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SAFETY DATA SHEET

OXYPER® SCS, SCM ST

Revision Date 01.06.2017

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking


1.1 Product identifier
- Trade name OXYPER® SCS, SCM ST
- REACH : Registration number 01-2119457268-30

1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Uses of the Substance/Mixture
- Bleaching agents
- Cleaning agent
- Oxidizing agents
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Company
SOLVAY CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL SA
RUE DE RANSBEEK, 310
1120, BRUXELLES
BELGIUM
Tel: +32-2-2642111
Fax: +32-2-2641802
E-mail address
manager.sds@solvay.com

1.4 Emergency telephone number


+44(0)1235 239 670 [CareChem 24]

SECTION 2: Hazards identification


2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 )
Oxidizing solids, Category 3 H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer.
Acute toxicity, Category 4 H302: Harmful if swallowed.
Serious eye damage, Category 1 H318: Causes serious eye damage.

2.2 Label elements


Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Hazardous products which must be listed on the label
 CAS-No. 15630-89-4 disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen peroxide (2:3)

Pictogram

Signal word
- Danger

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SAFETY DATA SHEET

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Hazard statements
- H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer.
- H302 Harmful if swallowed.
- H318 Causes serious eye damage.
Precautionary statements
Prevention
- P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources.
No smoking.
- P221 Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles.
- P280 Wear protective gloves/ eye protection/ face protection.
Response
- P305 + P351 + P338 + P310 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses,
if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON
CENTER/doctor.
- P370 + P378 In case of fire: Use water spray to extinguish.
Disposal
- P501 Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.

2.3 Other hazards which do not result in classification


Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
- This substance is not considered to be persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic (PBT).
- This substance is not considered to be very persistent and very bioaccumulating (vPvB).

SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients


3.1 Substance
- Chemical name Disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)(2:3)
- Synonyms Sodium percarbonate, Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate
- Formula 2Na2CO3.3H2O2

- Chemical nature Coated and stabilized product

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SAFETY DATA SHEET

OXYPER® SCS, SCM ST

Revision Date 01.06.2017

SECTION 12: Ecological information


12.1 Toxicity

Aquatic Compartment
Acute toxicity to fish
disodium carbonate, compound with LC50 - 96 h : 70.7 mg/l - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) semi-static test
Analytical monitoring: yes

Unpublished reports
Harmful to fish.

Acute toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates.

disodium carbonate, compound with EC50 - 48 h : 4.9 mg/l - Daphnia magna (Water flea)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) semi-static test
Analytical monitoring: yes
Unpublished reports
Toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Toxicity to aquatic plants


disodium carbonate, compound with ErC50 - 72 h : 2.62 mg/l - Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) static test
Analytical monitoring: yes
Test substance: Hydrogen peroxide
By analogy
Unpublished reports
Toxic to algae.

Toxicity to microorganisms no data available

Chronic toxicity to fish no data available

Chronic toxicity to daphnia and no data available


other aquatic invertebrates.

Chronic Toxicity to aquatic plants no data available

12.2 Persistence and degradability

Abiotic degradation

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- Prolonged skin contact may cause skin irritation.


In case of eye contact
Symptoms
- Redness
- Lachrymation
- Swelling of tissue

Effects
- Corrosive
- May cause irreversible eye damage.
In case of ingestion
Symptoms
- Severe irritation
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea

4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
Notes to physician
- Immediate medical attention is required.
- If accidentally swallowed obtain immediate medical attention.
- Oxygen or artificial respiration if needed.

SECTION 5: Firefighting measures


5.1 Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
- Water
- Water spray

Unsuitable extinguishing media


- None

5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture


- Oxidizing
- Oxygen released in thermal decomposition may support combustion
- Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
- Contact with flammables may cause fire or explosions.
- Risk of explosion if heated under confinement.

5.3 Advice for firefighters


Special protective equipment for firefighters
- In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
- Use personal protective equipment.
- Cool containers/tanks with water spray.

SECTION 6: Accidental release measures


6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Advice for non-emergency personnel
- Keep away from incompatible products

Advice for emergency responders


- Sweep up to prevent slipping hazard.
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6.2 Environmental precautions


- Should not be released into the environment.
- Limited quantity
- Flush into sewer with plenty of water.
- Large quantities:
- If the product contaminates rivers and lakes or drains inform respective authorities.

6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up


- Sweep up and shovel into suitable containers for disposal.
- Do not mix waste streams during collection.
- Avoid dust formation.
- Treat recovered material as described in the section "Disposal considerations".
- All receiving equipment should be clean, vented, dry, labelled and made of material that is compatible with the
product.
- Never return spills in original containers for re-use.

6.4 Reference to other sections


- Refer to protective measures listed in sections 7 and 8.

SECTION 7: Handling and storage


7.1 Precautions for safe handling
- Avoid dust formation.
- Ensure adequate ventilation.
- Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
- Use only clean and dry utensils.
- Never return unused material to storage receptacle.
- Keep away from water.
- Keep away from incompatible products

Hygiene measures
- Eye wash bottles or eye wash stations in compliance with applicable standards.
- Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice for diagnostics.

7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities


Technical measures/Storage conditions
- Keep only in the original container.
- Keep at temperature not exceeding 40°C
- Store in a receptacle equipped with a vent.
- Keep in a well-ventilated place.
- Keep in a dry place.
- Keep in properly labelled containers.
- Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking.
- Keep away from incompatible products

Packaging material
Suitable material
- Stainless steel
- Plastic materials.
- Paper + PE coating.

Unsuitable material
- no data available

7.3 Specific end use(s)

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- Contact your supplier for additional information

SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection


8.1 Control parameters

Components with workplace occupational exposure limits


Components Value type Value Basis
disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen TWA 5 mg/m3 Solvay Acceptable Exposure Limit
peroxide (2:3)
sodium carbonate TWA 10 mg/m3 Solvay Acceptable Exposure Limit

Derived No Effect Level (DNEL) / Derived minimal effect level (DMEL)

Route of Potential health Exposure


Product name Population Value Remarks
exposure effects time
disodium carbonate,
compound with
Workers Dermal Local effects Acute 12.8 mg/cm2
hydrogen peroxide
(2:3)
Workers Inhalation Local effects Long term 5 mg/m3
General
Dermal Local effects Acute 6.4 mg/cm2
population

sodium carbonate Workers Inhalation Local effects Long term 10 mg/m3


General
Inhalation Local effects Acute 10 mg/m3
population

Predicted No Effect Concentration ( PNEC )

Product name Compartment Value Remarks


disodium carbonate, compound with 0.035 mg/l
Fresh water
hydrogen peroxide (2:3)
Intermittent 0.035 mg/l
use/release
Sewage treatment 16.24 mg/l
plant

8.2 Exposure controls


Control measures
Engineering measures
- Avoid dust formation.
- Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
- Apply technical measures to comply with the occupational exposure limits.

Individual protection measures


Respiratory protection
- Respirator with a particle filter (EN 143)
- Recommended Filter type: P2 filter
Hand protection
- Wear suitable gloves.
- Non-recommended materials: Leather, cotton
Suitable material
- PVC
- Neoprene

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- Natural Rubber

Eye protection
- Dust proof goggles obligatory.

Skin and body protection


- Wear suitable protective clothing.

Hygiene measures
- Eye wash bottles or eye wash stations in compliance with applicable standards.
- Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice for diagnostics.

Environmental exposure controls


- Dispose of rinse water in accordance with local and national regulations.
- Prevent further leakage or spillage.

SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties


9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties

Appearance Form: granules


Physical state: solid
Colour: white
Particle size: 250 - 1,000 µm
Mean diameter, Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate

Odour odourless
Odour Threshold no data available
Molecular weight 314.06 g/mol

pH 10.4 - 10.6 ( 10 g/l)

Melting point/freezing point Melting point/range:


Decomposes on heating.

Initial boiling point and boiling range Boiling point/boiling range:


Decomposes before melting.

Flash point Not applicable

Evaporation rate (Butylacetate = 1) no data available


Flammability (solid, gas) The product is not flammable.
Flammability/Explosive limit Explosiveness:
Not explosive

Auto-ignition temperature Decomposes on heating.

Vapour pressure ( 25 °C)


negligible

Vapour density Not applicable

Density Bulk density: 850 - 1,200 kg/m3

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Relative density 2.01 - 2.16


Solubility Water solubility:
140 g/l ( 20 °C)

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water Not applicable

Decomposition temperature Self-Accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)

Decomposition temperature > 55 °C


50 kg

Decomposition temperature > 110 °C

Viscosity Viscosity, dynamic : Not applicable

Explosive properties no data available


Oxidizing properties The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 3.
Oxidizing

9.2 Other information


no data available

SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity


10.1 Reactivity
- Decomposes when moist.
- Decomposes on heating.
- Potential for exothermic hazard

10.2 Chemical stability


- Stable under recommended storage conditions.

10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions


- Contact with combustible material may cause fire.

- Contact with flammables may cause fire or explosions.

- Risk of explosion if heated under confinement.

- Fire or intense heat may cause violent rupture of packages.

10.4 Conditions to avoid


- Exposure to moisture
- To avoid thermal decomposition, do not overheat.

10.5 Incompatible materials

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- Water
- Acids
- Bases
- Heavy metal salts
- Reducing agents
- Organic materials
- Flammable materials
- Combustible material

10.6 Hazardous decomposition products


- Oxygen

SECTION 11: Toxicological information


11.1 Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
Acute oral toxicity
disodium carbonate, compound with LD50 : 1,034 mg/kg - Rat , male and female
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) This product is classified as acute toxicity, category 4
Unpublished reports
Acute inhalation toxicity no data available

Acute dermal toxicity


disodium carbonate, compound with LD50 : > 2,000 mg/kg - Rabbit , male and female
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) Not classified as hazardous for acute dermal toxicity according to GHS.
No mortality observed at this dose.
Unpublished reports

Acute toxicity (other routes of no data available


administration)

Skin corrosion/irritation Rabbit


slight irritation

Humans
No skin irritation

Serious eye damage/eye irritation Rabbit


Risk of serious damage to eyes.

Respiratory or skin sensitisation


disodium carbonate, compound with Buehler Test - Guinea pig
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) Does not cause skin sensitisation.
Unpublished reports

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Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Keep out of the reach of children., Wash thoroughly after handling.,
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

3.2.3 Contributing scenario controlling consumer exposure for: PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based products), PC36 Water softeners, PC37 Water treatment
chemicals, PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products, Transfer of solid product., Load, Bleach,

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : solid

Amount
Amount used per event : 0.070 kg

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : 1 min
Frequency of use : 1 events/day

Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Use eye protection according to EN 166, designed to protect against
powders and dusts., Keep out of the reach of children., Wash
thoroughly after handling., When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

3.2.4 Contributing scenario controlling consumer exposure for: PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based products), PC36 Water softeners, PC37 Water treatment
chemicals, PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products, Manual washing, Bleach,

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 25 %.
Mixture/Article
Physical Form (at time of use) : solid

Amount
Amount used per event : 0.290 kg

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : 10 min
Frequency of use : 1 events/day

Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Keep out of the reach of children., Wash thoroughly after handling.,
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

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SECTION 12: Ecological information


12.1 Toxicity

Aquatic Compartment
Acute toxicity to fish
disodium carbonate, compound with LC50 - 96 h : 70.7 mg/l - Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) semi-static test
Analytical monitoring: yes

Unpublished reports
Harmful to fish.

Acute toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates.

disodium carbonate, compound with EC50 - 48 h : 4.9 mg/l - Daphnia magna (Water flea)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) semi-static test
Analytical monitoring: yes
Unpublished reports
Toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Toxicity to aquatic plants


disodium carbonate, compound with ErC50 - 72 h : 2.62 mg/l - Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom)
hydrogen peroxide (2:3) static test
Analytical monitoring: yes
Test substance: Hydrogen peroxide
By analogy
Unpublished reports
Toxic to algae.

Toxicity to microorganisms no data available

Chronic toxicity to fish no data available

Chronic toxicity to daphnia and no data available


other aquatic invertebrates.

Chronic Toxicity to aquatic plants no data available

12.2 Persistence and degradability

Abiotic degradation

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SAFETY DATA SHEET

OXYPER® SCS, SCM ST

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SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking


1.1 Product identifier
- Trade name OXYPER® SCS, SCM ST
- REACH : Registration number 01-2119457268-30

1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Uses of the Substance/Mixture
- Bleaching agents
- Cleaning agent
- Oxidizing agents
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Company
SOLVAY CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL SA
RUE DE RANSBEEK, 310
1120, BRUXELLES
BELGIUM
Tel: +32-2-2642111
Fax: +32-2-2641802
E-mail address
manager.sds@solvay.com

1.4 Emergency telephone number


+44(0)1235 239 670 [CareChem 24]

SECTION 2: Hazards identification


2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 )
Oxidizing solids, Category 3 H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer.
Acute toxicity, Category 4 H302: Harmful if swallowed.
Serious eye damage, Category 1 H318: Causes serious eye damage.

2.2 Label elements


Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Hazardous products which must be listed on the label
 CAS-No. 15630-89-4 disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen peroxide (2:3)

Pictogram

Signal word
- Danger

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12.6 Other adverse effects

Ecotoxicity assessment
Acute aquatic toxicity According to the data on the constituents
Toxic to aquatic life.
According to the classification criteria for mixtures.

Chronic aquatic toxicity No adverse chronic effect observed up to and including the threshold of 1 mg/L.

SECTION 13: Disposal considerations


13.1 Waste treatment methods
Product Disposal
- Dilute with plenty of water.
- Dispose of wastes in an approved waste disposal facility.
- Can be landfilled, when in compliance with local regulations.
- In accordance with local and national regulations.

Advice on cleaning and disposal of packaging


- Clean container with water.
- Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal.
- Uncleaned empty packaging
- Dispose of as unused product.
- In accordance with local and national regulations.

SECTION 14: Transport information


ADR

14.1 UN number UN 3378

14.2 Proper shipping name SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXYHYDRATE

14.3 Transport hazard class 5.1


Label(s): 5.1

14.4 Packing group


Packing group III
Classification Code O2

14.5 Environmental hazards NO

14.6 Special precautions for user


Hazard Identification Number: 50
Tunnel restriction code (E)

For personal protection see section 8.

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RID

14.1 UN number UN 3378

14.2 Proper shipping name SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXYHYDRATE

14.3 Transport hazard class 5.1


Label(s): 5.1

14.4 Packing group


Packing group III
Classification Code O2

14.5 Environmental hazards NO

14.6 Special precautions for user


Hazard Identification Number: 50

For personal protection see section 8.

IMDG

14.1 UN number UN 3378

14.2 Proper shipping name SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXYHYDRATE

14.3 Transport hazard class 5.1


Label(s): 5.1

14.4 Packing group


Packing group III

14.5 Environmental hazards NO


Marine pollutant

14.6 Special precautions for user


EmS F-A , S-Q

For personal protection see section 8.

14.7 Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code
no data available

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IATA

14.1 UN number UN 3378

14.2 Proper shipping name SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXYHYDRATE

14.3 Transport hazard class 5.1


Label(s): 5.1

14.4 Packing group


Packing group III

14.5 Environmental hazards NO

14.6 Special precautions for user


Packing instruction (cargo aircraft) 563
Max net qty/pkg 100.00 kg
Packing instruction (passenger aircraft) 559
Max net qty/pkg 25.00 kg

For personal protection see section 8.

ADN

14.1 UN number UN 3378

14.2 Proper shipping name SODIUM CARBONATE PEROXYHYDRATE

14.3 Transport hazard class 5.1


Label(s): 5.1

14.4 Packing group


Packing group III
Classification Code O2

14.5 Environmental hazards NO

14.6 Special precautions for user


Hazard Identification Number: 50

For personal protection see section 8.

Note: The above regulatory prescriptions are those valid on the date of publication of this sheet. Given the possible evolution of
transport regulations for hazardous materials, it would be advisable to check their validity with your sales office.

SECTION 15: Regulatory information


15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture

Other regulations
- Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning
the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), as amended
- Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on
classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, as amended
- Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks
related to chemical agents at work,as amended

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Notification status
Inventory Information Status
United States TSCA Inventory - Listed on Inventory
Mexico INSQ (INSQ) - One or more components not listed on
inventory
Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) - Listed on Inventory
New Zealand. Inventory of Chemical Substances - In compliance with the inventory
Australia Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) - Listed on Inventory
Japan. CSCL - Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances - Listed on Inventory
Korea. Korean Existing Chemicals Inventory (KECI) - Listed on Inventory
China. Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC) - Listed on Inventory
Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances (PICCS) - Listed on Inventory
EU. European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of - If product is purchased from Solvay in
Chemical (REACH) Europe it is in compliance with REACH,
if not please contact the supplier.

15.2 Chemical safety assessment


- A Chemical Safety Assessment has been carried out for this substance.
- Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate
- See Exposure scenario

SECTION 16: Other information

Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.


- H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer.
- H302 Harmful if swallowed.
- H318 Causes serious eye damage.
- H319 Causes serious eye irritation.

Further information
- This sheet was updated (refer to the date at the top of this page). Subheadings and text which have been modified
since the previous version are indicated with two vertical bars.
- Distribute new edition to clients

The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of
its publication. Such information is only given as a guidance to help the user handle, use, process, store, transport, dispose
and release the product in satisfactory safety conditions and is not to be considered as a warranty or quality specification. It
should be used in conjunction with technical sheets but do not replace them. Thus, the information only relates to the
designated specific product and may not be applicable if such product is used in combination with other materials or in any
other manufacturing process, unless otherwise specifically indicated. It does not release the user from ensuring he is in
conformity with all regulations linked to its activity.
Annex
Scenario List

1. ES1 : Formulation & (re)packing of substances and mixtures...................................................................19


2. ES2 : Industrial use, and, Professional use, of cleaning products and other mixtures containing
the substance ...............................................................................................................................................................23
3. ES3 : Consumer use, of cleaning products and other mixtures containing the substance...............29

1. ES1 : Formulation & (re)packing of substances and mixtures

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1.1. Scenario description

Main User Groups : SU 3 Industrial uses: Uses of substances as such or in preparations at


industrial sites
Sectors of end-use : SU 3 Industrial uses: Uses of substances as such or in preparations at
industrial sites
SU 10 Formulation [mixing] of preparations and/ or re-packaging
(excluding alloys)
Environmental release category : ERC2 Formulation of preparations
ERC6b Industrial use of reactive processing aids
ERC7 Industrial use of substances in closed systems
Process category : PROC1 Use in closed process, no likelihood of exposure
PROC2 Use in closed, continuous process with occasional controlled
exposure
PROC3 Use in closed batch process (synthesis or formulation)
PROC4 Use in batch and other process (synthesis) where opportunity for
exposure arises
PROC5 Mixing or blending in batch processes for formulation of
preparations and articles (multistage and/ or significant contact)
PROC8a Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/
to vessels/ large containers at non-dedicated facilities
PROC8b Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/
to vessels/ large containers at dedicated facilities
PROC9 Transfer of substance or preparation into small containers
(dedicated filling line, including weighing)
PROC14 Production of preparations or articles by tabletting, compression,
extrusion, pelletisation
Product category : PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC14 Metal surface treatment products, including galvanic and
electroplating products
PC15 Non-metal-surface treatment products
PC20 Products such as pH-regulators, flocculants, precipitants,
neutralization agents
PC25 Metal working fluids
PC34 Textile dyes, finishing and impregnating products; including
bleaches and other processing aids
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based
products)
PC36 Water softeners
PC37 Water treatment chemicals
PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products

1.2. Conditions of use affecting exposure

1.2.1 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC2 Formulation of preparations, ERC6b Industrial
use of reactive processing aids, ERC7 Industrial use of substances in closed systems

Amount
Annual site tonnage (tonnes/year): : 15000
Maximum daily local emission to waste : 1000 kg
water

Environmental factors
Dilution Factor (River) : 10
Dilution Factor (Coastal Areas) : 10

Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure

Number of emission days per year : 300


Emission or Release Factor: Water : 2%
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Technical conditions and measures / Organizational measures


Air : Wet scrubber for dust elimination of waste gases

Conditions and measures related to sewage treatment plant


Type of Sewage Treatment Plant : Municipal STP, or, Onsite STP
Flow rate of sewage treatment plant : 2,000 m3/d
effluent
Percentage removed from waste water : 99.3 %

Conditions and measures related to external treatment of waste for disposal


Disposal methods : Contaminated packaging material is decontaminated and deposited
or incinerated, Solid waste substance is transferred into wastewater.

1.2.2 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC1 Use in closed process, no likelihood of exposure,
PROC2 Use in closed, continuous process with occasional controlled exposure, PROC3 Use in closed batch process
(synthesis or formulation), PROC4 Use in batch and other process (synthesis) where opportunity for exposure arises,
PROC5 Mixing or blending in batch processes for formulation of preparations and articles (multistage and/ or significant
contact), PROC8a Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large containers at non-
dedicated facilities, PROC8b Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large
containers at dedicated facilities, PROC9 Transfer of substance or preparation into small containers (dedicated filling line,
including weighing), PROC14 Production of preparations or articles by tabletting, compression, extrusion, pelletisation

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : Solid, low dustiness

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Indoor

Technical conditions and measures


Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).
Local exhaust ventilation - efficiency of at least (Effectiveness (of a measure): 90 %)

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.
In case of dust clouds, effective dust mask., Wear respiratory protection., Wear a half mask respirator with type P2L
filter or better, Wear a respirator providing a minimum efficiency of (Effectiveness (of a measure): 90 %)

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

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1.3. Exposure estimation and reference to its source

Environment

Release factor Value type Compartment Environmental RCR


exposure
ERC2, ERC6b, PEC Fresh water 0.0031 mg/L 0.31
ERC7
PEC Marine water 0.0031 mg/L 0.31
PEC STP 1 mg/L 0.215

Human Health

Contributing Specific conditions Value type Level of Exposure RCR


Scenario
PROC1 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 0.1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.01 mg/m³
local
PROC2 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 0.2 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.01 mg/m³
local
PROC3 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 0.1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local
PROC4 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC5 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 2 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC8a Worker - dermal, short-term - local 1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC8b Worker - dermal, short-term - local 1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local
PROC9 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 1 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local
PROC14 Worker - dermal, short-term - local 0.5 mg/cm2
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local

RCR = Risk characterisation ratio

ERC2, ERC6b, Exposure Assessment Method : Used EUSES model.


ERC7
PROC1 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC2 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC3 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC4 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC5 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC8a Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC8b Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC9 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC14 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.

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1.4. Guidance to Downstream User to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the Exposure Scenario

1.4.1 Environment
If a DU has OC/RMMs outside specifications in the ES, then the DU can evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set
by the ES through scaling in EUSES.
The main driving parameters are :
- local amount used (tonnage)
- release factor prior to on-site treatment
- on-site wastewater treatment presence and efficiency
- dilution factor
Required removal efficiency for wastewater can be achieved using onsite/offsite technologies, either alone or in combination.
Where other Risk Management Measures/Operational Conditions are adopted, then users should ensure that risks are
managed to at least equivalent levels.

1.4.2 Health
Predicted exposures are not expected to exceed the DN(M)EL when the risk management measures/operational conditions
outlined in section 2 are implemented.
Where other Risk Management Measures/Operational Conditions are adopted, then users should ensure that risks are
managed to at least equivalent levels.

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2. ES2 : Industrial use, and, Professional use, of cleaning products and other mixtures
containing the substance
2.1. Scenario description

Main User Groups : SU 3 Industrial uses: Uses of substances as such or in preparations at


industrial sites
Sectors of end-use : SU1 Agriculture, forestry, fishery
SU5 Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur
SU22 Public domain (administration, education, entertainment, services,
craftsmen)
Environmental release category : ERC8a Wide dispersive indoor use of processing aids in open systems
ERC8b Wide dispersive indoor use of reactive substances in open
systems
ERC8e Wide dispersive outdoor use of reactive substances in open
systems
Process category : PROC2 Use in closed, continuous process with occasional controlled
exposure
PROC4 Use in batch and other process (synthesis) where opportunity for
exposure arises
PROC8a Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/
to vessels/ large containers at non-dedicated facilities
PROC8b Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/
to vessels/ large containers at dedicated facilities
PROC9 Transfer of substance or preparation into small containers
(dedicated filling line, including weighing)
PROC10 Roller application or brushing
PROC11 Non industrial spraying
PROC13 Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
PROC15 Use as laboratory reagent
PROC19 Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available
Product category : PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC14 Metal surface treatment products, including galvanic and
electroplating products
PC15 Non-metal-surface treatment products
PC20 Products such as pH-regulators, flocculants, precipitants,
neutralization agents
PC25 Metal working fluids
PC34 Textile dyes, finishing and impregnating products; including
bleaches and other processing aids
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based
products)
PC36 Water softeners
PC37 Water treatment chemicals
PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products

2.2. Conditions of use affecting exposure

2.2.1 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC8a Wide dispersive indoor use of processing aids
in open systems, ERC8b Wide dispersive indoor use of reactive substances in open systems, ERC8e Wide dispersive
outdoor use of reactive substances in open systems

Amount
Annual site tonnage (tonnes/year): : 250000

Environmental factors
Dilution Factor (River) : 10
Dilution Factor (Coastal Areas) : 10

Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure

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Number of emission days per year : 360


Emission or Release Factor: Water : 100 %

Conditions and measures related to sewage treatment plant


Type of Sewage Treatment Plant : Municipal STP, or, Onsite STP
Flow rate of sewage treatment plant : 2,000 m3/d
effluent
Percentage removed from waste water : 99.3 %

2.2.2 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC2 Use in closed, continuous process with occasional
controlled exposure, PROC4 Use in batch and other process (synthesis) where opportunity for exposure arises, PROC8a
Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large containers at non-dedicated facilities,
PROC8b Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large containers at dedicated
facilities, PROC9 Transfer of substance or preparation into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing),
PROC15 Use as laboratory reagent, PROC19 Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available Industrial use and
Professional use

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : Solid, low dustiness

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Indoor

Technical conditions and measures


Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

2.2.3 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC10 Roller application or brushing, PROC13 Treatment of
articles by dipping and pouring, PROC19 Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available, OC8 Indoor

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 25 %.
Mixture/Article
Physical Form (at time of use) : Liquid, vapour pressure < 0.5 kPa

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Indoor

Technical conditions and measures

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Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

2.2.4 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC10 Roller application or brushing, OC9 Outdoor

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 25 %.
Mixture/Article
Physical Form (at time of use) : Liquid, vapour pressure < 0.5 kPa

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Outdoor

Technical conditions and measures


Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

2.2.5 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC11 Non industrial spraying, OC8 Indoor

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : Liquid, vapour pressure < 0.5 kPa

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Indoor

Technical conditions and measures


Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.

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Wear a respirator providing a minimum efficiency of (Effectiveness (of a measure): 90 %)

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

2.2.6 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC11 Non industrial spraying, OC9 Outdoor

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : Liquid, vapour pressure < 0.5 kPa

Amount
Concentration after dilution for use :
maximum

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : >4h
Frequency of use : 220 days/year
Remarks : Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours (unless stated differently).

Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure


Outdoor / Indoor : Outdoor

Technical conditions and measures


Provide a good standard of general ventilation (not less than 3 to 5 air changes per hour).

Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear eye protection/ face protection., Chemical goggles should be consistent with EN 166 or equivalent., Wear
protective gloves., PVC, Natural Rubber, Neoprene gloves, Wear suitable working clothes.
Wear a respirator providing a minimum efficiency of (Effectiveness (of a measure): 90 %)

Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment
Additional good practice advice : Keep away from food and drink., Keep away from tobacco products.,
Keep working clothes separately., Wash hands before breaks and
after work.

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2.3. Exposure estimation and reference to its source

Environment

Release factor Value type Compartment Environmental RCR


exposure
ERC8a, ERC8b, PEC Fresh water 0.0004 mg/L 0.04
ERC8e
PEC Marine water 0.0004 mg/L 0.04
PEC STP 0.004 mg/L < 0.01

Human Health

Contributing Specific conditions Value type Level of Exposure RCR


Scenario
PROC2 Industrial use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 1.37 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.01 mg/m³
local
PROC4 Industrial use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 6.85 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC8a Industrial use, and, Worker - dermal, short-term - local 13.7 mg/kg bw/day
Professional use
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC8b, Industrial use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 6.85 mg/kg bw/day
PROC9
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local
PROC15 Industrial use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 0.34 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.1 mg/m³
local
PROC19 Industrial use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 141 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC9 Professional use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 13.7 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC8b, Professional use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 6.85 mg/kg bw/day
PROC9
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC19 Professional use Worker - dermal, short-term - local 141 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 0.5 mg/m³
local
PROC10 Professional use, Indoor Worker - dermal, short-term - local 27.4 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.24 mg/m³
local
PROC13 Professional use, Indoor Worker - dermal, short-term - local 13.7 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.34 mg/m³
local
PROC19 Professional use, Indoor Worker - dermal, short-term - local 141 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.24 mg/m³
local
PROC10 Professional use, Worker - dermal, short-term - local 27.4 mg/kg bw/day
Outdoor
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.34 mg/m³
local
PROC11 Professional use, Indoor Worker - dermal, short-term - local 107 mg/kg bw/day
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.35 mg/m³
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local
PROC11 Professional use, Worker - dermal, short-term - local 107 mg/kg bw/day
Outdoor
Worker - inhalative, long-term - 1.39 mg/m³
local

RCR = Risk characterisation ratio

ERC8a, ERC8b, Exposure Assessment Method : Used EUSES model.


ERC8e
PROC2 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC4
PROC8a
PROC8b, PROC9
PROC15
PROC19
PROC9
PROC8b, PROC9
PROC19
PROC10 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC13
PROC19
PROC10 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC11 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
PROC11 Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.

2.4. Guidance to Downstream User to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the Exposure Scenario

2.4.1 Environment
If a DU has OC/RMMs outside specifications in the ES, then the DU can evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set
by the ES through scaling in EUSES.
The main driving parameters are :
- local amount used (tonnage)
- release factor prior to on-site treatment
- on-site wastewater treatment presence and efficiency
- dilution factor
Required removal efficiency for wastewater can be achieved using onsite/offsite technologies, either alone or in combination.
Where other Risk Management Measures/Operational Conditions are adopted, then users should ensure that risks are
managed to at least equivalent levels.

2.4.2 Health
Predicted exposures are not expected to exceed the DN(M)EL when the risk management measures/operational conditions
outlined in section 2 are implemented.
Where other Risk Management Measures/Operational Conditions are adopted, then users should ensure that risks are
managed to at least equivalent levels.

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3. ES3 : Consumer use, of cleaning products and other mixtures containing the substance
3.1. Scenario description

Main User Groups : SU 21 Consumer uses: Private households (= general public =


consumers)
Sectors of end-use : SU21 Private households (=general public = consumers)
Environmental release category : ERC8a Wide dispersive indoor use of processing aids in open systems
ERC8b Wide dispersive indoor use of reactive substances in open
systems
Product category : PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based
products)
PC36 Water softeners
PC37 Water treatment chemicals
PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products

3.2. Conditions of use affecting exposure

3.2.1 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC8a Wide dispersive indoor use of processing aids
in open systems, ERC8b Wide dispersive indoor use of reactive substances in open systems

Amount
Annual site tonnage (tonnes/year): : 250000
Maximum daily local emission to waste : 1370 kg
water

Environmental factors
Dilution Factor (River) : 10
Dilution Factor (Coastal Areas) : 10

Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure

Number of emission days per year : 360


Emission or Release Factor: Water : 100 %

Conditions and measures related to sewage treatment plant


Type of Sewage Treatment Plant : Municipal STP, or, Onsite STP
Flow rate of sewage treatment plant : 2,000 m3/d
effluent
Percentage removed from waste water : 99.3 %

3.2.2 Contributing scenario controlling consumer exposure for: PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based products), PC36 Water softeners, PC37 Water treatment
chemicals, PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products, Transfer of solid product., Load, Laundry detergent,

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 25 %.
Mixture/Article
Physical Form (at time of use) : solid

Amount
Amount used per event : 0.290 kg

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : 1 min
Frequency of use : 3 events/day

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Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Keep out of the reach of children., Wash thoroughly after handling.,
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

3.2.3 Contributing scenario controlling consumer exposure for: PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based products), PC36 Water softeners, PC37 Water treatment
chemicals, PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products, Transfer of solid product., Load, Bleach,

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 100 %
Mixture/Article (unless stated differently).
Physical Form (at time of use) : solid

Amount
Amount used per event : 0.070 kg

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : 1 min
Frequency of use : 1 events/day

Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Use eye protection according to EN 166, designed to protect against
powders and dusts., Keep out of the reach of children., Wash
thoroughly after handling., When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

3.2.4 Contributing scenario controlling consumer exposure for: PC8 Biocidal products (e.g. Disinfectants, pest control)
PC35 Washing and cleaning products (including solvent based products), PC36 Water softeners, PC37 Water treatment
chemicals, PC39 Cosmetics, personal care products, Manual washing, Bleach,

Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to 25 %.
Mixture/Article
Physical Form (at time of use) : solid

Amount
Amount used per event : 0.290 kg

Frequency and duration of use


Exposure duration : 10 min
Frequency of use : 1 events/day

Conditions and measures related to protection of consumer (e.g. behavioural advice, personal protection and hygiene)
Consumer Measures : Keep out of the reach of children., Wash thoroughly after handling.,
When using do not eat, drink or smoke.

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3.3. Exposure estimation and reference to its source

Environment

Release factor Value type Compartment Environmental RCR


exposure
ERC8a, ERC8b PEC Fresh water 0.0004 mg/L 0.04
PEC Marine water 0.0004 mg/L 0.04
PEC STP 0.004 mg/L < 0.01

Human Health

Contributing Specific conditions Value type Level of Exposure RCR


Scenario
For all PC Transfer of solid Consumer - dermal, short-term - 0.19 mg/cm2
product., Load, Laundry local
detergent
For all PC Transfer of solid Consumer - dermal, short-term - 0.75 mg/cm2
product., Load, Bleach local
For all PC Manual washing, Bleach, Consumer - dermal, short-term - 0.08 mg/cm2
Worst case local

RCR = Risk characterisation ratio

ERC8a, ERC8b Exposure Assessment Method : Used EUSES model.


For all PC Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
For all PC Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.
For all PC Exposure Assessment Method : Used ECETOC TRA model.

3.4. Guidance to Downstream User to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the Exposure Scenario

If a DU has OC/RMMs outside specifications in the ES, then the DU can evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set
by the ES through scaling in EUSES.
The main driving parameters are :
- local amount used (tonnage)
- release factor prior to on-site treatment
- on-site wastewater treatment presence and efficiency
- dilution factor
Required removal efficiency for wastewater can be achieved using onsite/offsite technologies, either alone or in combination.
Where other Risk Management Measures/Operational Conditions are adopted, then users should ensure that risks are
managed to at least equivalent levels.

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