Jiří Oldřich Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings

Input Output
Cp0 = Cp0 (T1 , →
−
x ), CV0 = Cp0 − R. (24)
1 p1 , T1 , p2s T2s , ∆Hs
2 p1 , T1 , T2s p2s , ∆Hs Next step is solution of system of equations F1 = 0,
3 p1 , T1 , ∆Hs p2s , T2s F2 = 0 by using of Newton’s method. Initial approxi-
mations are relations valid for ideal gas
Table 1. Combination of output and input parame-
ters for isentropic process. 
0
 Cp −C V
0

(0) p2s 0
C
P
T2s = T1 , (25)
Input Output p1
1 p1 , T1 , p2a , ηs T2a , ∆Ha (0) p2s
2 p1 , T1 , p2a , ∆Ha T2a , ηs ρ2s = (0)
. (26)
RT2s
3 p1 , T1 , T2a , ηs p2a , ∆Ha
4 p1 , T1 , T2a , ∆Ha p2a , ηs As the results we obtain T2s and ρ2s . From gen-
5 p1 , T1 , p2a , T2a ∆Ha , ηs eral form of EOS we obtain compressibility factor in
point 2s (Figure 2)
Table 2. Combination of output and input parameters.
p2s
z2s = (27)
RT2s ρ2s
7.1. Example of the solution by
Newton’s method and enthalpy
All combinations of parameters are mentioned in [4].
For one of them we will show the solution. We will H2s = H2s (T2s , ρ2s , →
−
x ). (28)
compute isentropic temperature T2 = T2s and isen-
Finally we calculate change in enthalpy
tropic change in enthalpy ∆H = ∆Hs from known
parameters p1 , T1 and p2 (Figure 2). It is variant 1
∆H = H2 − H1 , (29)
from Table 1. In this case we assume that the isen-
tropic efficiency is equal to one ηs = 1. Since this is where H2 = H2s .
the isentropic process, the original system of four equa-
tions is now simplified to only two equations F1 = 0,
7.2. Calculation of T2s , ∆Ha from
F2 = 0.
known parameters p1 , T1 , p2a and ηs
When we use general equation of isentropic process
(figure 2, table 2 - item 1)
S1 − S2 = 0 (Figure 2) and general expression of
real gas EOS we obtain the system of two nonlinear We solve the system of equations F1 = 0, F2 = 0,
equations for two variables T2 and ρ2 F4 = 0 and F5 = 0 for unknown parameters T2s , ρ2s ,
T2a , ρ2a .
F1 = S1 (T1 , ρ1 ) − S2s (T2s , ρ2s ) = 0, (19) Initial approximations are
p2s 0 0
F2 = − z2s (T2s , ρ2s ) = 0. (20)   Cp −C V
ρ2s RT2s (0) p2a 0
C
P
T2s = T1 , (30)
This system of equations will be solved by Newton’s p1
method. Because it is known and very often used
(0) p2a
method, we will show only an matrix notation of ρ2s = , (31)
(0)
linear equations for increments in ∆T and ∆ρ RT2s
" ∂F1 ∂F1 #  (0)
T2s − T1
  
∂T2s ∂ρ2s ∆T −F1 (0)
T2a = + T1 , (32)
· = (21) ηs
∂F2 ∂F2 ∆ρ −F2
∂T2s ∂ρ2s
(0) p2a
Desired parameters T2 and ρ2 can be obtained from ρ2a = (0)
, (33)
RT2a
relationships
where Cp0 is
(k+1) (k)
T2s = T2s + ∆T, (22)
(k+1) (k) Cp0 = Cp0 (T1 , →
−
x ), CV0 = Cp0 − R. (34)
ρ2s = ρ2s + ∆ρ. (23)
The calculation is completed by fulfilling of the Change in enthalpy ∆Ha we obtain from equation
requiremen max(|δT |; |δρ|) ≤  where δT and δρ are
relative deviations and  is chosen value. ∆Ha = H2a − H1 , (35)
Detail description of solution for this example: For
inlet condition p1 , T1 we determine values S1 and H1 where
from real gas EOS next we calculate CV0 H2a = f (T2a , ρ2a , →
−
x ). (36)

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vol. 20/2018 Isentropic efficiency of centrifugal compressor working with real gas

7.3. Calculation of T2a , ηs from known

parameters p1 , T1 , p2a and ∆Ha
(figure 2, table 2 - item 2)
We solve the system of four equations F1 = 0, F2 = 0,
F5 = 0, F6 = 0 for unknown parameters T2s , ρ2s , T2a ,
ρ2a .
(0)
Initial approximation T2s we obtain from Eq. (30),
(0)
ρ2s from Eq. (31)

(0) ∆Ha
T2s = T1 + (37)
Cp0

(0) Figure 4. Ideal gas temperature T2s calculated from

and ρ2a from Eq. (33). Eq. (30) – blue curve and real gas temperature T2s –
Isentropic efficiency ηs we calculate from Eq. (2), red curve. Inlet conditions propane p1 = 550000 Pa,
where enthalpy H1 we know from calculation in initial T1 = 293.15 K.
point 1 and H2a = f (T2a , ρ2a , →
−
x ).

7.4. Calculation of p2a , ∆Ha from known

parameters p1 , T1 , T2a and ηs
(figure 2, table 2 - item 3)
Calculation is based on solving of three equations
F1 = 0, F4 = 0 and F8 = 0 for unknown parameters
T2s , ρ2s and ρ2a .
The first approximations are
(0)
T2s = ηs (T2a − T1 ) + T1 , (38)
C0
  V
(0) T2s 0 −C 0
Cp
V
ρ2s = ρ1 , (39) Figure 5. Ideal gas isentropic work ∆Hs calculated
T1
from Eq. (43) – blue curve and real gas isentropic
(0) (0) work ∆Hs – red curve. Inlet conditions propane p1 =
(0) T2s ρ2s
ρ2a = , (40) 550000 Pa, T1 = 293.15 K.
T2a
where Cp0 see Eq.(34).
After every step of the Newton’s method the k-th step of Newton’s method compressibility factors z2a
(k)
(k)
approximation of the compressibility factor z2a is (k)
and z2s are calculated similar way like in previous
found from real gas equation of state and then the
(k) case i.e. by solution of real gas EOS and by using of
k-th approximation of the pressure p2a is calculated Equations (41) a (42).
from equation
Finally isentropic efficiency ηs we obtain from
(k) (k)
p2a = z2a RT2a ρ2a .
(k)
(41) Eq. (2), where H1 is known from calculation of
thermodynamic properties in point 1 (figure 2) and
From equality p2s = p2a (see figure 2), we can H2s = f (T2s , ρ2s , →
−
x ).
calculate
(k) (k)
(k) z T2a ρ
z2s = 2a (k) (k)2a . (42) 7.6. Calculation of ∆Ha , ηs from known
T2s ρ2s
parameters p1 , T1 , p2a and T2a
Change in enthalpy ∆Ha is determined from Eq. (1), (figure 2, table 2 - item 5)
where H2a = f (T2a , ρ2a , →
−
x ).
To calculate unknown parameters T2s , ρ2s and ρ2a
7.5. Calculation of p2a , ηs from known system of three equations F1 = 0, F2 = 0 and F5 = 0
parameters p1 , T1 , T2a and ∆Ha is solved.
(figure 2, table 2 - item 4) (0)
First approximation of temperature T2s we ob-
(0) (0)
To calculate unknown parameters T2s , ρ2s and ρ2a tain from Eq. (30), ρ2s from Eq (31) and ρ2a from
system of three equations F1 = 0, F6 = 0 and F8 = 0 Eq. (33).
is solved. Change in enthalpy ∆Ha we calculate by using
For the first approximation of temperature we of Eq. (1), where H2a = f (T2a , ρ2a , →
−
x ). Isentropic
(0) (0)
choose T2s = T2a . Density ρ2s we obtain from equa- efficiency ηs we finally obtain from Eq. (2), where
H2s = f (T2s , ρ2s , →
−
(0) (0) (0) (0)
tion (40), ρ2a = ρ2s and z2a = z2s = 1. After every x ).

69
Jiří Oldřich
Figure 6. Relative deviation of isentropic work cal-
culated for real and ideal gas.
8. Example
As an example the calculation of temperature and
isentropic work after isentropic change was chosen. In
this example compression of propane from state 1 to
state 2s (see Figure 2) is calculate by two methods.
In the first case above described method based on
the real gas is used and in the second case method
based on an ideal gas. Parameters in point 1 are
pressure p1 = 550000 Pa, temperature T1 = 293.15 K.
The third parameter is gas pressure p2s which varies
in the interval 800000 to 2500000 Pa. For calculation
of real gas isentropic change the method described in
paragraph 7.1 was used. This method is equivalent to
method of paragraph 7.2 when ηs = 1.
For calculation of temperature T2s of ideal gas the
Equation (30) was for p2a = p2s = p2 . Isentropic
change of enthalpy was calculated from Eq. (18) in
form
"  k−1 # doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09449-5_9.
k p2 k
∆Hs = z1 RT1 −1 , (43)
k−1 p1
where z1 and k were calculated from BWR EOS. Re-
sults of all calculations are on Figures 4, 5 and 6.
9. Conclusion
The methods described in this contribution exactly
solved problem of calculation of the isentropic effi-
ciency for various input parameters. In case that
efficiency is equal zero above described procedures
are suitable for calculation of isentropic process. The
above described methods advantageously use the di-
mensionless variables defined in Table 5 and real gas
EOS.
It is evident from the work that some approximate
procedures can lead to inaccurate results.
Methods described here together with method de-
scribed in [6] and in [7] and suitable real gas EOS
form the basic tools for thermodynamic calculations
of compressors or others flow machines.
List of symbols
T thermodynamic temperature [K]
70
Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings
p pressure [Pa]
R molar gas constant [J/(mol K)]
z compressibility factor [–]
ρ molar density [mol/m3 ]
V molar volume [m3 /mol]
k isentropic exponent [–]
C V molar heat capacity at constant volume [J/(mol K)]
C p molar heat capacity at constant pressure [J/(mol K)]
H molar enthalpy [J/(mol)]
S molar entropy [J/(mol K)]
−
→
x vector of molar fractions of gas mixture [–]
η efficiency [1]
T0 standard temperature [K]
p0 standard pressure [Pa]
EOS equation of state
INDEXES:
s isentropic
a actual
1 inlet, input
2 discharge, output
id ideal gas
0 thermodynamic quantities of ideal gas (upper index)
References
[1] D. A. Kouremenos, X. K. Kakatsios. The three
isentropic exponents of dry steam. Forschung auf dem
Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens 51:117–122, 1985.
doi:10.1007/BF02558416.
[2] D. Misárek. Turbokompresory (Turbocompressors).
SNTL, 1963. In Czech.
[3] K. H. Lüdtke. Process Centrifugal Compressors.
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004.
[4] J. Oldřich, J. Novák, A. Malijevský. Adiabatický děj v
technické praxi, (Adiabatic pro-cess in technical
practice). Strojírenství 40(2):69–76, 1990. In Czech.
[5] J. M. Schultz. The polytropic analysis of centrifugal
compressors. Journal of Engineering for Power 84:69,
1962. doi:10.1115/1.3673381.
[6] J. Oldřich. Advanced polytropic calculation method of
centrifugal compressor. 2010.
doi:10.1115/IMECE2010-40931.
[7] J. Oldřich. Calculation of the isothermal efficiency of
a cen-trifugal compressor compressing the real gas. In
Proceedings of conference “Turbostroje 2016”. Plzeň,
Czech Republic, 2016.
[8] B. Eckert. Axialkompressoren und Radialkompressoren.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1953.
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-52720-3.
[9] P. J. Linstrom, W. G. Mallard. NIST Chemistry
WebBook, NIST Standard Refer-ence Database Number
69. doi:10.18434/T4D303.
[10] J. P. Novák, A. Malijevský, J. Pick. Použití
bezrozměrných veličin při výpočtu termo-dynamických
funkcí, (Use of dimensionless quan-tities for calculating
of thermodynamic functions from equations of state).
Chemické listy 73:1178–82, 1979. In Czech.
vol. 20/2018 Isentropic efficiency of centrifugal compressor working with real gas

0
P
∂F1 R xi Cpi (T2s )
= (1 + 2QU 2s + QC2s ) −
∂T2s T2s T2s

∂F1 RQT 2s
=
∂ρ2s ρ2s

∂F2 QT 2s
=−
∂T2s T2s

∂F2 Qρ2s
=−
∂ρ2s ρ2s

∂F2 ∂F2 ∂F6 ∂F6 ∂F7

= = = = =0
∂T2a ∂ρ2a ∂T2s ∂ρ2s ∂ρ2a
∂F3 ∂F4 ∂F7
= = = −R(QT 2s − 2QU 2s − QC2s −
∂T2s ∂T2s ∂T2s
X
0
−1) − xi Cpi (T2s )

∂F3 ∂F4 ∂F7 RT2s (QT 2s − Qρ2s )

= = =
∂ρ2s ∂ρ2s ∂ρ2s ρ2s
F1 = S1 (T1 , ρ1 ) − S2 (T2s , ρ2s ) ∂F4
p2s = ηs [R(QT 2a − 2QU 2a − QC2a − 1)+
F2 = − z2 (T2s , ρ2s ) ∂T2a
ρ2s RT2s +
X
0
xi Cpi (T2s )]
F3 = ∆Hs − [H2 (T2s , ρ2s ) − H1 (T1 , ρ1 )]
F4 = ηs [H2 (T2a , ρ2a ) − H1 (T1 , ρ1 )] − [H2 (T2s , ρ2s )− ∂F4 RT2a (Qρ2a − QT 2a )
= ηs
−H1 (T1 , ρ1 )] ∂ρ2a ρ2a
p2s
F5 = − z2 (T2a , ρ2a ) ∂F1 ∂F1 ∂F5 ∂F5
ρ2a RT2a = = = =0
F6 = [H2 (T2a , ρ2a ) − H1 (T1 , ρ1 )] − ∆Ha ∂T2a ∂ρ2a ∂T2s ∂ρ2s

F7 = ηS ∆Ha − [H2 (T2s , ρ2s ) − H1 (T1 , ρ1 )] ∂F5 QT 2a

=−
F8 = z2 (T2a , ρ2a )T2a ρ2a − z2 (T2s , ρ2s )T2s ρ2s ∂T2a T2a

Table 3. Functions Fi . ∂F5 Qρ2a

=−
∂ρ2a ρ2a
∂F6
= R(QT 2a − 2QU 2a − QC2a − 1)+
∂T2a
X
0
+ xi Cpi (T2s )

∂F6 RT2a (Qρ2a − QT 2a )

=
∂ρ2a ρ2a

∂F8
= −ρ2s QT 2s
∂T2s

∂F8
= −T2s Qρ2s
∂ρ2s

∂F8
= ρ2a QT 2a
∂T2a

∂F8
= T2a Qρ2a
∂ρ2a

Table 4. Derivative of functions Fi .

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Jiří Oldřich Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings

p
z = z(T, ρ) =
RT ρ " #
T 0
Cpi (T )
Z
S(T, ρ, →
−
X
x)= x1 Si0 (T0 ) + dT −
T0 T
zRT ρ X
−R ln −R xi ln xi + R(ln z − QF − QU )
p0 " #
Z T
→
−
X
0 0
H(T, ρ, x ) = x1 Hi (T0 ) + Cpi (T )dT +
T0

+RT (z − 1 − QU )
 
∂z
Qρ = z + ρ
∂ρ T
Z ρ
QF = (z − 1)d(ln ρ)
0
 
∂z
QT = z + T
∂T ρ
 
∂QF
QU = T
∂T ρ
 2 
∂ QF
QC = T 2
∂T 2 ρ

Table 5. Relations for calculation of entropy and

enthalpy of real gas and relations for calculation of
dimensionless quantities Q [10].

72