STEAM POWER PLANT

BASICS
 Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the branch of natural
science concerned with heat and its relation
to energy and work. It defines macroscopic
variables (such as temperature, pressure
internal energy, entropy, and enthalpy)
that characterize materials and radiation,
and explains how they are related and by
what laws they change with time.
Thermodynamic Properties and
Energies of Non-Ideal Gases
(Steam)
 Basic Properties
• Mass flow rate (ṁ) – amount of matter in a
substance per unit time (kgm/s, lbm/s)

• Volume flow rate (𝑉)ሶ – space occupied by

matter per unit time (m3/s, ft3 /s, liter /s,
gallon/min)

• Weight (w) – force exerted by gravity on a

given mass (N, kgf, lbf)
 Secondary Properties
• Mass density (ρ) – mass per unit volume
ρ= = ; or
Density of water at standard conditions: 1000 kg/m3; 62.4
lb/ft3

• Specific volume (v) – volume per unit mass

v= = ; or
• Temperature (t) – of a substance indicates its
thermal state and its ability to exchange
energy with another substance in contact with
it.
Specific Temperature is either in Celsius or
Fahrenheit
Absolute Temperature is either in Kelvin or
Rankine
• Pressure (P) – is the normal (perpendicular)
force exerted by a fluid per unit area against
which the force is exerted.
Standard Atmospheric Pressure = 101.325 kPa
• Specific Heat (c) – the specific heat of a
substance is the quantity of energy required
to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one
degree.
cv – specific heat at constant volume
cp – specific heat at constant pressure
Dry air =1.0 kJ/kg*K
Liquid Water = 4.19 kJ/kg*K
 Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy is defined as the work in
moving the system a distance.
Acceleration work is the work done on the
system to change its velocity.
m 2
KE = v ; N − m or Joule
2 gc
where: m – mass ; kg
v- velocity ; m/s
kg − m slug − ft
gc - is the gravitational constant ; or
N−s 2
lb f − s
2
• Potential Energy of a system mass depends on
its position in the gravitational field.
Gravitational work is the work done against
gravity to change the elevation of a system

PE = m g z ; N − m or Joule

where: m – mass ; kg
g – gravitational acceleration ; m/s2
z – elevation ; m
• Internal Energy - The sum of the energies of all
the molecules in a system, these are energies
that appear in several complex forms.
• Internal energy may be viewed as the sum of the
kinetic and potential energies of the molecules.
• The kinetic energy of the molecules is called
sensible heat.
• The internal energy associated with the phase of
a system is called latent heat.
• The internal energy associated with the atomic
bonds in a molecule is called chemical (or bond)
energy.
• The internal energy associated with the bonds
within the nucleus of the atom itself is called
nuclear energy.
• Enthalpy - is a measure of the total energy of
a thermodynamic system. It includes the
internal energy, which is the energy required
to create a system, and the amount of energy
required to make room for it by displacing its
environment and establishing its volume and
pressure.
H = U + pV
• Entropy - is an extensive thermodynamic
property that is the measure of a system’s
thermal energy per unit temperature. It is also
the measure of the molecular disorder, or
randomness, of a system

𝛿𝑄
𝛿𝑆 = ර
𝑇
(𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠)
• Liquid-Vapor properties – for non ideal gases
(steam and refrigerant) they pass between
liquid and vapor states in their cycle. Such
behavior affects their pressure, temperature
and enthalpy.
The P-H diagram shows the
relation of most of the
properties of the
thermodynamic substance.
 Temperature – Entropy (T-S) Diagram

https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what- https://www.engineersedge.com/thermodyna
is-superheated-steam-definition/ mics/temp_enthalpy_th_diagram.htm
 Pressure – Volume (P-V) Diagram

http://ska2010.weebly.com/uploads/4/7/1 https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/I
/1/4711431/unit_iii.pdf ntro/Chapt.1_6/Chapter3a.html
Rankine Cycle
 Fundamental Elements
Ideally, we have an open system and is fully insulated
(adiabatic) with the following element:
1. Working Substance 3. Source of Heat
2. Thermodynamic System 4. Heat Sink
 Property Diagrams for Ideal System

T-S Diagram P-V Diagram

https://study.com/academy/answer/a-
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/
steam-power-plant-operates-on-the-simple-
Rankine_cycle
ideal-rankine-cycle-steam-enters-the-
turbine-at-4-mpa-500c-and-is-condensed-in-
the-condenser-at-a-temperature-of-40c-a-
show-the-cycle-on-a-t-s-diagram.html
 Equations from Ideal T-S Diagram
• Heat Added (QA)
𝑄𝐴 = ∆𝐻1−2 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ1 kW or HP

• Heat Rejected (QR)

𝑄𝑅 = ∆𝐻3−4 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 − ℎ3 kW or HP

• Work Net (Wknet)

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ1 + ℎ4 − ℎ3

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ1 + ℎ4 − ℎ3 kW or HP
 Equations from Ideal P-V Diagram
• Turbine Work (Wkt)
𝑊𝑘𝑡 = ∆𝐻2−3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3 kW or HP

• Pump Work (Wkp)

𝑊𝑘𝑝 = ∆𝐻4−1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 − ℎ1 kW or HP

• Work Net (Wknet)

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑘𝑡 + 𝑊𝑘𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3 + ℎ4 − ℎ1

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3 + ℎ4 − ℎ1 kW or HP
 Equations Used for Ideal System
• Ideal Thermal Efficiency (𝔷𝑡ℎ𝑖 )
𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝔷𝑡ℎ𝑖 = × 100%
𝑄𝐴
ℎ4 − ℎ3
= 1− × 100%
ℎ2 − ℎ1
• Engine Efficiency (𝑒𝑖 )
Where:
𝑊𝑘𝑡 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3 + ℎ3 − ℎ4
𝑒𝑖 = × 100%
𝐸𝐶
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ4
Property Diagrams for Actual System

T-S Diagram P-V Diagram

 Equations Used for Actual System
• Turbine Efficiency (𝔷𝑡 )
𝑊𝑘𝑡𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ3′
𝔷𝑡 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑊𝑘𝑡𝑖 ℎ2 − ℎ3

• Pump Efficiency (𝔷𝑝 )

𝑊𝑘𝑝𝑖 ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝔷𝑝 = × 100% = × 100%
𝑊𝑘𝑝𝑎 ℎ1′ − ℎ4
Equations from Actual P-V Diagram
• Turbine Work (Wkt)
𝑊𝑘𝑡 = ∆𝐻2−3 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3′ kW or HP

• Pump Work (Wkp)

𝑊𝑘𝑝 = ∆𝐻4−1 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ4 − ℎ1′ kW or HP

• Work Net (Wknet)

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑘𝑡 + 𝑊𝑘𝑝 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3′ + ℎ4 − ℎ1′

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3′ + ℎ4 − ℎ1′ kW or HP

Example:
A 100 MW steam power plant operates on Rankine Cycle but
with turbine and pump efficiency of 85%. The steam enters the
turbine at 7MPa and 550 0C. It discharges to the condenser at 20
kPa. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency, the steam flow rate
and the cooling water flow rate in the condenser if cooling water
enters at 20 0C and leaves at 35 0C.
Solving the corresponding enthalpies
@ 7 Mpa and 550 0C ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑓𝑔
ℎ2 = 3530.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 = 251 + 0.8643 2358.3
𝑘𝐽
𝑆2 = 𝑆3 = 6.9486 = 2289.78 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔−𝐾

@ 0.02 Mpa; 𝑆𝑔 = 7.9085 > 𝑆3 ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓 @ 0.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑆3 = 𝑆𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑆𝑓𝑔 = 251.40 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Where: 𝑆4 = 𝑆1 = 𝑆𝑓 @ 0.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑓 = 0.8320 = 0.8320
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑓𝑔 = 7.0766 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
@ 7 Mpa and 𝑆1 = 0.8320
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
6.9486−0.8320
𝑥3 = = 0.8643 ℎ1 = 259.05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
7.0766
Since: Turbine Efficiency = 85%
ℎ2 − ℎ3′
𝔷𝑡 = 0.85 = × 100%
ℎ2 − ℎ3

ℎ3′ = 3530.9 − 0.85 3530.9 − 2289.78

= 2475.948 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

For: Pump Efficiency = 85%

ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝔷𝑝 = 0.85 = × 100%
ℎ1′ − ℎ4

259.05 − 251.4
ℎ1′ = 251.4 +
0.85
= 260.95 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Work Net (Wknet)
𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ2 − ℎ3′ + ℎ4 − ℎ1′
= 3530.9 − 2475.948 + 251.4 − 260.95
= 1045.95 kJ/kg
𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡
a) 𝔷𝑡ℎ𝑎 = × 100%
𝑄𝐴

1045.95
= × 100%
3530.9 − 260.4

= 31.98 %
 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
b) 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 =
𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡

100,000 𝑘𝑊
=
1045.95𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

= 95.6 kg/s

𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ3′ −ℎ4 Where:

c) 𝑚ሶ 𝑐𝑤 =
ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 −ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ℎ𝑓35 0
𝑐
= 146.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
95.6 2475.95 − 251.9
= ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑓20 0 = 82.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
146.2 − 82.9 𝑐

= 3358.91 kg/s