The Puritan Age:

Fragments of Pilgrim
Progress.
Muhammad Fitriyanto / 195110107111001
Nadilla Rahma Dia Ningrum / 195110107111002
Aulia Nursafitri / 195110107111018
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND.
I.
 JAMES I.

● James was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle. Son of Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord
Darnley.
● In 1603 King James VI of Scotland became James I of England: ‘Union of the Crowns’.
Great Britain was brought under the rule of a Scottish dynasty: The House of Stuarts.

BACKGROUND:
HISTORICAL
●
● One of James's great contributions to England was the Authorized King James's Version of the
Bible (1611) which was to become the standard text for more than 250 years.
● He ended the long war with Spain in 1604.
● He applied general union systems in laws, trade tariffs, and taxation.
● The effectively first British state centered in London was created.
● He was incapable of dealing with Parliament, which immediately presented itself as hostile to
him.
● He was successful in managing the balance between the different religious groups- Catholics,
Anglicans, and Puritans.
 CHARLES I.

● Charles I was born in Fife on 19 November 1600, the second son of James VI of
Scotland and Anne of Denmark.
● Charles I was king of England, Scotland and Ireland, whose conflicts with
parliament led to civil war and his eventual execution.

BACKGROUND:
HISTORICAL
● He was a Protestant, but married a French Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta
Maria.
● He would imprison anyone who refused to pay extra taxes.
● There was riot in Edinburgh in 1637 because Charles I attempted to force a new
prayer book on the country.
● He was brought to trial in January 1649 and royal family, including his heir were
exiled to France.
● His death warrant was signed by 59 signatures, including of Oliver Cromwell, the
MPs member, who later became the ‘Lord Protector’ of England, Scotland, and
Ireland.
 Feature of The
Age:
• During the 17th century England became steadily richer
and steadily.
• Sugar, coffee, tea and slaves became the basis of London
society.
• In 1650’s the Coffee houses were becoming the centers of
business and social life.
• The 17th century was a period of unceasing disturbance and
violent storms.
• The 17th century had prepared a receptive environment
essential to the dissemination of the ideas of the new
science and philosophy.
• From 1645 a group of mathematicians and philosophers
began to meet to discuss scientific subjects.
Religion played a major role in
the decisions made in the
courts and parliament, and
politics decided which religion
would be dominant.
The Puritans were the
protestants who refused to
conform to the Anglican
Church, which was established
by Queen Elizabeth
The social atmosphere was
contrasted with Queen
Elizabeth's reign, when feelings of
nationality and patriotism
CONDITION:
SOCIAL
prevailed.
There was no longer the happy and
cheerful atmosphere of "Merry
England".
PURITAN AND
PILGRIM.
II.
Founding of Plymouth:
In September 1620, during the reign of King James I, a group
of around 100 English men and women—many of them
members of the English Separatist Church later known to
history as the Pilgrims—set sail for the New World aboard
the Mayflower. Two months later, the three-masted
merchant ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in
present-day Massachusetts.

In late December, the Mayflower anchored at Plymouth

Rock, where the pilgrims formed the first permanent
settlement of Europeans in New England. Though more
than half of the original settlers died during that grueling
first winter, the survivors were able to secure peace treaties
with neighbouring Native American tribes and build a largely
self-sufficient economy within five years. Plymouth was the
first colonial settlement in New England.
 01.
The Mayflower Compact was a set of
rules for self-governance established by
the English settlers who travelled to the
02.
New World on the Mayflower.
When Pilgrims and other settlers set out
on the ship for America in 1620, they
intended to lay anchor in northern
Virginia yet after treacherous shoals
and storms drove their ship off course,
03.
the settlers landed in Massachusetts
instead, near Cape Cod, outside of
Virginia’s jurisdiction.
Knowing life without laws could prove
catastrophic, colonist leaders created
the Mayflower Compact to ensure a
functioning social structure would
prevail.
What was the mayflower compact?
On November 11, 1620, 41 adult male colonists,
Mayflower Compact:
including two indentured servants, signed the Mayflower
Compact.
Who wrote the mayflower compact?
It’s unclear who wrote the Mayflower
Compact, but the well-educated Separatist
and pastor William Brewster is usually given
credit.
What was the purpose of mayflower
compact?
• The colonists would remain loyal subjects to King
James, despite their need for self-governance.
• The colonists would create and enact “laws,
ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices…” for the
good of the colony, and abide by those laws.
• The colonists would create one society and work
together to further it.
• The colonists would live in accordance with the
Christian faith.
● Who were the pilgrims?

One group of farmers in Northern England, known disparagingly as the Separatists,

began to worship in secret, knowing full well that it was treasonous. They were hunted
and persecuted, and many of them faced the loss of their homes and the loss of their
livelihood.

● Pilgrims seek for a new world.

The Separatists first fled to the Netherlands, a wealthy maritime superpower that was
far more religiously diverse and tolerant. They decided that the only way to live as true
English Christians was to separate even further and establish their own colony in the
New World. The Pilgrims, led by Bradford, arrived in New England in December.

Puritan and Pilgrim.

● Who were the puritans?

The Puritans thought they could reform the church from within. Sometimes called non-
separating Puritans, this less radical group shared a lot in common with the Separatists,
particularly a form of worship and self-organization called “the congregational way.

The biggest difference between the Separatists and the Puritans is that the Puritans
believed they could live out the congregational way in their local churches without
abandoning the larger Church of England.

Separatists end up on the outside of society. Even if they’re educated, they end up with
low-paying jobs. They leave for places like the Netherlands, where they’re also not
financially successful. Meanwhile, the Puritans stay wealthy.

Puritan and Pilgrim.

● Puritan seeks land in America.

The Puritans, who already had some money, saw a favorable investment opportunity
by owning land in America. And somewhat paradoxically, the Puritans also believed
that by being far away from England, they could create the ideal English church.

[The Puritan leader] John Winthrop talks about creating a church that will be a light to
the nations: The Pilgrims never really expressed that desire.

The Puritans explicitly rejected religious freedom and never attempted to adopt the
Pilgrims initial, fleeting cooperation with American Indian peoples.

Puritan and Pilgrim.

What does the
Pilgrims wear?
Only the wealthier Puritans
may have worn black hats.
Pilgrim clothing was likely
very colorful, full of blues,
greens and oranges.
 What does the
Puritans wear?
Puritans advocated a conservative form of
fashionable attire, characterized by sad colour
and modest cuts. Gowns with low necklines
were filled in with high-necked smocks and
wide collars. Married women covered their hair
with a linen cap, over which they might wear a
tall black hat.
Date Puritan Threat
Walter Strickland, leader of the Puritan group
1571 in Parliament, wanted to reform Elizabeth’s
new Prayer Book and ban clergy vestments
(Vestarian Controversy)
Some Puritan clergy started organising prayer
meetings known as ‘prophesyings’ which
displeased Elizabeth. In these meetings Puritans
1575-1583
took a freer approach to prayer and did not
follow what Elizabeth had specified. She was
concerned ideas might spread that challenged
the Religious Settlement.
The Puritan, John Stubbs, published a pamphlet
1583 criticising Elizabeth’s on-going marriage
negotiations with the brother of the Catholic
French king.
Elizabeth’s Action
Elizabeth silenced him by closing
PURITAN’S THREAT:
Parliament so his ideas could not
be discussed.
Elizabeth ordered her new
Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund
Grindal, to ban the meetings but he
protested. She suspended him,
suggested he resign, and 200 Puritan
priests were expelled from their roles.
Grindal then apologized and was
reinstated.
Stubbs was found guilty of stirring up
trouble and sentenced to have had
his right hand cut off.
 1. The writers of Puritan age
followed the paths of the great
Renaissance writers.
2. The spirit of science
popularized by great men like
Newton, Bacon and Descartes.
3. In literature the spirit infuses
itself in the form of criticism,
which was truly the
creation of Puritan age.
4. In literature the spirit infuses 7. Satire and Irony got fame in
itself in the form of criticism,
The Salient which was truly the creation of
Puritan age. In this period people
Features of took stock of what had been
acquired.
Puritan:
5. People classified, analyzed, and
systematized many things which
were having no importance
before that. English language was
started being used as the medium
for instruction and
for storing the data and for
conveying facts.
6. Art of Biography popularized
which was unknown in previous
ages.
Puritan age, individually as well as
on collective basis.
8. Readers had become criticizers
and asked for the facts and figures,
so that they may judge and
can take sides in the controversial
matters.
9. John Milton was the best
representative of Puritan age.
Puritanism is considered as the
second greatest renaissance.
10. Rebirth of the moral nature of
man which followed intellectual
awakening of Europe in
15th and 16th century.
11. Despotism was the order of the
day.
12. Puritan movement stood for the
liberty of people of Europe.
13. There was an introduction of
morality and high ideals in politics.
14. Puritan age had two perspectives;
personal righteousness and civil and
religious liberty.
15. It aimed at making people free
and honest. In puritan age John
Milton and Thomas Cromwell
fought for the religious liberties of
people.
16. With the passage of time
Puritanism became the movement
against the King which stood for the
freedom of the society.
17. Puritans was the name given to
the people who advocated certain
The Salient
changes in the form of the
worship of the reformed English
Features of
church under queen Elizabeth. Puritan:
LITERARY
CHARACTERISTICS.
III.
THEME:
1. Idealism – religious and political.
2. Pragmatics – practicality and
purposiveness.

CHARACTERISTICS:
3. Criticism – free and honest.
4. Logic – discussed far and fetched
ideas and reasoning.

STYLE:
1. Plain and powerful.
2. Figurative language; metaphors,
simile.

GENRE::
Temperament was change from
poetry to prose.

1. Sermons
2. Historical Journals
3. Poetry
4. Theological Text
5. Biography and Autobiography
6. Hymns
 T H R E E M A I N

Elizabethan literature changed under

Elizabethan literature is generally
the Stuarts so the literature was as Puritan referred to Biblical inspiring. While Puritan Age speaks
divided in spirit were the struggling interpretation. about sadness and gloomy.
parties.

C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
 Additional beliefs:
PURITAN BELIEFS:
1. Typology
The belief that God's intentions are
Total Depravity (original sin) present in human action and in
natural phenomenon.

Unconditional Election (undeserved grace) 2. Manifest Destiny

The concept of manifest destiny is
as old as the first England
Limited Atonement (few are chosen)
settlements.

Irresistible Grace (Christ cannot lose) 3. Backsliding

The belief that ‘saved’ believers,
those with visible signs of grace, can
Perseverance of The Saints fall into temptation and become
sinners.
Purpose and
Function:
To transform a mysterious God -
mysterious because he is
separate from the world.

To make God more relevant to

the universe and to glorify God.
 Forces Undermining Puritanism: Legacy of Puritan Literature:

The need for moral justification

A person's natural desire to do good. for private, public, and
governmental acts.
Forces Dislike of a "closed" life.
Resentment of the power of the few over The Questing for Freedom -
Undermining and many. personal, political, economic,
Legacy of Puritan and social.
The presence of the frontier - concept of
Literature. self-reliance, individualism, and The Puritan (Protestant) work
optimism. ethic.

Growth of rationality. The city upon the hill - concept of

manifest destiny.
The Pilgrim’s Progress, religious allegory by the English
writer John Bunyan, published in two parts in 1678 and
1684. The work is a symbolic vision of the good man’s
pilgrimage through life. At one time second only to the
Bible in popularity, The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most
famous Christian allegory still in print. It was first
published in the reign of Charles II and was largely written
while its Puritan author was imprisoned for offenses
against the Conventicle Act of 1593 (which prohibited the
conducting of religious services outside the bailiwick of
the Church of England).

METAPHYSICAL
PILGRIM’S
POETS.
PROGRESS.
METAPHYSICAL
POETS.

The Poets: John Donne, Henry Vaughn,

George Herbert, Andrew Marvell.

Key Characteristics: complicated mental

and emotional experience; unusual
contrived metaphors and similes; and the

01
idea that the universes are connected.
CAVALIER
POETS:
The term embraces Richard Lovelace, Thomas
Carew, Sir John Suckling, Edmund Waller, and Robert
Herrick. They emulated Ben Jonson.

They were also cavaliers in their style of life and

counted the writing of polished and elegant lyrics as
only one of their many accomplishments as soldiers,
courtiers, gallants, and wits.

They wrote of sensual, romantic love, war, honor,

their duty to the king and also the idea of carpe diem.
Stanza One:

He that loves a rosy cheek,

Or a coral lip admires,
Or from starlike eyes doth seek
Fuel to maintain his fires;
As old Time makes these decay,
So his flames must waste away. ‘Disdain Returned’ by
Stanza Two:
Thomas Carew.

No tears, Celia, now shall win

Thomas Carew, wrote about the rejection
My resolved heart to return; of one young woman, Celia, whom he
I have searched thy soul within, refuses to pursue further.
And find naught but pride and scorn;
I have learned thy arts, and now
Can disdain as much as thou.
Some power, in my revenge convey
That love to her I cast away.
OF Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat, [ 5 ]

Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top

‘Paradise Lost’ by
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
John Milton.
In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill [ 10 ] Milton is reconfiguring the old model of
Delight thee more, and Siloa's Brook that flow'd
the hero redefining notions of heroism for his 17°
Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence century English Protestant audience.
Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar Although mostly an epic, Paradise Lost contains
Above th' Aonian Mount, while it pursues [ 15 ] elements of Lyric poetry and of tragedy (the use
of soliloquy, among the others).
Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
And chiefly Thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all Temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for Thou know'st; Thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread [ 20 ]
THANK YOU.