OPEN CHANNEL FLOW QUESTIONS

1. There is a free overfall at the end of a long open 4. A rectangular open channel of width 4.5 m is
channel. For a given flow rate, the critical depth carrying a discharge of 100 m3/sec. The critical
is less than the normal depth. What gradually depth of the channel is
varied flow profile will occur in the channel for (a) 7.09 m (b) 3.69 m
this flow rate ? (c) 2.16 m (d) 1.31 m
(a) M1 (b) M2
(c) M3 (d) S1
5. Consider the following factors :
1. The change in the shape and size of the
2. A triangular open channel has a vertex angle of channel cross-section
90º and carries flow at a critical depth of 0.30 m. 2. The change in the slope of the channel
The discharge in the channel is 3. The presence of obstruction
(a) 0.08 m3/s (b) 0.11 m3/s 4. The change in the frictional forces at the
(c) 0.15 m3/s (d) 0.2 m3/s boundaries

Which of the above factors would cause a

3. The flow rate in a wide rectangular open channel gradually varied flow ?
is 2.0 m3/s per metre width. The channel bed (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
slope is 0.002. The Manning's roughness (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only
coefficient is 0.012. The slope of the channel is
classified as
(a) Critical (b) Horizontal 6. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
(c) Mild (d) Steep answer using the code given below the lists :
List-I
A. Rehbock formula
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4 and B. Francis formula
5: C. A special trapezoidal weir
A rectangular open channel needs to be designed D. Linear proportional weir
to carry a flow of 2.0 m3/s under uniform flow
conditions. The Manning's roughness coefficient List-II
is 0.018. The channel should be such that the flow 1. Sutro weir
depth is equal to half the width, and the Froude 2. Rectangular suppressed weir
number is equal to 0.5. 3. Rectangular side - contracted weir
4. Cippolletti weir

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 Open Channel Flow
Code : Reason (R) : An economical channel section has
A B C D smooth surface for reduced friction.
(a) 1 3 4 2
(b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 1 4 3 2 10. For a given discharge, the critical flow depth in
(d) 2 3 4 1 an open channel depends on
(a) channel geometry only
7. The Froude number of flow in a rectangular (b) channel geometry and bed slope
channel is 0.8. If the depth of flow is 1.5 m, the (c) channel geometry, bed slope and roughness
critical depth is (d) channel geometry, bed slope, roughness and
(a) 1.80 m (b) 1.56 m Reynolds number
(c) 1.36 m (d) 1.29 m

11. The flow in a horizontal, frictionless rectangular

The following items consists of two statements, open channel is supercritical. A smooth hump is
one labelled as the 'Assertion (A)' and the other as built on the channel floor. As the height of hump
'Reason (R)'. You are to examine these two is increased, choked condition is attained. With
statements carefully and select the answers to further increase in the height of the hump, the
these items using the codes given below : water surface will
(a) rise at a section upstream of the hump
Codes : (b) drop at a section upstream of the hump
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is (c) drop at the hump
the correct explanation of A (d) rise at the hump
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false 12. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
(d) A is false but R is true answer using the code given below the lists :
List-I
8. Assertion (A) : Energy dissipation in a hydraulic A. Rehbock formula
jump is mainly caused by the large eddies in B. Francis formula
turbulence. C. A special trapezoidal weir
Reason (R) : Large eddies transport the fluid D. Linear proportional weir
over large distances, thus causing the mixing
effect of turbulence. List-II
1. Sutro weir
2. Rectangular supressed weir
9. Assertion (A) : An economical channel section 3. Broad- crested weir
gives maximum discharge for a given cross- 4. Cippolletti weir
sectional area. 5. Rectangular contracted weir

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 Open Channel Flow
Code : number of the flow is 0.8. The depth of flow (in
A B C D m) in the channel is
(a) 2 3 4 1 (a) 4 (b) 5
(b) 5 3 4 2 (c) 16 (d) 20
(c) 2 5 4 1
(d) 1 5 3 2
16. Consider the following statements in respect of
critical flow in a wide rectangular channel :
13. The absolute percentage error in the computed 1. The specific energy is minimum for a given
discharge over a rectangular weir corresponding discharge.
to an absolute error of 1.5% in the measurement 2. The discharge is maximum for a given
of head over the sill of the weir would be : specific energy.
(a) 1.5 (b) 2.25 3. The specific force is minimum for a given
(c) 2.5 (d) 3.75 discharge.
4. The Froude number is equal to unity.

14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct Which of these statements are correct?
answer using the code given below the lists : (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
List-I (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
A. Sudden closure of a sluice gate
B. Hydraulic jump in a stilling basin
C. Spreading of irrigation water in a field 17. For a hydraulically efficient rectangular channel
D. Flow in a main irrigation canal of bed width 4.0m, the depth of flow is
(a) 4m (b) 0.5m
List-II (c) 1m (d) 2m
1. Uniform flow
2. Rapidly varied flow
3. Unsteady flow 18. The velocity with which an elementary surge
4. Spatially varied flow wave can travel upstream in a channel with depth
Code : y = 1.6m and velocity V = 2.4 m/s is (Take g = 10
A B C D m/s2)
(a) 1 2 4 3 (a) 16 m/s (b) 13.6 m/s
(b) 3 2 4 1 (c) 2.4 m/s (d) 1.6 m/s
(c) 1 4 2 3
(d) 3 4 2 1
19. Consider the flowing statements related to water
surface profile in gradually varied flow in an
15. A rectangular open channel of width 5.0 m is open channel :
carrying a discharge of 100 m3/s. The Froude

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 Open Channel Flow
1. M1 and S1 curves approach Y0 line 22. A rectangular channel carries a uniform flow with
asymptotically; and tend to be horizontal as y a Froude number of 2.83. The ratio of critical
tends to . depth to normal depth of this flow is :
2. M2 and S2 curves meet Y0 line horizontally, (a) 1.68 (b) 2.83
and Y0 line asymptotically. (c) 2.00 (d) 4.75
3. M3 and S3 curves meet Y0 line normally, and
also meet the channel bed normally. 23. Which of the following equations are used for the
4. C1 and C2 curves will be slightly curved if derivation of the differential equation for water
Chezy’s equation is used; otherwise, they may surface profile in an open channel ?
tend to be straight lines. 1. Continuity equation
Which of these statements are correct? 2. Energy equation
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 4 only 3. Momentum equation
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 and 4 only (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 2 only

20. For subcritical flow in an open channel, the

control section for gradually varied flow profiles 24. When flow is critical through open channels,
is which of the following statements are correct ?
(a) at the downstream end 1. The specific energy is minimum for a given
(b) at the upstream end discharge.
(c) at both upstream and downstream ends 2. The discharge is maximum for a given
(d) at any intermediate section specific energy.
3. The specific force is minimum for a given
21. For accurate flow measurement in open channels, discharge.
an arrangement for aeration under the nappe is 4. Froude number of the flow is equal to unity.
necessary when the weir used is : (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(a) Contracted rectangular (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
(b) Suppressed rectangular
(c) Submerged contracted rectangular
(d) Triangular

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 Open Channel Flow
25. Among weirs used in open flow metrology,
critical depth of the flow is the relevant criterion
in :
(a) Broad-crested weir (b) Cippoletti weir
(c) Parabolic weir (d) Sharp-crested weir
27. A rectangular channel of 2.5 m width is carrying
26. The following items consists of two statements,
one labeled as the 'Statement (I)' and the other as
'Statement (II)'. You are to examine these two
statements carefully and select the answers to
these items using the codes given below :
Statement (II) : Wetted perimeter is minimum
for a hydraulically efficient section of an open
channel.
a discharge of 4 m3/s. Considering that
acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s2, the
velocity of flow (in m/s) corresponding to the
critical depth (at which the specific energy is
minimum) is __________

Codes : 28. For a hydraulically efficient rectangular channel

(a) Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are of bed width 5 m, the hydraulic radius is equal to
individually true and Statement (II) is the (a) 2.5 m (b) 1.25 m
correct explanation of Statement (I) (c) 5 m (d) 2 m
(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is NOT
the correct explanation of Statement (I) 29. A triangular open channel has a vortex angle of
(c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is 90º and carries flow at a critical depth of 0.3 m.
false. The discharge in the channel is
(d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is (a) 0.41 m3/s (b) 0.11 m3/s
true. (c) 0.21 m3/s (d) 0.31 m3/s
Statement (I) : In the case of an open channel
flow, for a hydraulically efficient section, the 30. At a hydraulic jump, the depths at the two sides
hydraulic radius is equal to 50% of depth of flow are 0.3 m and 1.4 m. The head loss in the jump is
in the channel. nearly
(a) 1.0 m (b) 0.95 m
(c) 0.79 m (d) 0.45 m

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 Open Channel Flow
31. Consider the following statements regarding a
gradually varied flow in a prismatic open
channel:
1. Total energy line remains parallel to the water
surface.
2. The rate of energy loss at the section is
inversely proportional to dx where d is flow
depth with index.
3. In analyzing the flow, the energy equation of
flow is not applicable.
4. Pressure distribution at every section can be
assumed to be hydrostatic.
Which of the above statements are correct ?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 3
32. A circular pipe has a diameter of 1m, bed slope of
1 in 1000, and Manning's roughness coefficient
equal to 0.01. It may be treated as an open
channel flow when it is flowing just full, i.e., the
water level just touches the crest. The discharge
in this condition is denoted by Qfull. Similarly, the
discharge when the pipe is flowing half-full, i.e.,
with a flow depth of 0.5 m is denoted by Qhalf.
The ratio Qfull/Qhalf is :
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 m
33. A hydraulic jump is formed in a 2m wide
rectangular channel which is horizontal and
frictionless. The post-jump depth and velocity are
0.8 m and 1 m/s, respectively. The pre-jump
velocity is ________ m/s. (use g = 10 m/s2)
34. A hydraulic jump takes place in a frictionless
rectangular channel. The pre-jump depth is yp.
The alternate and sequent depths corresponding
to yp are ya and ys respectively. The correct
relationship among yp , ya and ys is :
(a) ya < ys < yp (b) yp < ys < ya
(c) yp < ys = ya (d) yp = ys = ya
35. The head over a V-notch at the end of a channel
is 75 cm. If an error of 0.15 cm is possible in the
measurement of the head, then the percentage
error in computing the discharge is
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.75 (d) 1.0
36. At a hydraulic jump, the depths at its two sides
are 0.3 m and 1.2 m. The head loss is the jump is
(a) 1.0 m (b) 0.8 m
(d) 0.45

(c) 2 (d) 4

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 Open Channel Flow
37. The following Question consists of two
statements one labelled as the ‘statement (I)’ and
the other as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine
these two statements carefully and select the
answers to these items using the codes given
below:
Statement (I) : Open channel flow in a channel is
said to be critical when the specific force is
maximum for a given discharge.
Statement (II) : Direct integration for steady
non-uniform flow by Bresse's method was
developed for very wide rectangular channels.
Code :
(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is not the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
(c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false
(d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true
38. The following Question consists of two
statements one labelled as the ‘statement (I)’ and
the other as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine
these two statements carefully and select the
answers to these items using the codes given
below:
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Statement (I) : A moving hydraulic jump is
called a surge.
Statement (II) : The travel of a wave is faster in
the upper portion than in the lower portion in case
of positive surges.
Code :
(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
(b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
individually true but Statement (II) is not the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
(c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false
(d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true
39. A 3 m wide rectangular channel carries a flow of
6 m3/s. The depth of flow at a section P is 0.5 m.
A flat-topped hump is to be placed at the
downstream of the section P. Assume negligible
energy loss between section P and hump, and
consider 𝑔 as 9.81 m/s2. The maximum height of
the hump (expressed in m) which will not change
the depth of flow at section P is _____
40. A 4 m wide rectangular channel, having bed slope
of 0.001 carries a discharge of 16 m3/s.
Considering Manning's roughness coefficient =
0.012 and g = 10 m/s2, the category of the
channel slope is
97
 Open Channel Flow
(a) horizontal (b) mild 45. A partially open sluice gate discharges water at 6
(c) critical (d) steep m/s with a depth of 40 cm in a rectangular
horizontal channel of width 5 m. What would be
the post-jump depth of flow on the downstream
41. A hydraulically efficient trapezoidal channel
of the gate by taking g as 10 m/s2 ?
section has a uniform flow depth of 2 m. The bed
(a) 1.51 m (b) 1.70 m
width (expressed in m) of the channel is ____
(c) 1.85 m (d) 1.95 m

42. In a trapezoidal channel with bed width of 2m,

46. At a hydraulic jump, the flow depths are 0.4 m
and side slopes of 2 v on 1 h, critical flow occurs
and 5 m at the upstream and downstream,
at a depth of 1 m. What will be the quantity of
respectively. The channel is wide rectangular.
flow and the flow velocity? Take g as 10 m/s2
The discharge per unit width is nearly.
(a) 7.22 m3/s and 3.10 m/s
3
(a) 5.8 m2/s (b) 6.4 m2/s
(b) 6.82 m /s and 2.89 m/s
3
(c) 7.3 m2/s (d) 8.3 m2/s
(c) 7.22 m /s and 2.89 m/s
(d) 6.82 m3/s and 3.10 m/s

47. Statement (I): In open channel flow, the

maximum velocity does not occur on the free
43. A 7.5 m wide rectangular channel conveys12
surface.
m3/s of water with a velocity of 1.5 m/s. The Statement (II): There is wind drag on the free
specific energy head of the flow is surface of an open channel.
Codes:
(a) 1.18 m (b) 1.78 m
(a) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
(c) 2.18 m (d) 2.78 m
individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
44. The sequent depth ratio in a hydraulic jump (b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
formed in a rectangular horizontal channel is 10. individually true but Statement (II) is not the
The Froude number of the supercritical flow is correct explanation of Statement (I)
(a) 12.2 (b) 10.4 (c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false
(c) 7.42 (d) 4.21 (d) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true

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 Open Channel Flow
48. Hydraulic jump forms in a horizontal rectangular 3. Outlet discharge depends only on the water
channel carrying a unit discharge of 1.019 level in the supply canal
m3/sec/m at a depth of 101.9 mm. this jump is
The correct match of the items in Group I
classified as
with the items in Group II is
(a) Weak jump (b) Oscillating jump
(a) P-l; Q-2; R-3 (b) P-3; Q-1; R-2
(c) Steady jump (d) Strong jump
(c) P-2; Q-3; R- 1 (d) P-l; Q-3; R-2

51. A 1 in wide rectangular channel has a bed slope

49. In a wide rectangular channel, the normal depth is
of 0.0016 and the Manning’s roughness
increased by 20%. This would mean an increase
coefficient is 0.04. Uniform flow takes place in
in the discharge of the channel nearly by
the channel at a flow depth of 0.5 m. At a
(a) 20% (b) 26%
particular section, gradually varied flow (GVF) is
(c) 36% (d) 56%
observed and the flow depth is measured as 0.6
in. The GVF profile at that section is classified as
(a) S1 (b) S2
50. Group I contains three broad classes of irrigation
(c) M1 (d) M2
supply canal outlets. Group II presents hydraulic
performance attributes.
Group I
52. A 1 m wide rectangular channel carries a
P. Non-modular outlet discharge of 2 m3/s. The specific energy-depth
Q. Semi-modular outlet diagram is prepared for the channel. It is observed

R. Modular outlet in this diagram that corresponding to a particular

specific energy, the subcritical depth is twice the
Group II
supercritical depth. The subcritical depth (in
1. Outlet discharge depends on the water levels meters, up to two decimal places) is equal to
in both the supply canal as well as (lie _____________
receiving water course

2. Outlet discharge is fixed and is independent

of the water levels in both the supply canal as
well as the receiving water course

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 Open Channel Flow
ANSWER KEY

Q. No. Ans. Q. No. Ans. Q. No. Ans.

1 B 19 C 37 D
2 B 20 A 38 C
3 D 21 B 39 0.203
4 B 22 C 40 B
5 B 23 D 41 2.31
6 D 24 C 42 C
7 D 25 A 43 A
8 A 26 D 44 C
9 C 27 2.5 45 A
10 A 28 B 46 C
11 B 29 B 47 B
12 A 30 C 48 D
13 B 31 B 49 C
14 B 32 C 50 D
15 A 33 4.48 51 C
16 B 34 B 52 1.07
17 D 35 B
18 D 36 C

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