AAT) oesertono 201-7 Standard Test Method for THEORETICAL MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES‘ “This sandard i ltued under the ined gesignation D 2041; the number immediately (lowing he designation indicate the ye of origin adopt the eae revision. the year of tas revision A ake in parentheses nate yet of ast MeapprovelA super epllon() indicates an editorial change sine the lat evson o approval 1. Scope 1.1 This method covers the determination of the theoretical maximum specific gravity of uncompacted bituminous paving mixtures ‘The method also iicludes a rapid test version for relative specific gravity suitable for use in a field or plant laboratory. 2. Applicable Document 2. ASTM Standard: D979 Methods for Sampling Bituminous Pav- ing Mixtures? 3. Definition 3.1 specific gravity —as determined by this method, the ratio of the mass of 2 given volume of material at 25°C (or stated temper ature) to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. 4. Apparatus 4.1 Container: 4.1.1 Four variations of the vacuum satu- mn technique using containers of different size and functional design are described. The container may be: 4.1.1.1 Type A—A glass, plastic, or metal bowl having a capacity of atleast 1000 ml, 4.1.1.2 Type BA volumetric flask having weapacity of at least 1000 ml, 41.1.3 Type C-An_ intermediate-dize beavy-wall glass pycnometer having a capacity of approximately 4000 mi, of 44.1.4 Type D—A large-size plastic pyc- nometer having a capacity of at least 10 000 mi. 4.1.2 The container size depends on the minimum sample size requirements as given in 6.2. 4.1.3 Containers shall be sufficiently strong to withstand an essentially full vacuum and shall have covers as follows: 4.1.3.1 A cover fitted with a rubber gasket and a hose connection, for use with the bow! (Type A). 4.1.3.2. A rubber stopper with a bose con: nection, for use with the volumetric flask (Type B). 4.1.3.3 A suitable vacuum connection as- sembly consisting of a vacuum gage, release valve, and tubing connector, plus a tapered stopper device for maintaining consistent vol- ‘ume regulation, for use with the pycnometer (Type C of D). 4.1.4 A small piece of fine wire mesh covering the hose opening will minimize the possibility of loss of fine material. Because of the mass involved, approximately 20 kg (44 Tb), the Jarge-size pycnometer con (Type D) should be equipped with sui handles to facilitate transport and shaking while under vacuum to assist bubble release Construction should permit visual observation of the effects of vacuum and shaking. Nore 1—The bottom sectlon of a 1.4tiue (1.5- Ql) capacity, borosilicate glass, double-boller unit Baker's utktactory bowl (Type A). ‘Nore 2—Polyearbonate plastic bas been found "The rctod it under the jraicon of ASTM Corominee ‘D-Aon Road snd Paving Materia aod is the diet respons ‘Ml of Sobeomminee D041 on Specie Gravy and Density ‘ot Blumisoes Mixtures. onze clon ero Mach 10 1971 Pale! Me wv oblhed ws D341 G4T, Las previous ed dpb aed = T1197, * Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vo 03, 31+ Bl presometer (Type B). veer tale: for Git under Beni all vacuum over a temperature ange tom 150 80°C (60 to 17S*F). 7 significant figures; that is, to at least three decimal places. For the bow! method (Type A), the balance shall be equipped” with suitable suspension apparatus and holder to permit weighing the ssmple while suspended fom the center of the scale pan of the ba ance. shat pins tet ate no more tntcat EES inthe quotient (specific grvily) thes appest he dividend (the weigh of te sep fo as) ori the divisor (the weight of water depliced), {hls means thatthe Balance must bave'u retdebilty ‘aptble of providing weights to atleast four figures Specific recommen ‘weighing 1500 gto of 0.1 Bfor the Jootemf bow! (type A} or fish (Type"B) one Miners: a balance Capable of weighing 1 tp tom accuracy of 0.5 ¢ forthe 4000-ml ght pycatmetet (Tope a bales capable of eiging 20 Fp to an focuracy of 1'g for the 10 000ml plastic Rye. nometer (Type D}. 4.3 Vacuum Pump or Water Aspirator, ca pable of evacuating air from the container to a residual pressure of 30 mm He (4.0 kPa) or less. A water aspirator or vacuum pump with less capability may be used for the ray test version (Section 12). 4.4 Manometer or Vacuum Gage, suitable for measuring the specified vacuum. 4.5 Water Bath: 4.5.1 For Type A, B, or C containers, a constant-temperature water bath of suitable size for the container to be used. For Type D, the large-size plastic pycnometer, no water bath is required. 4.5.2 When using the weighing-in-water technique (7.4.1), water bath suitable for immersion of the suspended container and deaerated sample is required. 4.6 Miscellaneous —A suitable trap (Exlen- meyer flask) installed in the line is recom- mended to prevent water from entering the vacuum pump. Also, use of a plastic twisteock valve in the line adjacent 10 the flask or Pycnometer will minimize loss of water during, shaking and provide quick disconnection in ase of foaming or malfunction. For use with D204 glass containers, a rubber of resilient planiie mat is required as a safety precaution to avoid impact on a hard surface while undef vacuum, 5. Calibration of Flask and Pyenometers 5.1 Calibrate the volumetric flask (Type B) by accurately determining the mass of water at 25 = 0.5°C (77 = 0.9°F) required to fil it, Accurate filling of the flask may be ‘ensured by the use of a glass cover plate. 5.1.1 For the weighing-in-water method | (7.4.1), the flask (Type B) may be calibrated to allow for temperature adjustment by deter- ‘mining its mass Immersed. in water over the range of water bath temperatures likely to be encountered in service, as shown in Fig. 1. 5.2 Calibrate the 4000-m! heavy-wall glass | fof the metal pyenometer (Type C) by accu- rately determining the mass of water at 25 = 0.5°C (77 * 0.9°F) required to fill it. Allow some water to overflow through the capillary tube while inserting the capillary stopper. Make certain that the capillary tube is filled to the top and that no air bubbles are present after the glass pycnometer is kept immersed in the constant-temperature water bath for 1 h 5.3 Calibrate the large-size plastic pyc- nometer (Type D) by accurately determining the mass of water required to fill it over & range of temperatures from about 20 to 65% (70 to 150°F), and construct @ calibration curve of weight versus temperature as shown in Fig. 2. Care should be taken to follow exactly the same procedure in calibration as in conducting a test. The domed lid is latched in place and the pycnometer (Type D) nearly Giled with water. Leave about 50 mm (2 in.). ‘The release of air bubbles may be facilitated by applying vacuum and by jarring (dropping first one side then the other of the pycnometer (ype D) about 10 mm (" in.) on the bench surface). This vacoum application and bubble relesse procedure should take sbout 10 mia, so that the temperature equilibrium between the shell and the water approximates t attained when running a test. The final water is then gently poured in until the level is about one half up into the neck. Any air bubbles caught against the dome that cannot be re- eased by jarring or by swirling the water may bbe “pricked” or pushed to the surface with « 332‘ab bent wire, Insert the vented stopper using only enough force to just seat the stopper and immediately wipe the excess water off the top. The outside of the pycnometer (Type D) is then wiped dry, the full pycnometer weighed, and the temperature of the water measured. irene ene a GRRE SHPO tt 2 een ee PE animes ons CoB the volume at 25*C (77°F) by the difference Difference due to water expansion = Va (0.9970 Woe Since Yan = a aom0 Vi (0.9970 ~ dn) tedoces tow (1 ~ 585) shee: Te volume of wate to 6 container at 25°C (TTF), Wig = ust of water to Bil container at 25°C (TTF), te de = Gensity of water 1 calitration temperstore, Mu. fen 20 o Se (ne eat ey ee top 2 ae ornare at G7 pet owing oh te ape of Het iene weer te pe of pe sere GR ne raaliote sel Abe ccearl sins cine eect aoe vo retention aa 2 ue er eran co lerce oaet eet peat eaa eet etapa seoemrte uk, Co, B) athe es sen ype Cond) Duta ca 5.4 While calibration of the flask (Type B) or of either pyenometer (Types C or D) need ature effects In 333 D 2041 be done only once, the calibration should be checked occasionally, particularly at 25°C CTF). The equipment must be kept clean And free of any accumulation that would change mass If the volume calibration is fo remain constant. Care should be taken to use suitable solvents, especially with plastic con- tainers, and glass vessels should not be sub- jected to high vacuum if they have been scratched or damaged in any way. 6. Samplifig . 6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Method D 979. 6.2 The size of the sample shall conform to the following requirements. Samples larger than the capacity of the container may be tested a portion at a time. Size of Larges Parkle of Aepegste Micimom Sem- Gn Mizwre, su (.} ple Sie, $0012) 6000 375") 4000 2540) 2500 19.10%) 2000 sem) 4500 330m) 1000 275 (e.4) 300 7. Procedure 7.1 Separate the particles of the sample, taking care not to fracture the mineral parti- cles, so that the particles of the fine aggregate portion are not larger than 6.4 mm ('/«in.). If the mixture is not sufficiently soft to be sepa- rated manually, place it in a large, flat pen and warm in an oven only until it can be so handled. See also Section 12, for alternative handling possible with the large-size plastic pycnometer (Type D). 7.2 Cool the sample to room temperature, place in a container, and weigh. Designate the net mass of sample as A. Add sufficient water at approximately 25°C (77°F) to cover the sample. With the large-size plastic pyc- pometer (Type D), the sample does not have to be cooled and the added water at any convenient temperature may be brought up into the domed lid about balfway to mini evacuation time. 7.3 Remove entrapped air by subjecting the contents to a partial vacuum, 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) oF less absolute pressure, for 5 to 15 min (see Note 5). (A partial vacuum of 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) absolute pressure is approxi‘ab mately equivalent to 730 mm Hg or 28.7 in. He reading on a vacuum gage at sen level.) Agitate-the container and contents either cun- tinuously by mechanical device of manually by vigorous shaking at intervals of about 2 min, Glass vessels should be handled on resilient surface, such as # rubber or plastic mat, and not on a hard surface, to avoid impact while. under vacuum. Vacuum should be applied and released gradually by using the bleed valve Nore §—Lean mises require less and rich mixes tation, or both, In may require more time of general the minimum time requ the free air b best. Additonal time may ery dg fo, water ting der the bia eating. (Section 9). For any giver mix optimum tine may be established ty Wal reduction of text time snill further reduction yields Tove prsvities. 7.4 Immediately after removal of the en- trapped air (7.3), proceed with one of the following determinations: 7.4.1 Weighing in Warer—Suspend the bowl (Type A) or flask (Type B) and contents in the water bath and determine the mass after 10 + 1 min immersion. Measure the water bath temperature. and if different from 25 = °C (77 © 1.8°F) correct the mass to 25°C using the calibration tempe: justment developed in 5.1. niet mass of sample in water at 25°C as *C. 7.4.2 Pyenometer Measurements at 25°C (77°F) ~Fill the flask (Type B) or pycnometer (Type C) with water and bring contents to 8 temperature of 25 = 1*C (77 = 1.8°F) in the water bath. Determine the mass of the con- tainer (and contents), completely filled in accordance with 5.2, 10 * 1 min after com- pleting 7.3. Designate this mass as E. 7.4.3 Large-Size Plastic Pyenometer (Type D) Determination ~Fill the pycnometer with water of approximately the same temperature as the contents, insert the vented stopper, and dry the outside using the same technique as in 5.3. The elapsed time for gently pouring in the final water and drying shall be the same as the calibration time within £1 min. Deter- mine the mass of the pyenometer completely filled and designate this total mass as G Remove the vented stopper and record the temperature of the water. D 2041 8. Caleatatton B.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows: B.1.1 Weighing in Water: A a a A= mass of dry sample in air, g. and C= mass of sample in water, g. B.1.2 Pyenometer Determination at 25°C OTF): 4 wee gt @) where: A= mass of dry sample in air, g. D= mass of container filled with water at 25°C (TF), g. and E = mass of container filed with water and sample at 25°C (77°F), g 8.1.3 Lorge-Size Plastic Pyenometer (Type D) Determinations: 8.1.3.1 If the test temperature is within 417 or -2.8°C (+3 or SF) of 25°C (77°F), that is, between 22.2 and 26.7°C (12 and 80°F), Eq 2 may be used to calculate specific ravity within 0.001 points or less error due to thermal effects. 8.1.3.2 If the test temperature differs sig- nificantly from 25°C (77°F), correct for ther imal effects a follows: ‘A a Pm as Grh om ©) where: A= mass of dry sample in air. g F = mass of pycnometer (Type D) filled with Sater at test tempers ture (Fig. 2). 8. G = mass of pycnometer (Type D) filled with water and sample attest temperature. g. H = conection for thermal expansion of bitumen (Fig. 4). g. dw = density of water at test temper ture. Curve D in Fig. §. Mg/m*. and 0.9970 = density of water at 25°C (77°F). Mem? ‘The ratio (dve /0.9970) is Curve R in Fig. 5. Nore 6~This general procedure for correcting, for thermal effete should ao be applicable 1 Corresponding measurements made witb other su fie conaines 334‘lb 9. Supplemental Procedure for Mixtures Containing Porous Aggregate Not Com pletely Coated 9.1 If the pores of the aggregates are not thoroughly seated by # bituminous film, they nay become saturated with water during the Evacuation procedure. To determine if this has occurred, proceed as follows after com- pleting. the procedure in accordance with $14.1. 7.4.2, of 7.4.3. Drain water from the sample. To prevent loss of fine particles, Gecant water through # towel held over the top of the container. Break several taree pieces of aggregate and examine broken sut- faces for wetness 9.2 If the aggregate has absorbed water. spread the sample before an electric fan to femove surface moisture. Weigh at 15-min intervats, and when the loss in mass is less than 0.05 % for this interval, the sample may be considered 0 be surface dry. This proce- Gore requires about 2h and shall be accom- panied by intermittent stirring of the sample. Break conglomerations of mixture by hand. Take care to prevent loss of particles of 9.3 To calculate the specific gravity of the sample, substitute the final surface-dry mass for A in the denominator of Eqs 1, 2, or 3 10. Report 10.1 The report shall include the follow: ing: 10.1.1 Specific gravity of the mixture to the third decimal place as: sp gr 25/25°C. ~ 10.1.2 Type of mixture. 10.1.3 Size of sample. 10.1.4 Number of samples. 10.1.5 Type of container 10.1.6 Type of procedure. 11. Precision 11-1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of specific gravity test rezults obtained by this method are given in the following table ‘Accepusble sundaré Range of Derition Two Re Testand Type lade syst (035) Tee retliy obulned witbov! se of Section 9 supicaperterprecsion 0.04001 SERS Sranor pression 0.0064 0.019 D 2081 Acceptable Standard "Range! Bevan Tw Ree “Tea and Type Index (sy ste (O25) “Tew renaisobislned with wie m9 appieabe fr one 0.018 Poatorypreciion 001930085 fe: 3 eplleates, $ materials 5 labore is, 20 bore 114.2 The figures given in Column 2 re the standard deviations that have been found to tbe appropriate for the conditions of test de- scribed in Column 1. The figures given in Column 3 are the limits that should not be exceeded by the difference between the te- sults of two properly conducted tests. Mult! Jaboratory precision has not been verified for the 4000-ml pycnometer (Type C) oF for the Inrge-size plastic pycnometer (Type D). 12, Rapla Test Version for Relative Specific Gravity 12.1 Since the large-size plastic pyenome- ter may be safely used in # plant laboratory tnd since a relative specific gravity may be @ Convenient meant of monitoring tbe uniform- fy of production of bituminous mixtures, 2 rapid test version of Method D 2041 is of fered. This version permits lower vacuum (ater aspirator or vacuum pump) and shorter Evacuation time. Such measurements cannot Tepresent the zero air voids condition and, therefore, are not suitable for determination fof air voids in field or Iaboratory-compacted pavement samples. On the other hand. Pecuvm of 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) is attained for he 5 to 15 min specified, the results are valid theoretical maximum specific geavities since the bot dispersion technique given in 12.2 is equivalent to letting the sample cool and breaking conglomerates by band as in 7.1 and 12. 12.2 Procedure for Ropid Test Version: 12.2.1 The pyenometer is previously cali brated as outlined in Section § 12.2.2 Tare the hot sample (approximately 6000 g) directly from the truck into water in the pyenometer. Iaich dome in place. and isperee sample by shaking vigorously using @ back-and-forth rolling, motion with the py 335lh nometer tipped up about 30 deg and with the skirt still in contact with the bench, Measure ment of sample mass by weighing the sample container before and after transferring the test portion to the pycnometer negates possi- ble error due to water evaporation loss. 12.2.3 Add additional water to bring the evel about midway up into the dome and apply vacuum for about $ min. The time required under vacuum will depend on the mix and on the test conditions (vacuum, shak~ ing, etc.), but once established, should be maintained with £0.5 min for repeat tests See Notes 5 and 7 Nore 7—The degree of vacuum specified in 7.3 yy not be attainable in plant laboratorics using # aier aspiretor, particularly when testing hot sam- ples. Consistent and repeatable results can be ob- {hined, however, if the test conditions remain re sonably constant at some point over an absolut pressure range fromm O to 250 mm Hg (0 to 34 kPa) {ind Ginal water temperature up to 70°C (160°F). If the specific gravity test result thus obtained are to be wed to monitor asphalt content, the specific fravity of the combined aggregates fo be wsed in nc.t 2041 the calculations must be the ‘value established tn the same pla nd under the same text conditions 12.2.4 The rest of the ‘procedure is the same as 7.4.3. Fill with water, insert vented stopper, wipe water off the stopper (once) and dry the outside using the same technique tas during calibration. Weigh and tnke the temperature. 12.3 Calculation — Use Eq Nore 8—This ra test version makes It possi- ble fore oratory technictn 1 gt fon aspecific gravity of the mix within a tou! fime of 10 min or lest, which fy suffciently accurate tovrellect » sigoilcant change inthe specific gravity of any of fggregate fractions ot the bitumen ot {ae relative propertions of exch ingredient in the i and essentially The Obtained on smaller test portions using the flask find bow! containers without vie of Section 9, that I, standard deviation = 0.004 or less for surface and binder mixes, 0.007 or less for base course mies. Example Caltration Cvs fr Volante Flash (8, 336lb 2041 oN FIG. 3 Eftec of Changs a Desaly of Water und Vateme of Pyenemeter (D) wh Change be Temperstrei : i 8 2 i g ee fee RDFen rears eed and Mates no psion pcg te ado on een mph eset a comecuon shan tc memoned i hs sanaard eo te oe tarde expresh adied ths devrminaroney the Waly Pon oh pate rcs. andthe mk of argon of sachs, ee ene ee a Antec hep tein aan te B the piece commie and mas be viewed efi ye end onset reagan ot ferry )okt Commis er nied euher for teat of iy manda fo Soe, anders and should be adtesed to 4STH Hosea 339PICNOMETRO DE VACUO TABELA 1 - Peso do picnémetro + placa + 4gua a temperaturas entre 10 e 40°C. Temp.°c Peso Temp.°c. Peso Temp.°C. Peso 10 = 67 gr. = 20-6 BS gee 30 - (16 678 gr. n+ 679 9 6 8s [ 31-16 676" 12 - 1668" - 22 ~ 16 685" - 32-16 675" 13 - 16682" - s=1 e S 33 = 16 673" Mo 16 682 HB : 34 = 16 672" 15 - 16684 "= 25 = 16 683" S 35 = 16 670" 16 16 684 "HG BD : 36 = 16 668" 7 = 1668 "= 716 68 - 31-16 666 " 18 = 1668 " - 28 - 16 680" - 38-16 663" ig = 16685 “8-8 - 39 = 16 661 * 40 = 16 659" TABELA 2 - Correcgto (¥) da diferenga da expansto relativa do betume e da dgua em gramas para percentagens de betume de 42 7 4. Temp.°c. 7% 6% 5% aa Temp.°C 7h 1 6% 5h an 1S = + 1.71 41.45 + 1.22 + 1.03 26 - - 0,15 - 0.12 - 0.11 - 0.07 16 = 41,52 + 1.29 + 1.09 + 0.91 27 = = 0.30 - 0.24 - 0.22 - 0.16 17 = 41,35 + 1.12 + 0.96 + 0.81 2B-- = 0.45 ~ 0.36 - 0.32 - 0.24 18 - + 1.17 + 0.96 + 0.84 + 0.70 29 - - 0.58 - 0.46 - 0.41 - 0.32 19 - + 0.99 + 0.81 + 0.72 + 0.59 30 - = 0.70 - 0.58 - 0.51 - 0.40 20 - + 0.80 + 0.66 + 0.60 + 0.48 31 - = 0.83 - 0.69 - 0.62 - 0.49 21 - + 0,63 + 0.52 + 0.47 + 0.40 32 5 - 0.95 ~ 0.80 - 0.70 - 0.56 22 - + 0.48 + 0.39 + 0.34 + 0.30 33 - - 1.07 - 0.91 - 0.78 - 0.63 23 = 40.32 + 0.25 + 0.23 + 0.20 34 = = 1.19 - 1.01 - 0.87 ~ 0.71 24 - 40.16 + 0.12 + 0.11 + 0.10 35 - - 1.30 - 1.15 - 0.96 - 0.77 Para a temperatura de 25°C a.correcgao é = 0 TABELA 3 - Factor de conversto K da 4gua para temperaturas entre 0 e 40°C. Temp.°c. K Temp: °C. K : Temp. °c. K 0 = 1.0028021 - 14 =. 1,0022037 -> 28 - 0.9991860 1 = 1.002861 - 15 - 1.0020586 - 29 - 0,9988963 2 = 1,0029024 - 16 - 1.0019017 - 30 = 0.9985975 3 = 1.0029268 - 17 = 1,0017333 - 31. - 0.9982902 4 = 1.0029346 - 18° - 1,0015538 - 32 - 0.9979743 5 = 1.002926 - 19 = 1.001331 - 33 - 0.9976500 6 - 1,0029026 - 20 - ,1.0011617 - 34 = 0.9973173 7 = 1,0028639 - 21 - 1,0009498 - 35 - 0.9969766 8 = 1.0028105 - 22 = 1.007275 - 36 - 0.966281 9 = 1,0027429 - 23 = 1,0004949 - 37 ~ 9.9962716 Oo - 1.0026615 - 24 = 1,0002524 - 38<- 0.9959077 UL = 1,0025664 25 = 1.000000 - 39 - (0.9955352 12 = 1,0024579 - 26 = 0.9997381 - 40. - 0.9951574 " B 1.023369 - 27 = 0-9994666 .