ISO 50002

Energy Audit

Questions
&
Answers
By:
S. Ehsan Marashi

January 2024
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #1. η1 = 83 %

A ventilating fan at a manufacturing unit has a standard

efficiency 5 hp motor that runs at full load two shifts a
day, or 4,160 hours per year.
Input1 5 HP
The motor has worn out and energy auditor has suggested
to be replaced by a high efficiency motor.
A high efficiency 5 hp motor costs around $80 more to
purchase than the standard efficiency motor.
The standard motor is 83% efficient and the high
efficiency model is 88.5% efficient. η2 = 88.5 %
If the electricity tariff per kWh is equal to 0.075 $ ,
determine:
(1) Energy savings
(2) Cost Savings 5 HP
Input2
(3) Simple Payback Period (SPP)

Note: 1 hp = 0.746 kW
2
 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏
𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏 = =====⇒ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 =
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏

𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐
𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐 = =====⇒ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 =
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐

𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏 = 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 = 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌⁄𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 × 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 − × 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏 𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 − × 𝟒𝟒, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚
3
 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏
𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏 = =====⇒ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 =
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏

𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐
𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐 = =====⇒ 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 =
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐

𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟏𝟏 = 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐 = 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌⁄𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

The amount of energy

savings depends on how
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 × 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 these two fractions are
rounded.

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶 − × 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
𝜼𝜼𝟏𝟏 𝜼𝜼𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 − × 𝟒𝟒, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚
4
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 × 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻

𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 $ $
= 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚

𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 =
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚

= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

5
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #2 Project 1 Project 2

Capital Cost ($) 30,000 30,000

Using the net present value (NPV) analysis technique,
Year Net annual saving ($) Net annual saving ($)
evaluate the financial merits of the two proposed projects
shown in the table. 1 6,000 6,600

2 6,000 6,600
The annual discount rate 8% for each project.
3 6,000 6,300

4 6,000 6,300

5 6,000 6,000

6 6,000 6,000

7 6,000 5,700

8 6,000 5,700

9 6,000 5,400

10 6,000 5,400
Total net savings at
60,000 60,000
end of 10th year
6
 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟏𝟏 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒏𝒏
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = + + + …+
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏

7
 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇

𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟏𝟏 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒏𝒏
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = + + + …+
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

8
 𝒏𝒏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒕𝒕
𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵 = �
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕
𝒕𝒕=𝟎𝟎

9
 𝟏𝟏 Project 1 Project 2
𝑖𝑖 = 0.08 Year 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏
Cash flow present value Cash flow present value
(n)
𝑛𝑛 = 0 … 10 (a) (b) (a×b) (c) (a×c)
0 1.000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000
1 0.926 6,000 5,556 6,600 6,111
2 0.857 6,000 5,144 6,600 5,658
3 0.794 6,000 4,763 6,300 5,001
4 0.735 6,000 4,410 6,300 4,631
5 0.681 6,000 4,083 6,000 4,083
6 0.630 6,000 3,781 6,000 3,781
7 0.583 6,000 3,501 5,700 3,326
8 0.540 6,000 3,242 5,700 3,080
9 0.500 6,000 3,001 5,400 2,701
10 0.463 6,000 2,779 5,400 2,501

NPV - - 10,260 - 10,874

10
 𝟏𝟏 Project 1 Project 2
𝑖𝑖 = 0.08 Year 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏
Cash flow present value Cash flow present value
(n)
𝑛𝑛 = 0 … 10 (a) (b) (a×b) (c) (a×c)
0 1.000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000
1 0.926 6,000 5,556 6,600 6,111
2 0.857 6,000 5,144 6,600 5,658
3 0.794 6,000 4,763 6,300 5,001
4 0.735 6,000 4,410 6,300 4,631
5 0.681 6,000 4,083 6,000 4,083
6 0.630 6,000 3,781 6,000 3,781
7 0.583 6,000 3,501 5,700 3,326
8 0.540 6,000 3,242 5,700 3,080
9 0.500 6,000 3,001 5,400 2,701
10 0.463 6,000 2,779 5,400 2,501

NPV - - 10,260 - 10,874

11
 𝟏𝟏 Project 1 Project 2
𝑖𝑖 = 0.08 Year 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒊𝒊 𝒏𝒏
Cash flow present value Cash flow present value
(n)
𝑛𝑛 = 0 … 10 (a) (b) (a×b) (c) (a×c)
0 1.000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000 -30,000
1 0.926 6,000 5,556 6,600 6,111
2 0.857 6,000 5,144 6,600 5,658
3 0.794 6,000 4,763 6,300 5,001
4 0.735 6,000 4,410 6,300 4,631
5 0.681 6,000 4,083 6,000 4,083
6 0.630 6,000 3,781 6,000 3,781
7 0.583 6,000 3,501 5,700 3,326
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 > 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁1 8 0.540 6,000 3,242 5,700 3,080
9 0.500 6,000 3,001 5,400 2,701
Project 2 is the
more profitable 10 0.463 6,000 2,779 5,400 2,501
than Project 1.
NPV - - 10,260 - 10,874
12
The Excel NPV() function is a financial function that calculates the net
present value (NPV) of an investment using a discount rate and a series of
future cash flows.

= NPV (rate, value1, [value2], ...)

13
The Excel NPV() function is a financial function that calculates the net
present value (NPV) of an investment using a discount rate and a series of
future cash flows.

= NPV (rate, value1, [value2], ...)

Note:
If your first cash flow occurs at the beginning of the first period, the first
value must be added to the NPV result, not included in the values arguments.

14
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

15
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #3.
Drift
The cooling water circuit of a process industry is depicted
in the figure. Cooling water is pumped to three heat
Evaporation
exchangers via pipes A, B and C where flow is throttled
depending upon the requirement.
Fan Deck
The diameter of pipes and measured velocities with non-
contact ultrasonic flow meter in each pipe are indicated in Water
Sprayed
the figure. Downward 𝑨𝑨: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ∅
𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔

The following are the other data: Air Air 𝑩𝑩: 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ∅
𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
Measured motor power = 50.7 kW
Motor efficiency at operating load = 90% 𝑪𝑪: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 ∅
𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎/𝒔𝒔
Make-up
Pump discharge pressure = 3.4 kg/cm2 Water Water with Concentrated
Suction head = 2 m

Determine the efficiency of the pump.

Blowdown Pump

16
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑅𝑅2 × 𝑉𝑉

17
 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑅𝑅2 × 𝑉𝑉

𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 0.011786 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 0.014143 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = 0.062857 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠

18
 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑅𝑅2 × 𝑉𝑉

𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 0.011786 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 0.014143 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = 0.062857 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠

𝑸𝑸𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔

19
 10.2 × 𝑃𝑃
𝐻𝐻 =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

20
 10.2 × 𝑃𝑃
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

21
 10.2 × 𝑃𝑃
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 34 𝑚𝑚

22
 10.2 × 𝑃𝑃
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 34 𝑚𝑚

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 34 − 2 = 32 𝑚𝑚

23
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

24
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚3
𝜌𝜌( 3 ) × 𝑔𝑔( 2 ) × 𝑄𝑄( ) × 𝐻𝐻(𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
1000

𝑁𝑁 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚
𝛾𝛾( 3 ) = 𝜌𝜌( 3 ) × 𝑔𝑔( 2 )
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
25
 𝛾𝛾 𝑄𝑄 𝐻𝐻 9,810 × 0.088786 × 32
𝜂𝜂 = 𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
50.7 × 0.9 × 1000
= 61%
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

26
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #4.

An oil pump is drawing 44 kW of electric power while

pumping oil with ρ = 860 kg/m3 at a rate of 0.1 m3/s.

The inlet and outlet diameters of the pipe are 8 cm and 12

cm, respectively.

If the pressure rise of oil in the pump is measured to be

500 kPa and the motor efficiency is 90 percent,
determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump.

27
 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0.9 × 44 = 39.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

28
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

29
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑶𝑶𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖

𝜼𝜼𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 =
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺

𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 ) × 𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑯𝑯(𝒎𝒎)
𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

30
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑶𝑶𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖

𝜼𝜼𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 =
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺


𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝒎𝒎

𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟑
?
𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 ) × 𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑯𝑯(𝒎𝒎)
𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

31
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎

bernoulli equation + + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸( 𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 )
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔

32
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎

bernoulli equation + + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸( 𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 )
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔

(𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 − 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 ) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ) 𝑵𝑵

𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + (𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 −𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 ) 𝜸𝜸 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

33
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎

bernoulli equation + + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸( 𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 )
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔

(𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 − 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 ) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ) 𝑵𝑵

𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + (𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 −𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 ) 𝜸𝜸 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
we assume that the elevation difference between 𝟎𝟎
the inlet and outlet of the pump is negligible.
34
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎

bernoulli equation + + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸( 𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 )
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔

(𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 − 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 ) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ) 𝑵𝑵

𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + 𝜸𝜸 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝜸𝜸 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 )
𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = +
𝑵𝑵 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖
𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟑 )
𝒎𝒎 35
 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎
𝑸𝑸 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 × 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 , 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔

36
 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎
𝑸𝑸 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 × 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 , 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ) 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷) (𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 )
𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝑵 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵𝑵 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖
𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟑 ) 𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟑 )
𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎

37
 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎
𝑸𝑸 = 𝝅𝝅 × 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐 × 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 , 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒔

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌) (𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ) 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷) (𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐 )
𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + 𝑯𝑯𝑷𝑷 = + = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑵𝑵 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵𝑵 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖
𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟑 ) 𝟖𝟖, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟑 )
𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎

𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝝆𝝆( 𝟑𝟑 ) × 𝒈𝒈( 𝟐𝟐 ) × 𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑯𝑯(𝒎𝒎)
𝒔𝒔
𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

38
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

39
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑶𝑶𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖

𝜼𝜼𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 =
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝜼𝜼𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 %
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔

40
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit
500
Question #5. 450
400
The opposite figure corresponds to the performance and 350
300
power curves of a centrifugal fan. The fan is used to move
250
air.
200

150
Calculate the fan mechanical efficiency for the following
100
operating point:

Absorbed power [kW]

Total pressure [Pa]
Flow rate [m³/h] = 280,000 (reading from flow meter)
Total pressure [Pa] = 1,768 (reading from curve)
Absorbed power [kW] = 181.16 (reading from curve)

Flow rate [m³/h] 41

 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑷𝑷(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % = 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

42
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 [𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶]
𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑷𝑷(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % = 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

43
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 [𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶]
𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑷𝑷(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % = 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

× (𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝟑𝟑, 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒔𝒔 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % =
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

44
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 [𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶]
𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶

𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸( ) × 𝑷𝑷(𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % = 𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

× (𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎)
𝟑𝟑, 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒔𝒔 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝜼𝜼𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 % = = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 (𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌)

45
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #6.

T (K)
Air is compressed to a specified pressure at a specified
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
rate. For a given power input, the exit temperature and the
2a
isentropic efficiency are to be determined. T2a
2s Air 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Actual Process
Assumptions: T2s Compressor
𝒎𝒎̇ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
1. Steady operating conditions exist. Isentropic Process

2. Air is an ideal gas.

285
3. The changes in kinetic and potential energies are 1
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
negligible. 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑲
s2s=s1 s
Analysis:
A sketch of the system and the T-s diagram of the process
are given in opposite figure.
46
 Exit Temperature (k)
𝒌𝒌−𝟏𝟏
𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌
= , 𝒌𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒
𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒−𝟏𝟏
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒
𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
47
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 = 𝒔𝒔𝟏𝟏
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐

Actual Ideal
(irreversible) (reversible)

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 , 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 , 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
𝜼𝜼𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊,𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 48
Isentropic Efficiency (%)

Method A

49
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)
h 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
h2a
2a 𝑾𝑾̇ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
2s Actual Process
h2s

Isentropic Process
𝒎𝒎̇ × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏
𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎̇ × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏
h1
1

s2s=s1 s 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏
50
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)

𝒎𝒎̇ × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝒎̇ × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏

51
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

52
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)
𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

53
Process : Actual
Given Find
𝑻𝑻 𝒉𝒉

54
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)
𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑲

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

55
Process : Isentropic
Given Find
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 , 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 , 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

56
Process : Isentropic
𝑻𝑻 𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒓
. .
. .
read
𝑇𝑇1 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1
. .
. .
read 𝑃𝑃2
𝑇𝑇2𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 = × 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟1
𝑃𝑃1

57
Process : Isentropic
𝑻𝑻 𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒓
. .
. .
read
285 1.1584
. .
. .
read 800
513.62 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 = × 1.1584
100
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟2 = 9.2672

58
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)
𝑻𝑻𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑲𝑲 𝑻𝑻𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑲

𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

59
Isentropic Efficiency (%)

𝜼𝜼𝒄𝒄 % = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 % ≈ 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

60
Isentropic Efficiency (%)

Method B

61
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 (%) = × 100
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛−1
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇1 𝑃𝑃2 𝑛𝑛
, for polytropic process
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ −1
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑃𝑃1
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 1.4 , process is isentropic

8.314 8.314 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = = 0.287
𝑀𝑀 29 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝐾𝐾
62
 Isentropic Efficiency (%)

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. = 46.460 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

46.460
𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.,𝑐𝑐 % = × 100 = 80.10%
58

63
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #7.

Parameters Unit Existing New

Lighting Retrofit
Number of lamps No. 4 2
Existing fixtures are 4-tube, 4-foot standard. Number of ballasts No. 2 1
Number of reflectors No. - 1

Proposed retrofit involves replacing 4 lamps, 2 ballasts Power per fixture Watts 192 58
Operating hours hours/year 3,000 3,000
with 2 T-8 lamps and 1 electronic ballast and installing
lifetime of each lamp hours 20,000 20,000
reflectors. lifetime of each ballast hours 50,000 100,000
Electricity rates (Demand) $/kW/month 7 7

Calculate: Electricity rates (Energy) $/kWh 0.08 0.08

Lamp cost $ 2 5
(a) Energy Savings,
Ballast cost $ 10 35
(b) Simple Payback Period (SPP). Reflector cost $ - 20
Labour cost $ 10 30

64
 Cost of purchase and Cost of purchase and
installation using equipment installation using energy
similar to existing equipment efficient equipment

4 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 2 $ = 8$ 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 × 5 $ = 10 $
2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 10 $ = 20 $ 1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 × 35 $ = 35 $
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 10 $ 1 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 × 20 $ = 20 $
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 30 $

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 38 $ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 95 $

The capital cost of using more energy

efficient equipment is $57 more than 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 $
using similar existing equipment.
65
 Annual operation cost using Annual operation cost using
equipment similar to existing energy efficient equipment
equipment
𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 0.192 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 3,000 ℎ𝑟𝑟 = 576 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 0.058 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 3,000 ℎ𝑟𝑟 = 174 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 576 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 0.08 $ = 46.08 $ 174 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 0.08 $ = 13.92 $

𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 0.192 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 7 $ = 16.13 $ 0.058 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 × 12 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 7 $ = 4.87 $

3,000 3,000
𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ×4×2$ = 1.2 $ ×5×2$ = 1.5 $
20,000 20,000

3,000 3,000
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 × 10 × 2 $ = 1.2 $ × 35 × 1 $ = 1.05 $
50,000 100,000

𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 $ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 $

Annual benefit 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 $

66
 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 576 − 174 = 402 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

57 $
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = 1.3 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
43.27 $

67
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question #8.

Calculate the actual motor load and power according

to the given values:
Frequency (Hz) = 60
Number of poles = 4
Nameplate full load speed (rpm) = 1,750
Measured speed (rpm) = 1,770
Nameplate rated (hp) = 25

68
 The Slip Method
The slip method for estimating motor load is recommended when only operating
speed measurements are available. The synchronous speed (Ss) of an induction
motor depends on the frequency of the power supply and on the number of poles for
which the motor is wound.

The higher the frequency, the faster a motor runs. The more poles the motor has, the
slower it runs. The actual speed of the motor is less than its synchronous speed with
the difference between the synchronous and actual speed referred to as slip.

The amount of slip present is proportional to the load imposed upon the motor by the
driven equipment. For example, a motor running with a 50% load has a slip halfway
between the full load and synchronous speeds.

69
 The Slip Method
By using a
tachometer to
measure actual motor
speed, it is possible to
calculate motor loads.

70
 The Slip Method

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒓

71
 The Slip Method
120 × 𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒓

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
72
 The Slip Method
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝒇𝒇
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷

𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

73
 The Slip Method
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝒇𝒇
𝑺𝑺𝒔𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷

𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 (%) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 ,𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 (𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

74
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question 9.

An industry operates a cooling water pump for

process cooling and refrigeration applications.
During the performance testing the following
operating parameters were obtained:
(a) Pump water flow (Q) = 0.40 m3/s
(b) Power consumption (P) = 325 kW
(c) Suction head, tower basin level (h1) = +1 m
(d) Delivery head (h2) = +55 m
(e) Motor efficiency = 88 %
(f) Density of water = 996 kg/m3
Determine the pump efficiency.
75
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

76
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚3
𝜌𝜌( 3 ) × 𝑔𝑔( 2 ) × 𝑄𝑄( ) × 𝐻𝐻(𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 Hydraulic
𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = Power
1000

77
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

  3 ?
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌( 3 ) × 𝑔𝑔( 2 ) × 𝑄𝑄( ) × 𝐻𝐻(𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
1000

78
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

  3 ?
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌( 3 ) × 𝑔𝑔( 2 ) × 𝑄𝑄( ) × 𝐻𝐻(𝑚𝑚)
𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 =
1000

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 55 − 1 = 54 𝑚𝑚

79
 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚3
996 × 9.81 2 × 0.4 × 54 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 3 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = = 211
1000

80
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 %
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

81
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 %
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

82
 𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
2 𝜼𝜼𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 %
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
Pump
Motor 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 × 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 0.88 × 325 = 286 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
83
 𝑃𝑃ℎ 211
𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝜂𝜂𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 73.77 %
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 286

84
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Question 10.

A 50 meter long section of a steam pipe, whose outer

diameter is 10 cm, passes through an open space at 15 °C.
The average temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is
measured to be 150 °C, and the combined heat transfer
coefficient on the outer surface of the pipe is k1=20
W/m2.oC.
a) calculate the rate of heat loss from the steam pipe if
there is no insulation.
b) determine the thickness of fiberglass insulation (k2 =
0.035 W/m.oC) needed in order to save 90 percent of the
lost heat. Assume the pipe temperature remains constant
at 150 °C. 85
The rate of heat loss from the steam pipe can be calculated by using the formula for convection heat transfer:

(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) 1
𝑄𝑄 = , 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. = 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑘𝑘1 𝐴𝐴 (𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
𝑅𝑅 𝑘𝑘1 𝐴𝐴

𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟0 𝐿𝐿 𝐴𝐴 = 2𝜋𝜋 0.05 50 = 5𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚2

The rate of heat loss from the steam pipe

𝑄𝑄 = 20 × 5𝜋𝜋 × 150 − 15 = 13,500𝜋𝜋 𝑊𝑊 (before insulation)

86
The thickness of fiberglass insulation needed to save 90 percent of the lost heat:

𝑟𝑟1
(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
, 𝑟𝑟0
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘2

(150 − 15)
1,350𝜋𝜋 = 𝑟𝑟1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.05
2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035

𝑟𝑟1
135 2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035 = 1,350𝜋𝜋 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.05
87
The thickness of fiberglass insulation needed to save 90 percent of the lost heat:

𝑟𝑟1
(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
, 𝑟𝑟0
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘2

(150 − 15)
1,350𝜋𝜋 = 𝑟𝑟1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.05
2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035

𝑟𝑟1
135 2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035 = 1,350𝜋𝜋 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.05
88
The thickness of fiberglass insulation needed to save 90 percent of the lost heat:

𝑟𝑟1
(𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
, 𝑟𝑟0
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑅𝑅 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑘𝑘2

(150 − 15)
1,350𝜋𝜋 = 𝑟𝑟1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
0.05
2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035

𝑟𝑟1
135 2𝜋𝜋 50 0.035 = 1,350𝜋𝜋 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟1 = 0.07
0.05
89
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟1 − 𝑟𝑟0 𝑡𝑡 = 0.02 𝑚𝑚

90
 ISO 50002
Energy Audit

Thank you for your attention

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