Photonics

technology:
challenges of the 21st century
 Outline

1 Introduc7on
2 Photonics applica7ons?
3 A journey to miniaturiza7on …
Micro and Nano photonics
F  Concepts
F  Photonic crystals
F  Plasmonics
F  Metamaterials

4 Implemen7ng Photonics Technology

5 Conclusion
2
 Emergence of technology
Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

The TRL form a degree ra:ng scale of maturity reached by technology.

This scale was suggested by NASA to manage the technology risk of its programs. Ini:ally consis:ng of seven
levels, it has nine since 1995

The scale of TRL has since been adopted by many areas, including in par7cular the defense, in the same main goal of
technological risk management in the programs, with some minor modifica7ons (replacing the no7on of space by the 3
no7on opera7onal environment).
 Photonics Technology

Light: op*cs or photonics …

Gamma
Rays Ultra Visible light Infra Red

X Rays Violet Op7cal Radio Waves

Fiber
0.01nm 1nm 100nm 400 nm 700 nm 1mm 1cm 1km

Data storage

0,8 µm 1,3 µm 1,5 µm

Op7cal Telecommunica7on Windows

4
 Photonics Technology

Electron Photon

- V +V

Refrac*ve index n
The poten*al V
+V

● Vector ● Polarisa7on
● Scalar
● Schrödinger equa7on
● Maxwell’ equa7ons
Ee (2) N2 Helmotz’s equa7on
Hψ = Eψ ! ω2
2
! !
∂ 2ψ 2m hn21 ∇ E + 2 ε r ( x)E = 0
+ ( E − V ( x ))ψ = 0 c
∂x 2 ! 2 ⎛ ω² ⎞
Ef (1) N1 ΘH = ⎜ ⎟H
⎝ c² ⎠

Electric current Light

5
Microelectronics Micro and Nano Photonics
 Photonics Technology

Ä Is this possible using light?

Ä Why Photonics ?
Electronics (~1010 Hz) Photonics (~1014 Hz)
The op7cal signal is 10000 7mes faster than the electric signal

Ques7ons: Integrated photonic circuits?

Which material and substrate?
Technology and components?
 Photonics Technology

Micro-electronic integra7on technology Photonic integra7on technology

Si – based technology Variety of op7cal materials

Small set of elementary components : Variety of devices and device-principles
(transistors, resistors and capacitors)
(couplers, filters, mul:plexers, lasers,
detectors, switchers, modulators, …)
…
Broad class of electronic
func7onali7es Monolithic or hybrid integra7on ?

Reducing the broad variety of op7cal func7onali7es to a few

elementary components?

Op7cal signal -  Waveguide structure : miniaturiza7on, interconnec:on

-  Manipula:ng the phase
-  Manipula:ng the amplitude
7
 Photonics Technology
Op7cal materials ?
Materials ? Optical fiber silica-based
Si/SiO2
Glasses: Integrated optics on glasses

Inorganic semiconductors: III-V, II-VI (InP, GaN, …)

Organics: PMMA, Alq3, PPV, …

Dielectrics: LiNbO3, LiTaO3, Borates, …

Hybrid integration !

MIT Microphotonics Center Industry

Consortium – Communication technology
roadmap (2005)
8
C Material engineering at the micro and nano scale in order to manipulate the photon
 Photonics Technology

Op7cs-Photonics: Four genera7ons …

Technology C o n v e n 7 o n a l Micro Optics Integrated Optics Nano-Photonics
Op7cs

Components Gas laser LED, Laser diodes, Integrated optical Photonics Integrated
Lenses Optical fibers, micro circuits, lasers Circuits, optical diode
Mirrors … lenses and optical fibers and transistors
Circuits

Alignment Important Important Not necessary Not Necessary

Propaga7on Beam (~ 1cm) multimodes (~ 1mm) Waveguide (~µm) Photonic crystals
1 cm 1 mm 1 µm
Dimensions < µm
1 m2 10 cm2 ~ cm2
Device ~ cm2

1 cm, 1 m nm

9
 Photonics Technology
LSI: Large Scale Integration
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration
LSI VLSI
First
transistor

Convergence
Photonics - Electronics

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2010 2030

All optical
~ 20 years circuits ….

Optical Integrated
fiber optics
Integrated Photonics Circuits

Electronics – Photonics Convergence (EPICs)

 Photonics technology

Optical
telecommunication Military
and space

Photonics
Sensors and Technology
instrumentations Industry,
Cars
industry , …

Datacom and
computer science Biology and
Medicine

11
 Challenges and issues of Photonics

Information Technology and Communication

1
(ITC)
Optical Telecommunications

Datacom – Signal processing

2 Light and Energy

3 Light and instrumentation

4 Light and defense and space

12
 Op7cal Telecommunica7ons
Photonics has already revolu7onized our communica7on: op:cal
fiber, Internet, Digital TV, Wireless op:cs, LiFi …
Optical fibre network

http://www.kmiresearch.com/fiberoptics_route_maps/undersea.htm

~ 300 106 km / year of optical fiber are installed around the world 13
 Optical fiber

GaAs
Window
Losses (dB/km)

0,52 Erbium
amplifiers
0,2

1,3 1,55
0,8 - 0.9
Wavelength (µm) S : 30nm
C: 60 nm
L : 200 nm 14
 Op7cal Telecommunica7ons

The Op7cal Network

§  Bite rates : 2.5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s

§  λ = 1.33 µm, 1.55 µm

R&D (Next generation of the ONT)

C Long hall Network : Target 40 Gb/s

C Metropolitan Network : FTTH, FTTB, FTTx
C Extension of the bandwidth
C All Optical Network
C  Intelligence and interactivity in the ONT
C  Reconfigurable components
15
 Op7cal Telecommunica7ons

FTTx : Today it becomes a reality …

Passive Optical Network (PON) :

A new promising Point to Multipoint architecture
16
Op7cal Telecommunica7ons

17
 Datacom
Photonics, prepares chips of tomorrow…

•  Nano-photonics revolu7on prepares

tomorrow integrated circuits
•  Electronic – Photonics Convergence is
announced for the next genera7on of
computers

Silicon Electro-Photonic Circuit

•  Silicon material and processing methods, thanks to

the huge microelectronics’ industry, has a level of
purity and maturity far exceeding any other

•  Extending Si capability to photonics and also

merging the two primary device types, photonics
and electronics, into one integrated dual func:onal
device brings the benefits of a large economy of scale
and wide applica:on far beyond the simple
combina:on of separate devices
Datacom and signal processing

The 50G Silicon

Photonics Link
The world’s first silicon-based op:cal data
19
connec:on with integrated lasers
Datacom and signal processing

20
Optical interconnections

21
 Optical interconnections

Scope of optical interconnects

Preferred fields of optical interconnections are those of signal processing and

communication between processors
22
 Displays and Lighting

Inorganic semiconductors / LEDs Organic semiconductors / OLEDs

•  Electrons (holes) are localized on one molecule

•  Electrons (holes) delocalized within the crystal: band
(=polarons) : charges jump from one molecule to another
structure
•  Low mobility (increases with T)
•  High mobility (might decreases with T)
•  Doping is not necessary: charges come from the
•  Doping is important: free charges within the material
electrodes
•  Heterojunc7ons are limites (Laice parameters !)
•  Large variety of structures are possible
•  Emission at certain λ (gap)
•  Emission in the whole visible spectrum, mixing …

23
 Displays

LCD Display
2000

Plasma Display
1997

Cathode Ray Tube

CRT Display
1922

24
 Displays

Ä  The next genera:on Transparent OLED Displays

Flexible OLED Displays

New design OLED Displays

25
 Displays

The global market for OLED displays is expected to exceed $4.5 Billions 26
 Displays

Worldwide OLED Display Value by Applica7on

Worldwide market of OLED display sould exceed $4.5 billions !

27
 Lighting

Ä  Energy consump7on
The revolu:on of
ligh:ng
30 cm x 30 cm White OLED (WOLED) Panels,

OLED Lighting
Incandescent light
2010

LED Lighting
2000

1900
Edison invents the electric lamp

The global general ligh:ng market exceeds $90 billion in size and general 28
ligh:ng is about 1/6 the total electricity consumed
 The revolu7on of ligh7ng

Incandescent lamp LED lamp

•  2500 hours •  100000 hours

•  60 W •  6 W

Ligh:ng is more than 20% of the total electricity consump:on

Reduc:on of pollu:on
LED Lighting Quality of ligh:ng improved
Compactness
Lifespan
Robust
Low cost
LiFi instead of WiFi 29
 The revolu7on of ligh7ng

White LED
based on GaN

The widespread use of LEDs and white OLEDs will save the equivalent of 2
billion barrels of oil; nearly 40,000 MW of electric power and 50 million tons of
CO2 per year as es:mated by European officials

From 2015, inorganic and organic light emiing diodes (LEDs and OLEDs) are expected 30
to gradually replace conven7onal incandescent sources and fluorescence
 Defense and Space

Laser rangefinder Space Op7cal Link Systems

Distance terre-lune mesurée à 3 mm près Needs of large bandwidth:
(réflecteurs déposés par missions lunaires): - remote sensing missions: observa:on or spectral
1 photon détecté tous les 100 tirs! imaging at high resolu:on,
- high-defini:on digital satellite TV

Op:cal links between satellites in low orbit (LEO, "low

earth orbi:ng") at very high speeds (over several gigabits
per second) and with the ground by RF channel. 31
 Defense and Space

Laser Weapon System (LaWS)

The U.S. Navy Afloat Forward Staging Base (Interim)

USS Ponce (AFSB(I)-15) conducts an opera:onal
demonstra:on of the Office of Naval Research (ONR)-
sponsored Laser Weapon System (LaWS) while
deployed to the Arabian Gulf.

32
 Defense and Space

THz systems …

Visible Terahertz

(Photo : www.jlab.org)

THz region become scien:fically available with broadband sources of moderate intensity being
33
produced by ultra-fast laser pulses incident on biased semiconductors or non-linear crystals
 Sensors and instruments

•  Op7cal Fiber Sensors

Monitoring of large structures by measuring op7cal fiber
distributed strain and temperature in the Oil industry, energy and
transport construc7on

Dykes Pipelines Versants

Tunnels Frozen roads Rocky Landslide 34

Sensors and instruments

35
 Outline

1 Introduc7on
2 Photonics applica7ons?
3 A journey to miniaturiza7on …
Micro and Nano photonics
F  Concepts
F  Photonic crystals
F  Plasmonics
F  Metamaterials

4 Implemen7ng Photonics Technology

5 Conclusion
36
 Outline

1 Introduc7on
2 Photonics applica7ons?
3 A journey to miniaturiza7on …
Micro and Nano photonics
F  Concepts
F  Photonic crystals
F  Plasmonics
F  Metamaterials

4 Implemen7ng Photonics Technology

5 Conclusion
37
 A journey to miniaturiza7on …

Tunable
laser

Optical
setup

38
Télescope Palomar
 A journey to miniaturiza7on …

Tunable
laser

Optical
setup

Spatial NASA telescop Technology MEMS et MOEMS 39

 Nanotechnology

The nano world

Nanotechnology

Ä At the nanometer scale the physical laws of the classical world no longer apply
40
 Introduc7on - history

Ä R. Feynman in 1959: There is plenty of room at the bo=om

« There is nothing in the laws of physics to prevent us from directly
manipula8ng individual atoms and molecules in a controlled manner, and
using atoms as building blocks »

Ä 1974, Norio Tanigushi uses, for the first :me the word of
«nanotechnology »

Ä 1980, E. Drexler publish his book on Nanotechnology

‘Engines of crea:on’

ü  Nano-electronics (Moore’s law)

ü  Nano-biotechnology (bionics)
ü  Nano-Materials (Nano-Photonics)
ü  Nano-devices (Nano-robots…)
ü  … 41
 Nanotechnology: Why?

« Smaller, faster, cheaper »

Ä  Fundamental Science
Ä  Technological and Societal Issues
•  Scaling laws: physical phenomena vary differently with the size
of the components
•  The effects of surfaces, quantum effects, ...
•  The radia:on-maoer interac:ons varies by size
•  A revolu:onary transforma:on of mechanical and magne:c
capabili:es

•  Crea:on of stronger materials than diamond

•  Crea:ng factories capable of crea:ng large scale iden:cal
products with liole difficulty and raw materials
•  Crea:ng nanobots to go repair in the human body

42
 Nanotechnology: Why?
Ä  Global market rapidly growing
Ä Technologies crea7ng wealth and employment

•  In 2012, the market for nanotechnology finished products represents US $1,000 billion market

Ä Today’s Research is jobs of tomorrow … 43

 Nanotechnology: Why?

1965: Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, argues that the size of

transistors per silicon unit area will be halved every 18 months

Les puces nanométriques sont

déjà u:lisées dans les téléphones
mobiles d'aujourd'hui supportant
jeux vidéos, prises de photo et
lecture MP3

Ä Transistor density has now reached such a stage that half a million transistors (or more)
could fit within the dot made by a pencil 44
 Maintaining Moore’s law

3D electronics : the chips are gaining height

•  Spintronics: playing with the spin of electrons

•  Molecular electronics
•  Carbon nanotubes
•  Quantum components

•  The US military wants to go beyond Moore's

Law and reinvent compu:ng

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency): Today's computers

are no longer enough to sa:sfy the expecta:ons of the US military.

Surrounded by industrialists and scien:sts, DARPA plans to build by 2018
computer systems of a new kind

•  It would be possible to put all funds of a library on

a single chip
45
 Nano Photonics
Ø  Toward Integrated Photonic Circuits …

A vision for a integrated chip which includes both electronic

and photonic devices; electronics and photonics can be
either in the same layer or in different layers bonded
IBM's uturis:c silicon chip with monolithically integrated photonic and electronic together
circuits This hypothe:c chip performs all-op:cal rou:ng of mutliple N op:cal 46
channels each suppor:ng 10Gbps data stream (Credit: IBM
 Ø  Toward Integrated Photonic Circuits …

Intel's Tukwila chip

IBM's futuris:c silicon chip with monolithically integrated photonic and electronic circuits This hypothe:c chip 47
performs all-op:cal rou:ng of mutliple N op:cal channels each suppor:ng 10Gbps data stream (Credit: IBM)
µ-Technologie
Nano-Technologie
Nano photonics: concepts

P.K. TIEN in Scientific American (1974) 48

 Nano photonics: concepts
At the beginning: Integrated op7cs …

Ä Micro-structured χ(1)

n> na> ns

Op7cal Waveguides for light confinement and propaga7on

superstrat na
Guided modes equa7on θ couche
guidante n
Total reflec7on
Substrat ns

θ i = θr
n i sin θi = n t sin θt
49
 Nano photonics: concepts
At the beginning: Integrated op7cs …

Diode IR Guide PPLN

µ-Technologie

Conver7sseur de fréquences (SHG…) Integrated op:cs on glass material

Is this possible with optical

? waveguides technology ?
Nano-Technologie

Diodes laser
Guide d’onde convertisseur
de fréquence
Modulateur électro-optique

Fibre optique
plastique

V
50
 Nano photonics: Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals : new paradigm …

F  Photonic crystals are ar:ficial structures whose
refrac:ve index varies periodically across the op:cal
wave logueurs

E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Leters, 58, 2059

(1987)
Inhibition of Spontaneous Emission
Ely Yablonovitch (UCLA)
Nano-Technologie

S. John, Phys. Rev. Letters, 58, 2486 (1987)

Localization of Light

Sajeev John (Toronto)

•  Semiconductor material for the photon ?

•  Manipula7ng the photon at sub-wavelength scale ?
51
 Nano photonics: Photonic Crystals

Electron Photon

Periodic potentiel V Periodic Index n

Nano-Technologie

Photonic Band Gap (PBG) 52

Forbiden band structures
 Nano photonics: Photonic Crystals

F New Paradigm …
Light Confinement by Total Reflec*on Light Confinement by PBG

•  Similar to crystals
•  Effects
–  Photonic Band Gap for the EM Waves
–  Localized field
–  Several applica:ons

•  Op:cal Diode and Transistor

•  Non linear op:cs and EO effects
•  Op:cal filters, commuta:on, etc.
•  Photonics circuits

New func7onnali7es ?
53
 Nano photonics: Photonic Crystals

Examples of Photonic Crystals

54
 Nano photonics: Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystal circuits ?

Op7cal waveguides + photonic crystals

Photonic nanowire
Les nanofils sont des objets que l'on peut
assimiler à des cylindres dont la sec7on
est de dimension nanométrique. Des
nanofils de différents types, conducteur
(Ni, Pt, Au), semiconducteur (Si, Ge, InP,
GaN, ZnO, CdSe) ou bien isolant (SiO2,
TiO2).

55
 Nano photonics: Plasmonics

Ä Plasmonic effect
In a metal, a plasmon is a collec:ve oscilla:on of electrons (plasma).

•  Medical applica:ons: imaging, drug delivery, ultrasensi:ve

sensors, thermal cell apoptosis
•  Op:cal Signal Processing
•  Metamaterials (manipula:on of light at the sub-wavelength
scale length)
•  op:cal manipula:on
•  Exalta:on of radia:ve energy transfer
•  Amplifica:on of the op:cal signal (spacer)
•  solar cells
56
 Nano photonics: Plasmonics

Ä Plasmonic effect
•  Surface plasmons, are guided propaga7ng waves, can
be used to carry informa7on
•  Plasmons can propagate over distances of the order of
millimeters
•  Achieve compact interconnec:ons and offering very
high rates in microchips

•  In the longer term, surface plasmons are a promising

way to achieve all-op:cal signal processing

57
Ä Use of the metal for transmiing both op7cal and electrical signals
 Nano photonics: Plasmonics

Ä Plasmonic effect
Ø  Localized Surface Plasmon (LSP)
Oscillation collective des électrons de conduction à la surface des nanoparticules

Réponse optique en champ lointain Réponse optique en champ proche

LSP

lElocl

Spectres d’extinction Forte exaltation du champ électrique local

The position and width of the plasmon resonance LSPR depends on::
o  Size: affects the width and intensity of the resonance
o  The form: affects the spectral position and the width of the LSPR
o  The nature of the nanoparticle: affects the spectral position, range and expanding the LSPR
o  The host matrix: decrease the spectral width of LSPR when the index of the host matrix increases
58
58
 Nano photonics: Plasmonics

Ä SPASER: Nanolaser ?

Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003 Spacer: milieu à gain à

proximité d’une
nanostructure métallique

Nature 2008

Nature 2009 59
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Ä Metamaterial ?
Metamaterials are ar8ficial materials having physical proper8es superior to
natural materials.
"Meta" is a Greek prefix meaning "beyond" or "a level above“ as in metaphysical

Ä Structuring the mater at the nano scale …

•  Op:cal Applica:ons
•  New compact circuits for telecom
•  Transforma:on of the electromagne:c environment
•  Ultra-slim and electromagne:c shielding Cape
•  Miniature antennas for industrial applica:ons
•  Smart antennas for aerospace and transporta:on

60
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Ä At the origin: nega7ve index or lew hand material …

1967: V.G. Veselago theor:cally shows that a medium with a permiyvity and permeability
that are simultaneously nega:ve have a nega:ve refrac:ve index

La solu8on intui8ve est de considérer la racine posi8ve de n pour

caractériser un milieu propaga8f. Néanmoins, en théorie, Veselago
a montré que, pour peu que ε et μ soient tous deux néga8fs, la
racine néga8ve amenait des solu8ons propaga8ves qui ne
contredisent en rien les équa8ons de Maxwell ...

n = µr ε r

1999 : J. Pendry shows the possibility of obtaining nega:ve permeability

(μ <0) with structures "Split Ring Resonator“

2000: D. Smith shown theore:cally the feasibility of a metamaterial

2001: Experimental valida:on of the nega:ve refrac:on by Smith

2002: Concept of perfect lens by Pendry J. Pendry

2006: Applica:on of metamaterials: antenna coupler, ... 61

 Nano photonics: Metamaterials
Ä How to obtain a material with such proper7es ?

Nega7ve permiivity Nega7ve permeability

•  For metals that condi:on is sa:sfied below We must add a restoring force on the induced current
the plasma frequency, but in the IR (effect capaci:ve)
•  The stem is cut to stop the induced current
absorp:on is too great
•  A second cut stem is placed concentrically to add
•  Structure of metallic wire with radius r a restoring force due to charges created by the
arranged on a square layce of a period a ? current induced
•  Actually used the rings

It is possible to have a nega:ve permiyvity even with

liole absorp:on in the far infrared and microwave The rings behave as if there were magne:c
monopoles at their ends 62
J.B. Pendry et al., Phys. Rev. Leo. 76, 4773 (1996) J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE TMTT 47, 2075 (1999)
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials
Ä How to obtain a material with such proper7es ?
n = µr ε r
Matériau à un indice
op7que néga7f
réseau de fils métalliques
cylindriques à permiivité
néga7ve

réseau de
résonateurs
circulaires coupés à
perméabilité néga7ve

Ä Implementa7on in the microwave field

Ä The op7cal field: a nanoscale miniaturiza7on

With nanotechnology, we can structure the maoer at very small scale (paoerns)
•  Are obtained "homogeneous" materials for light 63
•  with completely unusual proper:es (large n)
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Ä An invisibility cloak …
The Invisible Man !

64
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials
Ä Invisibility, a rapidly emerging theme …
Fermat principal 1662:
•  a homogeneous medium: straight •  inhomogeneous medium : curved path

change the path followed by the

light with a con7nuous varia7on
of the op7cal index

65
varia7on nécessaire de l’indice op7que
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Invisibility Cloak
Ä The first non-magne7c invisibility cloak demonstrated microwave
•  The invisibility cloak based on the transforma:on of space
•  The space transforma:on technique may be applied in the
micro-wave and op:cal fields
•  Realiza:on of proofs concept to validate the approach

Efficace en théorie, mais sensible à la polarisa:on et aux pertes.

Réalisa:on difficile : ε,μ = f(r,θ,φ).
D. Schuring et al., Science 314, 977 (2006)
Ä Invisibility in the visible is to come …
Associer spectralement les résonances électriques et magné:ques ? 66
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Invisibility Cloak

Ä A mul7-physics process

Ø  Op7cs
Ø  Electromagne7sm
Ø  Acous7cs
Ø  Mécanics 67
Ø  Temperature : Heat
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Invisibility Cloak
Ä A mul7-physics process

Small scale (20 cm)

Waves Cloaking

Physical Review Leoers 101, 134501 (2008)

Large scale (200 m)

Cloak an7-tsunami

Infographie La Recherche (Février 2012) 68

 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Large scale (200 m): An7-earthquakes Cloak

Infographie Popular Science Magazine (2009)

With the an:-earthquakes cloak made by September 26,

2012, the path of the waves was changed, reducing them by
almost 30% from the perspec:ve of a total reduc:on waves
in order to spare the center of the cloak

L'expérience réalisé par l'équipe du CNRS dirigé par 69

Stéphane Enoch et Sébas:en Guenneau
 Nano photonics: Metamaterials

Temporal Cloaking
Ä Electromagne7c hole !

Ä Temporal invisibilit !

Demonstra7on of temporal cloaking

Nature 2012

Schema:cs of the temporal cloak using a pair of split

:me-lenses (STL). The STL's are used to create a
temporal \hole" in a probe beam such that any
temporal or spectral changes caused by an event
within this hole do not occur

Demonstra7on of temporal cloaking, Mo: Fridman, Alessandro Farsi,

Yoshitomo Okawachi & Alexander L. Gaeta, Nature 481, 62–65, (05 70
January 2012)
 What is next ? Towards a new civiliza7on era?

The 20th century was the century of electronics and the

21st century is expected to be that of photonics
«The country that will lead the discovery and implementa8on of
nanotechnology will have a significant advantage over the military and
economic scene for decades to come.
Nanotechnology is the first economically important scien8fic and
technological revolu8on since the Second World War... ».
N. Lane, an adviser to US President B. Clinton (1999)

Ä Towards the NBIC convergence "nanotechnology, biotechnology,

informa8on technology, cogni8ve science»

71