domingo Franco – Led Los Compromisionarios or Cuerpo de Comprimarios who support propaganda movement
in Spain

Apolinario Mabini – Wrote the original statues of the Katipunan’s Kartilla

Emilio Jacinto

 Translated Katipunan’s Kartilla into Tagalog

 Supervised two patriotic printers on printing Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan

Faustino Duque and Ulpiano Fernandez – Patriotic printers who printed the Kalayaan

Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio’s wife

Josefa Rizal – elected as president of the La Semilla

Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus – made the first official flag of the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio

 Elected as president in Katipunan on 3 rd election up to 5th

 Also known as “Supremo”
 Wrote Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the Country)
 Led the attack to the Polverin in San Juan, known as Battle of Pinaglaban
Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban – Came back from Australia, and donated their 1,000 php to bought and
old hand press for Katipunan

Macario Sakay

 One of the leaders of Katipunan that led fights against Spaniards

 distributor of the copies of Kalayaan

Pio del Pillar

 Distributor of the copies of Kalayaan

 Testified in Bonifacio’s case saying that he had been forcing officers to join him

Aurelio Tolentino – wrote “Viva La Independencia Filipina!” in Spanish on Pamitinan cave

Dr. Pio Valenzuela – Went to dapitan under Bonifacio’s command to get Dr. Rizal’s support for the armed
revolution

Raymundo Mata – Blind man who was brought by Dr. Valenzuela to Rizal to cover his real mission

Manuel Sityar

 Spanish Lieutenant who stationed at the Pasig that reports questionable activities of Filipinos
 Later became the Director of the Military Academy of Malolos

Teodoro Patino – Member of Katipunan that betrayed the secrecy and revealed it to Agustinian Curate

Father Mariano Gil – An Agustinian parish curate who discovered Katipunan

Melchora Aquino – Also known as Tandang Sora, allowing the Katipunan to use her house for their meeting
located Balintawak

The 13 Martyrs 0f Cavite

Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito
Conchu, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio

Governor Camilo Polavieja

 Approved the verdict of Rizal execution

 Launched an all-0out offensive in Cavite

General Lachambre – Captured the town of Silang

General Antonio Zabala – Captured the town of Dasmarinas, Cavite. Died in Battle of Salitran by Yengko’s troops

General Flaviano Yengko

  Youngest general of the Philippine revolution being younger than General Gregorio del pilar by one year,
two months and seven days
 defended the Salitran in Dasmarinas, Cavite

Candido Tria Tirona – Led the Magdalo troops on attacked on enemy garrison at Cavite el Viejo, died in Battle of
Binakayan

General Eusebio Aguirre

 Also known as Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo

 Commanded Aguinaldo and his men on attacked to the Spanish troops stationed at Imus
 Led the kakarong republic

General Ollaguerfueliu – Launched a massive assault to kakarong republic, won

Emilio Aguinaldo

 Entitled Heneral Miong and no longer Capitan Miong

 Gained popularity when he beaten a sergeant of Guardia Civil in a single combat
 Liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas from Spaniards

General Edilberto Evangelista

 An Engineer trained in Belgium who build the trenches for Katipunan

 Tried to Reconcile the Magdalo and Magdiwang Council by drafting a constitution

Francisco del Castillo – Led the attacked in a Spanish Garrison in Aklan, failed and died

Baldomero Aguinaldo – Aguinaldo’s cousin, head of Magdalo Council

Mariano Alvarez – Uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, head of Magdiwang Council

Ciriaco and Procopio – Brother of Bonifacio

Josephine Bracken – Dr. Jose Rizal’s widow

Major Lazaro Makapagal

 informed Aguinaldo about Bonifacio’s plan

 Executed Bonifacio and his brother Pocarpio

Placido Martinez – Defense attorney for Bonifacio, Teodoro Gonzales – Defense Attorney for Procopio

Severino de las Alas - He made the false charges against Bonifacio

The following are the charges

  The friars bribed Bonifacio to establish the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into fighting war for which
they were poorly armed
 Bonifacio ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang and that bis soldiers are stealing
from people
 Bonifacio and his men were planning to surrender to the Spaniards

Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron – Told the council that Bonifacio gave him 10 pesos to kill Aguinaldo

General Licerio Geronimo – Leader of the Morong freedom fighters

Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera

 Replaced General Camilo de Polavieja

 Issued a decree granting pardon to rebels
 Sent Pedro Paterno to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful negotations with the revolutionaries


Colonel Dujiols – Attacked rebel camp at Mount Puray, defeated

Department of Central Luzon under the Jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Army

President - Father Pedro Dandan, canonist of the Manila Cathedral

Vice President – Dr. Anastacio Francisco

Secretary of the Treasury – Paciano Rizal

Secretary of War – Cipriano Pacheco

Secretary of the Interior – Teodoro Gonzales

Secretary of Welfare – Feliciano Jocson, incited patriots in Manila to continue the fight against Spaniards after
the Biak-na-Bato Pact

General Mariano Llanera – Troops in Nueva Ecija who assaults Spaniards in Central Luzon Provinces

Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer – Wrote the provisional constitution which was based on Cuban Constitution
known as Jimaguayu Constitution

Officials of Biak-na-Bato Republic

President – Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice President – Mariano Trias

Secretary of the Interior – Isabelo Artacho

Secretary of Foreign Affair – Antonio Montenegro

Secretary of the Treasury - Baldomero Aguinaldo

Secretary of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios

General Artemio Ricarte – Stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the surrender of arms by the
Revolutionaries

Pantaleon Villegas – Known as Leon Kilat, incited a revolt in Cebu known as Tres de Abril

General Francisco Makabulos

 From Tarlac
 Established a provincial revolutionary government in Central Luzon until a general government for the
republic was established
 Wrote his own Constitution, The Makabulos Constitution

General Isidro Torres - Established his camp in Malolos to continue the revolutionary spirit

Jose Marti – Led the Cubans revolted in 1895

Mr. E. Spencer Pratt – American Consul General who had negotations with Aguinaldo

George Dewey

 Commander of the Asiatic Squadron

 Incurred heavy damage to Admiral Patricio Montojo of the Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay

Admiral Von Diedrichs – Led 8 warships to protect the interest of Germany to Philippines

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Advised Aguinaldo to revoke the authority of Biak-na-Bato and establish a new
government

Governor General Basilio Augustin - Instituted a Consultative Assembly and want to settle the war with the
projected reforms