COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus

Terminal Examination Fall 2020

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Program/Class: BE(ME)5A Date: 16th January 2021

Subject: Mechanics Of Machines -1_ Instructor: Dr-Barkat
Group members: Muhammad Uzair(016)
Umair kiyani(003)
Umer Farooq(034)

MOM-1 PROJECT
REPORT
 CRANK ROCKER MECHANISM:
THERE ARE FEW STEPD INCLUDES IN THIS REPORT.
INTRODUCTION:
In crank-rocker mechanisms the rocker oscillates
between two limiting angles (In general, the crank is the input and rocker is the
output). The positions of the mechanism when the rocker is at a limit position are
called the dead-centre positions of the four-bar.
Crank-type inversions of a four-bar chain include the simple crank-rocker and the
double-crank (drag-link) mechanisms. In their simplest use as function generators,
the crank-rocker converts full input rotation into a re-rocking output.
According to Grashof’s criterion, a four-link chain yields a linkage mechanism
with at least one fully-rotatable link if the sum of the shortest and the longest links
of the chain is less than the sum of the remaining two. Furthermore, if the shortest
link is chosen as the ground link, the result is a double-crank mechanism. A crank-
rocker mechanism results, on the other hand, if the shortest link is adjacent to the
ground link.
Crank rocker mechanism is a common mechanism, widely used in sewing
machine, mixer, shaper and other equipment. Structure analysis and Mathematical
modeling were carried out on the working device of mechanism, then, based on
software ADAMS, the simulation model of the crank rocker mechanism is
established to carry out the kinematics simulation analysis. Through analysis, we
can get the kinematics characteristics of each rod of crank rocker mechanism, and
can well predict the performance of mechanism.
In crank-rocker mechanisms the rocker oscillates between two limiting angles (In
general, the crank is the input and rocker is the output). The positions of the
mechanism when the rocker is at a limit position are called the dead-center
positions of the four-bar. We can also define the dead center position by
considering the velocity of the rocker at these limiting angles. Since the rocker is
moving in one direction before it reaches the limiting angle and since it moves in
opposite direction after it passes this limit position, the velocity of the rocker at the
limiting position must be zero. Hence, we can define a dead-center position as the
position in which the rocker has instantaneously zero velocity.
n case of four-bar mechanisms with crank-rocker proportions, if we take the mirror
image of the mechanism with respect to the fixed link, we obtain another four bar
mechanism of crank-rocker proportions and the same swing angle, y. However,
when the crank rotates from the extended dead center position to the folded
position in counter-clockwise direction the rocker will rotate in clockwise direction
and the crank rotation is 3600- f.
T

L3 γ L
4
The transmission angle, γ (gamma), of the crank rocker varies throughout the
cycle of the crank rocker. The forces transmitted at the joints can become very
large if it is not close to 90°. The rule of thumb is to limit γ to vary between 45°
and 135° only.
It is rather important to understand how the mechanism will function under loaded
conditions in practice while the kinematic characteristics of the mechanism is
being considered. By the performance of the mechanism we mean the effective
transmission of motion (and force) from the input link to the output link. This also
means that for a constant torque input, in a well performing mechanism we must
obtain the maximum torque output that is possible and the bearing forces must be a
minimum. Of course, torque and force are not the quantities that has been in the
kinematics and whatever kinematic quantity we use to define the performance of
the mechanism, this quantity will only approximate the static force characteristics
of the mechanism. The dynamic characteristics, which is a function of mass and
moment of inertia of the rigid bodies, may be several times more than the static
forces and the behavior of the mechanism under the dynamic forces cannot be
predicted by kinematics. Still, some rule-of-thumb of the behavior of the
mechanism under load is better then none.
In crank-rocker mechanisms the rocker oscillates between two limiting angles (In
general, the crank is the input and rocker is the output). The positions of the
mechanism when the rocker is at a limit position are called the dead-center
positions of the four-bar. We can also define the dead center position by
considering the velocity of the rocker at these limiting angles. Since the rocker is
moving in one direction before it reaches the limiting angle and since it moves in
opposite direction after it passes this limit position, the velocity of the rocker at the
limiting position must be zero. Hence, we can define a dead-center position as the
position in which the rocker has instantaneously zero velocity.

 The aim of our project is to design quick return crank rocker mechanism ,
design such mechanism which can take small space and which coupler ratio
is more than 4 and less then 6 .
 The mechanism is more efficient and it have same throw angle and beta
which we have required .

There are some design requirements which are in list :

We must have coupler ration given.
We must have time ratio of the mechanism.
We have to know treat m which is the angle between AC2 and line segment C1C2.
We have to know length L2.
We have to know throat angle total angular displacement covered by rocker.

METHODOLOGY:
The design of a crank-rocker mechanism involves determining appropriate lengths
of all four links to achieve the desired throw angle, (Δθ4)max, and imbalance
angle, β. The graphical procedure to synthesize a crank-rocker mechanism is as
follows:
1. Locate the pivot of the rocker link, point.
2. Choose any feasible rocker length, L4.This length is typically constrained by
the spatial allowance for the mechanism.
3. Draw the two positions of the rocker, separated by the throw angle,(Δθ4)max.
4. At one of the extreme positions, construct any line M through the end of the
rocker link, inclined at an angle θM. This point is labeled C2 .
5. At the other extreme position, draw a line N through the end of the rocker
link, which is inclined at angle β from line M Note that .
6. The intersection of lines M and N defines the pivot point for the crank, point
A. The length between the two pivots, L1,can be scaled from the
construction .For cases where a balanced timing is required ( ),lines M and N
are collinear .Thus ,a pivot point for the crank ,point A, can be selected
anywhere along lines M and N.
7. From the construction of the limiting positions ,it is observed that the length
between C1 and E is 2L2.Note that this arc,C2E,is centered at point A. Because
both lines are radii of the same arc, the radius AC2 is equal to the lengths .
Rearranging this relationship gives

C1E=AC2-AC1
Substituting and rearranging, the length of the crank,L2, for this crank-rocker
mechanism can be determined as
L2=1/2(AC2-AC1)
8. From the construction of the limiting positions ,it is also observed that

AC1=L3-L2
Rearranging, the length of the coupler, L3, for this crank-rocker mechanism is
L3=AC1+L2

In step 4, line M is drawn through point C1, at an arbitrary inclination angle, θM.
Therefore, an infinite number of suitable mechanisms can be designed to achieve
the desired throw angle and time ratio As with slider-crank mechanisms, four-bar
mechanisms that include a longer coupler will have lower accelerations and
subsequently lower inertial forces. An additional measure of the “quality” of a
four-bar mechanism is the transmission angle, γ. This is the angle between the
coupler and the rocker .
. A common function of a four-bar linkage is to transform rotary into oscillating
motion.Frequently,in such applications, a large force must be transmitted. In these
situations, the transmission angle becomes of extreme importance. When the
transmission angle becomes small, large forces are required to drive the rocker
arm. For best results, the transmission angle should be as close to 90° as possible
during the entire rotation of the crank. This will reduce bending in the links and
produce the most favorable force-transmission conditions. The extreme values of
the transmission angle occur when the crank lies along the line of the frame. A
common rule of thumb is that a four-bar linkage should not be used when the
transmission angle is outside the limits of 45° and 135°.
Analytical methods can be incorporated by analyzing the triangles in Figure to
generate expressions for the link lengths L2, L3, and L4, as a function of the throw
(Δθ4)max, the frame length (L1), the imbalance angle β, and the inclination of the
arbitrary line M ,θM.
Some values are given to us and on the bases of these values and we calculate the
values using excel and from this sheet we select the suitable values for our design .
Suitable values for our design are :
3. RESULTS
WE USE THIS EXCEL SHEET FOR CALCULATION
 CONCLUSION
The design specification is:
The length of all the links of the mechanism is given below
o Length of rocker is 2.38 in , length of coupler is 6.3 and length of crank is
1.41 .
o The stoke of rocker is 60 degree angle and the length is 1.51 in. The stoke is
the distance between DC1 and DC2 .
o The speed of crank shaft is 10 rpm.
o The time ratio of the rocker mechanism is 1.07.
o The coupler ratio of the rocker mechanism is 5.7 which is more than 4 and
less than 6.
o The beta angle of the mechanism is 7 degree which is slightly equal to
calculated beta .
o The angle theta m is equal to 14 degree.
o The range of the transmission angle is 35 to 145 degree but our transmission
angle is 82 degree.
o The working area required by the mechanism is 35 inch square.
o The maximum angular speed of rocker is 4 rad / s.

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