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EE Problems
EE Problems
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING
MAP – Tele
November 2008
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
1 The electric field intensity of a left-hand circularly polarized electromagnetic wave of frequency
200 MHz is 10 Vm−1 . This wave propagates in air and impinges normally on a dielectric medium
with εr = 4 that is located in the region z ≥ 0. The x component of the incident electric field
phasor has a maximum at z = 0 when t = 0.
dielectric
Ei
0 z
2 Repeat the previous problem, assuming now that the region z ≥ 0 is filled wiht a poor conductor
with εr = 2.25, µr = 1 and σ = 10−4 Sm−1 .
3 At 200 MHz a given medium is characterized by σ = 0, µr = 15(1 − j3) and εr = 50(1 − j1). Find:
(a) η/η0 , λ/λ0 and v/v0 , where η is the intrinsic impedance and v is the phase velocity (the
subscript 0 corresponds to values in air);
(b) the skin depth δ;
(c) the attenuation in dB for a distance of 5 mm;
(d) the reflection coefficient for a wave propagating in air that impinges normally in this medium.
conductor
material
Ei
1
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
5 The three regions shown in the figure are perfect dielectrics. For a wave propagating in medium 1
and impinging normally in the interface located at z = −d, find εr2 and d such that there are no
reflected wave. Write the answer as a function of εr1 , εr3 and frequency f .
z = −d z=0
Medium 1 εr 2 Medium 3
-
Medium 2 z
εr 1 εr 3
-
d
6 Consider a plane electromagnetic wave that is normally incident on a glass lens of a camera with
εr = 2.5, as illustrated in figure A. Assume that the lens has an infinite thickness in order to neglect
the reflections at the glass-air end interface.
air glass air dielectric glass
incident incident
wave wave
Figure A Figure B
(a) Find the fraction of the incident power that is reflected by the lens.
(b) In order to eliminated the reflections of the visible light corresponding to yellow (λ0 = 560 nm,
where λ0 is the vacuum wavelength), a dielectric coating with a thickness of λ/4 is applied to
the lens (figure B). Find the dielectric constant of this material. What is the thickness of the
dielectric layer?
(c) Under the previous conditions, what fraction of the incident blue light (λ0 = 475 nm) is
reflected by the lens?
~ t) = 10 sin(2πf t)ŷ
E(0, (V/m).
8 A uniform plane wave, linearly polarized along x, with amplitude 10 V/m and frequency 1.5 GHz,
is propagating in air and impinges normally on a perfectly conducting surface located at z = 0.
(a) Obtain the phasor and instantaneous expressions for the electric and magnetic fields in air.
2
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(b) Find the location closest to the conducting surface where the magnetic field is always zero.
(c) Assuming now that the conducting surface has σ = 105 S/m (graphite), ε = ε0 and µ = µ0 ,
find the attenuation constant in dB/m.
(d) Under the previous conditions, obtain the fraction of the incident power that is absorbed by
the conducting plate.
(e) If the incident wave has left-hand circular polarization, what type of polarization will the
reflected wave have? Justify your answer.
9 A plane wave is propagating in air (z < 0) and impinges normally on a good conductor (z > 0)
√ o
that is nonmagnetic and has intrinsic impedance 6π 2ej45 . The incident electric field is given by
~ = (x̂ − j ŷ)10e−j20πz
E (V/m).
10 Assume that the region z > 0 is filled with air, while the region z < 0 is filled with a dielectric with
refractive index 2. In the dielectric is propagating a wave characterized by
~ = x̂E0 e−jπ(4y+3z) .
E
(a) Determine the direction of propagation of the incident wave and the corresponding angle of
incidence.
(b) Find the magnetic field phasor of the incident wave.
(c) Obtain the reflection coefficient and the electric field phasor of the reflected wave.
(d) Write the expression for the electric field phasor in air.
11 A left-hand circularly polarized wave impinges at an interface between two different media with
and angle of 45◦ .
(a) If the two media are air (medium 1) and a perfect conductor (medium 2), determine the state
of polarization of the reflected wave.
(b) For the interface air-polystyrene (εr = 2.5), determine the state of polarization of the reflected
and transmitted waves.
12 A wave propagating in air with perpendicular polarization impinges obliquely at an interface air-
glass with an angle of incidence of 30◦ . The wave frequency is 600 THz (1 THz = 1012 Hz), corre-
sponding to green light, and the index of refraction of glass is 1.6. Assuming that the electric field
amplitude of the incident wave is 50 Vm−1 , determine:
3
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
13 In the region defined by y < 0, filled with a nonmagnetic material (medium 1), is propagating a
plane wave of frequency 1.5 GHz that is characterized by the phasor
This wave impinges obliquely on the interface with the region y > 0, that is filled with air.
(a) What is the state of polarization of this wave relatively to the plane of incidence?
(b) Find the relative permittivity of medium 1 and the angle of incidence.
(c) Obtain the magnetic field phasor of this wave.
(d) Find the reflection and transmission coefficients, and obtain the electric field phasors of the
reflected wave and of the wave in the air.
(e) Explain how it is possible to obtain a circularly polarized wave from the incidence of a linearly
polarized wave on an interface with a medium with lower refractive index. Justify your answer
with the necessary calculations.
15 A plane wave propagating in air (medium 1) with perpendicular polarization is incident with an
angle of 30◦ on a medium (medium 2) with relative permittivity εr = 5.
16 In the region defined by x < 0, filled with a nonmagnetic material (medium 1), is propagating a
plane wave of frequency 6.8 GHz that is characterized by
~ i (x, y) = 10e−j4π(8x+15y) ẑ
E (V/m).
This wave impinges obliquely in the region x > 0, filled with a nonmagnetic material with refractive
index 2.
4
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
17 A plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic medium with dielectric constant εr = 2.25 is charac-
terized by
E~ i (x, y) = 10e−j4π(3x+4y) (−0.8x̂ + 0.6ŷ) (V/m).
This wave is obliquely incident on the interface with the region x > 0, filled with a nonmagnetic
material with refractive index 2.
18 Repeat the previous problem, assuming now that the electric field phasor of the incident wave is
given by
~ i (x, y) = 10e−j4π(3x+4y) (−0.8x̂ + 0.6ŷ + ẑ) (V/m).
E
5
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
1 Show that the TM1 mode in a parallel-plate waveguide can be seen as a superposition of two plane
waves propagating obliquely.
2 Obtain the expressions of the surface charge and surface current densities on the plates of a parallel-
plate waveguide for the TMn mode. Indicate the direction of the current on the plates.
3 Obtain the expression of the surface current density on the plates of a parallel-plate waveguide for
the TEn mode. Indicate the direction of the current on the two plates.
(a) Write the instantaneous expressions of the electric and magnetic fields for the TM1 and TE1
modes.
(b) For the previous modes and t = 0, sketch the electric and magnetic field lines in the yz plane.
5 A parallel-plate waveguide is filled with air and its plates are separated by 1 cm.
(a) Determine the cutoff frequency of the TE1 , TM1 , TE2 and TM2 modes.
(b) Knowing that the guide operates at a frequency of 40 GHz, indicate which modes can propa-
gate.
6 A waveguide with parallel-plates separated by a distance b is filled with a dielectric with parameters
(ε, µ).
(a) Sketch the ω − β diagrams for the first three TM and TE modes, and for the TEM mode.
(b) Indicate how it would be possible to obtain the phase and group velocities at a given frequency
from a ω − β diagram.
(a) Determine the cutoff frequencies for the first five TE and TM modes.
(b) Knowing that the guide operates at 20 GHz, determine the phase velocity, the wavelength, the
phase constant and the impedances for the previous modes.
(c) Compare the obtained values with the ones relative to a TEM mode with 20 GHz.
(d) Now assume that the guide operates at 2 GHz. Determine the attenuation constants for the
previous modes.
8 A waveguide with parallel-plates separated by 2 cm is filled with a dielectric with relative permit-
tivity 2.25. The magnetic field inside the guide is characterized by
Determine:
6
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
9 A waveguide with parallel-plates separated by 1 cm is filled with a dielectric with relative permit-
tivity 4 and operates at 12 GHz. The electric field inside the guide is characterized by
Determine:
10 A parallel-plate waveguide is filled with two different dielectrics, with permittivities ε1 and ε2 .
y
2 d
x 1 d
(a) Starting from the wave equations in each medium, show that for the TE modes the longitudinal
component of the magnetic field satisfies
A sin(h y) + B cos(h y) medium 1
1 1
Hz0 =
C sin(h2 y) + B cos(h2 y) medium 2
(c) Using the previous result and appropriate boundary conditions, show that the following con-
dition is satisfied
h1 tan(h2 d) + h2 tan(h1 d) = 0.
(d) Obtain the equation for the cutoff frequencies of the different TE modes.
11 Consider a rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.5 cm and b = 1.0 cm that is filled with
a lossless dielectric with εr = 4. Determine the phase constant, the phase velocity and the wave
impedance for the TE10 and TM11 modes when the guide is operating at 15 GHz.
12 A rectangular waveguide filled with air has dimensions a = 1 cm and b = 0.6 cm.
(a) Determine the cutoff frequencies of the TE10 and TE20 modes
(b) For a 18 GHz operating frequency, determine the guided wavelength for each propagating mode
and compare it with the wavelength in free space.
7
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
13 A rectangular waveguide with dimensions 5 cm × 2 cm is filled with air and operates at 15 GHz. The
electric field inside the guide is characterized by:
(a) Compute the cutoff frequency of the different TE and TM modes in propagation.
(b) How many TE and TM modes can propagate if the guide is filled with a dielectric with εr = 4
and µr = 1?
15 A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 1.5 cm, b = 0.8 cm is filled with a dielectric with
µ = µ0 and ε = 4ε0 . The magnetic field inside the guide is characterized by
πx
3πy
Hx = 2 sin cos sin(π × 1011 t − βz) (A/m)
a b
Determine:
16 A rectangular waveguide filled with air has dimensions a = 8.636 cm and b = 4.318 cm, and operates
at 4 GHz.
(a) Find if the TE10 mode can propagate and, if so, calculate the phase and group velocities.
(b) Repeat for the TM11 mode.
17 A rectangular waveguide is filled with air and has dimensions a = 4 cm and b = 2 cm. This guide
transports an average power of 2 mW in the dominant mode. If the operating frequency is 10 GHz,
determine the maximum amplitude of the electric field inside the guide.
18 A rectangular waveguide is filled with two different dielectrics, as illustrated in the figure.
1 2
b
x d
a
8
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(a) Show that the following condition is satisfied for the TEm0 modes with angular frequency ω:
where h21 = γ 2 + ω 2 µε1 and h22 = γ 2 + ω 2 µε2 , and γ is the propagation constant.
(b) Obtain the cutoff frequency for the TE10 mode by solving the previous equation when γ = 0.
Assume that a = 2.286cm, d = a/2, ε1 = ε0 and εr2 = 2.25.
19 A rectangular waveguide (a = 5 cm; b = 2 cm), filled with air, operates at 1 GHz. For the TM21
mode and assuming that the maximum amplitude of Ez at z = 0 is 1 kV/m:
20 A rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 4 cm and b = 2 cm is filled with air and operates at
18 GHz. The electric inside this guide is characterized by
Ez = 20 sin(50πx) sin(100πy)e−jβz .
(a) What mode is propagating inside the guide? Find its cutoff frequency.
(b) Determine β and vg .
(c) Find the average power propagated inside the guide.
21 A rectangular waveguide will operate in a frequency band of 1.0 GHz with central frequency 4.0 GHz.
A safety margin of 20% should be considered between the band boundaries and the first and second
mode cutoff frequencies, as shown below.
1 GHZ
f c2 f (GHz)
f c1 f l = 1.2 f c1 f 0 = 4.0 fu = f c2
1.2
(1st mode) (2nd mode)
(a) Assuming that the guide is filled with air, find the guide dimensions, a and b.
(b) Now assume that this guide (with the previously calculated dimensions a and b) is filled with
a dielectric with r = 3.2. Which modes can propagate in the specified frequency band?
22 A rectangular cavity is filled with air and has dimensions a = 5 cm, b = 4 cm and d = 10 cm. Find
the five lowest modes of the cavity.
23 A rectangular cavity has dimensions a = 4 cm, b = 3 cm and d = 5 cm. Find the dominant mode
and its resonant frequency when
9
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(b) the cavity is filled with a dielectric with relative permittivity 2.5.
24 A rectangular cavity is filled with air and its dimensions satisfy a = 2b = 4d.
z
y
d
b = 2d
a = 2b x
(a) Find the dimensions of the cavity such that the resonant frequency of the dominant mode is
6 GHz.
(b) Show that in the dominant mode the electric field of a rectangular cavity is parallel to the
shortest dimension of the cavity. Assume that the shortest dimension is oriented along z.
d2 R(r) 1 dR(r)
+ + R(r) = 0
dr2 r dr
P∞
can be obtained by considering that R(r) is of the form R(r) = m=0 am rm . By substituting this
expression in the differential equation, determine the general expression for the coefficients am .
27 Show that the Bessel functions of the first kind satisfy the following conditions.
1
(a) Jn0 (x) = 2 [Jn−1 (x) − Jn+1 (x)].
1
(b) J−n (x) = (−1)n Jn (x). Note: (−n)! = 0, ∀n ∈ N.
28 A circular waveguide is filled with air and has a diameter of 90 mm. Determine:
(a) The TE and TM modes that can propagate at an operating frequency of 5 GHz.
(b) The relative velocity (v/c) of each mode at a frequency 1.1 times their cutoff frequency.
(a) Knowing that the lowest cutoff frequency of the guide is 20% lower than the frequency of the
transmitted signal, find the diameter of the guide.
(b) If the guide now operates at 15GHz, which modes are allowed to propagate.
30 Consider a circular waveguide filled with air, with a 1 cm radius and operating at 19 GHz.
10
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(a) Assuming that the guide is operating at 4 GHz, determine which modes are allowed to prop-
agate.
(b) Under the previous conditions, obtain the average Poynting vector of the TE11 mode.
(c) Determine the frequency range [fmin , fmax ] in which the guide should operate if only the
dominant mode is allowed to propagate and the attenuation of all other modes is larger than
200 dB/m.
32 A circular cavity has a length equal to its diameter. Knowing that the cavity oscillates at 10 GHz
in the TM010 mode, determine the cavity length.
33 A circular cavity is filled with air and has a length equal to its radius Determine the seven lowest
modes of the cavity.
34 A circular cavity is filled with air and has a length equal to its radius.
(a) Knowing that the TE211 mode oscillates at 6 GHz determine the cavity dimensions.
(b) Find the lowest resonant frequency of the cavity and the associated mode.
35 Show that the propagation velocity of a electromagnetic wave inside a dielectric waveguide lies
between the propagation velocities of a plane wave in the dielectric medium and in the exterior
medium of the guide.
36 A dielectric slab with parameters µ = µ0 and ε = 2.5ε0 is located in the air. Find the minimum
thickness of the slab that allows the propagation of an even TM or TE mode at an operating
frequency of 20 GHz.
37 Consider a dielectric slab of thickness b and parameters (µ, ε) located in the air.
(a) Determine the average power density propagated in the guide by the TM dominant mode.
(b) Determine the average power transmitted in the transverse direction.
38 Consider a dielectric slab of thickness 2 cm and dielectric constant εr = 2 located in the air. An
even TM mode propagates in this guide at a frequency of 12 GHz. The longitudinal component of
the electric field inside the dielectric is given by Ez = 10 cos(hd y)e−jβz (V/m).
air dielectric b
(a) Find the other components of the electric field in the dielectric.
(b) Knowing that hd = 229.7 m−1 , calculate the phase constante β and the decay coefficient ν of
the fields in the air.
(c) Under the previous conditions, obtain the longitudinal component of the electric field in the
air.
11
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
39 Consider a planar dielectric waveguide consisting of a dielectric slab of thickness b and parameters
(µ, ε) and a perfectly conducting plate.
y
air
b dielectric
x conductor
Knowing that the the guide is located in the air, find for the TE modes
40 Determine, for the waveguide of the previous problem, the expressions for the surface charge and
current densities on the conducting plate.
41 Consider a planar dielectric waveguide consisting of a dielectric slab with refractive index n1 and
thickness b and a conducting plate.
y
n2
b n1
x conductor
Knowing that the guide is located in an infinite medium with refractive index n2 (n2 < n1 ),
determine, for the TM modes,
42 A cylindrical rod made of a dielectric transparent material can be used to guide light as a result
of the total internal reflection. Find the material minimum dielectric constant that allows a wave,
incident at one end with an angle θi , to be guided in the rod until it emerges at the other end.
43 Consider an optical fiber with a core and cladding refractive indices equal to 1.48 and 1.46, respec-
tively. Determine:
12
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
44 The refractive indices of the core and cladding of an optical fiber are n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.45,
respectively.
(a) Determine the maximum radius that allows propagation in the single-mode regime at a fre-
quency of 2 × 1014 Hz.
(b) Explain why single-mode fibers are advantageous for long distance transmission of information.
13
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
— Transmission Lines —
1 A transmission line with length l connects a load to a sinusoidal voltage source operating at a
frequency f . Assuming that the propagation velocity of the wave in the line is c, in which of the
following cases it is reasonable to ignore the presence of the transmission line in the circuit analysis?
3 A parallel-plate transmission line operating at 1 GHz consists of two copper plates of width 1.5 cm
separated by a dielectric of thickness 0.2 cm. For the copper, µc = µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H/m and
σc = 5.8 × 107 S/m, and for the dielectric εr = 2.6, µ = µ0 and σ = 0. Obtain the line parameters
(R, L, G e C).
4 In a coaxial transmission line, the inner conductor diameter is 0.5 cm and the exterior conductor
diameter is 1 cm. The space between the two conductors is filled with a dielectric with µ = µ0 ,
εr = 2.25 e σ = 10−3 S/m. The conductors are made of copper with µ = µ0 and σc = 5.8 × 107 S/m
and the line is operating at 1 GHz.
6 A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has Z0 = 40 Ω, α = 0.02 Np/m and β = 0.75 rad/m.
7 A phone line has R = 30 Ω/Km, L = 0.1 H/km, G = 0 and C = 20 µF/km. Assuming f = 1 kHz,
obtain:
14
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
8 A lossless transmission line operating at 4.5 GHz has L = 2.4 µH/m and Z0 = 85 Ω. Calculate the
phase constant, β, and the phase velocity.
9 Operating at a frequency of 300 MHz, a lossless line with 50 Ω and length 2.5 m is connected to a
load ZL = (60 + j20) Ω. Assuming v = c, find the input impedance.
10 A lossless transmission line is short-circuited. What length (in wavelengths) should the line have
in order to appear as an open circuit at its input terminals.
11 Show that the input impedance of a very short slightly lossy line (αl 1 and βl 1) is approxi-
mately
12 A lossless transmission line terminates in a load ZL = (30 − j60) Ω. The wavelength is 5 cm and
the line characteristic impedance is 50 Ω. Find:
13 In a lossless transmission line, the first voltage minimum is located at 4 cm from the load; the
second minimum is located at 14 cm from the load; the voltage SWR is 2.5. If the line is lossless
and Z0 = 50 Ω, determine the load impedance.
14 A lossless transmission line with length l = 0.35λ terminates in a load of impedance ZL = (60 +
j30) Ω. Obtain ΓL , SWR and Zi when Z0 = 100 Ω.
Zi Z0 ZL
0,35λ
15 A load of 500 Ω is fed by a line of length 2 km operating at 20 kHz. The amplitude of the voltage
at the load is 95% of the amplitude at the input of the line and the phase difference between these
voltages is 2 rad. Knowing that this line is matched, find
◦
16 In a phone line of length 5 km operating at 1 kHz it is known that the input impedance is 535ej64 Ω
◦
when the line is open-circuited and is 467.5ej10 Ω when the line is short-circuited.
15
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
17 A sinusoidal voltage source, Vg (t) = 5 cos(2π × 109 t) (V) and internal impedance Zg = 50 Ω, is
connected to a lossless line with 50 Ω. The line, 5 cm long, terminates at a load ZL = (100−j100) Ω.
If v = c, determine:
18 A transmission line operating at ω = 106 rad/s has α = 8 dB/m, β = 1 rad/m and Z0 = (60+j40) Ω,
◦
and is 2 meters long. If the line is connected to a generator with Vg = 10ej0 V and Zg = 40 Ω,
and terminates in a load (20 + j50) Ω, obtain:
(a) The attenuation constant (α), the phase constant (β) and the phase velocity.
(b) The characteristic impedance, Z0 , and the current I(x, t).
20 Consider a length l of a transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 and propagation constant
γ.
I1 I2
+ +
V1 Z0, γ V2
– –
between the voltages and currents in the two terminals of the line. Also show that the following
relations are satisfied
A=D
AD − BC = 1
16
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(b) Show that the previous section of the line can be represented by the equivalent circuit
I1 I2
+ Z1/2 Z1/2 +
V1 Y2 V2
– –
when
γl
Z1 = 2Z0 tanh
2
sinh γl
Y2 =
Z0
21 Use the Smith chart to obtain the reflection coefficient corresponding to each of the following load
impedances:
(a) ZL = 3Z0
(b) ZL = (2 − j2)Z0
(c) ZL = −j2Z0
(d) ZL = 0.
22 Use the Smith chart to obtain the normalized load impedances corresponding to the following
reflection coefficients:
(a) ΓL = 0.5
(b) ΓL = 0.5∠60◦
(c) ΓL = −1
(d) ΓL = 0.3∠ − 30◦
(e) ΓL = 0
(f ) ΓL = j
Obtain the results analytically and also by using the Smith chart.
24 In a lossless transmission line terminated at a load ZL = 100 Ω, the measured SWR is 2.5. Use the
Smith chart to determine the two possible values of Z0 .
25 A lossless transmission line of length 1.3λ and characteristic impedance 100 Ω is terminated by a
load (100 + j50) Ω. Using Smith chart, determine:
17
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
26 The SWR of a lossless transmission line with 50 Ω terminating at a load with unknown impedance
is 4.0. The distance between consecutive voltage minima is 40 cm and the first minimum is located
at 5 cm from the load. Using the Smith chart, determine:
27 A lossless transmission line with 50 Ω terminates at a load ZL = (50 + j25) Ω. Use the Smith chart
to calculate:
28 A lossless transmission line terminates in a short-circuit. Use the Smith chart to determine:
29 A lossless transmission line with 50 Ω and length 0.6λ terminates at a load ZL = (50 + j25) Ω. At a
distance 0.3λ from the load a resistance R = 30 Ω is inserted, as shown below. Use the Smith chart
to determine the input impedance, Zi , of this circuit.
Z0 Z0
Zi R ZL
0,3λ 0,3λ
30 In order to match a lossless transmission line with 50 Ω to a load with ZL = (75 − j20) (Ω) a single
stub is used. Use the Smith chart to determine the length and the location of the stub.
31 A lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance 300 Ω operates at 100 MHz and is termi-
nated by a load ZL = 77.6 − j49.4 Ω. Design a single stub (terminated in a short-circuit) to match
the line.
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Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(a) Using the Smith chart, determine the value of the reactive element to be inserted (inductor or
capacitor) and its location relative to the load.
(b) What is the value of the parameter SWR in two sections of the line?
(c) If the cable is 1 m long, obtain the input impedance of the line with and without reactive
element.
33 Consider a lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance 50 Ω and phase velocity 108 m/s.
A B
Z0 ZL
(a) Knowing that the line operates at 100 MHz and is matched to its load by a single short-
circuited stub of length l = 0.14 m, which is located at a distance d = 0.46 m from the load
ZL , obtain the impedance of the load.
(b) Under the previous conditions, the voltage maximum in the section AB of the line is 30 V.
Sketch the variation of the line voltage as a function of the distance to the load, clearly
indicating the minimum value of the voltage and the locations of the voltage minima and
maxima.
34 Two lossless transmission lines operating at 40 MHz have the following characteristic parameters:
L1 = L2 = 0.1 mH/km and C1 = C2 = 2.5 nF/km. The first line, 400 m long, is terminated by
a load of impedance 200 Ω, whereas the second one has a length of 501.6 m and is open-circuited.
The input terminals of the two lines are connected in parallel and act as a load for a third lossless
line.
(a) What is the characteristic impedance of the third line that eliminates reflections in the con-
nection to the other two lines?
(b) Consider now that the third line has a characteristic impedance of 100 Ω and a phase constant
π
of 25 rad/m. Design a single stub terminated in a short-circuit that matches this line to its
load.
35 A 9 m long lossless transmission line is terminated by a load ZL = 15 + j30 Ω. This line has
Z0 = 50 Ω and vf = 2c/3, and operates at 100 MHz.
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Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(c) Match the line to the load using 2 stubs terminated in short-circuit and separated by λ/8.
36 A double stub is used to match a load of impedance ZL = 100 + j100 Ω to a lossless transmission
line with Z0 = 300 Ω. The stubs are separated by 3λ/8 and one of the stubs is located at the load.
(a) Obtain the length of the two stubs assuming that they are terminated by an open-circuit.
(b) What is the value of the SWR in the main line and in the section between the two stubs?
(c) In the section between the two stubs, find the location of the voltage maximum nearest to the
load.
37 A double stub is used to match a load with impedance ZL = 100 + j100 Ω to a lossless transmission
line with Z0 = 200 Ω. The two stubs are separated by 3λ/8, and one of the stubs is located at the
load. Obtain the lengths of the two stubs assuming that:
39 A lossless transmission line, filled with air and with characteristic impedance Z0 = 50 Ω, is termi-
nated by a load of impedance ZL = 40 + j30 Ω. A quarter-wave adaptor is going to match this line
at a frequency of 3 GHz.
41 Consider a lossless transmission line of length 1 m, with Z0 = 50 Ω and v = 2c/3, and terminated
by a load ZL = 25 Ω. A step voltage is applied at the line input at t = 0, by a generator with
Vg = 60 V and Rg = 100 Ω.
42 A lossless transmission line with 40 Ω, εr = 2.25 and 200 m long, is terminated by an open-circuit.
At t = 0 a voltage is applied at the line input by a generator with 40 V and internal impedance
120 Ω.
20
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(a) Sketch the time evolution of the voltage at the load for 0 < t < 5 µs.
(b) Determine the final value of the voltage at the load.
Vg(t)
Zg
15 V
Vg(t) Z0
0 1 µs t
0 6 µs t
45 A lossless transmission line with parameters C = 100 pF/m and L = 250 nH/m, is terminated by
a resistive load RL . At t = 0 a step voltage is applied to this line by a generator with Vg = 18 V
and Rg . The following graphic shows the time evolution of the voltage at some point A in the line
for t between 0 and 3 µs.
V (V)
18
12
21
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(a) Determine the location of point A relative to the generator and the length of the line.
(b) Determine RL and Rg .
(c) Draw the reflection diagram for t between 0 and 8 µs.
(d) Sketch the time evolution of the voltage at the load for t between 0 and 8 µs.
RL
(e) Show that the final value (t → +∞) of the voltage at the load is RL +Rg Vg .
22
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
1 ~ i (z) = 10e−j 4π
(a) E 3 z (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m
(b) Γ = −1/3 τ = 2/3
(c) ~ r (z) = − 10 ej 4π
E 3 z (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m
3
~ 20 −j 8π
Et (z) = 3 e h 3 z (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m i
~ air (z) = 20 e−j 4π 3 z − j sin
4π
E 3 3 z (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m
Pav,r
(d) Pav,i = 1/9
Pav,t
Pav,i = 8/9
2 ~ i (z) = 10e−j 4π
(a) E 3 z (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m
(b) Γ = −0.2e−j0.0048
τ = 0.8ej0.0028
(c) E r 3 z ) (x̂ + j ŷ)
~ (z) = −2ej (−0.0048+ 4π V/m
~
Et (z) = 8eh−0.012z −j(6.283z−0.0028)
e (x̂ +i j ŷ) V/m
3 z − 2e ( 3
~ air (z) = 10e−j 4π j 4π z−0.0048)
E (x̂ + j ŷ) V/m
Pav,r
(d) Pav,i = 0.04
Pav,t
Pav,i = 0.96
Z
3 (a) Z0 = 0.797 − j0.188
λ
λ0 = vv0 = 32.8 × 10−3
(b) δ = 4.85 mm
(c) −8.96 dB
(d) Γ = −0.101 − j0.115 = 0.153e−j2.29
4 d = 3.21 cm
√
5 εr 2 = εr 1 εr 3 , d = n λ42 (n odd)
6 (a) 5.07 %
(b) εrd = 1.58 , d = 111.3 nm
(c) 0.41 %
7 —
(b) z = −0.05 m.
(c) α = 2.11 × 105 dB/m
(d) 0.26 %
(e) right-hand circularly polarized wave
23
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
~av, medium 2 =
(g) S 0.1508 −400πz
W/m2
π e ẑ
12 (a) Γ⊥ = −0.274
τ⊥ = 0.726
~ z, t) = 36.3 cos 12π × 1014 t − 6.4π × 106 (0.950z + 0.313x) ŷ (V/m)
(b) E(x,
~ z, t) = 0.154 cos 12π × 1014 t − 6.4π × 106 (0.950z + 0.313x) (0.313ẑ − 0.950x̂) (A/m)
H(x,
15 (a) Γ⊥ = −0.431
(b) 0.464 rad
24
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
16 (a) n1 = 1.5
(b) θi = 61.9◦
θt = 41.4◦
~ r = −3.6e−j4π(−8x+15y) ẑ (V/m)
(c) E
~ t = 6.4πe−j 90.7π(0.75x+0.66y) ẑ (V/m)
E
(d) 87.04%
17 (a) f = 2 GHz
(b) âni = 0.6x̂ + 0.8ŷ
ânr = −0.6x̂ + 0.8ŷ
ânt = 0.8x̂ + 0.6ŷ
~ r = 0 (V/m)
(c) E
~ 80π
Et = 7.5e−j 3 (0.8x+0.6y) (−0.6x̂ + 0.8ŷ) (V/m)
18 —
25
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
1 —
6 —
8 (a) TE2
(b) β = 111.8π (rad/m)
26
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
10 —
11 TE10 : (fc )10 = 3 GHz, β = 615.75 rad/m, vf = 1.53 × 108 m/s, ZTE = 192.34 (Ω)
TM11 : (fc )11 = 8.078 GHz, β = 529.67 (rad/m), vf = 1.78 × 108 m/s, ZTM = 158.9 (Ω).
13 (a) TM21
(b) β = 241.4 (rad/m)
(c) Ey /Ex = (50/40) tan(40πx) cot(50πy)
14 (a) (fc )01 = 15 GHz, (fc )10 = 6 GHz, (fc )20 = 12 GHz
(b) Modes:
TE10 , TE20 , TE01 , TE11 , TM11 , TE30 , TE21 , TM21 , TE31 , TM31 ,
TE40 , TE41 , TM41 , TE02 , TE50 .
16 (a) (fc )10 = 1.74 GHz < f , vf = 3.33 × 108 (m/s) > c, vg = 2.702 × 108 (m/s)
(b) (fc )10 = 3.88 GHz < f , vf = 12.3 × 108 (m/s) > c, vg = 7.32 × 107 (m/s)
17 E0 = 63.77 (V/m)
18 (a) —
(b) (fc )TE10 = 5.06 GHz
19 —
20 —
21 —
27
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
24 —
25
(−1)m/2
26 am = 0, m odd; am = 2m [(m/2)!]2 , m even
27 —
28 —
32 d = 23 mm
34 —
35 —
36 dmin = 6.1 mm
~av = βωεA2
37 (a) S h21
cos2 (h1 y)ẑ
(b) 0
38 —
40 ρS = 0; J~S = Be−jβz x̂
q 2
ω 2 n2
(n21 − n22 ) − h21 =
41 (a) c n1 h1 tan(h1 b)
28
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
(n−1)c
(b) fc = √ , n = 1, 2, . . .
2b n21 −n22
42 εr > 1 + sin2 θi
p p
43 (a) N.A. = n21 − n22 ; θa = arcsin n21 − n22
(b) N.A. = 0.986 ; θa = 1.404 rad
29
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
1 l/λ ≤ 0.01
2 —
9 Zi = 60 + j20 Ω
10 λ/4
11 —
◦
12 (a) Γ = 0.632e−j71.6
(b) SWR = 4.43
0
(c) zmax (1) = 2 cm
0
(d) zmin (1) = 0.75 cm
13 ZL = 83.24 − j51.27 Ω
◦
14 Γ = 0.307e132.5 , SWR = 1.886, Zi = 64.8 − j38.3 Ω
15 —
16 —
◦
17 (a) ΓL = 0.620e−j29.74
◦
(b) Zi = 17.855e45.44 = 12.53 − j12.72 Ω
◦ ◦
(c) Vi = 1.4e−j34.0 , Ii = 78.4e11.4 (mA)
30
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
20 —
21 —
22 —
23 (a) ΓL = 0.352∠56◦
(b) SWR = 2.088
(c) Zi = 23.97 + j1.35 Ω
24 Z0 = 40 Ω, Z00 = 250 Ω
25 —
27 (a) ΓL = 0.24∠75◦
(b) SWR = 1.65
(c) Z(l = 0.35λ) = 30 − j (Ω)
(d) y(l = 0.35λ) = 1.7/50 + j0.08/50 (S)
(e) 0.105λ
(f ) 0.105λ
29 Zi = 95 − j70 Ω
31 —
32 —
33 —
34 —
35 —
36 —
31
Electromagnetic Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia MAP-Tele – 2008/2009
38 Z00 = 54.77 Ω
39 —
40 (a) d1 = 0.053λ
(b) Z00 = 106.07
(c) SWR = 4.5
(d) SWR = 2.1
41 (a) Γg = 1/3, ΓL = −1/3, T = 5 ns, V1+ = 20 V, V1− = −6.67 V, V2+ = −2.22 V, V2− = 0.74 V
(b) V (0.5, t) = 0, 0 ≤ t < T /2; V (0.5, t) = 20 V, T /2 ≤ t < 3T /2
V (0.5, t) = 13.33 V, 3T /2 ≤ t < 5T /2, V (0.5, t) = 11.11 V, 5T /2 ≤ t < 7T /2
V (0.5, t) = 11.85 V, 7T /2 ≤ t < 9T /2
42 —
44 (a) Vg = 10 V
(b) l = 100 m
(c) RL = 21.43 Ω
45 —
32