St. WILFRED’S SCHOOL, PANVEL (AFFILATED TO CBSE DELHI) PHYSICAL ASSIGNMENT ON SUBMITTED TO: MR. NARESH THOMBARE (PHYSICAL ED. TEACHER) SUBMITTED BY: MR. ASMIT DASH CLASS: ROLL NO.St. WILFRED’S SCHOOL, PANVEL CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr./Ms............ student of classXII" (Science) has successfully completed the project on Cricket under the guidance of Mr. Naresh Thombare during the academic year of 2021-22 on the partial fulfilment of physical education assignment conducted by CBSE. Signature of Candidate Signature of Teacher Signature of Principal Signature of ExternalACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my teacher Mr. Naresh sir for guiding me through this project and for their valuable inputs which provide me with a constant nudge for improvement. It is imperative to thank our principal, Ms. Preetika Das for providing me the opportunityto work on this project. It goes without saying that my parents have also helped me in this project. My thanks also goes tothem also. This project and reading up on the same has provided me with an in depth and understanding of the topic. It has nurtured my scientific temperament and curiosity.INDEX HISTORY RULES & REGULATIONS LATEST CHANGES IN THE RULES TERMINOLOGY INJURIES DIAGRAM OF COURT SPORTS AWARDS FAMOUS PERSONALITIES CONCLUSIONHISTORY The contemporary history of the world's favourite game spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and association football branched off on their different courses and the Football Association in England was formed - becoming the sport's first governing body. Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees, and to which the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of years. and there is absolutely no reason to consider it an aberration of the more ‘natural’ form of playing a ball with the hands. On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough tussles for the ball, often without any laws for protection, it was recognized right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was not easy and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in China.This Han Dynasty forebear of football was called Tsu’ Chu and it consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an opening, measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long bamboo canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded, but had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents. Use of the hands was not permitted. Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese Kemari, which began some 500-600 years later and is still played today. This is a sport lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no struggle for possession involved. Standing ina circle, the players had to pass the ball to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the ground. The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and a centre line. The objective was to get the ball over the opposition's boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700-800 years, but, although the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of feet was so small as to scarcely be of consequence.RULES & REGULATIONS Ball in and out of Play: The soccer ball is out of bounds when it has crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in air. If it rebounds off the referee, an assistant referee, a goal post, crossbar, or corner flag post and remains inside the field, then it is still in play. Method of scoring: A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses the goal line between the two goalposts and under the crossbar, as long as no violation of the rules has taken place. The side that scores the most goals wins. If both teams have the same number of goals at the end of the match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them scored a goal. Offside: A player is in offside position if there are fewer than two defenders (including the goalie) between him and the goal line. A violation of the offside rule in football occurs if he is in that position and the ball is played to him. A free kick is awarded to the opposition if a player is caught offside. Fouls and misconducts: The following are the most common fouls in football: kicking, tripping, pushing, or charging another player recklessly: striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any member of the opposing side. A foul is called if a player: makes a tackle but hits the player before the ball; deliberately handles the ball (except the goalkeeper in his proper area); or if he uses excessive force in defending an opponent.Free kicks: A restarts a play after a foul or rule infringement is committed and is usually taken from the spot where the violation was committed. A free-kick can either be “direct”, in which a kicker may score directly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ball before a goal can be scored. Penalty kick: A penalty kick in football is awarded if a defender commits a foul inside its own penalty area. The kick is taken from the penalty spot and all the players (except the kicker and the goalkeeper) must be outside the penalty area and penalty arc. Throw-in: A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes over the touchline. It is awarded to the team opposing the side that touched the ball last. The throw is taken from the spot where the ball goes out of bounds. The taker must throw the ball with both hands, both feet on the ground, and facing the field of play. Goal kick: A goal-kick in football is awarded to the defending team if the opposing team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any player from the defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It must 9 be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty area or it will be retaken. The ball must be touched by another player before the taker can play it again. Corner kick: A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking team if an opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes out of bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes play by placing the ball in the corner are nearest to where it crossed the goal line.LATEST CHANGES IN THE RULES 1. Removing the off-side rule Van Basten said: “Football is more and more like handball. Personally I’m curious about how football would work without off-side.” He cited hockey which works without it, and believed teams could adapt with time. He added: “The game would be more attractive. “The attackers would have more chances and there would be more goals, That’s what fans want to see.” 2. Introducing a basketball-style foul system Van Basten said: “Like in basketball, a player can only make five fouls and then has to leave the field”. Players in that sport, once they have made their sixth offence in a match, are “fouled out” and cannot return to the court at all. 3. Punish deliberate handballs less harshly Van Basten believes straight red cards are too harsh, and he would rather see yellow cards handed out, or the possibility of a “Sin bin” type sanction, as seen in rugby, of 5-10 minutes. Although those who remember Luis Suarez’s blatant handball on the line in the last minute for Uruguay against Ghana in the 2010 World Cup will maybe see this as too lenient. 4. Making the last 10 minutes flow better Van Basten said: “We are very aware of the problem of time. The viewers want to see action and goals “The longer a substitution, the execution of a free kick or the treatment of an injured player, the more playing time is lost. We must be careful about this. “We therefore also discuss making the last ten minutes of the game a period of effective playing time. The ball must roll every ten minutes. TERMINOLOGY Advantage: decision made by the referee during a game, where a player is fouled, but play is allowed to continue because the team thatsuffered the foul is in better position than they would have been had the referee stopped the game. Against the run of play: describes a goal scored, or a win or draw achieved, by a side that was being clearly outplayed. Assist: pass that leads to a goal being scored Back heel: pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel to propel the ball backwards to another player Brace: when a player scores two goals in a single match . Clean-sheet: When a goalkeeper or team does not concede a single goal during a match. Counter-attack: kick taken from within a one- yard radius of the corner flag. Diving: form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to win a free kick or penalty. Dribbling: when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close control. Dumny: skill move performed by a player receiving a pass from a teammate; the player receiving the ball will angle their body in such a way that the opponent thinks that they are going to play the ball. Extra Time: additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to determine the winner in some tied cup matches. False Nine: a centre forward who regularly drops back into midfield to disrupt opposition marking Flick-On; when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of controlling it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it is moving past them, with the intent of helping the ball reach another teammateFree Kick: the result of a foul outside the penalty area, given against the offending team. Ghost goal: situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not result in a goal, or a goal was awarded despite the ball not crossing the line. Howler: glaring and possibly amusing error made by a player or referee during a match, Jew Goal: term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball when two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with an open goal”. Kick-Off: method of starting a match. Lay-Off Pass: short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space immediately in front of a teammate who is arriving at speed from behind the player making the pass. Man On: warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with the ball to alert him of the presence of an opposing player behind him. Man-To-Man Marking: system of marking in which each player is responsible for an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch. Nutmeg: when a player intentionally plays the ball between an opponent's legs, runs past the opponent, and collects their own pass. Offside: law relating to the positioning of defending players in relation to attacking players when the ball is played to an attacking player by a teammate. Open Goal: where no player is defending the goal. Overlap: move between two teammates,Shielding: defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their body between the ball and an attacking opponent, in order to prevent that opponent from reaching the ball. Subbed: a player who is withdrawn from the field of play. Sweeper: defender whose role is to protect the space between the goalkeeper and the rest of the defence Throw-In: method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball from behind a touchline after it has been kicked out by an opponent. INJURIES Traumatic Injuries: Knee injuries in football are the most common, especially those to the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) and to the menisci (cartilage of the knee). These knee injuries can adversely affect a player's longterm involvement in the sport. Football players also have a higher chance of ankle sprains due to the surfaces played on and cutting motions. Shoulder injuries are also quite common and the labrum (cartilage bumper surrounding the socket part of the shoulder) is particularly susceptible to injury, especially in offensive and defensive linemen. In addition, injuries to the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) or shoulder are seen in football players Concussions: Football players are very susceptible to concussions. A concussion is a change in mental state due to a traumatic impact. Not all those who suffer a concussion will lose consciousness. Some signs that a concussion has been sustained are headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, drowsiness, numbness/tingling, difficulty concentrating, and blurry vision. The athlete should return to play only when clearance is granted by a health care professional. Overuse Injuries: Low-back pain, or back pain in general, is a fairly common complaint in football players due to overuse. Overuse can also lead to overtraining syndrome, when a player trains beyond the ability for the body to recover. Patellar tendinitis (knee pain) is acommon problem that football players develop and can usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program. Heat Injuries: Heat injuries are a major concern for youth football players, especially at the start of training camp. This usually occurs in August when some of the highest temperatures and humidity of the year occur. Intense physical activity can result in excessive sweating that depletes the body of salt and water. The earliest symptoms are painful cramping of major muscle groups. However, if not treated with body cooling and fluid replacement, this can progress to heat exhaustion and heat stroke — which can even result in death. It is important for football players to be aware of the need for fluid replacement and to inform medical staff of symptoms of heat injury. DIAGRAM OF COURT ¢ Length of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone at each end). Width of field: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet). Height of goal posts: At least 30 feet. Height of crossbar: 10 feet. Width of goal posts (above crossbar): 18 feet 6 inches, inside to inside. Length of ball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis). e Circumference of ball: 20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4 to 28 1/2 inches (long axis).SPORTS AWARDS ¢ Ballon d’Or: It was first awarded in 1956 by the France Football Magazine. The award was the brain child of Gabriel Hanot - his vision was to have an award for the best European footballer of the season as voted on by a selectpanel of European journalists. The Ballo d'Or was quickly established as one of the most prestigious awards a European footballer could win. ¢ FIFPro Player of the Year: It is a newcomer on the international awards front having first been awarded in 2005. The awarded is voted on by players from the various player associations across the world. As such the award shot to prominance quickly, to be voted as the best player in the world by your fellow professionals is seen as one of the highest forms of recognition a player can achieve ¢ FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always destined to become arguably the pinnacle achievement for an individual in Football. Since it's inception the award has been seen to be provide the definitive answer to the question who is the best team in the world.e PFA Player of the Year Award: The Professional Footballer's Association award is consider by many to be the most prestigious award a player can receive due to the fact that it is voted on by fellow Footballers. Each member of the association wotes for two players. The award was first given in 1974. ° . FWA Player of the Year: Along with the PFA Award, the Football Writer's Association award is considered as the premier individual award in England. It is awarded to the best player in the English Premier League and is voted on by approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley Matthews was the awards e FIFA Golden Ball/ Golden Shoe: The Golden ball i is presented to the best player of a World Cup, whilst the Golden shoe is presented to the highest goal scorer in the tournament. The awards have been presented since the first world cup in 1930. The Golden Ball is voted on by the world’s media, who select their vote from shortlist put together by the FIFA technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World Cup) of the Golden Ball is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Golden shoe was awarded to Miroslav Klose. FAMOUS PERSONALITIES» Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the Argentina national team. » Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ComM, GOIH are a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is a forward and serves as captain for Portugal. Fly “ > Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Jiinior Brazilian Portuguese :born 9 September 1991), better known as simply Oscar, is a Brazilianprofessional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chinese club Shanghai SIPG. He has previously been called up for the Brazil national team. > Gerard Piqué Bernabéu ; born 2 February 1987) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Barcelona and the Spain national team.Sunil Chhetri is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a striker or winger and captains both Indian Super League side Bengaluru and the India national team. Bhaichung Bhutia is an Indian former professional footballer who played as a striker. Bhutia is considered as the torchbearer of Indian football in the international arena. Sandesh Jhingan is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Prva HNL club Sibenik and the India national team.Gurpreet Singh Sandhu is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Indian Super League club Bengaluru and the India national team. Jeje Lalpekhlua is an Indian professional footballer who plays as acentral forward for the India national football team and SC East Bengal in the Indian Super League. Telem Jackichand Singh is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or a winger for Indian Super League club East Bengal, on loan from Mumbai City, and the India national team.CONCLUSION The football affects us all in profound ways. Whether it is by helping to develop new reflexes or muscle memory while we play with it, by changing our perceptions of controllable space while we play without it, or by simply alleviating stress as a past-time. Football can be seen as a hobby, a sport, an obsession. But we know football to be more than this. It is, because of its unique nature as an activity of the feet, an act of rebellion, of liberation, and of declarative identification. Although it is difficult to see in the United States, football is the true esperanta - a language that the entire world speaks. And through this language, if we listen carefully, we can hear a dialogue - a dialogue of national identity, egalitarian ideas, and of personal liberation. Football is the ultimate example of symmetry - it could not exist without the culture that it is situated in, and the culture within which it is played could not exist without football. In many ways, the history of football is the history of the modern world. No written history of the world is complete without a history of the football. So please, pick up a ball and pass it someone else, for if you do, you are already engaging in the world's most popular phenomenon. By engaging, we can begin to understand it, and in understanding it, we are one step closer to understanding the world we live in.THANK YOU