LOGARITHM

INTRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

LAWS OF EXPONENTS

Example: . =

Example: / =

Example: =

Example: = =

Example: = 1/
But b ≠ 0
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A FUNCTION of the type

= where a > 0
is called an exponential
Function.

AN EXAMPLE
WHERE a > 1 →
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A FUNCTION of the type

= where a > 0
is called an exponential
Function.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE
WHERE 0 < <1 →
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

IF YOU KNOW HOW TO PLOT THE GRAPH OF AN EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION!
TRY THIS PROBLEM:

Q. FIND THE NUMBER OF REAL SOLUTIONS TO

= -1?
 LOGARITHM (DEFINITION)

The logarithm of a positive real number x with respect to

base a is the exponent by which a must be raised to yield x.
In other words, the logarithm of x to base b is the solution y
to the equation:

The logarithm is denoted "logb x" "the log, base b, of x").

In the equation y = logb x, the value y is the answer to
the question "To what power must b be raised, in order
to yield x?".
 LOGARITHM (exponential conversion)
MATHEMATICALLY :

let, =y
so, =x
or

=x

where > 0 and b > 0 and ≠1

 LOGARITHM

WHICH SIMPLY MEANS IF ONE ASKS YOU TO FIND logb x,

YOU NEED TO THINK OF A POWER WHEN RAISED TO b
YIELDS x !
example: log2 8 ???

WHAT MUST BE RAISED ON 2 TO GET 8?

IT’S 3 , SO log2 8 = 3
 PRACTICE SHEET 1

FIND THE VALUE OF

1. log2 16
2. log3 27
3. log4 256
4. log0.5 4
5. log8 2
6. log100 1000
7. log2 1
 PRACTICE SHEET 1

FIND THE VALUE OF ANSWERS

1. log2 16 4
2. log3 27 3
3. log4 256 4
4. log0.5 4 -2
5. log8 2 1/3
6. log100 1000 3/2
7. log2 1 0
 LOGARITHM (CONVENTIONS)

While defining as a FUNCTION, remember these

CONVENTIONS:

i) x > 0 and b > 0 , b ≠ 1

ii) =
iii) = (NATURAL LOGARITHM)

ALSO
>0,b≠1
b>0,b≠1
 PRACTICE SHEET 2

FIND THE VALUE OF x?

1. log2 x = 3
2. logx 27 = 3/2
3. log4 x = -2
4. logx 4 = -3
5. logx 2 = 1/3
6. log 1000 = x
7. ln x = 3
 LOGARITHM (GRAPHS)

GRAPH of
 LOGARITHM (PROPERTIES)

3 BASIC PROPERTIES:

1. WHERE M , N > 0 and b >0,

b≠1.
2.

3.
 LOGARITHM (PROPERTIES)

BASIC PROPERTIES:

4. = logb N WHERE N > 0 and b >0,

b≠1.
PRACTICE SHEET - 3
 LOGARITHM (PROPERTIES)

BASIC PROPERTIES (BASE CHANGING PROPERTY)

5. = WHERE M, N > 0 and b >0,

M≠1, b≠1.
 LOGARITHM (PROPERTIES)

BASIC PROPERTIES (BASE CHANGING PROPERTY)

Corollary 1:

= WHERE M, N > 0 ,M,N≠1,

 LOGARITHM (PROPERTIES)

BASIC PROPERTIES (BASE CHANGING PROPERTY)

Corollary 2:

= WHERE M, N ,b > 0 ,b≠1,

 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC INEQUATIONS

A BASIC RULE:

FOR AN INCREASING FUNCTION f(x)

If a ≥ b then
f(a) ≥ f(b). WHY ??

AND FOR A DECREASING FUNCTION f(x)

If a ≥ b then
f(a) ≤ f(b).
 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

BOTH EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS ARE INCREASING
IF

BASE a > 1 →
 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

BOTH EXPONENTIAL AND

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS ARE DECREASING
IF

BASE a ∊ (0,1) →
 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC INEQUATIONS
EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY:

≥ ⟺ x ≥ y if a > 1
ii) ≥ ⟺ x ≤ y if a ∊ (0,1)

LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY:

i) loga x ≥ loga y ⟺ x ≥ y if a > 1

ii) loga x ≥ loga y ⟺ x ≤ y if a ∊ (0,1)
 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC INEQUATIONS
EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY:

EXAMPLES:

1. > 0.25
2. (0. <5
3. + -2 ≥ 0
 STEPS TO SOLVE LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY
TO SOLVE WITH CONSTANT BASE
1. logb f(x) > a

STEP 1. FIND DOMAIN BY SOLVING f(x) > 0

STEP 2. EXPRESS RHS ALSO IN log BASE b AS
logb f(x) > logb
STEP 3. SOLVE f(x) > IF b > 1
OR
SOLVE f(x) < IF b ∊ (0,1)
STEP 4. TAKE INTERSECTION WITH DOMAIN
 STEPS TO SOLVE LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY

EXAMPLES:

1. log2 (x+2) > 2

2. log3 ( +x+1) < 3
3. log0.2 ( ) > 25
 STEPS TO SOLVE LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY
TO SOLVE WITH VARIABLE BASE
2. Logg(x) f(x) > a

STEP 1. FIND DOMAIN BY SOLVING f(x) > 0,

g(x) > 0 and g(x) ≠ 1
STEP 2. EXPRESS RHS ALSO IN log BASE b AS
logg(x) f(x) > logg(x)
STEP 3. CASE 1: IF g(x) > 1 | CASE 2: IF g(x) ∊ (0,1)
then f(x) > | then f(x) <
 STEPS TO SOLVE LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY
TO SOLVE WITH VARIABLE BASE
2. Logg(x) f(x) > a

STEP 4. TAKE UNION OF CASE 1 AND CASE 2

STEP 5. TAKE INTERSECTION WITH DOMAIN
 STEPS TO SOLVE LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY

EXAMPLES:

1. logx (x+2) > 2

2. log x-1 ( +x+1) < 2
3. logx ( )>3
 CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA

The integral part of a common logarithm is called the

Characteristic and the non-negative decimal part in
[0,1) is called the Mantissa.
ie
If log10 200 = 2.30105 = 2 + 0.30105

So what about
log10 0.2 = - 0.69895, What’s characteristic and
Mantissa now!
 CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA

log10 0.2 = - 0.69895, It’s NOT 0 and -0.699, WHY?

Because Mantissa is the non-negative decimal part.
So What’s the answer?
Apparently,
log10 0.2 = - 0.69895 = -1 + 0.30105
Another way of expressing the answer is
ഥ 30105 = ഥ+ 0.30105 = -1 + 0.30105
which is read as 1 BAR plus point 30105
 CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA
TAKE A LOOK AT THIS
log10 0.002 = ഥ 30105 = -3 + 0.30105
log10 0.02 = ഥ 30105 = -2 + 0.30105
log10 0.2 = ഥ 30105 = -1 + 0.30105
log10 2 = 0.30105 = 0 + 0.30105
log10 20 = 1.30105 = 1+ 0.30105
log10 200 = 2.30105 = 2 + 0.30105
log10 2000 = 3.30105 = 3 + 0.30105 …

DID YOU OBSERVE THAT CHARACTERISTIC OF LOG CAN

EASILY BE DETERMINED ? HOW?
 CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA

Apparently,

1. CHAR(log10 x) = no. of digits before decimal - 1

if x > 1

2. CHAR(log10 x) = -|no. of zeroes after decimal

and before 1st non zero digit + 1|
if x ∊ (0,1)
 APPLICATION

1. CAN YOU FIND THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IN IF

log10 2 = 0.30105 ?

2. LARGEST PRIME DISCOVERED YET IS 282,589,933 − 1.

FIND THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IF log10 2 = 0.30105 ?

3. FIND THE NUMBER OF ZEORES IN IF

log10 2 = 0.30105 ?
 LOG TABLE

BUT HOW TO FIND MANTISSA?

WE HAVE LOG TABLES TO HELP !

LET’S LEARN HOW TO FIND MANTISSA OF (log10 x)

USING A LOG TABLE !
 LOG TABLE

EXAMPLES:

FIND THE VALUE OF

i) log10 23.45
ii) log10 1947
iii) log7 0.1857
 ANTILOG

WE HAVE LEARNT HOW TO FIND LOG BASE 10 OF ANY

POSITIVE VALUE USING LOG TABLE.

LET’S LEARN ABOUT ANTILOG NOW, WHICH IS

INVERSE OF LOG i.e.

Antilog10 (log10 x) = x

So, Antilog10(y) = , HOW?

 ANTILOG TABLE

BUT HOW TO FIND Antilog10(1.301) ?

WE HAVE ANTILOG TABLES TO HELP !

LET’S LEARN HOW TO Antilog10(1.301)

USING AN ANTILOG TABLE !

*REMEMBER 1 IN 1.301 TELLS YOU NUMBER OF

DIGITS ONLY !
 APPLICATION

LET’S TRY TO CALCULATE ?

LET x =
take log base 10 both sides
log10 x = log10 2021 ≃ (3.3056) = 0.66112
BUT WE WANT x NOT log10 x , SO ?
 APPLICATION

LET’S TRY TO CALCULATE ?

log10 x 0.6611
take antilog base 10 both sides
antilog10 (log10 x) = antilog10 0.6611
So,
x = 4.582
APPLICATION

EXAMPLES:

CALCULATE

1.

2.