The Variable Load

Objectives of a Power Station

The power station is constructed, commissioned and operated
to supply required power to consumers with generators running at
rated capacity for maximum efficiency.

The fundamental problem in generation, transmission and

distribution of electrical energy is the fact that electrical energy can
not be stored for a long time. It must be generated, transmitted and
distributed as and when needed.
Load Curves

1. Ideal Load Curve 2. Realized Load Curve

Terms
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
1. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 8,760
𝑦𝑟

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

2. 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 =
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 × 8,760
𝑦𝑟
 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑘𝑊 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
3. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑊 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

4. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛

5. 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

6. 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Example 1.
A power station supplies the following loads to the consumers

Estimate the ff:

a) Load Factor if a single Power Plant is used.
b) Load Factor for a 30MW stand by Power Plant in excess of 70MW
c) Use Factor of the 30 MW stand-by Power Plan
Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑎) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑊 ×24 ℎ𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑦
where:
30𝑀𝑊×6 + 70𝑀𝑊×4 + 90𝑀𝑊×2 + 60𝑀𝑊×4 + 100𝑀𝑊×4 + 80𝑀𝑊×2 + 60𝑀𝑊×2
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟
1560 𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
=
24ℎ𝑟
= 65 𝑀𝑊
65 𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.65
100𝑀𝑊

b) 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 30𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

20𝑀𝑊×2 + 30𝑀𝑊×4 + 10𝑀𝑊×2 180𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 22.5𝑀𝑊
8ℎ𝑟 8ℎ𝑟

22.5𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑−𝑏𝑦 = = 0.75
30
 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 70𝑀𝑊 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
30𝑀𝑊×6 + 70𝑀𝑊×6 + 60𝑀𝑊×4 + 70𝑀𝑊×6 + 60𝑀𝑊×2 1380𝑀𝑊−ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 57.5𝑀𝑊
24ℎ𝑟 24ℎ𝑟

57.5𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.82
70

c) 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 30𝑀𝑊 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑−𝑏𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

20𝑀𝑊×2 + 30𝑀𝑊×4 + 10𝑀𝑊×2

=
30𝑀𝑊 × 8ℎ𝑟

= 0.75
Example 2
The peak load on a power plant is 60MW. The loads having the
maximum demands of 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, and 14MW are
connected to the plant. The capacity of the power plant is 80MW and
the annual load factor is 0.5
Estimate:
a) Average Load
b) Energy Supplied per year
c) Demand Factor
d) Diversity Factor
Given:
Plant Capacity = 80MW
Peak Load = 60MW
Individual Capacity = 30MW, 20MW, 10MW, 14MW
Load of the substation

Solution:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
a)𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.50
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.5 × 60𝑀𝑊

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 30𝑀𝑊
 Load Diversity
b) Energy Generated per year = Average Load × 8,760 hr/yr
ℎ𝑟 30 MW
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 30𝑀𝑊 × 8,760
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
20 MW

𝑀𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 262,800
𝑦𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 MW
c) 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

60 𝑀𝑊
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.813
30𝑀𝑊 + 20𝑀𝑊 + 10𝑀𝑊 + 14𝑀𝑊
10 MW
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
d) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

30𝑀𝑊 + 20𝑀𝑊 + 10𝑀𝑊 + 14𝑀𝑊

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 1.23 10 MW
60𝑀𝑊
14 MW

0 hr 24 hr