It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
NAME: ___________ Year &Section: ___________
ACTIVITY SHEETS in ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
QUARTER 1, WEEK 1
READING ACADEMIC TEXTS
As the learners prepare for their future education and
career, they must understand the features, ways and purposes of
writing academic and professional texts.
Learning Competency: Differentiate language used in
academic texts from various disciplines
Learning Objectives: 1. Determine the features of specific
academic texts
2. Construct a specific academic text
with an appropriate language to be
used
3. Appreciate the importance of making
an academic text
Academic Text/Writing and its Types
Academic writing is, of course, any formal written
work produced in an academic setting.
Academic papers may be done as a part of a class, in
a program of study, or for publication in an academic
journal or scholarly book of articles around a theme,
by different authors.
Academic and professional writings include essays,
dissertations and theses, research articles, case
studies, textbooks and reports
Features of Academic Text/Writing
Accuracy
Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.
Most subjects have words with narrow specific
meanings.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE- is the linguistic register
that students are expected to use in school subjects
Complexity
Written language is relatively more complex than
spoken language.
Written language has longer words, it is lexically
denser and it has a more varied vocabulary.
Formality
Academic writing is relatively formal.
Avoid colloquial words and expressions.
Precision
In academic writing, facts and figures are given
precisely.
Objectivity
Written language is in general objective rather than
personal.
1|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
the reader.
The main emphasis should be on the information that
you want to give and the arguments you want to
make, rather than you.
For that reason, academic writing tends to use nouns,
rather than verbs.
Explicitness
Academic writing is explicit about the relationships
in the text.
Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in
English to make it clear to the reader how the various
parts of the text are related to one another.
These connections can be made explicit by the use of
different signaling words.
Hedging
In any kind of academic writing you do, it is necessary
to make decisions about your stance on a particular
subject, or the strength of the claims you are making.
Different subjects prefer to do this in different ways.
A technique common in certain kinds of academic
writing is known by linguists as a ‘hedge’.
Responsibility
In academic writing, you must be responsible for, and
must be able to provide evidence and justification for
any claims you make.
You are also responsible for demonstrating an
understanding of any source texts you use.
Organization
Academic writing is well organized.
It flows easily from one section to the next in a logical
fashion.
A good place to start is the genre of your text.
Once you have decided on the genre, the structure is
easily determined.
Planning
Academic writing is well planned. It usually takes
place after research and evaluation, according to a
specific purpose and plan.
Task # 1: STARTING POINT
Pre-Activity: THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK!
Directions: Match the academic text types on the left side to the
statements on the right by clicking on the boxes you wish to connect.
Write your answer in a sheet of paper.
Textbooks Access these to find out about writing in your discipline.
Reports These describe changes or developments, e.g. within a
company or social group.
Shorter student These could be 80,000 words long for PhD students.
texts: essays
Longer student
texts: These show the importance of a piece of research.
dissertations and
theses
Research articles This is a good place to start your research.
Case studies These are written for readers who have expert knowledge
of a topic.
 Task # 2: EVALUATE ME!
Read the text entitled, “Competition and Cooperation”
and check whether it contains features of writing or not.
Explain your answer.
Competition and Cooperation
Explanations of the interrelation between competition and
cooperation have evolved over the time. Early research into competition
and cooperation defined each of them in terms of the distribution of
rewards related to each. Competition was defined as a situation in which
rewards are distributed unequally on the basis of performance, cooperation
on the other hand, was defined as a situation in which rewards are
distributed equally on the basis of mutual interactive behaviour among
individuals. By this definition, a competitive situation requires at least on
competitor to fail for each competitor that wins, while a cooperative
situation offers a reward only if all members of the group receive it.
Researchers have found definitions of competition and
cooperation based upon rewards inadequate primarily because definitions
of these two concepts based upon rewards depict them as opposite. In
current understanding, competition is not viewed as opposite of
cooperation, instead, cooperation is viewed as integral component of
competition. Cooperation is necessary among team members, perhaps in a
sporting event or in a political race, in order to win the competition, it is
equally important to understand that cooperation is of great importance
between teams in that same sporting event or ground rules of the game or
election in order to compete.
Interestingly, the word competition is derived from a Latin verb
which means “to seek together.” An understanding of the derivation of the
word competition supports the understanding that cooperation, rather than
evoking a characteristic at the opposite extreme of human nature from
competition, is in reality a necessary factor in competition.
CHECKLIST:
FEATURES OF
ACADEMIC
WRITING
Accuracy
Complexity
Formality
Explicitness
Hedging
Organization
Precision
Objectivity
Planning
Responsibility
Task # 3: SAVE ME!
DIRECTIONS: Evaluate whether the given text contains
features of writing. Reconstruct the text following the
features of academic writing if needed. For modular
learners, write your answer in a sheet of paper.
Understanding Calories
A calorie, also known as kilocalorie, is a unit of
energy. This unit represents the energy required to heat a
kilogram of water on degree Celsius. While people generally
link the term calorie with food, it is a unit of measurement that
can be applied to any substance possessing energy. For
instance, there are 8200 calories in a litter (about one quart) of
gasoline.
2|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
Calories describe the potential energy in food to
maintain bodily functions, grow or repair tissue, and perform
mechanical work such as exercise. Food calories may take the
form of fat, carbohydrates, or proteins. Once consumed,
enzymes act on these nutrients through metabolic processes and
break them into their perspective categories of fatty acids,
glucose, and amino acids. These molecules travel through the
blood stream to specific cells where they are absorbed for
immediate use or sent on to the final stage of metabolism where
they release their stored energy through the process of
oxidation.
The number of calories burned during an exercise
depends on various factors including body weight and the type
of exercise. For example, an individual weighing 59 kilograms
(130 pounds) would expend roughly 500 calories per hour
swimming or playing basketball. However, this same person
would burn an estimated 200 walking or playing table tennis.
In order to survive and maintain body weight, the average
individual requires approximately 2000 to 2500 calories per
day. Gaining or losing weight is a simple process. Add and
subtract 7,700 calories over the course of time to gain or lose a
kilogram.
Nutrition has nothing to do with it. It is all about
calories.
Write your answer here.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________
TASK # 4: WRAPPING-UP-ACTIVITY:
Determine the features of specific
academic texts by choosing the letter of the
correct answer. Encircle your answer.
1. What is academic writing?
a. A technique to write balanced, accurate and professional
assignments
b. An old-fashioned way of writing
c. How university professors write
d. The writing you find in textbooks
2. Choose three words to describe academic writing:
a. Talented, stylish, inspiring
b. Precise, clear, objective
c. Decisive, divisive, derisive
d. Subjective, obscure, vague
3. Information on the internet is 'free'. Anyone can use it
without having to reference it.'
a. True
b. False
c. It depends on how important the assignment is.
d. You only need to reference authors' work on the internet
 4. Writing academic papers requires deliberate, thorough and
careful thought. Therefore, what should one do to achieve a
well-crafted academic essay?
a. One must depend on his/her own opinions alone.
b. One must conduct a research on the topic at hand.
c. One must not consult the Internet for unsure sources.
d. One must depend highly on the Internet for easy information
access.
5. What is academic language?
a. It is a set of vocabulary terms used in schools.
b. It comes as second nature to native speakers, but is difficult
for ELLs to acquire
c. It is the linguistic register that students are expected to use in
school subjects
d. All of the above
6. What is an evidence?
a. A statement used to support or prove the thesis
b. Quotations from a source
c. The analysis explaining the meaning of evidence
d. A sentence that grabs your reader's attention
7. What is analysis?
a. a statement used to support or prove the thesis
b. quotations from a source
c. the explanation of the meaning of evidence
d. a sentence that grabs your reader's attention
8. When do you use formal language?
a. In an academic essay.
b. In a resignation letter
c. When you talk to a friend.
d. When you write a text message.
9. What does it mean to write academically?
a. To write in order to pass final exams
b. To write paper for scholars
c. To write using proper English language
d. To avoid copy pasting from the Internet
10. What would the academic community look into?
a. Proper grammar written in the essay
b. A whole bunch of statistics and data
c. Students' feeling and opinion
d. Informed arguments written in the research paper
ACTIVITY SHEETS in ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC
AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
QUARTER 1, WEEK 2
Learners of English for Academic and Professional
Purposes is expected to determine the structure of a specific
academic text. These activity sheets prepare them to recognize
the basics in academic writing and its structure.
Learning Competency:
Use knowledge of text structure to glean the information
he/she needs (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Iac-4)
Learning Objectives:
1. Determine the structure of academic texts such as
introduction, body and conclusion
2. Construct an effective academic text with proper structure
3. Value the lessons that can be elicited from the text
WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?
It is a serious offense wherein a person is using
someone’s ideas either on purpose or through
carelessness.
3|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
HOW TO START A TEXT?
KINDS OF INTRODUCTION
Jolting statement- a beginning which has the
intention of shocking or shaking the interest of the
readers so as to continue reading the work.
trivia
Example: “Fetuses that have serious physical problems face
major surgery after birth.”
“Forgiving, most of the time is hardly given by the
oppressed not because of hate but because of fear.”
Dramatic scene- the writer presents a situation of
interesting conflict or emotion to condition the
mood of the readers and be enhanced to go on
reading.
Example: Mother was beside me when she uttered, “I care for
you”. That is my most awaited words
Build up statement- a statement intentional to
catch the interest of the readers. It is not an
ordinary sentence but something of value to the
readers.
Example:Effective speech is what makes a woman stand in any
session if she possesses the magic and combine it with a
pleasing personality she made.
Impressionistic description- an effective
description used as beginning to catch the interest
of the readers. Here, the description must be vivid
enough to command attention and consideration.
Example: She is soft spoken, too-close to heaven. She knows
when angels would come and leave. She is an embodiment of
silence in the middle of the night.
Stimulating question –the beginning is stated in a
question to stimulate attention. The question must
be worth learning the answer or the explanation
Example:“Have you witnessed a person dying? I did
and it was not a very pleasant sight.”
Is RH Bill really the answer to population explosion?
Analogy Beginning
This is a special form of comparison. It is an
expression of relationship between two things that
are alike at more than one point. It is the process of
establishing the similarities, relations and behavior
of things which are unlike in kind, form and
appearance.
Example: Culture is like a map. Just as the map isn’t the
territory but an abstract representation of particular areas so as
culture is an abstract description of trends towards uniformity
in the words, deeds and artifacts of group. If a map is accurate
and you can read it, you won’t get lost; if you know culture, you
will know your way around in the life of a society
Classificatory
It is the process of dividing the information in
categories. A classification relates ideas by listing
and characterizing the members of a group.
Example:There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all
the standard sets and best sellers--- unread, untouched. …The
second has a great many books– a few of them read through,
most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as
the day they were bought. The third has a few books or many–
 every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated shaken and loosen development of numerous comic books on a variety of topics,
by continual use, marked and scribbled in form front to back. though superhero comic book predominated. Astonishingly, by
This man owns books.
1945, approximately 160 different comic books were being
BODY
published in the United States each month, and 90 percent of US
1. Get the main ideas. children were said to read comic books on a regular basis.
2. Give supporting details.
3. Elaboration

HOW WILL I END MY ESSAY DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions about the
text entitled, “The Golden Comics.”
• Include a brief summary of the paper’s main points
• Ask a provocative question Guide Questions:
• Use a quotation
• Evoke a vivid image 1. What is the essay all about?
• End with a warning
• Universalize (compare to other situations) 2. What kind of introduction is being used in this essay?
• Suggest results or consequence
• 3. How is the body constructed?

Task # 1: LET’S WRITE FREELY!

4. How does the author end the essay?

5. What have you learned from the essay?(VALUING)

DIRECTIONS: Explain the saying inside the box having
the three main structures of a text such as
INTRODUCTION, BODY AND CONCLUSION without
considering any number of sentences.

“WE WRITE FOR WE WANTED TO EXPRESS AND NOT TO Task # 3: THINK FORWARD!
IMPRESS”

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________

Task # 2: WHAT’S WITH THE TEXT?

In five (5) paragraphs, construct an effective academic text
The Golden Age of Comics with proper structure using the image above.

The period from the late 1930s to the middle 1940s is known as FORMAT:
the golden age of comic books. The modern comic book came in the Introduction: 1 paragraph (in any type)
early 1930s in the United States as a giveaway premium to promote
Body: 3 paragraphs
the sale of the whole range of household products such as cereal and
Conclusion: 1 paragraph (in any type)
cleanser. The comic books, which are printed in bright colours to
attract the attentions of potential customers, proved so popular that__________________________________________________
some publishers decided to produce comic books that would come
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
out on a monthly basis and would sell for a dime each. Though
__________________________________________________
comic strips had been reproduced in publications prior to this time, __________________________________________________
the Famous Funnies comic book, which was started in 1934, marked __________________________________________________
the first occasion that a serialized book of comics was attempted. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Early comic books reprinted already existing __________________________________________________
comic strips and comics based on known characters, however, __________________________________________________
publishers soon began introducing original characters developed __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
(see attached rubrics)
specially for comic books. Superman was introduced in Action
__________________________________________________
Comics in 1938, and Batman was introduced a year later. The __________________________________________________
tremendous success of these superhero comic books led to the __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4|P age E N G L I S H F O R A C A D E M I C A N D __________________________________________________
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
__________________________________________________
______________________________________________

Task # 4: LET’S WRAP THEM UP!
DIRECTIONS: Identify what kind of introduction are the
following. Write your answer in the space provided before
each number.
_____________1. Grave silence met the announcement that the
Singapore government would push through with the execution
of Flor Contemplacion. It was a silence that showed various
emotions: shock, regret, disappointment, frustration and
outrage, a volatile mix that should serve as a warning to both
the Singaporean and Philippine government.
_______________2. Did you ever have a teacher who
frightened you so much that you would get ill during his class?
Did you ever wonder what kind of life such a teacher led when
he left the classroom and if he had any feelings at all?
________________3. Let me begin with potatoes. According
to a modern German writer, Gunter Grass, the introduction of
the potato was a more important event in the history of the
German people and all the martial victories of King Frederick
the Great.
_______________4. Elections are only partly about seeking
public office. They are also about clearing one’s name.
_______________5. Have a minute? Good. Because that may
be all it takes to save the life of a child—your child. Accidents
kill nearly 8,000 children under age 15 each year. And for every
fatality, 42 more children are admitted to hospitals for
treatment. Yet such deaths and injuries can be avoided through
these easy step parents can take right now. You don't have a
minute to lose.
_______________6. If you attend a concert in a city park,
chances are you’re less interested in the performance than in the
whole package, in which the music, the weather, the general
gregariousness and the spirit of the moment become
inseparable.
_______________7. Finding a needle in a haystack is very
similar to the search of our so-called another half. Most of
us have already been in a relationship that ended on bad
terms and unsuccessful. Lucky for those who have found
the so-called “right ones” for a very short span of time has
found the needle in their haystacks faster than anybody
else.
_________________8. A moviegoer is a person who goes to
watch movies. In order to know a moviegoer, there is a need to
classify the types of movies these individuals are interested in.
5|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
These movies can be categorized in the genres of informational,
drama, action, adventure, epic, horror, crime, and musical.
________________9. Prove that beauty in its myriad of forms
will amount nothing if it is not backed by other admirable traits.
Gray speaks surely and a confidence that is natural and
unrehearsed. In her many media interviews, she is able to field
a wide range of questions with meaningful answer, with a tone
that express vivacity, sincerity and humility at the same time.
_________________10. They both contain nicotine that is very
dangerous in human bodies. And there are laundry of list of
harmful chemicals. That may cause cancer and other diseases.
But e cigarettes are battery operated devices initially shape like
cape rods and vape pen. And these electronic cigarettes have
different fragrance by its flavor that will result a good smell to
others.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN ENGLISH FOR
ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
QUARTER 1, WEEK 3
Learning Competency:
Uses various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic
texts (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Iac-4)
Learning Objectives:
1. Determine the main idea and the supporting details of a text
2. Identify the techniques used in summarizing a text
3. Summarize a text through learners’ own words
S- horter than the text
WHAT IS IT? U- se your own words
M-ake ideas only
WHAT IS A MAIN IDEA?
➢ The main idea of a paragraph is the author's message
about the topic. It is often expressed directly or it can
be implied.
➢ The main idea, sometimes referred to as the central
idea, is the most important thought of a
text. Basically, it is the topic that comes up over and
over again in an article, book, or other piece of
nonfiction.
➢ The main idea tells the reader what the paragraph,
article, or other section of a text is going to be about.
Often the main idea is explicitly provided in
a declarative statement, which is a statement of fact
ending in a period.
Example: Every year, hundreds of children prepare to
compete in the Scripps Spelling Bee. Along with their family
members, these would-be competitors memorize thousands of
dictionary entries. They are hoping to win as much as $52,000.
Of course, they are also hoping for bragging rights!
➢ Every sentence in this paragraph is about
the hundreds of children who compete in the Scripps
Spelling Bee. The main idea is explicitly stated in the
 first sentence of the paragraph. The following
sentences give specific details about these
contestants—how they prepare and what they hope to
win.
But what if the main idea is not so obvious?
Sometimes, the main idea is shown implicitly. In those
cases, you have to find the main idea by determining what
the majority of details in the paragraph or section are about.
Example:
The first step to making a pie is to make the dough.
While the dough is chilling, you can make your filling. Next,
roll out the dough and bake it a little bit. Finally, add the filling
and bake your pie.
written in Chinese, they are similar and so the transformation
and origin of the word ‘ninja’.
What is the difference between paraphrasing and
summarizing?
Summarizing and paraphrasing are somewhat
different. A paraphrase is about the same length as the original
source, while a summary is much shorter. Nevertheless, when
you summarize, you must be careful not to copy the exact
wording of the original source.
Task # 1: SUMmarize It!

➢None of these sentences say explicitly what the main

idea is. However, every single sentence is about how
to make a pie. That is the main idea of this text.
WHAT ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS?
Supporting details provide information to clarify, prove,
or explain the main idea. These details demonstrate the validity
of the main idea. They often list parts, aspects, steps, or
examples of the main idea.
Example: Every year, hundreds of children prepare to
compete in the Scripps Spelling Bee. Along with their family
members, these would-be competitors memorize thousands
of dictionary entries. They are hoping to win as much as
$52,000. Of course, they are also hoping for bragging rights!
Remember: Knowing the main idea and the supporting
details is important for writing a summary of a text. A good
summary of a nonfiction text includes the main idea, as well as
the major contributing details.
WHAT IS A SUMMARY? SUMmarize it!
S-horter than the text U-se your own words M-ain ideas
only
Directions: Try to recall one of the many stories you have
discussed in your previous English class and choose one selection
out of the several you tackled. Using this sheet, try to rewrite the
story using your own words.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Task # 2: M _ N _ S_ D
DIRECTIONS: Using the diagram below, determine the
main idea and the supporting details of
the text.
A tornado is a powerful, twisting wind storm. It is one of
the most destructive storms on earth. A tornado is also called a

❖ A summary is a synthesis of the key ideas of a piece waterspout. A tornado is a long cloud which comes down from the sky.
of writing, restated in your own words. It is shaped like a funnel and consists of wind which whirls around and
around extremely fast. In fact, the wind can reach a speed of more than

Example: What’s dressed in all black, practices stealth, and is 900 km per hour. Most tornadoes form a long a front (boundary)
a master of espionage, sabotage, and assassination? You between cool, dry air and warm, humid air. Weather scientists are
guessed it: it’s a ninja! Perhaps the only thing more elusive than unable to know exactly when tornados will occur. Fortunately, the
a ninja is the source of the word ninja. In China ninja are more
tornado is not usually very big and it does not last long.
often referred to as shinobi.
The Chinese word shinobi, short for shinobi-no-
mono, means “to steal away.” The word shinobi appears in
Chinese poems as far back as the eighth century. So how did
this word become a ninja? Some believe that during the Edo Supporting Detail 1
period in Japan, the word shinobi-no-mono was appropriated
and transformed into the very similar word ninja.
Supporting Detail 2
This probably happened because it was a lot quicker
and easier to just say, ninja. It is difficult to see how such a
transformation could have occurred when we look at the words Supporting Detail 3
using our alphabet, but if you look at the kanji representing
these words, it may make more sense to you. This is how you
write shinobi-no-mono in Chinese: And this is how you write Main Idea
ninja: Now, do you see the similarities?

The summary is presented as follows:

The word ninja is an ‘elusive’ word. In Chinese, a

ninja is called a ‘shinobi’ which means ‘to steal away’ and
also appears in many ancient poems. The Japanese, later on,
derived the word ninja from shinobi as it was easy to say it.
These words may seem very different in English, but when

6|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE

 Task # 3: LET’S SUMMARIZE!
Links for references and for further reading:

DIRECTION: Summarize the text in your own words by

determining first the main idea

Understanding Calories https://eas.epigeum.com/courses/eas/45/course_files/html/uta_

3_10.html
A calorie, also known as kilocalorie, is a unit of
energy. This unit represents the energy required to heat a http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/561005/black-nazarene-
kilogram of water on degree Celsius. While people generally procession-awesamerican-tourist#ixzz46LtgcKl0
link the term calorie with food, it is a unit of measurement that
can be applied to any substance possessing energy. For https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5cce193b440eb8001a839b40/a
instance, there are 8200 calories in a litter (about one quart) of cademic-writing
gasoline.
Calories describe the potential energy in food to https://englist.tw/en/why-academic-writing-is-important/
maintain bodily functions, grow or repair tissue, and perform
mechanical work such as exercise. Food calories may take the grammar-quizzes.com/intros.html
form of fat, carbohydrates, or proteins. Once consumed,
https://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/sample/advanced/unit1/u
enzymes act on these nutrients through metabolic processes and 1_l1b_1.htm
break them into their perspective categories of fatty acids, Learners Manual
glucose, and amino acids. These molecules travel through the
blood stream to specific cells where they are absorbed for TEACHERS GUIDE
immediate use or sent on to the final stage of metabolism where
they release their stored energy through the process of
oxidation.

The number of calories burned during an exercise depends on

various factors including body weight and the type of exercise.
For example, an individual weighing 59 kilograms (130 Note: Practice Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times.
pounds)

would expend roughly 500 calories per hour swimming or

playing basketball. However, this same person would burn an
estimated 200 walking or playing table tennis. In order to
survive and maintain body weight, the average individual
requires approximately 2000 to 2500 calories per day. Gaining
or losing weight is a simple process. Add and subtract 7,700
calories over the course of time to gain or lose a kilogram.
Nutrition has nothing to do with it. It is all about
calories

Summary:
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
7|P age ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSE
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________