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UNIT -1 & 2
1. Mention the various design consideration of a vehicle.?
Design considerations are areas that may affect the requirements, design, or
operational concept of a system and should be part of the systems engineering process
throughout the acquisition life cycle.

2. Classify the automobiles based on the drive?

Three Wheeler Vehicle (Auto, Toto, etc.). Four Wheeler Vehicle (Cars, Bus, Truck,
Tractor, etc.). Six Wheeler vehicle (Bus, Trucks, etc.). Eight Wheeler Vehicle (Bus,
Trucks, etc.).

3. Define air resistance?

Air resistance is a force that is caused due to air when an object moves through it.
This force acts in the opposite direction to a body passing through the air. Air resistance
exerts a frictional force against the moving body. As a body moves, air resistance
decelerates it down. The quicker the body’s motion, the superior the air resistance
applied against it. Air resistance impacts all moving objects like bicycles, car, trains,
rockets, aero planes and even alive bodies.

4. Differentiate traction and tractive effort?

The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is
known as 'tractive effort'. The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort without
slipping is known as 'traction'.

5. Define driving force and excess driving force?

Driving force is a contact force because an engine needs to make contact against a
surface and use friction to accelerate the motion of the object. Driving Force can cause a

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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vehicle to accelerate and can act to counter air resistance to keep a vehicle travelling at a
constant speed.
An excessive driving force induces a large slip, whereas insufficient driving force
prevents vehicles from overcoming obstacles. Hence, an optimum driving force
distribution is necessary to improve the travelling performance of off-road vehicles on
rough grounds.

6. Explain dry weight, kerb weight and Gross weight?

The kerb weight is the overall weight of the car without any occupants and or
any other load. On the other hand, Gross weight is when the car is loaded with
passengers and luggage.

7. What is the kerb weight?

Kerbweight is the weight of the vehicle including a full tank of fuel and all
standard equipment. It does not include the weight of any passengers, cargo, or
optional equipment. Kerbweight is considered the closest weight to the actual weight of
the vehicle.

8. What is laden and unladen weight?

The unladen weight of any vehicle is the weight of the vehicle when it's not
carrying any passengers, goods or other items. ... Laden weight , correspondingly is the
weight with passengers , goods an other items carried on the vehicle over and above its
standalone weight.

9. How is GVW calculated?

Add the total weights of the car (curb weight), cargo and passengers together to
get the gross vehicle weight.

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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10. Define drawbar pull.?

In automotive engineering, drawbar pull is the amount of horizontal force
available to a vehicle at the drawbar for accelerating or pulling a load.

11. How do you find the drawbar pull?

To find the drawbar pull (DP) of a vehicle in pounds, you'll need to multiply the
torque of the vehicle's motor (T) in inch pounds by the gear reduction (R) (including the
axle and transmission) and divide that number by the radius of the drive tire (r) in
inches

12. How is drawbar power calculated?

To determine PTO power either power equation using torque can be used. Power
(kW) = To × N 9549 where kW = kilowatts; To = torque (Nm); N = speed (rpm).
Drawbar power (Dbhp) is power measured at the point implements are attached to the
tractor, drawbar or 3 point hitch.

13. Derive the expression for vehicle speed in terms of engine speed?
Vehicle and wheel speed can be calculated as a function of engine speed, if the
parameters and status of the transmission are known. In this tutorial, we are going to
calculate the vehicle and wheel speed for a given:
Engine Speed
Gear Ratio (Of The Engaged Gear)
Final Drive Ratio (At The Differential)
(Free Static) Wheel Radius

14. What are factors affect the gradabality?

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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The major factors affecting the Gradeability were discussed concisely above,
going to the mechanic of the problem, a vehicle is subjected to three resistances chiefly,
and they are, rolling resistance, gradient resistance and aerodynamic resistance. If a
vehicle has to start rolling, it has to generate enough tractive force at the wheels to
exceed these resistances.

15. Define Gradient resistance?

When negotiating a slope, a component of weight acts against the direction of
motion which is proportional to the angle of inclination of the road surface.

16. Define Tractive force?

It is the net force available at wheels. To determine this force we use the formula:
Te: Torque at the engine
t: Transmission efficiency
G: gear ratio
Rr: rolling radius

17. Define rolling resistance?

This is the resisting force that opposes the rolling of the tires, which is caused
due to non-elastic effects at the tire-road surface; it is given by the formula:
k: coefficient of rolling resistance (.2 for loose sand)
W: weight of the vehicle in N
?: Angle of inclination

18. Differentiate GVWR and GVW.?

GVW is Gross Vehicle Weight - the actual weight of the vehicle together with its
passengers and payload.

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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GVWR is Gross Vehicle Weight Rating - the manufacturer's maximum rated

weight for the vehicle including its load.

19. What are the methods to reduce aerodynamic drag?

Adjust the front fascia and air dam to reduce drag under the vehicle.

20. Write the expression for power required for propulsion.?

The motion of a vehicle moving on a road is resisted by aerodynamic forces,
known as wind or air resistance, and road resistance which is generally termed as
rolling resistance. In addition to these two types of resistances, the vehicle has to
overcome grade resistance when it moves up on a gradient, because the weight of the
vehicle is to be lifted through a vertical distance. Hence, the power required to propel a
vehicle is proportional to the total resistance to its motion and the speed.

21. Which are the factors which determine the vehicle performance?
Factors such as terrain, temperature, weather, trip length and environment,
driving behavior and load all affect the performance of a vehicle over time.
22. What is vehicle performance?
Vehicle performance is the study of the motion of a vehicle. The motion of any
vehicle depends upon all the forces and moments that act upon it. ... For performance
studies vehicles are usually assumed to behave as rigid bodies, that is structural
deflections are generally ignored.

23. What is the best way to measure performance on a vehicle?

Engine horsepower is measured using a dynamometer, but what the
dynamometer really does is measure the torque output of the engine, as well as the

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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RPM – or “revolutions per minute”. These numbers are plugged into a formula (torque
x RPM / 5,252) to determine the horsepower.

24. List out the parameters used for comparing any two passenger cars?
Vehicle Performance Parameters:
1. Fuel Economy
2. Acceleration
3. Top Speed
4. Ride Comfort
5. Handling Characteristics etc.

25. Write the expression for relating to engine speed and vehicle speed.
Speed of an engine means actual horse power of an engine. Speed of the car
means speed of the wheels of the car. Normally engine powers are reduced by gear box,
propeller shaft, differential box and wheels. The speed of an engine is how fast the
engine is rotating.
It’s measured in Rotations Per Minute. The speed of the car is how fast it’s
moving along the ground. It’s generally rated in MPH (Miles Per Hour) or KPH
(Kilometers Per Hour).They’re directly related, but how directly depends on several
factors.
The first is which gear the transmission is in.If, for example, the engine is
spinning at 3000 RPM, and the transmission gear is a 2.5:1, the output from the
transmission will be (3000 / 2.5) = 1200 RPM. A gear of 1.25:1 will be (3000 / 1.25) =
2400 RPM.The 1.25:1 gear will make the car travel at a faster speed than the 2.5:1.
(Twice as fast to be exact).

26. List the assumptions to be made in vehicle design.?

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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Know the system first and find out how it works.Think of all use case.Identify
key components and their responsibilities.Connect all the components so that they can
communicate to each other.Use all standard practices while integrating components
and if possible use standard design patterns.

27. What are the vehicle performance parameters?

Generally speaking, the performance of a vehicle can be evaluated using
following indicators: the maximal speed that can be reached, the accelerating time from
zero to a certain speed, the maximal climbing angle, the mileage in a certain condition
and the hydrogen consumption in a specific cycle

28. Give the important specifications of atleast two small cars used in India. ?
Maruti Alto 800 Specifications
Engine Type 0.8-litre 3-cyl Petrol
Displacement 796 cc
Max Power 47 BHP (Petrol) | 40.3 BHP (CNG)
Max Torque 69 Nm (Petrol) | 60 Nm (CNG)
Transmission5-speed MT
Maruti Celerio Specifications
Engine Type 1.0-lite 4-cyl K10B
Displacement 998 cc
Max Power 67.1 BHP (Petrol) | 58 BHP (CNG)
Max Torque 90Nm (Petrol) | 78 Nm (CNG)
Transmission5-speed MT + AGS (Petrol) | 5-speed MT (CNG)
Fuel Mileage 21.63 kmpl (Petrol, AGS), 30.47 km/kg (CNG)
Fuel Mileage 22.05 kmpl (Petrol), 32.99 km/kg (CNG)

29. How do you calculate rolling resistance?

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department
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Rolling Resistance Coefficient µR is defined by µR = F/G, where F is the force

necessary to pull the axle of a tire horizontally in the direction of travel, and G is the
vertical load on the tire which is assumed to roll on a flat horizontal surface.
Rolling Resistance Coefficient
0.03 car tires on cobbles - large worn
0.04 - 0.08 car tire on solid sand, gravel loose worn, soil medium hard
0.2 - 0.4 car tire on loose sand

30. How do you reduce rolling resistance?

One way to reduce rolling resistance is to increase air pressure in your tires to the
recommended amount. With increased tire pressure, the tire ends up getting less
deformed while going down the road, resulting in less energy wasted.

BETHLEHAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING, KARUNGAL

Automobile Department