NMAT Review

Must Know: Biology Part 1

Here are some key notes about basic biological knowledge. (Topics: Properties of life, Types of Cell, Cell Cycle,
Cell Division, Ontogeny etc.)

1. Properties of Life:
-All organisms consist of one or more cells.
-All living things are highly ordered. 
-All living things respond to stimuli.
-Homeostasis
-Evolutionary Adaptation
-Energy Utilization
-Capable of growth, development and reproduction
2. Hierarchical Organization of Life

3. Three Domains of Life

Domain Bacteria
-consisted of all the unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
Domain Archaea
-consisted of all the extreme bacteria and some species of algae.
Domain Eukarya
-consisted of all the unicellular, multicellular, colonic or filamentous organisms.

4. Kingdoms 1/2
Bacteria
-Prokaryotic organisms with a peptidoglycan cell wall.
Archaebacteria
- Prokaryotes that lack a peptidoglycan cell wall
Animalia(Eukarya)
- Eukaryotic, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic .
5. Kingdoms 2/2 (Eukarya)
Plantae
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, nonmotile, usually terrestrial, photosynthetic organisms
Fungi
-Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, nonmotile organisms, with cell walls of chitin
Monera
-Eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic, heterotrophic

6. Hierarchies of Classification

7. Cell Theory
-All living things are composed of one or more cells.
-Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
-Cell arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

8. Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells

9. Animal Cell

10. Plant Cell

11. Animal vs Plant Cells

12. Interphase
-cellular components are copied. 90% of the cell cycle.
•G1 Phase (Organelle Replication)
•S (Synthesis) Phase (DNA Replication)
•G2 Phase (Safety Gap)
13. Interphase 

G1: 10 hours
S Phase: 5-6 hours
G2: 3-4 hours
M: 2hours

14. Mitosis

Prophase-nuclear envelope starts to disappear as chromosomes condensed

Metaphase-chromosome pairs align at the equatorial plate
Anaphase-spindle fibers pulls the sister chromatids apart towards the opposite poles
Telophase-sister chromatids are now on opposite poles
15. Meiosis

16. Meiosis 1
17. Meiosis 2

18. Prophase 1

Mnemonics: LeZyPaDiDi

Crossing-over/Recombination
-Each set exchanges bits of DNA with the other and recombines, thus creating genetic variation.

Synapsis
-the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
19. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

20. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

21. Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis
-the formation of sperm cells
Oogenesis
-the formation of egg cells

* Spermiogenesis
 -the transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa(sperms) by differentiation.

22. Ontogeny
-all the developmental events that occur during the existence of a living organism.

Fertilization
-is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

23. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 1/5

Morulation
-The cleavage or segmentation of the ovum by which a morula is formed.

Morula
-a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed

24. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 2/5

Blastulation
-is the formation of a blastula from a morula.

Blastula
-an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

25. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 3/5

Gastrulation
-ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm form.

Gastrula
-an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three
layers of cells.
26. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 4/5

Neurulation
-germ layers develop a nervous system

Neurula
-a vertebrate embryo at the early stage of development in which neurulation occurs

27. Stages of Early Embryonic Development 5/5

28. Germ Layers

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