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Design considerations are areas that may affect the requirements, design, or
operational concept of a system and should be part of the systems engineering
process throughout the acquisition life cycle.
2.Classify the automobiles based on the drive?
Three Wheeler Vehicle (Auto, Toto, etc.). Four Wheeler Vehicle (Cars, Bus, Truck,
Tractor, etc.). Six Wheeler vehicle (Bus, Trucks, etc.). Eight Wheeler Vehicle
(Bus, Trucks, etc.).
3.Define air resistance.?
Air resistance is a force that is caused due to air when an object moves through
it. This force acts in the opposite direction to a body passing through the air.
Air resistance exerts a frictional force against the moving body. As a body moves,
air resistance decelerates it down. The quicker the body�s motion, the superior the
air resistance applied against it. Air resistance impacts all moving objects like
bicycles, car, trains, rockets, aeroplanes and even alive bodies.
4.Differentiate traction and tractive effort.?
The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is known
as 'tractive effort'. The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort
without slipping is known as 'traction'.
5.Define driving force and excess driving force.?
Driving force is a contact force because an engine needs to make contact against a
surface and use friction to accelerate the motion of the object. Driving Force can
cause a vehicle to accelerate and can act to counter air resistance to keep a
vehicle travelling at a constant speed.
An excessive driving force induces a large slip, whereas insufficient driving force
prevents vehicles from overcoming obstacles. Hence, an optimum driving force
distribution is necessary to improve the travelling performance of off-road
vehicles on rough grounds.
6.Explain dry weight, kerb weight and Gross weight?
The kerb weight is the overall weight of the car without any occupants and or any
other load. On the other hand, Gross weight is when the car is loaded with
passengers and luggage.
7.What is the kerb weight?
Kerbweight is the weight of the vehicle including a full tank of fuel and all
standard equipment. It does not include the weight of any passengers, cargo, or
optional equipment. Kerbweight is considered the closest weight to the actual
weight of the vehicle.
8.What is laden and unladen weight?
The unladen weight of any vehicle is the weight of the vehicle when it's not
carrying any passengers, goods or other items. ... Laden weight , correspondingly
is the weight with passengers , goods an other items carried on the vehicle over
and above its standalone weight.
9.How is GVW calculated?
Add the total weights of the car (curb weight), cargo and passengers together to
get the gross vehicle weight.
10.Define drawbar pull.?
In automotive engineering, drawbar pull is the amount of horizontal force available
to a vehicle at the drawbar for accelerating or pulling a load.
11.How do you find the drawbar pull?
To find the drawbar pull (DP) of a vehicle in pounds, you'll need to multiply the
torque of the vehicle's motor (T) in inch pounds by the gear reduction (R)
(including the axle and transmission) and divide that number by the radius of the
drive tire (r) in inches
12.How is drawbar power calculated?
To determine PTO power either power equation using torque can be used. Power (kW) =
To � N 9549 where kW = kilowatts; To = torque (Nm); N = speed (rpm). Drawbar power
(Dbhp) is power measured at the point implements are attached to the tractor,
drawbar or 3 point hitch.
13.Derive the expression for vehicle speed in terms of engine speed?
Vehicle and wheel speed can be calculated as a function of engine speed, if the
parameters and status of the transmission are known. In this tutorial, we are going
to calculate the vehicle and wheel speed for a given:
engine speed
gear ratio (of the engaged gear)
final drive ratio (at the differential)
(free static) wheel radius
14.what are factors effect the gradabality?
The major factors affecting the Gradeability were discussed concisely above, going
to the mechanic of
the problem, a vehicle is subjected to three resistances chiefly, and they are,
rolling resistance, gradient resistance
and aerodynamic resistance. If a vehicle has to start rolling, it has to generate
enough tractive force at the wheels
to exceed these resistances.
15.Define Gradient resistance?
When negotiating a slope, a component of weight acts against the direction of
motion which is proportional to
the angle of inclination of the road surface.
16.Define Tractive force?
It is the net force available at wheels. To determine this force we use the
formula:
Te: Torque at the engine
?t: Transmission efficiency
G: gear ratio
Rr: rolling radius
17.define rolling resistance?
Rolling resistance
This is the resisting force that opposes the rolling of the tires, which is caused
due to non-elastic
effects at the tire-road surface; it is given by the formula: