PCCEM – Advanced Construction Method and Equipment

(Lecture)

Module - 4
Machine Power

Section: 50180 & 50181

Rauden B. Panotes, CE, MSSt, ASEAN Eng

Special Lecturer
Mobile Equipment Power Requirements

The decision process for matching the best possible

machine to the project task requires that the engineer take
into account both the properties of the material to be
handled and the mechanical capabilities of the machines.

Quantity

Speed/Rate For excavation and hauling equipment, the payload

Materials capacity is expressed either volumetrically or
Size of the Material/ Piece gravimetrically.

Volumetric Capacity – Struck or heaped volume

(loose cubic yard, bank cubic yard, or compacted
cubic yard).
Capacity Payload Capacity
Gravimetric Capacity – the safe operational weight
that the axles or structural frame of the machine is
designed to handle.
Machine Performance
REQUIRED POWER
• Required Power
• Available Power Power required is the power needed to overcome resisting forces and cause
• Usable Power machine motion. The magnitude of resisting forces establishes this power
requirement.

The power required is the power necessary to overcome the total resistance to
machine movement.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑅 + 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐺𝑅)

Rolling Resistance – the resistance of level surface to constant-velocity motion

across it.

Grade Resistance – the force-opposing the movement of a machine up a

frictionless slope.
Rolling Resistance

• Wheel Resistance or Truck Resistance
• Rolling resistance results from friction of the driving
mechanism, tire flexing, and the force require to
shear through or ride over the supporting surface.
“The maintenance of low-rolling resistance haul roads is
one of the best financial investments as earthmoving
contractor can make. The cost of having a grader to
maintain the haul road is repaid in increased production”

Factors Affecting Rolling Resistance

1. Narrow-Tread and Broad-Tread Tires

2. High-Pressure and Low-Pressured Tires
3. Climate / Weather Condition
4. Varying Types of Soil
5. Compaction
6. Moisture Content of Soil
A tire sinks into the soil until the product of bearing
area and bearing capacity is sufficient to sustain the
load; then the tire is always attempting to climb out of
the resulting rut. The rolling resistance will increase
about 30lb/ton for each tire penetration
Representative Rolling Resistance For Various Types Of Wheels And
Crawler Tracks Versus Various Surfaces.

The estimation of off-road rolling

resistance is based largely on
empirical information, which may
include experience with similar
soils.

US Army Waterways Experiment Station

Actual Determination of Rolling Resistance

The rolling resistance can be determined by towing a truck or

other vehicle whose gross weight is known along a level section a
uniform speed.
𝑾
𝑷
𝑹=
𝑾
Where: Dynamometer
𝑷
𝑹 = rolling resistance in pound per ton
𝑷 = total tension in tow cable in pound
𝑾 = gross weight of mobile vehicle in tons

Approximation of Rolling Resistance if tire penetration is known.

𝑹𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎 + (𝟑𝟎 × 𝑻𝑷) × 𝑮𝑽𝑾

Where:

𝑹𝑹 = rolling resistance in pounds 𝑻𝑷

𝑻𝑷 = tire penetration in inches
𝑮𝑽𝑾 = gross vehicle weight in tons
Grade Resistance

Grade Resistance – the force-opposing

movement of a machine up a frictionless slope.

Grade Assistance – gravitational force in aiding

movement of vehicle down a slope.

• This is a physical property not affected b the

type of machine or condition of the road,
but in respect to analyzing forces its effect is
dependent upon the machine’s direction of
travel.

• For slope of less than 10%, the effect of

grade is to increase, for plus slope, or
decrease for a minus slope, the required
tractive effort by 20lb per gross ton of
machine weight for each 1% of grade.
The effect of grade on the Tractive Effort of Vehicles

Slope Less
than 10%
Total Resistance

The total resistance can be expressed as an effective grade.

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑹𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑹𝑹 ± 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑮𝑹)

𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( )
𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺%
𝑙𝑏
20(𝑡𝑜𝑛)

The terms – powered required, total resistance, and effective grade – all denote the same thing.

Power required is expressed in pound. The total resistance is expressed in pounds or pounds per ton
of machine, and effective grade is expressed in percent.
Example:

The haul road from the borrow pit to the fill has an adverse grade of 4%. Wheel-type hauling units will be used on the job,
and it is expected that the haul-road rolling resistance will be 100 lb/ton. What will be the effective grade for haul? Will the
units experience the same effective grade for the return trip?

100 𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑅 = = 5%
20𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑇 = 5% + 4% = 𝟗%

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑇 = 5% − 4% = 𝟏%
AVAILABLE POWER
Torque
An internal combustion engine by the combustion of
fuel in a piston develops a mechanical force that acts
on crankshaft having radius 𝒓. The crankshaft in turn
drives the flywheel and gears that power the other
components of the machine. The force from rotating
object, such as crankshaft, is termed torque.

𝟓, 𝟐𝟓𝟐
𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑻 = × 𝒉𝒑
𝒓𝒑𝒎

𝒓𝒑𝒎 × 𝑻
𝒉𝒑 =
𝟓, 𝟐𝟓𝟐
Gross Horsepower – is the actual power generated by the
engine prior to load losses for auxiliary system, such as the
Horsepower is a unit of power. alternator, air conditioner compressors, and water pump.
- It is time rate of doing work and is a constant value
for any given machine. Flywheel Horsepower – it is the power available to
operate the machine after deducting power losses in the
1 horsepower = 33,000 lb-ft/min (550 lb-ft/sec) engine.
Power Transmission System

Since horsepower is machine specific constant,

available pull or push will change as machine
speed is varied.

Travel fast and pulling ability will be low; travel

slow and the machine has the ability to exert a
high pulling force.
Rimpull

When analyzing a piece of equipment, we are interested

in the usable force developed at the point of contact
between the tire and the ground (rimpull) for wheel
machine, or the between the tracks and the ground
(drawbar pull).

Rimpull

Rimpull is a term that is used to designate the tractive

force between the rubber tires of driving wheels and
surface on which they travel.
Example:

375 × ℎ𝑝 × 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 For a rubber-tired tractor with a 140-hp engine and a

𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙(𝑙𝑏) =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝑝ℎ) maximum speed 3.3 mph is first gear.

Efficiency of most tractors and trucks will range from 𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑏 =

× ×
=
× ×𝟎.𝟖𝟓
𝟎. 𝟖 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 .

𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑏 = 13,523 lb
Drawbar Pull

The available pull that a crawler

tractor can exert on a load that is
being towed is referred to as the
drawbar pull.

In testing a tractor to determine its maximum drawbar pull at each

of the available speeds, the haul road is calculated to have a
rolling resistance of 110 lb/ton. If a tractor is used on haul road
whose rolling resistance is higher or lower than 110 lb/ton, the
drawbar pull will be reduced or increased, respectively.

Note: In computing the pull that the tractor can exert on a towed
load, it is necessary to deduct from Rimpull or Drawbar Pull of the
tractor the force required to overcome the rolling and grade
resistances.
Example: Example:

Consider a tractor whose maximum Rimpull in the first
gear is 13,730 lb, weighs 12.4 tons, and is operated up a
haul road with a slope of 2% and rolling resistance of 100
lb/ton. Given those conditions, determine the pull
available for towing a load.
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 13,730 𝑙𝑏
A tractor whose weight is 15 tons has a drawbar pull of
5,685 lb in the sixth gear when operated on a level
road having a rolling resistance of 110 lb per ton. If the
tractor is operated on a level road having a rolling
resistance of 180 lb/ton. Determine the effective
drawbar pull.

𝑙𝑏
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑊 × 20 × 𝐺% 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑛 15 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 × 180 − 110 = 1,050 𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 12.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛 × 20 × 2% = 496 𝑙𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 5,685 − 1,050 = 𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟓 𝒍𝒃
𝑙𝑏
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 100 × 12.4 = 1,240 𝑙𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 496 + 1,240 = 1,736 𝑙𝑏

𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 13,730 − 1,736 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (Please read the previous slide regarding the
determination of drawbar pull for crawler Tractor)
USABLE POWER
Maximum Possible Tractive Force
Usable power depends on project conditions, haul-
road surface condition, altitude, and temperature. Weight on Powered
Running Gear
Coefficient of Traction

The total energy of an engine in any machine

designed primarily for pulling a load can be
converted into tractive effort only, if sufficient
traction can be developed between driving wheels
or tracks and the haul surface.

If there is insufficient traction, the full power of the

engine will not be available to do work, as the Usable Tractive Force
wheels or tracks will slip on the surface.
Normal Force

𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

= 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟
 Coefficient of Traction for Various Road Surfaces

Condition Effects
𝑹𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 > 𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 Wheel or Tract will slip on the
surface
𝑹𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒍 < 𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 The full Rimpull or Drawbar pull is
available to do work

Pulling a load can be converted to

tractive effort
Weight Distribution on Powered Running Gear

Track Type Tractor 4-Wheel Tractor 2-Wheel Tractor

Use the total tractor Weight Use the weight on the drivers Use the weight on the drivers
shown on specification sheet shown on specification sheet
or approximately 40% of or approximately 50% of
vehicle gross weight vehicle gross weight
Specification Sheet
Example:

Assume that a rubber-tire truck has a total weight of 18,000 lb

on its driving wheels. The maximum Rimpull in low gear is 9,000
lb. if the tractor is operating in wet sand, with a coefficient of
traction of 0.30, what is the possible Rimpull prior to slippage of
the tires.

𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

= 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0.3 × 18,000 𝑙𝑏 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.60

𝑹𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 > 𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 0.6 × 18,000 𝑙𝑏 = 10,800 𝑙𝑏

∴ Wheel will slip on the surface

𝑹𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 < 𝑼𝒔𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

∴ The full Rimpull of 9,000 𝑙𝑏 is available to do work.

Example:
53% 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
A wheel tractor scraper is used on a road project. When the
project begins, the scraper will experience high rolling and
𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 42,000
grade resistance at one work area. The Rimpull required to
maneuver in this work area is 42,000 lb. In the fully loaded
condition, 52% of the total vehicle weight is on the drive
wheels. The fully loaded vehicle weight is 230,800 lb. What
minimum value of coefficient of traction between the
scraper wheels and the travelling surface is needed to
maintain maximum possible travel speed.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.52 × 230,800 𝑙𝑏 = 120,058, 𝑙𝑏

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 42,000

42,000
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.35
120,058
 Example only
Altitude’s Effect on Usable Power

Standard: The power rating

(flywheel horsepower) is based on
tests conducted at standard
conditions, a temperature of 60°C
and sea-level barometric pressure,
29.92 in Hg.

Altitude above sea level will cause

a significant decrease in available
engine power.

Above 3000 ft (900m), the

decrease in air density may cause a
reduction in horsepower output of
some engines.
 Example only
PERFORMANCE CHART

Equipment manufacturers publish

performance charts for individual
Empty Load
machine model.
Max Load

The performance chart is a

graphical representation of the Performance Curve
for each Gear
power and corresponding speed
the engine and transmission can
deliver.
RETARDER PERFORMANCE CHART Example only

The retarder performance chart identifies

the speed that can be maintained when a
vehicle is descending a grade having a slope
such that the magnitude of the grade
assistance is greater than the resisting rolling
resistance.
Example:

A contractor proposes to use scraper on embankment job. The performance characteristics of the machine are shown
in the performance and retarder performance charts. The scrapers have a rated capacity of 14 𝑐𝑦 struck. Operating
weight empty is 69,000 lb. Loaded weight distribution is 53% on the drive wheels.

The contractor believes that the average load for the material that must be hauled will be 15.c 𝑏𝑐𝑦. The haul from a
excavation area is a uniform adverse gradient of 5% with rolling resistance of 60 𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛. The material to be excavated
and transported is a common earth with a bank unit weight of 3,200 𝑙𝑏/𝑏𝑐𝑦.

1. Calculate the maximum travel speeds that can be expected.

2. If the job is at elevation 12,500 ft, what will be the operating speeds when consideration of the nonstandard
pressure is included in the analysis? Operating at altitude of 12,500 ft the manufacturer has reported that these
scrapers, which have turbocharge engines, can deliver 82% of rated flywheel horsepower.
 Loaded Speed

Machine weight:
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 69,000 𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 15.2 𝑏𝑐𝑦 × 3,200 = 48,640 𝑙𝑏
𝑏𝑐𝑦 E L
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃

Total Resistance:
60 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 3.0%
20 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5%

Loaded (haul) Empty (Return)

Rolling Resistance 3% 3%
Grade Resistance +5% -5%
Total Resistance 8% -2% 5th Gear
11 mph

From the Performance Chart

The maximum expected travel speed: 11 mph at 5th Gear
Empty Speed

Machine weight:
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 69,000 𝑙𝑏

Total resistance is negative, therefore use

retarder performance chart.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = −2%

From the Retarder Performance Chart

The maximum expected travel speed: 31 mph at
8th Gear

2%

8th Gear
31 mph
At altitude of 12,500 ft, the total resistance must
be adjusted for altitude derating:

8%
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 9.8%
0.82
E L

From the Performance Chart

The maximum expected travel speed: 8 mph at 4th Gear

4th Gear
8 mph
Example:

1. What is the rated flywheel power for a CAT

834K four-wheel tractor equipped with a
converter drive?
2. What are the maximum speeds for this
machine, in each of its four gears?
3. Determine the maximum Rimpull of the
tractor in each of the indicated gears if the
efficiency is 90%.
4. If the tractor is operated over a haul road
whose slope +2% with rolling resistance of
80lb/ton, determine the maximum external
pull by the tractor if first gear. Can the tractor
climb the slope in fourth gear?

The required data can be found in Caterpillar

Performance Handbook. CAT 834K Four-wheel Tractor
1. Rated flywheel power

52.63 tons
3. Maximum speeds for Four Gears
3. Maximum Rimpulls

Gear 1: (4.2 mph) Gear 3: (12.6 mph)

375 × ℎ𝑝 × 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 167,400

𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = = 13,286 𝑙𝑏
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑚𝑝ℎ) 12.6

375 × 496 × 0.9 167,400

𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

167400
𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = = 39,857 𝑙𝑏
4.2
Gear 4: (22.0 mph)

167,400
𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = = 7,609 𝑙𝑏
Gear 2: (7.2 mph) 22

167,400
𝑅𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = = 23,250 𝑙𝑏
7.2
4. Maximum external pull by the tractor if first gear

𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 80𝑙𝑏/𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2%

80
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = − 𝟐 + 2 = 𝟒%
20

Maximum External Pull

 1L

Maximum
External Pull

4%
5,300 𝒍𝒃

20 mph

Yes, the tractor can climb the slope at 4th

gear with 20 mph speed