TapescripTs and answer key secTion
INTRODUCTION TO THE TEACHER’S EDITION
“A WAY TO SUCCESS” is a course-book for second-
year university students studying English as their major.
As well as the corresponding book for the first-year
students, it provides challenging authentic materials that
teach students to function in real-life situations and
let them enjoy a feeling of success and achievement in
language learning. Students learn the language that can
be put to immediate use in speaking and writing. They
also learn the language necessary for understanding
when reading and listening to texts of the genre and
level of difficulty specified by the Curriculum for English
Development Course (Kyiv, 2001).
Developing students’ socio-cultural competence is
viewed as a task of paramount importance. The book
is aimed at contributing to the development of
a language personality able to successfully function
in multicultural and multilingual environment. Both
the activities and materials used in the course-book
serve to raise students’ cultural awareness, get them
better acquainted with the culture of English-speaking
countries and provide them with a deeper insight into
the native language and culture.
The methodology of the course presents a combination
of the time-tested old methods with effective new
ways of learning the language. It does not represent
a prescribed approach. The book can be used with
a variety of instructional methods and teaching styles
and the suggested procedures can be adapted to meet
the needs of individual learners. However, by replacing
communicative tasks with grammar-translation exercises
the effect of using the course-book would be diminished
and the achievement of the above stated aims might be
impeded.
The course-book is aimed at developing reading and
writing as well as listening and speaking skills. Activities
in the book are subdivided into 3 main categories:
awareness raising, skill building and skill developing.
Their level of difficulty correlates with B2 Level of
the Common European Framework of Reference.
Reflective tasks included in the course-book contribute
to developing professional competence of future teachers
of English.
The book contains 14 Units organized around certain
topics. Each Unit opens with “Lead-in” section
that helps to tune the students into the mood of the
process and prepare them to absorb the new material.
It is intended both to elicit the students’ background
knowledge and to motivate them so that they will be
ready to learn. Each Unit also focuses on one function
or a group of related functions and the students are
taught alternate ways to perform the same function.
Since grammar practice is dealt with in a separate
book, the course-book puts special emphasis on
vocabulary aspect. New vocabulary is presented and
practiced in meaningful contexts. “Useful Language”
and “Vocabulary” boxes contain both new items and
those already known that need to be revised. Vocabulary
activities are varied and motivate the students to learn
new language and use it for communicative purposes.
The language items are recycled within one unit and
are found in some other units as well. In order
to develop students’ study skills they are encouraged
to use monolingual dictionary while doing certain
vocabulary activities.
Each Unit contains several reading and listening sections.
They provide an opportunity for the students to use
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what they know to decode authentic material taken from
fiction, newspapers and magazines, tourist brochures,
dictionaries and encyclopedias, the Internet. Pre-reading
and pre-listening tasks are aimed at eliciting students’
background knowledge before any new input is given.
Taking into consideration the level of the students,
a teacher may find it necessary to pre-teach some
vocabulary and structures by adding some more activities
to those recommended in the course-book. Pre-reading
and pre-listening tasks as well as instructions for the
while-reading and while-listening stages help the students
to choose the most efficient reading or listening strategy
thus developing flexible reading and listening skills. Post-
reading or post-listening activities are aimed at checking
the students’ comprehension, expanding their vocabulary
and knowledge of the topic. Comprehension is checked
through answering questions, filling in the tables and
doing test tasks (multiple choice, true/false, cloze tests,
bank cloze tests, multiple matching, etc.). The activities
focus on personalization and assimilation of the new
material. They also serve to motivate students to engage
in sharing ideas and exchanging opinions, which is
the main focus of speaking sections.
Speaking and writing sections focus on applying
communication skills. Students are encouraged to use
any language they have learned to discuss thematically
relatedissues, to solve problems, to express their
opinions orally and in writing. The teacher should
create comfortable and relaxing atmosphere in class
so that the students could express their ideas and
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exchange opinions with ease. Wherever appropriate,
pair and group work modes should be encouraged with
regular changes of group composition and dialogue
partners. Students may role-play a situation, discuss
a topic, or talk about their personal experiences. In fact,
personalization runs throughout the book forming
the basis for drawing intracultural and intercultural
parallels and comparisons.
Activities to develop writing skills are included into each
Unit. All creative tasks are preceded with appropriate
guidelines, sample texts, or algorithms thus providing
sufficient orientation basis for the students. A great deal
of attention is paid to socio-cultural appropriateness
of the students’ writing, the choice of the format and
language resources used in the text.
Throughout the book monolingual (English) activities
dominate but there are several translation activities
included into each Unit. Translation is viewed as
a teaching tool and a means of formative assessment.
In the course-book translation activities are mainly used
for home assignments.
Each Unit of the course-book contains a number of
pictures most of which are polyfunctional, that is, they
do not just illustrate the text contents, but also serve as
a visual support for additional skill developing activities
that a teacher may design in response to the students’
needs.
It is hoped that the teacher will find the suggestions
in the book useful and will include them into their own
repertoire of teaching techniques.
 Tapescripts and answer key section
UNIT 1. Every man to his trade
EX. 2
1.c; 2.e; 3.f; 4.i; 5.j; 6.g; 7.b; 8.k; 9.d; 10.h; 11.a.
EX. 3
1.d; 2.a; 3.f; 4.e; 5.g; 6.c; 7.b; 8.h.
EX. 4
1. a mathematician; 2. a chemist; 3. an astronomer;
4. a physician; 5. a physicist; 6. a psychologist;
7. a historian; 8. an actor; 9. an editor; 10. a musician.
EX. 5
a) vet (he/ she treats animals)
b) teacher (he/ she doesn’t wear a uniform)
c) lawyer (a white-collar job)
d) secretary (it is not necessarily connected with higher
educational establishments)
e) bus conductor (he/ she doesn’t operate a vehicle)
f) architect
EX. 6
Professions: a lawyer; a web designer; a broker;
a receptionist; a draughtsman-draftsman (Am E).
Trades: an engine driver; a florist; a forester; a goldsmith;
a midwife; a traffic warden; a typist; a refuse collector;
a blacksmith; a guard.
Unskilled jobs: a locksmith; a loader; a miller;
a shepherd; a bricklayer.
EX. 7
1. media: an editor; a journalist; a newsreader; a publisher;
2. tourism: a travel agent; a guide;
3. counselling: a psychoanalyst; a social worker;
4. finance: an accountant; an auditor; a bank teller;
5. sciences: an astronomer; an archaeologist; a physicist;
6. arts and entertainment: an actor; a dj; a playwright;
7. health care: a physician; a surgeon.
EX. 8
1. by adding the suffix -ist: e.g. a florist, a physicist...
2. by adding the suffix -er/ or: e.g. a furrier, a dyer...
3. by adding the suffix -ian: e.g. an electrician, a physician...
4. by adding the suffix -ess: e.g. an actress...
5. by joining two stems (compounding): e.g. a dairymaid,
a paymaster, a goldsmith...
6. by abbreviation: e.g. a dj...
7. by collocating two words: e.g. a traffic warden.
EX. 9
1. a flight attendant; 2. ambulance staff/ ambulance
crew; 3. a chairperson; 4. a cleaner;
5. a fire fighter; 6. a supervisor; 7. a nurse;
8. a police officer; 9. a sales assistant/ a shop assistant;
10. a spokesperson.
EX. 10
a) a lawyer; b) a farmer; c) a vet; d) a waiter;
e) a customs officer; f) a model; g) an architect;
h) a tailor.
EX. 13
1. an astrologist; 2. a florist; 3. an optician;
4. a dustman/ refuse collector; 5. an electrician;
6. an estate agent; 7. a publisher; 8. a receptionist;
9. a dentist; 10. a hairdresser.
EX. 14
1. The job of a school teacher has its advantages and
disadvantages, but it is really interesting if you really
love children.
2. Waitresses and flight attendants have to be attentive
and very polite in order to serve customers and
passengers well.
3. Housekeeping is a job just like any other one.
No one can say for sure how long a housewife’s
working day lasts.
4. A miner’s work is very hard labour. They work
deep under the surface of the earth in hard
working conditions. That’s why they take early
retirement.
5. I’ve always dreamt of being an army officer
(= a military officer) and serving in the army.
6. This experienced hairdresser makes wonderful
hairstyles for his clients. It’s no wonder that there’s
always a queue of people (= a line of people (AE))
to see him (OR: you have to sign up in advance
to see him).
7. In case of emergency people call a fire brigade and
an ambulance. Fire fighters and doctors (paramedics)
try to rescue people and save their lives as soon as
possible.
8. Best architects in the world were invited to the
building of this city.
9. There are so many laws in our country that only
the best-qualified lawyers and judges know them
perfectly well.
10. Every play by this extremely talented playwright
reflects contemporary life.
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EX. 15
EX. 19
to get the sack — to be dismissed — to be fired;
Special qualities
to be laid off — to be made redundant; Job Work place Responsibilities
required
to be hired — to be employed;
1. pilot airport, operates perfect eyesight,
to be a workaholic — to work like a dog; airplane the controls quick reaction
to recruit — to take on; of an aircraft
to be unemployed — to be out of work; 2. farmer farm works on a physical strength,
to get promoted — to climb a career ladder. farm, grows love for nature
vegetables,
EX. 16 breeds animals
3. sculptor art studio creates works artistic talent,
1. My mother works regular hours./ She works
of art in stone, imagination
nine-to-five. metal, wood,
2. He has been promoted. etc.
3. I was made redundant./ I was laid off. 4. cook, restaurant cooks food knowledge
4. He is on the dole. chef of different
countries’
5. My father works in shifts.
cuisines
6. You are a workaholic.
5. vet veterinary treats sick sympathy,
7. He was fired./ He got the sack./ hospital, animals patience,
He was dismissed. clinics love for animals
8. He has taken early retirement.
9. I prefer to work flexi-time/ flexi hours. EX. 20
10. Brian works part-time.
1. salary/ promotion; 2. qualifications; 3. commission;
EX. 17 4. references; 5. perks; 6. job security; 7. ambitious.

a job — what you have to do, a task, a duty; EX. 23

an occupation — what your time is chiefly engaged with;
a) 3; b) 7; c) 9; d) 8; e) 1; f) 4; g) 5; h) 6; i) 10; j) 11;
one’s trade; k) 12; l) 2.
a trade — skilled manual jobs requiring training;
a profession — a job that requires considerable training EX. 24
and/ or qualifications; 1.c; 2.k; 3.b; 4.h; 5.g; 6.d; 7.i; 8.a; 9.e; 10.j; 11.f.
a position — a person’s relative place, as in society; rank,
status; EX. 27
a post — the same as ‘job’ in formal style with reference A bad workman blames his tools.
to professional people. If a job is worth doing, it’s worth doing well.
Make hay while the sun shines.
1. occupation; 2. career; 3. position; 4. profession; Many hands make light work.
5. position; 6. vacancies; 7. job; 8. profession; Too many cooks spoil the broth.
9. position; 10. vacancies; 11. career; 12. job; 13. calling; Early to bed, early to rise makes you healthy, wealthy
14. occupation. and wise.
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
EX. 18 The devil makes work for idle hands.
work: to get; to do; to find; to look for; to have; All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
The early bird catches the worm.
to offer

Поганому танцюристу ноги заважають.

a job: to get; to do; to find; to look for; to have; to offer;
З розумом провадити справу.
to take on
Куй залізо, поки не згасло.
Гуртом добре й батька бити.
a living: to make; to earn; to do for
Де велика рада, там рідкий борщ.

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Хто робить — голий не ходить.
Що маєш завтра зробити, зроби сьогодні.
Диявол знаходить роботу незайнятим рукам.
Праця без відпочинку розуму не додає.
Рання пташка пшеничку клює, а пізня — очки дере.
EX. 28 A)
to think on one’s feet — to perform on the spot
to keep up with the changes — to update one’s
knowledge
to choose the most suitable means — to thoroughly select
to be very much into something — to have a craving for
doing something
to have two sides of the coin — to have advantages and
disadvantages
to keep track of something — to keep informed
to explore different cultures — to get acquainted with
peoples and their heritage
EX. 29
1. developing; 2. seing; 3. one with their;
4. one of learning; 5. unsure of his ability;
6. gain confidence; 7. getting a B; 8. seing the progress;
9. have been accepted; 10. encourages me;
11. personal investment.
TAPESCRIPT
The two factors which make my job as a high school
teacher satisfying are developing a sense of trust with
the students and seeing their progress. First of all, it is
necessary to develop a sense of trust between my students
and myself. I have always felt that it is indispensable for
the teacher to build a good relationship with students,
and one with their parents as well. A good relationship
with the students makes the atmosphere in class one of
learning and the students find themselves eager to learn.
For example, last year a student of mine, Juan, told me
that he was very unsure of his ability to do mathematics
because he had been transferred from a school that had
a poor math department. To help him gain confidence,
I worked with him during the lunch period and helped
him catch up with the class. At the end of the semester,
he was getting a B, and he said to me, “You trusted me
and helped me learn to trust myself. Thank you.”
The second factor that makes my job as a teacher
satisfying is seeing the progress of my students.
Of course, it is part of my job to encourage students
to get good results on their examinations; yet, it gives
me a sense of personal satisfaction when they have
been accepted by the university of their choice or get
a summer job based on some of the skills I have taught
them. Their success encourages me to work harder
so that their dreams, and those of their parents, will
come true. While it is true that I am often evaluated
by whether or not my students succeed, it is the personal
investment in their future that makes me feel satisfied
with my job. If I had to choose a career all over again,
I would definitely choose teaching.
EX. 31 A)
Good teachers display enthusiasm for their subject.
Good teachers know how to modify their teaching
strategies according to the particular students.
Good teachers are concerned with developing their
students’ critical-thinking skills.
The teacher is consistent in grading and returns work in
a timely manner.
Good teachers present lessons in a clear and structured
way.
They try to engage the whole class.
Good teachers instill a hunger in their students to learn
more on their own.
They exhibit expertise in the subjects they are teaching.
Great teachers are warm, accessible, enthusiastic and
caring.
A good teacher is not a slave to the text but uses it as a
road map.
A good teacher does not make students lose face.
EX. 34
1) Students usually take their teacher’s advice on how
to prepare for an exam.
2) Paul was very rude. He was always answering his
mother back.
3) When my hosts started looking at the clock, I got
the message and left.
4) Jim’s parents strictly told him to behave himself every
time they left him at his Grandma’s for the weekend.
5) Matilda’s school headmistress had a reputation for
dealing severely with pupils who got on the wrong side
of her.
6) The teacher didn’t find the April Fool’s Day joke that
pupils played on him funny, and firmly told them to
take the grins off their faces.
7) When addressing a teacher at a Japanese school, you
should be very careful not to get out of line, so don’t
use their first name.
8) Lack of strict discipline at home means that many
pupils find it difficult to settle in to the ordered
environment of the school.
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EX. 35
начальниця і головнокомандувач цього закладу —
the boss, the supreme commander of this establishment;
ніколи не кричати — to never raise one’s voice;
до смерті лякати когось — to frighten the life out
of sb; дебела жінка середніх років — a formidable
middle-aged lady; не дуже перейматися освітою
своєї дитини — not to be concerned one way or the
other about one’s child’s education; мати рідкісний
хист — to possess a rare gift for; збентеження і страх,
що охоплюють малу дитину — the bewilderment and
fear that often overwhelm young children; випадково
зустріти схожу на когось людину — to come across
sb; розлючений носоріг — an enraged rhinoceros;
ексцентричні витівки — eccentricities; роздати
учням новенькі підручники — to hand out brand-new
exercise-books; заздалегідь про щось домовитись —
to make proper arrangements in advance.
EX. 37
1. North Carolina
2. $600
3. had food poisoning
4. elementary school
5. challenging
6. keep discipline
7. manners, respect, discipline
8. 5 Essential Rules
9. the environment in the classroom
10. very high/ went through the roof
11. expects from them
12. change their lives
TAPESCRIPT
Can you talk a little about where you grew up and what
your journey was? It sounds like you didn’t expect to be
a teacher.
I grew up in a small tiny town, in North Carolina,
population 400, and all my life I wanted to get out and
have adventures. My family never had a lot of money
to travel and so I never got an opportunity to scratch
that itch. I went to school at ECU, Eastern Carolina.
I graduated and went to work at the Dunkin’ Donuts.
I saved up $600, I thought I was high on the hog.
I got a one-way ticket to London and flew there, and
I became a singing and dancing waiter at a restaurant
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called The Texas Embassy Cantina. I got my backpack
and went all across Europe. I went country to country,
and I loved it! For the first time in my life, I felt really
alive, and I was seeing what the world was about.
I ended up in Rumania, staying with a family of gypsies.
Whatever they fed me, I ate it, ‘cause I didn’t want to be
disrespectful. One time they fed me something, I wasn’t
sure what it was, turns out it was rat. I got really sick,
I had food poisoning. I kept getting weaker. So I flew
home to North Carolina, and my mama said, “Listen
to me, these adventures have got to stop!” And she told
me at the local elementary school there was a fifth-grade
teacher who passed away. It was a rough school, she
said, they had a hard time getting teachers in that area.
She said, “If you don’t take that job, that class is going
to have substitutes for the rest of the year.”
She said if I didn’t at least go talk to the principal that
she was never going to support me financially again. So
I said, okay, I’ll at least go talk to this principal. And I
went in, the principal was telling me how challenging the
class was. I told her I wasn’t interested in teaching. She
said, “Well, if you’re not interested, why are you even
here?” I said, My mama made me come, I didn’t want
to be here!
But she said, “Let me show you the class.” I walked
into the classroom, the kids were going crazy. They were
loud. The poor substitute teacher’s wig was off to one
side. This little boy’s desk was pushed up to the front
door. I looked down at this kid. He looked up at me and
said, “Is you gwon be our new teacher?”
And I said, “I guess.”
Anyone who knows me would tell you I follow my heart.
If I really feel something I know I’m supposed to be
doing, I don’t even question myself, I just go for it. In
that moment, I had a feeling I was called to go into that
classroom. And I said, “Okay, I’ll teach this class.”
When I got in that classroom, I found out these kids
didn’t really have what I had growing up. I grew up with
a true Southern upbringing; my grandmother lived in the
house with us. Manners, respect, discipline. I was taught
how you should care for other people. My family just set
a great example of the meaning of life, for them, which
is to do all you can to make a difference in the lives
of others, and to help your friends, your family, your
enemies, your neighbors...everyone around you. So I was
brought up with that same philosophy.
I really started working hard at developing, not only
curriculum, but rules about manners and respect for
 Tapescripts and answer key section
others, and that’s how the “55 Essential Rules” started.
The first year I had a list of 5, and then the next year
I went to 8, then 12, then 22, then the next year 28.
Then I moved to Harlem to teach and it grew to 55.
What I found was that once I taught these kids about
life, and about how to respect each other and how to
be a family in that classroom, the environment in the
classroom totally changed. The kids wanted to be there,
they were clapping for each other, lift each other up.
At the end of the year, their test scores went through
the roof.
And so the program started to spread to other classrooms
as well. It’s all about being specific with kids and letting
them know your expectations. You don’t have to have
55 rules. You can have 20 or 25. As long as you let them
know exactly what you expect in terms of manners,
respect, discipline, academics. And then the results will
be better. Just like your own kids at your house. The
more specific you can be with them about what you
expect from them, the better the results are going to be.
People always ask me what inspired me to teach, and
what inspired me was once I got in the classroom
and discovered that kids were less fortunate than I was
and the kids didn’t really have a chance yet of someone
lifting them up. That was what motivated me to remain
in the classroom. And once I saw the difference that can
be made when you put your whole heart and all of your
passion into a group of kids, I saw how you can really
change their lives. That is what has fueled me
to continue teaching and to continue in this field.
EX. 38
1. Job satisfaction is very important but I have a family,
so I have to think about money too. I am an architect
by profession and recently I have been made redundant
(I have been laid off). At the moment I am looking
for a job; I want to know what prospects I may have,
what salary I will get, whether there will be any pay
rise, a chance of promotion and perks such as free
meals and transport. I also want to know whether I’ll
have holiday pay, sick pay, at what age I’ll be able
to retire. I can’t be called a workaholic, but I am not
going to hold the same position all my life, and I want
to climb the career ladder.
2. Michael decided to change his job — his position
of a clerk in an accountant department seemed
boring and monotonous, he didn’t get any bonuses,
he often worked overtime. After a couple of months
he managed to find a job in an international travel
company. He applied for a vacancy and was taken on.
But after a year he was fired (sacked, dismissed, given
the sack). Now Michael is out of work (unemployed)
and he is on the dole, which is hardly enough to live
on (survive).
3. Many young people go to higher educational
establishments. They want to be teachers. I regard
the profession of a teacher as very noble and useful.
The teacher constantly deals with many people,
especially children. You have to know your subject
perfectly and be creative; all the time you have to
invent something new that can interest your pupils.
Like any other profession the profession of a teacher
has both advantages and disadvantages. Of course,
it’s not considered to be one of the best-paid jobs,
but teachers have long holidays and they are always
in summer. But the main thing is that the process of
teaching pupils and learning something new together
with them gives an incredible enjoyment!
4. My father works as a carpenter at a building site. It’s
hard manual ( = physically hard) work. He mainly
works in shifts. He has a lot of experience and recently
he has been appointed foreman. He is considered to be
a skilled worker. And my mother is a nurse at a local
hospital, and she works flexi-time. She gets far less
money than my father does, though her work isn’t less
exhausting.
7. I work as a translator for a scientific publishing
house. I translate books in different fields from
English into Ukrainian. Besides, I’m responsible for
keeping up business correspondence with the British
and American publishing houses that we work with.
Nowadays the correspondence is kept up almost
exclusively through the e-mail. So, today computing
and Internet user skills are among the many
requirements to the contemporary translator.
UNIT 2. This amazing place we live in
EX. 1
1. Ukraine got its independence
2. Hoverla, the highest peak in Ukraine
in the Carpathian Mountains
3. The international phone code of Ukraine
4. Internet top-level domain of Ukraine
5. Constitution Day
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 2 b) The brook started on the southern slopes of the
1. Kharkiv. Carpathian Mountains, flowed across meadows and
2. Seven: it borders on Belarus, Russia, Poland, fields, gradually becoming a river. When the reservoir
Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova. that swelled the river was created, it became an
3. Sevastopil, Odesa. important transportation waterway connecting
4. Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa, Zaporizhzhya, the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkan Peninsula.
Lviv, Donetsk. c) The monks lived in the caves on the steep slopes of
5. The Dnipro (2201 km in length, of which 981 km the mountains or built monasteries just near the
flow through Ukraine). precipice, practically a few centimetres from the abyss.
6. Currency: hryvnia, letter code UAH. d) The highest waterfall in Ukraine appeared as a result
7. Holidays: of the change of the river path. This place looks like
• January 1 New Year Day a hall of the museum of Nature where you can admire
• January 7—8 Orthodox Christmas a breathtaking panorama.
• March 8 International Women’s Day
• May 1—2 May Days EX. 11 A)
• May 9 Victory Day A.3; B.2; C.4; D.1.
• June 28 Constitution Day
• August 24 Independence Day TAPESCRIPT
• Easter and Holy Trinity Days 1. It is one of the most picturesque natural wonders in
Ukraine. Located at the foothills of the Mount Ozerna
EX. 3 at 989 metres above sea level, it shines like a diamond
Deposits — large, rich, thin, thick, gas, ore, mineral. in the emerald-green setting of the Carpathians.
Border — inland, common, watery. The forest around it is believed to be 140 to 160
Climate — continental, damp, dry, humid, mild, years old. It is filled by mountain rivers, streams and
moderate, severe, subtropical. underground water sources. The water level constantly
changes: it increases during spring snow thaw and rainy
EX. 6 spells, and decreases during winter and dry summers.
Land Water Right in the middle of it sits a tiny islet that can be
seen and even walked on in summer.
island, hill, mountain bay, ocean, stream, waterfall, 2. In May this huge area of 256 hectares near a small
mountain range, cave, cliff, strait, gulf, current, spring
plateau, peninsula, plain,
town of Khust in Transcarpathia turns into a golden-
valley, continent white carpet, and thousands of nature-lovers from
all over Europe flock here. It is a unique natural
wilderness reserve protected by UNESCO. This
EX. 7 unique species of flowers appeared here back in
1 region; 2 cliffs; 3 valleys; 4 beaches; 5 destination; the Ice Age. They can be found high in the Alps and
6 landscapes; 7 harbours; 8 climate; 9 coast; 10 steppe; on the Balkans, but this place in the Carpathians is
11 resorts; 12 landmarks/ sights; 13 sights/ landmarks; the only one on the planet where these radiant white
14 vineyards; 15 sites. flowers are preserved in such a great quantity.
3. It is a sort of Ukraine in miniature. Here, the
EX. 9 wonderful world of natural scenery represents almost
A brook, banks, meadows and fields, the river, steep all climatic zones of the country: from steppes and
slopes, reservoir, the canyon, a precipice, the abyss, forests to mountains and deserts. Granite cliffs drop
a cave, highest plain waterfall, banks. steeply to the water, stone steppe spreads and ancient
ferns grow in the north. In the south, marshy forests,
a) According to the results of all-Ukrainian survey, numerous lakes, creeks and hanging swamps reign.
the Dniester Canyon was announced one of the The Central plateau is scored by unique cloughs that
seven natural wonders of Ukraine. The magnificent go right down to the Dnieper. From here you can
landscapes and fantastic curves of the canyon attract sail along the river, enjoying the amazing beauty of
hundreds of tourists every year. the place which has been home to people for more

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than 5,000 years. It is the place that keeps secrets
of ancient tribes, Greek and Norse merchants and,
of course, the glorious Ukrainian cossaks.
4. Due to seasonal temperatures and the amount of
precipitation the place is sometimes qualified as
a semi-desert. It is 15 km in diameter and is
surrounded by a very dense forest planted to prevent
dunes moving. The forest is so dense that it easily
catches fire during hot dry summer months. Although
the area is a relatively small sandy steppe, it has
sandstorms. They occur because of the type of soil in
this area as it is very fine and gets easily picked up by
the wind. Another amazing fact about this unusual
place is that underneath it, at the depth of 300 to
400 metres there is an underground lake which forms
an essential part of the local environment.
EX. 11 B)
1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4.C; 5.B; 6.A; 7.D.
EX. 12
1.e; 2.g; 3.f; 4.c; 5.a; 6.b; 7.d.
EX. 13
1.e; 2.f; 3.a; 4.g; 5.d; 6.c; 7.h; 8.b.
EX. 15
1. (F) By Russian Orthodox “Old Believers” and
Ukrainian Cossacks.
2. (F) The tour starts and ends in Odesa.
3. (F) Enjoy a traditional lunch of fish.
4. (T) To ensure personal attention.
5. (F) In Vilkovo, we stroll through the historic centre.
6. (T) Have to cope with surviving in the delta of
a mighty river that can rise by two metres or more in
a few weeks.
7. (T) Is the realm of birds: herons, cormorants,
pelicans, ducks, gulls and terns fill the air
8. (F) the Black Sea,
9. (F) They will drink it.
10. (T) take a plunge in the river.
11. (T) May to September.
TAPESCRIPT
Odesa tour, Danube Delta
Spend an unforgettable day in Odesa and the extraordinary
Danube Delta, featuring the historic town of Vilkovo that
was founded by Russian Orthodox “Old Believers” and
Ukrainian Cossacks. Watch the clouds of birds. Enjoy a
traditional lunch of fish freshly caught from the Danube.
The tour starts and ends in Odesa. We only take small
groups (max. 15) to ensure personal attention. The journey
to Vilkovo takes about 3 hours. In Vilkovo, we stroll
through the historic centre. The inhabitants here have to
cope with surviving in the delta of a mighty river that can
rise by two metres or more in a few weeks. Everything,
from constructing a house to growing food, is in tune
with the rhythm of the river.
Then we board our traditional skiff and glide gently along
to enter the Danube Biosphere Reserve, recognised by
UNESCO as having global importance. This vast natural
area of woodlands, reedbeds, lagoons and shoreline is the
realm of birds: herons, cormorants, pelicans, ducks, gulls
and terns fill the air.
Our journey goes to the very end of the river. Here
it serenely enters the Black Sea, over 2,750 km from
its source in the German Black Forest. We will land
at the famous sign for “0 km” and absorb the special
atmosphere of the place.
Meanwhile, our cook prepares a delicious lunch of
fresh fish in our riverside garden. The meal will be
accompanied by local “Novak” wine, made from the
grapes grown on the island itself. There will be time
to explore the garden, maintained in its traditional
manner, and to take a plunge in the river — so bring
your swimming suit. By early evening, we will be back in
Vilkovo for the return journey to Odessa.
This trip runs from May to September and each
season — spring, summer and autumn — has its special
features, from the cherry blossom to the grape harvest,
from the arrival of nesting birds to the gathering pre-
departure flocks pelicans.
Do not miss a chance to see...
EX. 17
1. The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile
plains and plateaus crossed by such rivers as the
Dnipro, Siversky Donets, Dniester and the Pivdenny
Buh. These rivers flow south into the Black Sea and
the Sea of Azov.
2. Various regions of Ukraine ranging from the highlands
to the lowlands have diverse geographical features.
The country’s only mountains are the Carpathian
Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains
on the Crimean peninsula. The highest peak of the
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Carpathians is Hoverla while the highest mountain of EX. 7
the Crimean Mountains is Roman-Kosh. 1. unique 6. antique
3. The most significant natural resources in Ukraine 2. antiquity 7. authentic
include iron ore, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, 3. uniqueness 8. unique
magnesium, nickel, mercury, timber and an abundance 4. authenticity 9. authentic
of arable land. Ukraine is also rich in coal and graphite. 5. uniquely 10. uniquely
The reserves of sulfur are the largest in the world,
the reserves of mercury ore are the second largest. EX. 12
4. Ukraine has a mostly temperate continental climate, but 1. crowds of pilgrims and monks
the southern Crimean coast has a humid subtropical 2. quaint funicular
climate. The amount of rainfall is the highest in the 3. subterranean churches
west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. 4. lavishly decorated interiors
Winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold 5. fabulous fairy-tale feel
farther inland. In summer the temperature can rise to 6. worldly treasures
30 and higher and it makes the heat spells unbearable. 7. mercantile district
5. Lake Svitiaz is famous for its extremely transparent 8. gilded turrets
water that contains silver and iodine. Its cleanness is 9. rare icons
explained by the fact that no river flows into it and 10. oriental art
the fresh water is supplied by underground springs. 11. porcelain figurines
The lake has no equals as to its depth, that is why it is 12. intricately carved woodwork
called Ukrainian Baikal. There is a picturesque island 13. elite names
in the centre of the lake with romantic name the 14. sumptuous Museum of Arts
Island of Lovers. You can come there by boat and feel 15. crooked pavements
on the seventh heaven with happiness.
EX. 14
1.d; 2.a; 3.e; 4.b; 5.c; 6.g; 7.f.
UNIT 3. A city is more than a place in space EX. 17 B)
1. The Botanical Garden of the Ukrainian Academy
EX. 1 of Science (Gryshko)
a) Odesa; b) Lviv; c) Ivano-Frankivsk; d) Chernihiv; 2. Mariinsky park
e) Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky. 3. Shevchenko park
4. Hydropark
EX. 3
1. a three-country tour; 2. a two-week tour; EX. 17 C)
3. a guided tour; 4. a self-guided tour; 5. a weekend trip; National Mariin- Shev- Hydro-
6. a shopping trip 7. a full-day excursion. Botanical sky park chenko park
Gardens park
EX. 5 a) is located round the +
Palace built according
1. façade to the order of
2. venue a Russian monarch?
3. icon b) is a venue of chess +
tournaments?
4. cobblestone c) has various roller +
5. dome coasters?
6. conservatory d) has facilities for +
7. castle growing exotic plants?
e) offer sports facilities? +
8. mansion f) has a famous building +
9. palace on its territory?
10. cathedral g) is the place for music +
concerts and festivals?
11. fortress

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TAPESCRIPT
Text A
At the beginning of our tour I would like to tell you that
Kyiv has had the reputation of being one of Europe’s
greenest cities having 67 parks and 200 public gardens.
Chestnut trees are its visiting card. Every park has
its own history and mystery. When you look at this
beauty created by nature and man, your heart fills with
happiness and harmony.
In the 11th Century, the city’s inhabitants began planting
trees near Pechersk Lavra Monastery and in front of the
Golden Gate. The first park was laid in Kyiv in 1631,
and subsequent parks sprang-up all along the right bank
of the Dnipro River. The cronicles from the 16th and
17th centuries testify that nearly all the courtyards were
adorned with gardens. By the end of the 18th century,
the landscaping projects of private manors became more
numerous and elaborate, and the chestnut tree planted its
roots as the city’s symbol.
Text B
Now let’s get off our bus and have a walk around
the first park on our route. It boasts a great amount of
coniferous trees and flowers. The garden contains
a number of hothouses, conservatories, greenhouses
and rose-gardens. It is the most popular place amongst
the residents and guests of the capital, where one can
see exotic plants and attend flower exhibitions. Now we
are taking a stroll along the paths with beautiful lilac
and rose bushes and you will enjoy the exquisite scents.
There are also whole-year-round excursions in
the hothouses where you can see different tropical
plants, orchids, and azaleas. In spring the botanical
garden is especially charming, when numerous bushes
of lilacs are blossoming, which brings tourists, artists
and photographers from all over the world to enjoy the
variety of colours. Throughout the summer and into
autumn, the roses are in bloom and from July through
August there is a striking display of lilies. Let’s continue
our bus tour.
Here we are in the second park. As you see this park
is located right in the center of Kyiv — not far from
European square. The park is a popular place to relax
and enjoy its peace and beauty. It was founded in 1874.
The centerpiece of the park is the Palace. In 1774,
Empress Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I, during her visit
to Kyiv chose the place for the construction of the palace.
It was built by architect Rastrelli. Now it is also called
the Presidential Palace.
One of the main attractions of the Park is this fountain.
In winter, it proudly stands out against the snow covered
paths, and in summer the fountain pleases young
children. In the past it served not only as an ornament,
but for practical uses as well. Citizens could purchase six
buckets of water for the extremely reasonable price of
one kopek. Livestock were also welcome to drink from
the fountain for one kopek per head.
Will you hurry up please, we are moving on.
This is our third destination. It is not just a masterpiece
of gardening and landscape architecture; it is the
embodiment of everything beautiful in Kyiv. It’s
unbelievable that so many gorgeous colours, views
and sounds can be concentrated in such a tiny area!!!
For decades, the park’s southwest corner has been a
prominent scene for chess enthusiasts. From the centre
of the park, a solemn looking statue of the greatest of the
classic Ukrainian writers gazes down on his descendants.
Let’s continue our tour.
At our last stop you will see several clean beaches,
restaurants, sport grounds, various roller coasters for
kids, walking zones and other entertainments. It is
a unique sport ground in the open air. It is very attractive
for all who follow a healthy way of life. The park often
holds various unusual exhibitions like the contest of
sand sculptures that regularly takes place on one of
its beaches. Usually sculptors from many countries
participate in the contest. Besides, music concerts and
festivals often take place there, so this cozy corner
of Kyiv is full of fun and amusements. The park is
connected with the rest of the city by a bridge
144 meters long. Visitors to the park go boating on
the river, admiring the picturesque landscapes and
enjoying romantic atmosphere. The more adventurous
ones can rent a motor launch or try water skiing.
EX. 18
(1) castles; (2) ruins; (3) history; (4) landmark; (5) burial;
(6) tower; (7) restoration; (8) monuments; (9) panorama.
EX. 19
1. of; 2. between; 3. from; 4. after; 5. to; 6. about;
7. upon/ at; 8. into; 9. at; 10. on; 11. of; 12. about;
13. —; 14. from; 15. at.
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EX. 20
The Uzhhorod castle is the oldest and the most imposing
building of modern Uzhhorod. The castle is located on
the top of a volcanic hill in a very suitable place.
A fortified settlement appeared on the slopes of the hill
in the X century. During the period of Tatar-Mongol
invasion the fortification was destroyed but then rebuilt
and destroyed again a number of times.
At the end of the XVII century Count Miklos Bercheni
became the owner of the castle and practically
transformed Uzhhorod into the centre of cultural and
political life of Northern Hungary. A large library of
Bercheni, a considerable archive and a collection of
paintings prove the fact.
Later the castle hosted the Treasury, the theological
seminary and since 1947 and up to now — the
Transcarparthian Museum of Local History.
As to its architectural history the Uzhhorod castle now
appears as a typical building of the late Rennaissance:
a three-storied palace with four bastions, an inner
yard and a well over 40 m deep. Apart from the very
architecture, the mural decorations of the former chapel
of the theological seminary done in 1857 are worth
noticing.
Wonderful works of local cast iron art of the middle
of XIX century are in the castle courtyard. They portray
the themes of Greek mythology.
EX. 22 B)
1) Sofiyivka Park in Uman; 2) Kharkiv; 3) Sevastopil;
4) Yaremcha; 5) Sudak Castle; 6) Odesa; 7) Kamyanets
Podilsky; 8) Lviv; 9) Pyrohovo Museum of Folkculture
in Kyiv.
TAPESCRIPT
1. Visit this town with a romantic landscaped park
featuring a series of waterfalls, fountains and statues.
It was built by the leading architects and park
engineers of Western Europe for one of the richest
man of Poland Count Pototsky or, rather, for his
Greek wife Sophia. The Count decided to recreate
a corner of Hellas and to give it to his beloved wife
as a present, so that it would remind her of the
mountains and woods, clear brooks and transparent
lakes of her native land.
2. Spend an exciting weekend in Ukraine’s second-
largest city after the capital, featuring several vast
public squares such as Ploshcha Svobody, one of the
largest in the world. It is a major centre of learning
268
with a large university student population, and it also
has an impressive art museum to visit.
3. Combine sightseeing with some time on the beach
in this major Black Seal port and a place of great
controversy in Russian-Ukrainian relations, but also
a beautiful seaside city of white-painted buildings and
historic forts around the bay. It is also an important
centre of marine biology research. In particular,
studying and training of dolphins has been conducted
in the city since the end of World War II.
4. Interested in Ukrainian customs and traditions? Then
this Carpathian mountain resort town, with plenty
of traditional Hutsul folk culture to experience is
the place to remember. This is also the best base for
making a climb to the top of Mt. Hoverla.
5. Once the far corner of the Roman Empire,
the Crimea was rediscovered by medieval Genovese
traders, who came here to link up with caravans
bringing silk and spices from the Orient. Their
trade outposts were protected by mighty fortresses,
most of which were razed by Mongol hordes and
ruined long ago. But at least one remains intact.
Imagine yourself surrounded by knights, doges
and silk merchants when you climb the Consul’s
Tower and look down the vertiginous cliff from
the wall of this fortress, waiting for white sails
to appear on the horizon.
6. Young and looking for a holiday with plenty of
partying, clubbing and new experiences? So, your
destination is a hedonistic playground with great
nightlife and seaside attractions, along with historical
sites to match. The Potemkin steps are what many
people come to see, but there’s much more to the city
than film history.
7. It’s a small medieval town perched on a tall pillar of
rock and encircled by a deep river canyon. A massive
fortress guards the narrow strip of land that connects
the town to the mainland. Looking across at the town
and castle from the surrounding cliffs is spectacular;
the town offers some of the most picturesque views in
the country.
8. Tourists love this grand old central European city
with charm, character and architectural splendours.
Certainly one of the most beautiful European cities
that most foreign tourists have never heard of. In
addition to the lovely old town, the city features a
first-rate outdoor folk architecture museum and the
romantic grounds of Lychakivske Cemetery.
9. You can safely claim you’ve seen all of Ukraine after
a visit to a large chunk of countryside just outside
 Tapescripts and answer key section
Kyiv filled with traditional wooden architecture
representing all parts of the country. It’s a picturesque
open-air museum of old Ukrainian lifestyle and
folk culture. Churches, windmills, shops and houses
even a school building typical of rural areas were
brought here from their original villages, providing
a wonderful backdrop for folk festivals, which
frequently take place on the grounds. This outdoor
attraction is one of the best in Europe and you
will learn the story of how folks lived in Ukraine
centuries ago. If everything at the museum seems
very authentic, that’s because it really is.
EX. 23
1. Each city in Ukraine has its own peculiar
(characteristic) features. Kyiv is famous for its
churches and cathedrals, Kharkiv’s architecture
is more modern and reflects the industrial spirit/
character of the city. Tourists visit Lviv to enjoy its
famous coffee and admire their lavishly decorated
Opera house.
2. We visited a very interesting mansion which was
located in a huge park on the seacoast. In the park
one could see ornate/ lavishly decorated fountains,
gorgeous sculptures, and also statues of lions in front
of the house. The façade of the house was decorated
with the gilded columns/ pillars. We took a stroll
along the shady paths of the park.
3. There are several parks and botanical gardens in
Ukraine that are recognized as masterpieces of
landscape art. They cover a vast territory and boast of
diverse plant collections. There you can see unique
types of plants from all regions of the planet. Some
parks have hothouses, conservatories, greenhouses and
rose-gardens. Visitors can have a one-day guided trip/
tour and attend beautiful flower exhibitions. They can
spend a whole day admiring cascade waterfalls and
rock gardens.
4. Odesa is often called the “Pearl of the Black
Sea,” and it has a lot of museums, spa resorts and
attractions for both tourists and local residents. One
of its attractions is a network of catacombs that lies
right under the city. These subterranean/ underground
tunnels served as a hiding place during the Second
World War.
5. If you happen to be in Lutsk, don’t forget to visit
the Lubart’s fortress. Today, this Fortress is an
important tourist attraction boasting of its ancient
towers, the castle and the museum. You can also
admire the gorgeous picturesque landscapes.
6. In art museums visitors can see different worldly
treasures, such as paintings, rare icons, or carved
woodwork. The most impressive collection of
European art is at the sumptuous Bohdan and
Varvara Khanenko Museum of Arts. The building
has frescoed ceilings and priceless antique furniture,
ancient Greek sculptures, porcelain figurines and
paintings.
7. Prague is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe
and home to a dazzling number of outstanding
monuments from all periods of its history. Charles
bridge is a UNESCO-listed site, which is lavishly
decorated with Baroque religious statues. There is
a tower standing on each end of the bridge. You can
climb to the top for the panoramic view of Prague and
leafy banks of the Vltava river. This view makes your
heart skip a beat.
UNIT 4. Geography being destiny
EX. 1
1.b; 2,a; 3.b; 4.c; 5.b; 6.c; 7.a; 8.a; 9.b; 10.c; 11.c; 12.a;
13.b; 14.a.
EX. 2
1. The farm is in a beautiful, sheltered, quiet valley
beside the nature reserve.
2. That picturesque cottage is set on a ridge in
the Chiltern Hills and attracts many tourists with its
quiet beauty.
2. Steep mountain cliffs, punctuated with castles, slice
into densely forested valleys.
3. Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a very long narrow elevation
on the ocean floor that runs all the way from Iceland
in the North Atlantic to Bouvet Island in the South
Atlantic.
4. The house stood remote, in the middle of nowhere,
on the side of a river valley, surrounded with trees
of many kinds.
5. A secluded valley with a stream is an ideal wild
camping spot for them.
6. The coastline varies from white chalk cliffs to quiet
river estuaries.
EX. 3 A)
1.c; 2.a; 3.d; 4.b.
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 3 B)
1. Barbara sat at the end of the quay, fishing and
watching the boats sailing into the harbour.
2. The southern beach is home to a good seafood
restaurant and a lot of peaceful sand.
3. Situated on the northern coast of Corfu, Acharavi is
a growing resort with an 8km long sandy beach
joining it to Roda.
4. The town’s seafront area is relatively safe (perhaps
apart from traffic problems), although non-geological
activities associated with swimming or boats may
involve hazards.
5. The quay was the busiest part of the old Port
of Singapore, handling three quarters of all shipping
business during the 1860s.
6. If you are looking for seafront apartments we can
offer two- and three-storey buildings which spread
from the beach of Adelianos Campos up to the Old
National Road.
7. Nature has given us a picturesque seashore and high
blue mountains, the biggest desert and lake in Europe,
quiet forests and huge rivers.
8. It is a high quality beach with many facilities
available, so wide that even at high tide it can be
enjoyed.
EX. 4
1. It is interesting to watch animals in their natural
habitat.
2. Japan is mostly mountainous and has a only
a relatively narrow strip of habitable land along
the coasts.
3. Because of the oil slick, half of the island is expected
to remain uninhabitable for another decade.
4. Robinson Crusoe lived on an uninhabited island for
many years.
5. During the war people lived in dangerous places,
hazardous for their lives, which were practically unfit
for human habitation.
6. These islands are inhabited — scientists found several
species of animals living here.
7. People inhabited the British Isles long before the
Anglo-Saxon invasion.
8. Is it true that this city has 6 million inhabitants?
EX. 5
1. The government’s predictions about the possible
growth of economy did not impress the citizens.
2. Scientists are searching for new ways to predict when
and where earthquakes will happen.
270
3. My brother is so unpredictable. You never know what
he is going to do in a minute. This unpredictability is
unbearable for the members of our family.
4. The father’s reaction to his son’s asking for pocket
money was predictable — he never gave him money
to waste with his friends.
5. Henry often has predictive dreams.
6. The weather in this area is so unpredictable that it is
difficult to say what it will be like in an hour.
EX. 6
1. gorge — because it is a deep narrow valley with steep
sides, while the other three are rocky formations
2. ridge — because it is a long area of high land,
especially at the top of a mountain, while the other
three are either on sea level or below it
3. fell — because it is a mountain or hill in the north of
England, while the other three are connected with safety
4. quay — because it is the place where boats can stop to
load and unload usually built of stone while the other
three are areas of low flat ground that are always wet
and soft
5. reservoir — because it is a lake, especially an artificial
one, where water is stored before it is supplied to
people’s houses, while the other three are natural
flows of water that move across the land
EX. 7
1.F; 2.F; 3.T; 4.T; 5.T; 6.F; 7.F; 8.F.
EX. 8
heavily settled/ densely populated, habitable, insular
status, the quality of stone lessens, the quality of
agricultural lands improves, maritime cities, dredging and
widening of waterways, the river narrow enough to be
forded, terrestrial borders, interference into private life,
cramped island life.
EX. 10
1. national; 2. hospitable; 3. unpredictability;
4. overcrowded; 5. semi-wilderness; 6. powerful;
7. habitable; 8. obsessive.
EX. 12
1.D; 2.E; 3.H; 4.A; 5.C; 6.G; 7.I; 8.F; 9.B.
(1) that make up
(2) the coast of its stunning national parks
(3) Lying on a mountainous western peninsula
of the island of Great Britain,
 Tapescripts and answer key section
Take a trip out to the New Forest to see its renowned
(4) several holiday resorts located
wild ponies, deer and beautiful heathland. People who
(5) Two-thirds of the population can be found here
(6) the largest city and capital live in the New Forest will tell you that the New Forest
(7) the second largest urban area is a lively, working landscape with many secrets to
(8) home to 641 famous fortresses discover. The New Forest is a fantastic place for cycling
(9) offers ideal hiking opportunities with miles and miles of traffic-free off-road tracks
leading you right into the heart of the forest.
EX. 13
We also recommend you to visit the pretty towns and
SUGGESTED ANSWERS villages from Lamington on the coast to Burley in
Place Famous for
the heart of the forest. Lamington is particularly famous
for its charming tea houses, restaurants and pubs for
Bournemouth a fascinating museum-house — the last
you and your friends to relax and enjoy a bite to eat.
Victorian manor houses ever built/
Art Gallery & Museum with wonderful The Lamington Teahouse serves a variety of cakes, cold
collections of art drinks, cafe style meals, snacks, and a range of coffees
the New • wild ponies, deer and beautiful heathland
or teas. This Teahouse with spectacular views over
Forest • place for cycling the valley is the perfect place for day trippers to escape
the city and forget about rush hour.
Lamington charming tea houses, restaurants and pubs
Burley • a genuine walker’s paradise
• picnic sites
Burley is a genuine walker’s paradise. There are many
• horse rides around Burley village picnic sites with toilet facilities, all of which are carefully
sited to allow visitors safe and easy access to a variety
Salisbury Gothic cathedral, historic houses, spectacular
views of forest landscapes. All year round there are guided
walks where local experts will tell you about the history,
Dorset • a park with heavy horses, alpacas, ponies
geology, wildlife and folklore beneath your feet.
and donkeys
• a programme of ‘hands on’ activities with In the summer months you can explore the village in
the friendly farm animals true New Forest style by taking a horse and cart ride
(wagonette) around Burley village. Sit back, relax and let
the horses do the walking.
TAPESCRIPT

While you are travelling on our coach, we can offer you
a short introduction to the area you are going to.
The city itself is really attractive to tourists, but there is
more there to see. Stay in Bournemouth and discover
the surrounding coastline and countryside offering
historic towns, rolling parkland, pretty villages and
a wealth of attractions.
Bournemouth itself boasts a fascinating museum-house
in a stunning seafront setting. It is a private home of
the extensive travelers Sir Merton Russell-Cotes and his
wife Lady Annie and it’s one of the last Victorian manor
houses ever built.
This Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum is home
to wonderful collections of art, curiosities and treasures.
It holds collections of international status and reflects
the Victorian fascination with world cultures. It is
especially strong in European and Japanese arts and
a number of its works are regularly on loan at galleries
around the world.
Described as the City in the Countryside, Salisbury
retains much of its historic past with timbered buildings,
an early English Gothic Cathedral, museums and
some of England’s finest historic houses waiting to be
explored. Visit the impressive Salisbury cathedral, home
to Britain’s tallest spire and the best preserved original
Magna Carta. Enjoy spectacular views as you explore
the roof spaces and tower. From here you can see up
into the spire through the medieval scaffold, and from
the outside you can look over the city and surrounding
countryside. A camera is a must.
Dorset Park, located near Verwood is a unique experience
where you can mix the past with the present. The park is
home to rescued heavy horses, alpacas, miniature ponies
and donkeys. The centre provides a programme of ‘hands
on’ activities with the friendly farm animals and entry
includes free wagon and tractor rides.
We look forward to welcoming you to our beautiful
town.

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EX. 14 EX. 17
The tourist(s) Destination back; idyllic; setting; centerpiece; characterized; cottages;
1 Two biology students interested in local The New forest famous; beach; banks; designed; single; cliffs; coastline;
animal’s habitats accommodate; heavy; vintage.
2 A young man who hopes to hire a bike and The New forest
ride around the area EX. 19
3 Someone who is interested in tasting dishes Lamington 1.C; 2.B; 3.F; 4.B; 5.E; 6.A and D; 7.C; 8.B.
of the local cuisine
4 A company of friends planning to celebrate Burley 1 — The Lake District
a birthday in the open air
2 — Glen Coe
5 An old lady who is mostl y interested in art Bournemouth
3 — Cheddar Gorge & Caves
6 A young couple who just want to spend Salisbury
the day together walking around a beautiful
4 — Glen Coe
town with interesting views to take pictures of 5 — The White Cliffs of Dover
7 Some overseas tourists who are eager Salisbury 6 — Giant’s Causeway and Loch Ness
to have a deeper look into British history
8 The father who wants to show his son how Dorset Park EX. 20
people live and work on a farm a) extract#3; b) extract#5; c) extract#2; d) extract#1;
e) extract#4.
EX. 15
The countryside of Britain is well known for its beauty EX. 21
and a lot of contrasts: its bare mountains and moorland, trail — route; to make up — to form; to stick out of —
its lakes, rivers and woods, and its long, often wild to be noticeable; stunning — fascinating; to capture
coastline. Many of the most beautiful areas are national the hearts and minds — to impress greatly; to perch
parks and are protected from development. When on — to be situated.
British people think of the countryside they think of
farmland, as well as open spaces. They imagine cows EX. 23
or sheep in green fields enclosed by hedges or stone 1.d; 2.c; 3.b; 4.a.
walls, and fields of wheat and barley. Most farmland is
privately owned but is crossed by a network of public EX. 24
footpaths. Many people associate the countryside 1.c; 2.c; 3.c; 4.a; 5.b; 6.c.
with peace and relaxation. They spend their free time
walking or cycling there, or go to the country for TAPESCRIPT
a picnic or a pub lunch. In summer people go to fruit Stonehenge has always been one of the world’s greatest
farms and pick strawberries and other fruit. Only a few mysteries. It is a group of giant stones in southern
people who live in the country work on farms. Many England. The name “Stonehenge” comes from henge,
commute to work in towns. Many others dream of the Anglo-Saxon word for “hanging,” which refers to
living in the country, where they believe they would the horizontal stones in the monument.
have a better and healthier lifestyle. The countryside Stonehenge was built more than 5,000 years ago, during
faces ... many threats. Some are associated with modern the Stone Age, long before the wheel was invented!
farming practices, and the use of chemicals harmful We know this because scientists have proved the age of
to plants and wildlife. Land is also needed for new animal bones buried at the site.
houses. The green belt, an area of land around many The monument consists of enormous stones laid out in
cities, is under increasing pressure. Plans to build new concentric circles. The outer circle is about 32 yards in
roads are strongly opposed by organizations trying diameter. The stones of this circle are sandstone columns
to protect ... the countryside. Protesters set up camps connected by lintels, which are horizontal beams, each
to prevent, or at least delay, the building work. about ten feet long.
Even larger blocks of sandstone and lintels form an
EX. 16 inner semicircle. The largest of these stones weighs
1) covered; 2) timber; 3) woodlands, 4) elm; about as much as a fully loaded cement truck, that is
5) scary; 6) venture; 7) screams, 8) captured; 9) sword. about 40 tons. Today, the sandstone similar to the kind

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 Tapescripts and answer key section
at Stonehenge is found about 19 miles north, but no
closer.
Within the inner circle of pillars and lintels are smaller
stones, called bluestones. Also arranged in a circle, some
are still standing as they have been for thousands of
years. Others are leaning or lying on the ground. These
four-ton stones are from the mountains nearly 250 miles
away!
A special stone called the Heel Stone stands at some
distance from the main structure. If you stand at the
center of the structure on the morning of the summer or
winter solstice and look toward the Heel Stone, you will
see the sun rise directly over it.
Whatever your view about how Stonehenge was built,
a single question remains: Why? There are different
theories about this mysterious monument. Some believe
the monument was an astronomical calendar. According
to them, the placement of the stones predicted solar
eclipses and marked the summer and winter solstices.
Others claim that Stonehenge was a place of healing,
a place where some type of primitive surgery was
performed. Still others feel that Stonehenge was a burial
ground and site for ancestor worship. But why there?
Scientists continue to explore Stonehenge and its many
mysteries. For now, only two things are certain: The sun
will rise over the Heel Stone to mark the next solstice
and our understanding of Stonehenge will remain
incomplete.
EX. 25
1. early in the morning or late in the evening
2. Book a visit/ prepay for a visit
3. 60
4. 26
5. go into the centre of the stone circle
6. audio guides
7. gift shop
8. Tuesday or Wednesday
TAPESCRIPT
There is a special offer to visit Stonehenge not
at the normal opening times but very early in
the morning or late in the evening.
The visit must be pre-booked and paid for in advance
of your visit by completing the Stone Circle Access
application. Each visit lasts for one hour, and we allow
only a maximum of 26 people within the stones.
A Stone Circle Access visit is not a guided tour, and
touching of the stones is not permitted. The visits provide
the opportunity to go into the centre of the stone circle,
which is not possible during normal opening hours when
visitors have to stay outside the stone circle.
As the visits are out of hours, there are no audio guides
available and the gift shop and catering outlet are also
closed. However, if you have a stone circle access
reservation you can also visit Stonehenge during normal
opening times on the same day for no additional cost.
To enhance your Stone Circle Access visit you can order
a guidebook, which will be ready for your collection at
the time of your visit.
As visits to the inner stones are high in demand, your
booking request must be sent well in advance of your
proposed time.
Stone Circle Access is not available throughout the
year on Tuesday or Wednesday mornings as we have
scheduled grounds maintenance at these times.
EX. 26
1. The full title of the country is ‘The United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’. Four
countries make up the UK — England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland. Most of England
consists of lowland with some mountainous terrain
northwest. Wales, with its capital Cardiff, lies
to the West having a coastline washed by the Irish
Sea. It is more mountainous than England. Scotland
consists of two very distinct regions known as
the Highlands and the Lowlands. The rugged terrain
of the highlands is sparsely populated. The Lowlands
region is home to most of Scotland’s population.
Northern Ireland, with its capital, Belfast, is a hilly
region with spectacular valleys, idyllic countryside and
wild moorland.
2. The climate of the UK is influenced by the warm
Atlantic Gulf Stream and the cold seas around it. This
makes the weather both unpredictable and changeable.
The weather on the British Isles varies in different
parts of the country but in general the climate is
defined as maritime temperate. The unpredictability
of the British weather is a popular subject for
conversation, jokes and anecdotes and makes Britons
appreciate every spell/ snap of warm and sunny
weather.
3. London may have Britain’s most recognisable
landmarks but it is the natural beauty and diversity
of the British countryside that evoke a sense of
timelessness and peace. Idyllic villages with their
historic pubs, boutiques, and picturesque cottages are
located in different regions of the country. You will
admire uninterrupted views of green fields enclosed
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
by hedges in England; you will be fascinated by
the picture-postcard villages on the wild coastline with
magnificent mountains and woodland in Wales and
Scotland. Some villages can boast amazing museums
of vintage cars, toys and other curiosities.
4. We decided to spend a weekend in a small coastal
town in the south of England. We walked around
the town admiring its stunning seafront with charming
cafes, tiny shops and galleries. The boat quay was
a nice place to enjoy spectacular views of the sea,
sailing boats in the harbour, and the long line of
the seashore with sandy beaches. After lunch we hired
bikes in a local pub. It was a fantastic place for
cycling with miles and miles of traffic-free off-road
tracks.
5. The history of human habitation of the island of
Ulva goes back to prehistoric times. It is situated to
the west off Scotland and is renowned for its scenic
beauty. Its geology, prehistory, history and wildlife all
have fascinating tales to tell. The island is also famous
for its spectacular column-like cliffs, referred to as
‘The Castles’ on the south coast of the island. While
large parts of the island are treeless, there are many
species/ kinds of trees in the forested areas, including
Scots pine, elm, chestnut, three types of oak trees,
four types of cherry trees and other fruit trees. This
island is rich in history and stunning scenery that has
captured the hearts and minds of all visitors. It is
a wonderful wild world that has been neither spoilt nor
changed for centuries.
UNIT 5. God made the country
and man made the town
EX. 1
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. Belfast is known as the birthplace of the Titanic.
2. Cardiff is widely recognized as Europe’s youngest
capital.
3. Canterbury is widely recognized as the key location
for the Church of England.
4. Bath is famous for its natural hot spring and its old
Roman baths.
5. Nottingham is associated with the legend of Robin
Hood.
6. York is famous for being once the capital of a Viking
kingdom.
7. Liverpool is widely recognized as the birthplace
of The Beatles.
274
EX. 2
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
A metropolis is a very large city that is the most
important city in a country or area.
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but
smaller than a city. A village may have from a hundred
people to 1,500, a town from 1,000 to several thousand
people, a city is usually bigger. The size definition
for what constitutes a “town” varies considerably in
different parts of the world, so that, for example, many
“small towns” in the United States would be regarded
as villages in the United Kingdom, while many British
“small towns” would qualify as cities in the United
States.
The size of population is not the only key indicator
to the settlement status. In Great Britain, a hamlet
earned the right to be called a village when it built
a church. In a village there should be a sufficient
agricultural area.
Historically, in England, a town was a small city that
could not afford or was not allowed to build walls
or other larger fortifications, and built a palisade or
stockade instead. Today towns can be differentiated
from villages on the basis of their economic character,
in that most of a town’s population will tend to derive
their living from manufacturing industry, commerce,
and public service.
Historically in Britain a town becomes a city when
it has a cathedral. Nowadays a city may strictly be
an administrative entity which has been granted that
designation by law, but in informal usage, the term is
also used to denote an urban locality of a particular
size or importance: whereas a medieval city may have
possessed as few as 10,000 inhabitants, today some
consider an urban place of fewer than 100,000 as a town,
even though there are many officially designated cities
that are very, very much smaller than that.
EX. 3
1.i; 2.g; 3.f; 4.b; 5.a; 6.c; 7.e; 8.d; 9.h; 10.j.
EX. 6
• the North-South divide of the UK,
• London and not-London division of Britain,
• north-south divide of London.
EX. 7
1. to erect/ to go up; 2. ancient; 3. high density/ densely
populated; 4. marshy; 5. grand-scale; 6. secular;
7. majority; 8. prosperity; 9. a dead end; 10. declining.
 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 8 A)
1.e; 2.d; 3.a; 4.b; 5.f; 6.c.
EX. 8 B)
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. As the biggest and richest city in the country, London
eventually became its informal capital.
2. For centuries, the marshy south bank of the river
Thames has been considered less fashionable than
the northern areas of London.
3. The City of London was planned by (the) Ancient
Romans and it still preserves its medieval planning
(and it is still medieval in its planning).
4. Since the prevailing wind blew to the east, the rich
built their houses and rows of new terraced houses
westward from the City (to the west of the City).
5. The Great Fire of London and the bombardment
during the Second World War caused a great damage
to London’s buildings, but new architectural
masterpieces appeared later/ were erected later.
6. Though building restrictions have prevented the city
from expanding outwards, London has sucked a lot of
nearby villages and towns and is now referred to
as Greater London.
7. Now/ Today London boasts a number of show-off
high-rise buildings of glass and concrete.
EX. 9
TIPS fOR THE TEACHERS
A day out in London doesn’t have to cost a lot of
money. There’s plenty of free London attractions to see
and visit, cheap eats and budget hotels to stay in.
Morning: Free Museums
London is full of world-class museums and galleries that
are free to visit.
Spend your morning at the National Gallery off Trafalgar
Square, where you’ll see Old Masters’ paintings including
Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Picasso, Michelangelo,
Monet and Van Gogh. You can even join a free,
60-minute guided tour of the collection every day
at 11.30 am and 2.30 pm.
Lunch: Carnaby
Whether you’ve spent your morning at the National
Gallery or Wallace Collection, it’s an easy walk, Tube
or bus ride to the Carnaby area, near Oxford Circus,
for lunch.
On and around London’s iconic Carnaby Street, you’ll
find affordable chain restaurants such as Masala Zone
(Indian), Leon (salads and sandwiches), Cha Cha Moon
(Chinese) and more.
Afternoon: Hyde Park or Bargain Shopping
Once you’ve satisfied your hunger, stave off the urge to
splash more cash with a relaxing afternoon in Hyde Park.
Here you can stroll at leisure by the Serpentine, sit and
read or simply watch the world go by — some of the best
people-spotting in London is to be found here.
Or, if you can’t resist a bit of bargain-hunting, check
out one of London’s popular markets instead. Portobello
Road, Camden and Spitalfields are all good options.
BUDGET TIP: If you’re keen to do some cheap
sightseeing, London Bus Route 4 is a good one to
catch. The 4 goes past Waterloo, the Houses of Parliam
Ent, Fleet Street, St Paul’s Cathedral, the Barbican
and through Islington. And London Bus Route 88 will
take you from Camden to Clapham via Regent and
Oxford Streets, past Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square,
Westminster Abbey, Big Ben and the Houses of Parliam
Ent, across the Thames and past Tate Britain (National
Gallery of British Art).
Evening: See A West End Show for Less
For dinner, return to Leicester Square in Central
London. Avoid the pricier bars and restaurants right
on the square and check out Chinatown — centred on
Gerrard Street — which has loads of cheap restaurants.
Service is generally brisk, leaving you plenty of time
to line up for stand-by theatre tickets, which are returns
and unsold tickets for that evening’s performance that
are priced at a considerable discount. Pick a show you
want to see and line up at the theatre, but be prepared
to race around for your second or third choice!
Or, head to the tickets booth in the middle of Leicester
Square where you can buy tickets at up to 50% off for
West End shows both on the day and up to seven days in
advance.
A less hectic option is a film at the Prince Charles
Cinema, which shows just-off-new-release films for
£6.50 per person (cheaper for members and matinee
sessions) as well as the popular Sing-A-Long-A films,
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
where you’re encouraged to sing along, out loud, to your
favourite movie musical!
Finally, those who want a late-night culture fix can
check out one of the free Museum and Gallery Lates.
EX. 10
1.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.F; 6.N/st; 7.T; 8.T.
TAPESCRIPT
Oxford is a city in central southern England. It is one
of the UK’s fastest growing cities, in terms of population.
The influx of migrant labour to the car plants
and hospitals, recent immigration from south Asia,
and a large student population, have given Oxford
a notably cosmopolitan character, making the city one of
the most diverse small cities in Britain.
Oxford has been an important centre of motor
manufacturing since Morris Motors was established
in the city in 1910. The principal production site for
Mini cars is in the Oxford suburb. The city is known
worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford,
the oldest university in the country and in the English-
speaking world. Its name is already mentioned in the
12th century books. Oxford University Press is based
in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper
mill and printing house. The city is also home to several
smaller publishing houses. The presence of the university
has given rise to many science and technology based
businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research
Machines etc.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate examples of every
English architectural period since the arrival
of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th-century
examples. Oxford is known as the “city of dreaming
spires”, a term coined by the poet Matthew Arnold in
reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford’s
university buildings. It has been claimed that Adolf Hitler
gave instructions that Oxford should not be bombed as
he was impressed by its architecture and had plans for it
to be his capital should Germany win World War II.
EX. 11
1. South Asia; 2. in the Oxford suburb;
3. science and technology; 4. harmonious; 5. capital.
EX. 13
1.d; 2.d; 3.c; 4.c; 5.b; 6.a.
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EX. 14
1. to demolish; 2. an inhabited place/ settlement;
3. to be on view; 4. a set of streets; 5. adjacent to;
6. to appreciate; 7. to boast of something;
8. to span; 9. heritage.
EX. 15
TIPS fOR THE TEACHER
1. Andrew Bell (1726—1809) was a Scottish engraver
and printer, who co-founded Encyclopжdia
Britannica. Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1726, his
father a baker. He had little formal education and was
apprenticed to the engraver. Bell began work as an
engraver of crests, names, etc. on dog collars. Later
he produced almost all of the copperplate engravings
for the 1st-4th editions of the Britannica. Bell was
a colourful Scot. His height was 4 foot 6 but despite
his small stature, he deliberately rode the tallest horse
available in Edinburgh, dismounting by a ladder
to the cheers of onlookers.
2. Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born) is a Scottish actor
and producer starring in seven Bond films. He was
born in Edinburgh in 1930. His film career also
includes such films as The Name of the Rose,
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana
Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red
October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express
etc. Connery has been polled as “The Greatest
Living Scot” and “Scotland’s Greatest Living
National Treasure”. In 1989, he was proclaimed
“Sexiest Man Alive” by People magazine and
in 1999, at age 69, he was voted “Sexiest Man
of the Century”.
3. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859—1930), a well known
writer, was born in Edinburg and studied medicine
at Edinburgh University. Following his studies at
university, Doyle was employed as a ship’s surgeon
on a number of voyages to Greenland, West Africa
etc. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories.
His first significant piece, A Study in Scarlet, featured
the first appearance of Watson and Sherlock Holmes,
partially modelled after his former university teacher
Joseph Bell. Holmes was not his sole subject, Doyle
wrote historical novels and science fiction but
the world fame was won by his detective stories.
No wonder that there is a statue of Sherlock Holmes
in Edinburgh, close to the house where Doyle was
born.
4. Joanne “Jo” Rowling (born in 1965), pen name
J. K. Rowling, is a British novelist, best known as
 Tapescripts and answer key section
the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. Born in
Gloucestershire, England, since 1996 she has been
living in Scotland, studied at Edinburgh University,
and finished writing her first book about Harry Potter
there. The Potter books have gained worldwide
attention, won multiple awards, and sold more than
400 million copies. They have become the best-selling
book series in history and have been the basis for a
series of films which has become the highest-grossing
film series in history. The Harry Potter books have
also gained recognition for sparking an interest in
reading among the young at a time when children
were thought to be abandoning books for computers
and television.
5. Sir Walter Scott (1771—1832), a Scottish historical
novelist, playwright, and poet was born in Edinburg
and studied at Edinburg University. Scott was the first
English-language author to have a truly international
career in his lifetime, with many contemporary
readers in Europe, Australia, and North America.
His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his
works remain classics. Famous titles include Ivanhoe,
Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley,
The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of
Lammermoor. Although primarily remembered for
his extensive literary works and his political
engagement, Scott was an advocate, judge and legal
administrator by profession, and throughout his career
combined his writing and editing work with his daily
occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute
of Selkirkshire.
6. Dame Muriel Spark (1918—2006) was an award-
winning Scottish novelist. In 2008 The Times
newspaper named Spark in its list of “the 50 greatest
British writers since 1945”, at #8. She was born
in Edinburg. During World War II she worked in
Intelligence. Spark began writing seriously after the
war, beginning with poetry and literary criticism.
In her stories and novels (The Prime of Miss Jean
Brodie, The Driver’s Seat, Memento Mori etc)
Spark displayed originality of subject and tone,
making extensive use of flashforwards and imagined
conversations.
7. Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (1850—1894) was
a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel
writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island,
Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and
Mr Hyde. He was born in Edinburg and studied at
Edinburg University. Stevenson was a celebrity in his
own time, but with the rise of modern literature after
World War I, he was seen for much of
the 20th century as a writer of the second class,
relegated to children’s literature and horror genres.
The late 20th century saw the start of a re-evaluation
of Stevenson as an artist of great range and insight,
a literary theorist, an essayist and social critic,
a witness to the colonial history of the Pacific Islands,
and a humanist. No matter what the scholarly
reception, Stevenson remains popular worldwide.
According to the current data, Stevenson is ranked
the 26th most translated author in the world, ahead
of fellow nineteenth-century writers Oscar Wilde and
Edgar Allan Poe.
8. James Clerk Maxwell (1831—1879), a Scottish
mathematical physicist, was born in Edinburg
and studied at Edinburg University. Maxwell
demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields
travel through space as waves moving at the speed
of light. The unification of light and electrical
phenomena led to the prediction of the existence
of radio waves. His most prominent achievement
was to formulate a set of equations that describe
electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations
of the same phenomenon, namely the electro-
magnetic field. His discoveries helped usher in
the era of modern physics, laying the foundation
for such fields as special relativity and quantum
mechanics. Many physicists regard Maxwell as
the 19th-century scientist having the greatest
influence on 20th-century physics. In the
millennium poll—a survey of the 100 most
prominent physicists—Maxwell was voted the third
greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton
and Einstein.
9. Adam Smith (1723—1790) was a Scottish moral
philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.
Adam Smith delivered public lectures in University
of Edinburgh, lived in the city for several years, died
in Edinburg. One of the key figures of the Scottish
Enlightenment, Adam Smith is best known for
the work “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations” (1776) which is considered
the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited
as the “father of modern economics” and is still
among the most influential thinkers in the field of
economics today. In 2005, The Wealth of Nations
was named among the 100 Best Scottish Books
of all time. Former UK Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher, it is said, used to carry a copy of the book
in her handbag.
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 16
Historic: 1. momentous; 2. historically significant.
Historical: 1. of or relating to history; 2. of or relating
to the past.
1. historic; 2. historical; 3. historic; 4. historical;
5. historical, historical; 6. historic; 7. historical; 8. historical.
Economic — relating to trade, industry,
and the management of money in economy.
Economical — using money, time, goods etc carefully
and without wasting any.
1. economic; 2. economical; 3. economic;
4. economic; 5. economical; 6. economical; 7. economic;
8. economical; 9. economic.
EX. 17
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. This university town can boast a lot of historic
landmarks which helped it earn its label of the most
renowned cultural centre in the country. Like any
other ancient town it doesn’t have symmetrical town
planning, its curved side streets and alleys create the
charming areas to admire. You can read about this
place in many historical books.
2. A boom town is a community that experiences rapid
population and economic growth. The reasons for
their successful growth are their proximity to a major
metropolis and/ or a natural resource. Sometimes due
to the economy collapse the population can leave the
place and it turns into a ghost town.
3. Some people prefer to live downtown/ in the centre
of the city/ town to be close to the place where
they work but others like to live in a dormitory
town/ bedroom town/ bedroom suburb with its cosy
and peaceful neighbourhood and commute to
work. Fortunately for them there are economical
transportation options for commuting.
4. The attribute of a market town in Great Britain
is a market. Market towns often grew up close
to fortified settlements to have their protection.
Nowadays they are lovely historic places and famous
tourist attractions with their traditional atmosphere
and friendly slow pace compared to the big cities
dominated by skyscrapers.
5. A metropolis is a very large city which is an important
economic, political and cultural centre of a country.
In the UK the metropolises are cosmopolitan and
make up the most densely populated areas.
278
EX. 18
1.C; 2.F; 3.A; 4.E; 5.B.
EX. 20
1.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.F; 6.T; 7.T.
TAPESCRIPT
Radio presenter: Now, in case any of you had forgotten,
Liverpool was named Capital of Culture 2008 about
eighteen months ago, and we thought it would be a good
idea to get the latest thoughts on the subject from you,
the inhabitants of this fair city — so, I was out and about
in the centre earlier today and this is what people had
to say.
Passerby 1: Capital of Culture — moving up in the world
at last, aren’t we? Great for the local economy, with
all the extra visitors — “Liverpool, tourist centre of the
North” — Well, why not? I think I’ll open up a hotel
myself (laughs). Mind you, I’ve got a friend who’s having
real trouble now that property prices are going mad. She
moved up from the Midlands ‘cause she thought she’d
get somewhere cheaper here, and now... (fading)
Radio presenter: And you, sir, what do you think about
Liverpool being Capital of Culture?
Passerby 2: I think it’s brilliant. I mean we’ve already
got quite a few festivals over the summer, down by
the docks, and that, so now we can have a whole year
of it and really go for it! I’ll be dancing in the streets
anyway.
Radio presenter: And can I ask you what line of work
you’re in?
Passerby 2: I’m in the film industry, actually, and we’ve
got 6 million from the government to build up the
industry, so I think this will really put the city on the
world worldwide. It could turn us into a sort of mini
Hollywood.
Radio presenter: Do you know what’s happening in
Liverpool in 2008?
Passerby 3: Oh, yes. I work on the Council and we’ve
been involved in this for the last three years. The fact
that we beat somewhere like Newcastle which had much
better chances.
Radio presenter: It’ll mean quite a few changes to the
centre, of course,
Passerby 3: I’m sure we’re going to get a few complaints
from people about building work. The plan is to bring
back the trams and change all the buses over. But it’ll be
good when it’s finished. I think the atmosphere here has
changed already. There’s a real buzz about the place. It’s
the old northern spirit, you see — we never give up!
 Tapescripts and answer key section
Radio presenter: So, listeners, what do you think? We
want to hear your views after the news at 12 o’clock,
and if you want to ask questions about the events being
planned for 2008, we’ll be having one of the organisers
with us in the studio. You can also send us an e-mail
right now, at this address. (FADING...)
EX. 21
1. to: 2. of; 3. for; 4. on; 5. from; 6. with; 7. to;
8. beyond; 9. of; 10. at; 11. beyond; 12. on.
If you try to analyse the social, economic and cultural
impact of the 2008 title of the European Culture
Capital, you will find that the festival year saw
9.7million visitors to the city, an increase of 34%, and
allowed businesses in the city to earn £753.8m. Media
coverage of Liverpool’s cultural attractions doubled
and for the first time in decades, positive stories
outweighed negative ones focusing on social issues. 85%
of Liverpool residents agree that it is a better place
to live than before.
Until 2008 general opinion of Liverpool was formed
by very dated images of the city, which ranged from
positive but fixed associations with the Beatles in the
1960s to more negative views of social problems (from
unemployment to low income and poor health) in
the 1980s. The festival year presented a richer picture
of the city as a modern place with a vibrant cultural life
that reaches far beyond music and football.
There has been a 10% rise each year in arts audiences
across Liverpool, and higher levels of interest in
museums and galleries. Visitor numbers at the seven
largest attractions peaked at 5.5 million in 2008.
Throughout that year, 99% of the tourists said they liked
the general atmosphere and 97% felt welcome.
By late 2008 it became obvious to everyone that
the positive change had spread beyond the city centre
and had had an impact on far-off neighbourhoods and
ordinary people.
EX. 23
Newcastle, Northern Ireland, is a small town compared
to its English namesake. Its population is slightly over
7 thousand people. The seaside resort lies on the Irish
Sea coast, and is known for its sandy beach.
The name of the town is thought to derive from a castle
built in the late 16th century and demolished in the
19th century. However, it is mentioned by the name of
Newcastle as early as 1433, so it is likely that (0) another
castle had previously stood there.
The town’s history is poorly recorded and is held mostly
by (0) local people and their stories of the past. There
are stories of ‘The Blue Lady’, a woman abandoned
by her husband whose ghost still haunts the mountains.
Many of the stories are only folklore and give names
to a number of the town’s attractions. Maggie’s Leap, for
example, is named after a local girl called Maggie, who
was chased by (0) drunken soldiers while gathering
the eggs of nesting seagulls. To save herself she leapt over
the abyss and landed on the other side without hurting
herself or breaking a single egg.
The town is also famous for Saint Patrick’s Stream
because popular mythology claims that the nearby
mountains were the site where Saint Patrick banished
the snakes from Ireland. The legend has it that there is
a rock in the stream with his hand print where he knelt
down to drink the water.
Many other places in the Newcastle area get their names
from other sources, ‘The Brandy Pad’, a path through
the mountains, is named so because of the illegal brandy
smuggling that took place through the area.
On 13 January 1843, boats from Newcastle set out for
usual fishing and were caught in a storm. 14 boats were
lost in the heavy seas. Only two boats survived. 76 men
perished, 46 of them were from Newcastle. They left
twenty seven widows and one hundred and eighteen
children. A Public Subscription was raised and
the cottages, known as Widows’ Row, were built for the
families. A local song about the disaster says “Newcastle
town is one long street entirely stripped of men”.
Now Newcastle is a popular seaside resort and it attracts
(0) visitors from elsewhere in Northern Ireland and
from abroad. In recent years the town has started a large
Halloween festival. The free event includes fireworks and
a fancy dress competition.
EX. 26
1. Glasgow is Scotland’s largest city and is widely
recognized for its culture, style and the friendliness of
its people. Glasgow offers a blend of internationally-
acclaimed/ famous museums and galleries, stunning
architecture, vibrant nightlife, fantastic shopping and
a diverse range of restaurants and bars. Glasgow was
crowned European City of Culture in 1990. The city
has a long-standing reputation for organizing live
music concerts.
2. Bath is an ideal place for a budget holiday. The
guides offer free walking tours providing an excellent
historical and architectural introduction to the city of
Bath. Spend a morning at the Victoria Art Gallery.
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
Admission is free and you can enjoy the work of many
leading artists from the 15th century to the present
day. Before lunch explore the striking Bath Abbey, the
last of the great medieval churches of England
that is well worth visiting just for £2.50. Bath is
the only place in Britain with natural hot springs,
so spend the afternoon enjoying ancient Roman
bathes.
3. A relatively recent but already very popular tourist
attraction is the London Eye, a giant observation
wheel. It was designed and erected in 1999 to
celebrate the new millennium. It is the tallest
observation wheel in Europe. The passengers of its
glass capsules have a great panoramic view over
London. Many famous landmarks are clearly visible,
including Buckingham Palace, St Paul’s Cathedral and
the Houses of Parliament.
4. Travelling around Wales, discover beautiful North
Wales bustling towns and picturesque/ picture-postcard
villages. In 2012, North Wales can even boast a new
city; St. Asaph has become one of the UK’s newest
and smallest cities with a population of only 3,400
inhabitants/ people. The centerpiece of the city is its
famous Cathedral, claimed to be the smallest Anglican
cathedral in the UK. Every year the city hosts the
international music festival. It also has a twin town of
Bégard in France. Both organise annual trips to each
other the other for their residents.
5. Belfast is compact and easy to travel get around
whether by car or on foot. Belfast’s industrial heritage
has shaped a city that is also known as a cultural
centre. Belfast is full of attractions to suit all ages and
interests. Belfast docks, the birthplace of the Titanic,
is a must-see. While shopping, don’t limit yourself
to the centre of the city — there are many fine shops
throughout the city and its suburbs.
UNIT 6. Crossing borders
EX. 3
TAPESCRIPT
1. Taras
What bugs me is the way people use “Russian” to talk
about us, Ukrainians. Ukraine used to be a part
of the Soviet Union along with Russia, but it has been an
independent country for more than 20 years now.
It has always been a country with cultural heritage and
280
a language much different from Russian. In fact, we have
maintained our own cultural traditions, especially those
linked to religious holidays such as Easter, Christmas or
St Nicholas Day.
I’d personally like Ukrainians to feel more proud of
their roots. That’s not because I’m very nationalistic or
consider myself super-Ukrainian which I’m not. I don’t
actually speak Ukrainian that well. Nor am I a big fan
of flag-waving because I think that can lead to narrow-
mindedness and can even breed racism.
No, I value independence for political reasons.
Traditionally, Ukrainians have been more democratically or
“European”-oriented, but that’s not really always reflected
in the government. The world keeps getting smaller and
smaller, and by that I mean, of course, more and more
open. In some ways, I’d like to be seen as a citizen of the
world first, then European, and then Ukrainian.
2. Anna
Last week I went to a beautiful ceremony. A friend of
mine, Maria, was getting married and they celebrated their
wedding in a traditional Ukrainian folk style. It was a big
day for the newly-weds, and a very interesting experience
for all those invited as we had a chance to hear old
wedding songs, and even perform some rites that most
Ukrainian people don’t even know about.
I have to say, the more I thought about it, the harder
it became to really say what being Ukrainian means to
me. You meet some foreigners who still believe there are
polar bears walking our streets. Others stereotype us as
all being badly dressed, women being beautiful but cheap
and dreaming to find a fiancй abroad, and men being
madly into drinking too much horilka and eating borshch
and varenyky. Apart from liking borshch, my friends
and I don’t fit any of those stereotypes. I’m more into
embroidery and travelling about every nook and cranny
of my country. I don’t know... I think everyone has their
own idea of what Ukrainian culture really means. For
my brother, for instance, it’d be supporting Ukrainian
football.
3. Serhiy
I travel a lot and am always proud to introduce myself
as a Ukrainian, and always more than happy to tell
people about Ukraine. What I love most about it is that
I can break the stereotypes and assumptions that people
have about us. One of the most popular ones would be
connected with Chernobyl, of course. I often find myself
explaining, “Yes, I’m from Ukraine, but no, my bones
are not full of radiation.” Another weird but surprisingly
 Tapescripts and answer key section
widespread myth is that Ukraine is in Asia. Younger
people would wonder if it is true that all the software
we use in Ukraine is stolen. To that I usually say, “Yes,
Ukraine is one of the top 10 Internet countries in
Europe, but no, not all of our software is stolen”.
Of course, not all of my stories are “Yes, but no...” kind.
I really like telling people about our music scene. I let
them listen to some “Ocean Elzy” or “VV” tracks, and
they love it. Another stereotype is that people in Ukraine
are not very friendly or happy but it’s probably the
easiest to break. It only takes one genuine smile.
EX. 4
a) has a fairly global view of the world: Taras (I’d like to
be seen as a citizen of the world first, then European,
and then Ukrainian.)
b) was enchanted by the old-fashioned customs: Anna
(a very interesting experience for all those invited as
we had a chance to hear old wedding songs, and even
perform some rites that most Ukrainian people don’t
even know about.)
c) seems a bit confused about the whole issue of cultural
identity: Anna (the more I thought about it, the harder it
became to really say what being Ukrainian means to me)
d) is surprised by some of the stereotypes that people
have about Ukraine: Serhiy (Another weird but
surprisingly widespread myth is that Ukraine is in
Asia.)
e) is annoyed by a common false assumption: Anna
(You meet some foreigners who still believe there are
polar bears walking our streets. Others stereotype us
as all being badly dressed, women being beautiful but
cheap and dreaming to find a fiancé abroad, and men
being madly into drinking too much horilka and eating
borshch and varenyky.)
f) retains a sense of political roots: Taras ( I value
independence for political reasons.)
EX. 5 A); B)
1. to arrange a ceremony, often for religious purposes:
to perform a rite
2. to be the cause of the unfair treatment of people who
belong to a different race or violent behaviour towards
them: to breed racism
3. to destroy a fixed idea or image that many people
have of a particular type of person or thing, which is
often not true in reality: to break a stereotype
4. to make somebody unwilling to listen to some new
ideas or the opinions of others: to lead to narrow-
mindedness
5. to continue, to uphold, or to keep alive
veryoldcustoms, beliefs, or legends: to maintain a
tradition
EX. 5 C)
1. The travel writer did her best to break stereotypes of
the poor north and the rich south in her latest book
about this African country.
2. My extended family gets together each year
to maintain this age-old tradition of having reunionse
very summer.
3. There are a lot of beautiful rites that the bride and
the groom perform at a traditional old-style wedding.
4. Poverty, inequality, exploitation, and economic
competition can breed racism.
5. Euro 2012 attracted a lot of tourists to Ukraine
and has helped break popular stereotypes about
the country.
6. Prejudice and lack of cultural awareness, basic
knowledge or experience can lead to narrow-
mindedness.
7. It is important to maintain traditions by celebrating
holidays and preserving customs of the country you
live in or belong to. (maintain traditions)
EX. 7
1.T; 2.F; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.T; 7.T; 8.F.
EX. 8
HEIR
1. heritage; 2. hereditary; 3. heirloom; 4. heiress;
5. inherited; 6. inheritance.
MYTH
1. mythology; 2. myth; 3. mythical); 4. mythological.
CLEAN
1. clean; 2. cleaning; 3. Cleanliness; 4. cleanly;
5. unclean.
MAGIC
1. magicians/ magic; 2. magical; 3. magic; 4. magically.
EX. 9
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. In Ukraine guests are given lots of attention. If you
are someone’s house guest, your hosts will likely take
you around town and show you the sights for several
days. Traditional Ukrainian attitudes dictate that
guests be well-fed and entertained for as long as they
stay at your home.
2. And we should revive this old Ukrainian family
artistic tradition. As it was in old times, when family
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
members gathered together in the late evenings to
create the motanka- dolls. This activity brought
harmony and understanding to families. Such dolls
were transferred from generation to generation.
3. Up to the present day, Ivan Kupala’s Day is known as
one of the most expressive East Slavic folk and pagan
holidays. Many rites of this holiday are connected
with water, fertility and purification. The girls, for
example, would float their flower garlands (wreaths)
on the water of rivers and tell their fortunes from
their movement. Lads and girls would jump over the
flames of bonfires.
4. There is a stereotype that Ukrainians eat too much
lard and that lard is almost the main dish on the
table of the ordinary Ukrainians! Possibly it was the
case some day, as a tradition to eat lard is something
like Italians’ obsession with pasta! Ukraine is an
agricultural country and some time ago the hog
growing was very popular in every family living in the
country side.
5. One more stereotype about Ukraine is the similarity
and equality of the languages — the Russian and
Ukrainian languages. Please note that the Ukrainian
language has as much common with the Russian
language, as English with Dutch (37—38% differences
in vocabulary).
6. Ukrainians have preserved superstitions and omens
about things like shaking hands through a doorway,
whistling indoors, and other things.
EX. 10 B)
1.E; 2.D; 3.F; 4.C; 5.A.
B is an extra sentence.
When mentioning Lviv the first thing that comes to mind
is good coffee. People come here not only to admire the
architectural beauties, but also to feel the incomparable
charms of the city, and to breathe in its amazing
atmosphere.
When coffee was invented it was hated and thought very
disgusting by heads of the states. Many people even faced
punishment for drinking such a vile beverage. However,
by XV century, this beverage had become one of
the most favored drinks of common folk, nobles and
kings alike. By 1700s coffee had conquered the European
nations and gained everyone’s vote as a tasty and
stimulating drink.
1) french novelist Honore de Balzac (1799—1850) called
coffee “an engine of ideas”. When he immersed himself
282
in his writing, he consumed incredible 50—60 cups
of coffee a day! Another Frenchman, philosopher
Voltaire, was also a devoted coffee drinker. His
physician warned him against consuming “this slowly
working poison” but Voltaire casually dismissed the
worry: “You are right, it has been killing me for
almost eighty years.”
2) Lviv and coffee are two notions that became one. Now
it’s impossible to imagine the old streets of Lviv
without its rich seductive coffee aroma escaping from
the windows of small cafes and spreading throughout
the whole city. In summer Lviv citizens savour
coffee sitting on the city’s cafй terraces, in winter
— inside the warm and cozy cafes having a relaxing
conversation about the latest news.
3) History of Coffee in Lviv started back in late
18 century with the coming of the Austrians, who
revealed all niceties of coffee brewing for Lviv citizens
by opening numerous cafés. Coffee started to be more
and more popular in different circles of society and
soon all Lviv fell ill with coffee-mania that can’t
be healed. Owners of cafйs were arranging evening
concerts and dances, where you could hear all the
latest gossips... Often cafйs were the places where
creative youth from Lviv was gathering. Many poems,
songs and legends are about coffee which makes this
drink mystical.
4) Long time has passed, but love for coffee didn’t fade
away and made Lviv the Coffee capital of Ukraine.
Every year Lviv entertains all coffee lovers with “Have
a Cup of Coffee in Lviv” festival, where everyone can
taste all sorts of this beverage brewed in a special way
according to traditional Lviv recipes.
Coffee in Lviv is not just a cup of black fragrant
drink, but also the spirit of the old city, its soul and
pride. Every sip you take revives its history.
Lviv coffee-houses continue to make excellent coffee
which you can enjoy reading a book or a newspaper,
discussing hot political or intellectual issues, waiting
out the rain, watching the stream of passers-by,
waiting for
a date, or daydreaming.
5) Coffee-making and drinking are strictly observed
rituals. There is nothing more offensive to Lviv
coffee lovers than instant coffee. At home coffee
must be made from roasted and ground coffee beans
in a Turkish-style coffee pot. Coffee in Lviv is, of
course, drunk not only at home or at work. On the
way home, Lviv dwellers stop at innumerable coffee
houses to have coffee. Enjoying coffee in a public
 Tapescripts and answer key section
place adds something to the taste. Locals like
to say that “everything starts with coffee — morning,
business, and love...”
EX. 11
inhale — breathe in
disgusting — vile
delicious, lovely — seductive
to enjoy — savor
aromatic, flavoured — fragrant
to bring back — revive
utensils, appliances — implements
EX. 12
beverage — a kind of drink
niceties of coffee — fine points of this beverage
devoted coffee drinker — a person who admires this
beverage and enjoys drinking it
coffee-mania — a strong desire for drinking coffee that
affects a lot of people
brewed — to prepare a drink by boiling or infusing
sip — to drink slowly, taking very small mouthfuls
daydreaming — to think about something pleasant
adorned — decorated
EX. 16
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
Why do you think the language learning facility
in the Brain of Britain is “barely visible”?
The British are notorious for not learning and speaking
foreign languages. They do not need to be able to speak
a foreign language as English is the international
language # 1, and spoken the world around.
When is the national pride gland likely to become inflamed
and why?
The British are extremely fond of football, and consider
it to be one of their national sports. They are very
supportive of their national sport teams and athletes in
general, but their football fans are particularly known for
their temperament. That is why the national pride gland
is likely to become inflamed during such major football
events as
the World Cup.
Why is the anger “bottled up”?
The British have gained a reputation of very reserved
people. Many would say that they never speak to
strangers, and prefer to keep their feelings to themselves.
They also consider it extremely impolite to show their
emotions in public. That is why such negative emotions
as anger end up being “bottled up”.
What food and drink words can you find in the cartoon,
and what makes them important parts of the Brain of
Britain?
tea
beer
custard
porridge
pastry
traditional English breakfast
What does the blue line around the Brain of Britain
symbolise?
It symbolizes the sea and the fact that the British Isles
are surrounded by the sea and separated from the rest of
the world by water. For the British, “abroad” is always
“overseas”, and they even use this word to refer to
anything coming from other countries. They take pride
in being “islanders”, and, though the UK is part of
Europe, they describe the rest of Europe as “continental”
to emphasise the difference.
EX. 17 A)
1. to muse (about/ on/ over/ upon something) — to think
carefully about something for a time, ignoring what is
happening around you
2. to sift through — to examine something very carefully
in order to decide what is important or useful or to
find something important
3. diversity — a range of many people or things that are
very different from each other; the fact of including
a range of many people or things
4. British themed fancy dress — all kinds of costumes
featuring elements of the Union Jack and/ or any
other British national & Royal symbols
5. a stiff upper lip — a somewhat arrogant attitude
towards others
6. to mingle — to move around the room and talk to lots
of different people (at a party)
7. to be notorious for sth — famous or well-known for
something bad
EX. 17 B)
1. I sat quietly, musing on the events of the day.
2. Crash investigators have been sifting through
the wreckage of the aircraft.
3. There is a need for greater diversity and choice in
education.
4. My friend has just bought a great Union Jack dress
for our British fancy dress party that we’re having
to celebrate Her Majesty’s Jubilee.
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
5. He seems to be a nice guy at first, but when you get
to know him a bit better, you feel as if he’s looking
down on you because of his stiff upper lip.
6. Although she hardly knew anyone at the party, she
was eager to mingle with other guests.
7. Scotland Yard proudly announced that they
managed to arrest the notorious computer hacker
who broke into the databases of banks and
government agencies.
EX. 19
TAPESCRIPT
Q: Tea is the 2nd most popular drink in the world next
to water, so Britons are not alone in their collective
love for a cuppa! But is it true that the British drink
tea all day every day?
A: Well, I’ve read recently that each Brit consumes about
2 KG of tea per year BUT, sorry to disappoint you,
it is the United Arab Emirates that drink the largest
amount of tea in the world. The UK isn’t even # 2,
we are only ranked 6th. Even the Irish drink more tea
than we do.
B: I reckon that’s changed a lot lately, especially in
cities. People simply have no time to drink tea all
day. Besides, there’s this new fad for coffee shops. It
seems like there is a new coffee shop opening every
day here or there, and you see more and more people
having coffee on the run.
Q: Is it true that the British love to queue?
A: Although no-one in their right mind loves to queue
anywhere, many British people will state that they
would prefer forming an orderly queue than the type
of ‘free for all’ policy we sometimes see adopted in
other countries (although this in itself might be yet
another stereotype!) Speaking as someone who was
once an outsider but is now, I like to think, a fully
integrated member of the British society, I must
admit that queueing is one of the lessons you need to
learn when coming to this strange, wet land.
B: I’m afraid I’d have to agree. Particularly since our
immigration minister Phil Woolas has announced that
immigrants to the UK are to be taught “the art of
queueing”. You haven’t heard about it yet? (Laughs)
It was in the news just a couple of days ago. The
immigration minister said that queueing, the very
simple act of taking one’s turn is one of the things
that holds our country together. That was ironic, of
course, coming from a man who has apparently not
stood at a bus stop for some time.
284
Q: Are the British really into gardening?
A: Well, even the Royal family can nowadays boast
of having the best royal gardener in history, Prince
Charles. His Royal Highness bought an estate called
the Highgrove Gardens 30 years ago. The Prince
was not a trained garden designer, but he started
gardening and farming organically, and transformed
the 15 acres that surround the house. Today it is one
the nation’s most important contemporary gardens.
What is even more amazing, the place is open to the
public. You should definitely go there for a weekend.
B: To answer that question, just take a look at any
British city or town from above. Do you know what
a pocket-handkerchief garden is? If you are British,
you surely do. I have one, just as hundreds of other
city-dwellers in the UK. We have tiny little square
“handkerchief-size” backyards, and grow gardens
there. And if you don’t have a yard, there’s always the
roof. Roof-top gardens are becoming more and more
popular these days... And growing vegetables on your
kitchen window... (fading)
Q: Are all the British somehow related to the Royal
family?
A: Since Britain has a population of over 63 million,
I’d say this is not the case. In fact, there are only
around 20 people in the UK who bear the title ‘Your
Highness’ or ‘Your Majesty’ and around a further 70
who can claim to be members of the extended Royal
Family or Royal Household; so it’s a reasonably
exclusive club!
B: I heard about two British girls who are surprisingly
enough in line for the throne: a West Country travel
agent’s wife and a farmer’s daughter from Devon. But
we all realize they are highly unlikely to get to the
reigning position.
Q: Do Britons love to celebrate Royal family occasions?
A: Royal Weddings and Jubilees are lavish occasions
which millions of Britons love to celebrate by waving
Union Jacks, organising street parties and putting on
fantastic Great British fancy dress costumes! Indeed,
as 24.5 million viewers watched the Royal Wedding
of Prince William and Princess Catherine on TV, if a
Royal Wedding was held every week it would certainly
be more popular than ‘EastEnders’, ‘Coronation
Street’ and ‘The X Factor’!
B: Absolutely! I wish there were more of those! We’ve
been definitely blessed with quite a few fabulous
Royal family occasions lately: Prince William and
Lady Catherine’s wedding, Her Majesty’s Diamond
Jubilee, and, of course, the birth of the Royal Baby,
 Tapescripts and answer key section
George Alexander Louis. My friend and I even threw
a party to celebrate it with lots of food, drink and
even fireworks!
Q: Are the British really self-conscious about being
complimented on their clothes?
A: It may seem very strange for any person who is not
British, but it is true. Should you be complimented on
any item of clothing you are wearing, you must say
that you bought it “in the sale”, whether you did or
didn’t. Besides, you will be expected to care greatly
about the fortunes of Marks and Spencer’s, this
middle-of-the-road, overpriced store. So many people
in this country honestly believe that when this store
falls, so does Britain. (laughs...)
Q: Are there hard and fast rules for giving and going
to dinner parties?
A: For me, it’s simple: when invited to a dinner party,
take a bottle of nice wine and a bunch of flowers. The
hard part is that you always must invite your hosts
over to your place for dinner to return the hospitality.
B: I can let you in on a secret. Should you get an
invitation to a dinner party from a British person and
it says “dinner at eight”, this does not mean you will
actually eat dinner at eight. It means the host will
start cooking dinner at eight and you will sit down to
eat at about 10.30 — yes, even on a Tuesday night.
This is because the point of a dinner party is not the
dinner. It’s the drinking and mingling. Top tip: bring
a loaf of bread in your handbag.
EX. 21 A)
fair festival competition marathon parade
to attend  
to go to    shows the cultural diversity of the world.
to have    
to hold    
to host    contained religious ceremonies, folk songs, and dances.
to organize  
to run  they were accompanied by singing or chanting. Ukrainian
to stage  
to take part in    
EX. 21 B)
SUGGESTED ANSWER
The free two-day street-painting festival attracts hundreds
of visitors over the weekend to see works of art by little
chalk artists.
The film/ dance festival/ marathon/ bike marathon takes
place in our city in October. It is an annual event.
EX. 24
1.B; 2.C; 3.F; 4.A; 5.D; 6.E.
EX. 27
1. Typical superstitions can tell a lot about a nation and
national character. Of course, not every Brit will pick
up a new pin as a lucky charm but practically nobody
will open an umbrella in the house or walk under the
ladder. Knowledge of superstitions is an important
component of cultural awareness which is so necessary
for the success of intercultural communication.
2. Sociologists claim that nearly every contemporary
nation is multicultural, that is why it is so difficult
to generalize over beliefs, attitudes and behavioural
patterns of its representatives. Moreover, quite a few
common stereotypes are broken altogether when you
spend some time in a foreign country.
3. Cultural exchange programmes offer a unique
opportunity for many citizens of the host country
to learn more about/ to get closer acquainted with
prominent artistic personalities in other countries
cultures, with their heritage as well as with modern
trends in art, music and theatre. My friends and I try
not to miss any exhibition or a concert which help
to get a better idea about the vibrant contemporary
cultural life of other countries.
4. Even if you consider yourself a citizen of the world,
you should be proud of your own cultural heritage and
preserve your cultural identity. It is very/ vitally important
to maintain centuries old traditions of your country and
acquaint other nations with your culture through art,
music, national cuisine and personal communication. All
this helps promote a positive image of your country and
5. Ukrainian folk customs and rites were connected with the
calendar and with the course of human life. They often
Ritual dances were rarely performed to music; usually
mythology with its legends, fairy-tales and beliefs in magic
is also traced in its national culture and folklore.
6. There are many types of events acity might host. Their
organisers have many different things to think about
beforehand: the theme of the event, how many people
can attend it, and what activities their guests can take
part in. Personally, I/ I for one, like attending folk
culture festivals where I can buy handmade souvenirs,
see masters of different crafts and taste traditional
Ukrainian cuisine. Festivals like these help foster
the national traditions.
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UNIT 7. Out and about there are often social problems — use this especially in
political and economic contexts);
a suburb (a small town close to a larger city and
EX. 2 dependent on it economically. ‘Suburbs’ usually refers
SUGGESTED ANSWERS exclusively to middle class housing developments
TOWN COUNTRY radiating from the city for dozens of km, usually
noisy, stressful calm, peaceful populated by people who commute to work in the city.
exciting, interesting boring, dull Suburbs are also associated with a lifestyle oriented
expensive cheap around families with children, where people typically live
dangerous safe in houses with yards rather than apartment buildings) —
convenient, inconvenient, uncomfortable outskirts (always plural, refers to the outer edge of a city
comfortable or town, or around the place where the town ends and
crowded more open space the country begins, the very last ring of the suburbs);
polluted clean, more fresh air a capital (the town or city where the government of
heavy traffic less transport/ light traffic a country or area is) — a metropolis (the largest, most
more industrialized closer to nature important city in a country or area — use this especially
to emphasize that a city is busy and full of people and
EX. 3A) activity).
Town Country Both
EX. 5
car parks, factories, fields, farms, woods, libraries,
suburbs, restaurants, tractors, barns, shops, gates, bars, 1.C; 2.E; 3.G; 4.D; 5.B;
pollution, museums, cowsheds, bee hives, railway stations, A, F, H do not fit.
traffic (jams), pigsties, haystacks, schools, churches
supermarkets, sheep-holds, stables,
EX. 9
skyscrapers hen houses, valleys
TEACHER’S NOTES
Town Mouse and the Country Mouse is an old story about
EX. 3 B) a mouse who lives in a town and who invites
A field (an area of land in the country, especially a poor mouse who lives in the country to come and stay
one where crops are grown or animals feed on grass) — with him. The country mouse does not like the town, and
a meadow (a field with wild grass and flowers); when he invites the town mouse to come and stay with
grass (a very common plant with thin leaves that covers him in the country, the town mouse does not like the
the ground in fields and gardens and is often eaten by country. The moral of the story is that a way of life that is
animals) — hay (long grass that has been cut and dried, suitable for one person may not be suitable for another.
often used as food for cattle);
a plant (a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows EX. 10
in earth, especially one that is smaller than a tree) —
a weed (a wild plant growing where it is not wanted that TAPESCRIPT
prevents crops or garden flowers from growing properly); Speaker 1
a wood ((also the woods) a small forest)) — a forest I grew up in the country. In our tiny village we all
(a large area of land that is covered with trees); knew each other, and felt like a close-knit family. We
a trunk (the thick central woody stem of a growing never locked our front door, and used to celebrate all
tree) — a log (a thick piece of wood from a tree); important holidays together. All that created a strong
ground (the surface of the earth) — soil (the top layer of sense of community. I really miss that now. It feels so
the earth in which plants grow); odd living here. Despite all the hustle and bustle, and
a pond (a small area of fresh water that is smaller than vibrant night life, I am lonely. There are more than
a lake, that is either natural or artificially made) — a lake 90 families living in my towering apartment building but
(a large area of water surrounded by land); I hardly know anyone.
downtown (the centre or main business area of a town or Speaker 2
city) — inner city (the areas that are close to the centre of I am surrounded by unspoilt picturesque views, and
a big city, especially where many poorer people live and I love it! Two years ago I suddenly realized that

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I couldn’t cope with the pressure of urban life, or put up EX. 13
with endless traffic jams. I was looking for some peace 1.f; 2.g; 3.a; 4.e; 5.c; 6.d; 7.b.
and quiet, and wanted to quit the rat race and get closer
to nature. Since I started a new life at a slower pace, EX. 14
I have achieved a better work-life balance, and improved 1. roundabout; 2. crossing; 3. underpass; 4. motorway;
my health. No heavy congestion and living off the land 5. ring road; 6. fast lane; 7. pavement.
have done me a lot of good!
Speaker 3 EX. 15
As soon as I left school, I headed for the bright lights of SUGGESTED ANSWERS
the capital, and have never regretted that decision. I was Safety tips for pedestrians Safety tips for drivers
sick and tired of my little town where everyone knew Make yourself visible to drivers: Watch for pedestrians
each other. I prefer the anonymity of a big city. Hearing • Wear bright/ light colored at all times:
clothing and reflective • Scan the road and the
people complain about having to live in a concrete jungle materials. sides of the road ahead for
makes me laugh! I love the feeling of space! I can see for • Carry a flashlight when potential pedestrians.
miles over the rooftops from my window. I live on the walking at night. • Before making a turn,
• Stand clear of buses, parked look in all directions for
outskirts, but long distances are not a problem because cars or other obstacles before pedestrians crossing.
public transport is very reliable. crossing. • Don’t drive distracted or
Speaker 4 after consuming alcohol or
other drugs.
My husband and I used to live in a big city. Two years • Do not use your cell
ago, we moved here because he enjoys a more relaxed phone while driving.
pace of life. He loves the great outdoors, and is keen on • Look carefully behind
your vehicle for
riding his bike on open roads. But it’s not for me! I feel approaching pedestrians
so isolated! Most of all I miss all kinds of facilities. There before backing-up.
• For maximum visibility,
are no cinemas, theatres, or fitness centres. The closest
keep your windshield clean
restaurant is a 30 minutes’ drive from home now. and headlights on.
Avoid dangerous behaviors: Avoid dangerous behaviors:
They live They live Are they • Always walk on the sidewalk; • Never pass/ overtake
in the city in the country happy? if there is no sidewalk, walk a vehicle that is stopped
Speaker 1  x facing traffic. for pedestrians.
Speaker 2   • Don’t assume vehicles will • Obey speed limits and
stop; make eye contact with come to a complete stop
Speaker 3   drivers, don’t just look at the at STOP signs.
Speaker 4  x vehicle. • Use extra caution when
• Don’t rely solely on driving near children
pedestrian signals; look playing along the street or
EX. 11 before you cross the road. older pedestrians who may
• Be alert to engine noise or not see or hear you.
1.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.T; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T. backup lights on cars when
in parking lots and near on-
EX. 12 street parking spaces.
Look before you step: Yield to pedestrians
1. a pavement/ a sidewalk; • Cross streets at marked at crossings:
2. а pedestrian; crosswalks or intersections, • Give way to pedestrians
if possible. in crosswalks, whether
3. a crossing = a zebra crossing;
• Obey traffic signals such marked or unmarked.
4. a kerb/ a curb; as WALK/ DON’T WALK • Give way to pedestrians
5. a crossroads (an intersection); signs. when making right or left
• Look left, right, and left turns at intersections.
6. an underpass; again before crossing a street. • Do not block or park in
7. a hard shoulder; • Watch for turning vehicles; crosswalks.
8. a motorway (a freeway, a highway); make sure the driver sees
you and will stop for you.
9. a crawler lane (a slow lane); • Look across ALL lanes you
10. a fast lane; must cross.
11. a flyover (an overpass); • Don’t wear headphones or
talk on a cell phone while
12. a roundabout (a traffic circle); crossing.
13. a pelican crossing.

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EX. 18
EX. 22
1. a hatchback; 2. a saloon car/ sedan; 3. a convertible;
4. a sports car; 5. an estate car/ station wagon; TAPESCRIPT
6. an off-roader/ jeep/ SUV/ 4×4; 7. a limousine;
8. caravan/ trailer; 9. a van.
Before you even set out, it is
EX. 19 important to ensure that your
bike is roadworthy and safe.
1. a roof rack (it can be attached if necessary); This is especially important
2. headlights; for aging bikes. Wheel your
bike around a flat surface,
3. a wind mirror/ a windshield; pulling the brake levers on
4. a bonnet/ a hood; and off.
5. a wiper;
6. a windscreen/ a windshield;
7. a number plate/ a license plate;
8. a bumper;
9. a wheel; EXTRA
10. a boot/ a trunk;
11. rear lights;
12. an indicator (Br E) = a turn signal sidelights;
13. an exhaust pipe;
14. a sunroof; Wear bright clothing,
15. a rearview mirror; a reflective vest, or have
flashing lights. These all
16. a steering wheel; increase your visibility. You
17. a dashboard; can also add reflector lights
18. a speedometer; or reflective tape to your
backpack if you’re wearing
19. a horn; one.
20. a tyre;
21. sightlights.
Riding a bike in high heels or
flip-flops is never a good idea.
EX. 20 Wear shoes that fit snugly,
1. speedometer; are flat soled, and have no
dangling pieces that could
2. exhaust pipe; become caught in the bike
3. windscreen; structure and spokes. Tuck
4. wheels; in laces.
5. tyre;
6. horn;
Head injuries are the most
7. wiper; common fatal injuries
8. boot. sustained in bike accidents.
Even where wearing a helmet
EX. 21 A) is not legally required, it’s
a good idea to wear one to
1.f; 2.d; 3.h; 4.e; 5.i; 6.b; 7.j; 8.c; 9.k 10.a; 11.g. improve your safety.

EX. 21 B)
Riding against traffic on the
1. a bell; wrong side of the road is
2. a chain; illegal. It increases a cyclist’s
3. a saddle; risk dramatically. Turning
motorists are likely to not
4. a handlebar(s); even look for traffic in the
5. a mudguard; direction from which a wrong-
6. a gear; way cyclist would be coming.
Ride in the direction of
7. a pedal; the traffic.
8. a pump.

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Signal your intentions to 5. it will give you a lot of pleasure — you’re in for a treat
other road users when turning 6. compulsory — mandatory
or adjusting laterally on the
roadway, holding your arm 7. to go backward to reverse
straight and parallel to the 8. the degree of development of a person — stature
ground with open palm or 9. well designed — sophisticated
with a bent elbow. Before
taking your hand off the
handlebar, be sure to scan the EX. 26
road ahead for obstructions
1 Means · the Underground (Br E)/ subway
like stones, potholes, or
anything that can jerk your of transport (Am E)/ the tube (only in London,
wheel. the UK)
· elevated railway (Br E)/ elevated
railroad (Am E)
· a tram/ tramcar (Br E)/ a streetcar
(Am E)
· a double-decker
EXTRA · a river bus
· a school bus
· a cab/ a taxi
· a trolleybus
2 Participants · a passenger
Beware of motorists that pass of traffic · a conductor
you, and then slow down · a fare-dodger/ fare-beater
enough for you to catch up 3 Transport · a fare
and start passing them... on fare · a fare zone
the right. More often than
· a reduced fare ticket/ at a reduced
not, they are slowing in order
price
to turn right... If you are
passing stopped cars on the · a half-fare
right, beware of the possibility · a full fare
of a passenger door suddenly · a family ticket/ fare
opening — especially if it’s a · a subway token/ card/ coin
taxi. Passing on the left, with · a bus fare
more than four feet of passing · a bus pass
space, is much safer, and · off-peak fares
usually faster.
4 Equipment · a turnstile
and facilities · to go through a turnstile
EX. 22 B) · a bus station
· a taxi rank(Br E)/ taxi stand (Am E)
a) check the brakes · a time-table (Br E)/ schedule (Am E)
b) reflective clothes, tape, lights 5 Getting · to go/ travel by tube
c) tuck them in about · to go/ travel by bus
d) wearing a helmet · to take/ catch the tube/ the bus
· to get on/ off the bus
e) in the direction of the traffic · to miss the bus
f) his intentions on the road · to ride a/ the bus
g) on the left · to take a/ the bus
· to wait for a bus
EX. 23 · to take = get a cab/ a taxi
· to get in/ into a car
1.D; 2.A; 3.F; 4.C; 5.G. · to get out of a car
B, E — extras. · to change (at) some place
· “All change!” (= used to tell passengers
EX. 24 to get off a train because it does not go
any further)
1. the best possible example — the epitome
6 Inconvenien- · a(n) (over)crowded/ packed bus
2. a creature that is partly human, partly a machine — ces of getting · the morning/ evening rush hour/
cyborg about town peak hour
3. impressive — wondrous · heavy traffic
· to be stuck in a traffic jam
4. a fountain of emotions — hyperdrive

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EX. 28 happy to leave the rat race and switch to a slower
1) get in; 2) missed; 3) fares; 4) run; 5) getting off; pace of life. Even though she will have to commute,
6) passengers; 7) rides; 8) heavy; 9) got out; she will have a healthy work-life balance. She is sure
10) commuters. that people who live in the suburbs build a strong
sense of community and finds it touching when they
EX. 29 wave to neighbours and even strangers.
1) service; 2) available; 3) destination; 2. Lisa started down the driveway as if heading for
4) commonly; 5) driver; 6) privately; 7) flexible; the main road, but once she was out of sight of
8) congestions; 9) central; 10) dispatcher. the house, she pulled over onto the hard shoulder to
make a phone call. Then she followed the main road
EX. 30 for a while before turning off the fast lane onto
1. petrol station the crawler lane. A few miles further she took an exit
2. motorway to a ring road and a couple of minutes later drove off
3. traffic the motorway/ highway. Ahead there was nothing but
4. roadworks a narrow dirt road lined with oak trees and bushes.
5. bridge; junction; roundabout 3. When shopping for a car, people take a lot of
6. car park different factors into consideration. If you live in
7. bus lanes the country and need something for country roads,
8. traffic lights you will most probably opt for an off-road 4x4 or
9. speed limit a van. A saloon car/ sedan will be more suitable for
10. cyclists town dwellers. If you like to have a bigger boot,
11. one-way a hatchback is something you should consider.
12. pedestrians A luggage rack is a must for people who travel
13. pedestrian crossing by car for business or pleasure. Young people are big
14. bus stop fans of sports cars with sunroofs and convertibles.
A limousine is a kind of car which is rarely bought
for everyday use but usually rented for special
EX. 35 occasions. Retired couples often look for a caravan
SUGGESTED ANSWERS that would allow them to travel with comfort around
1. Kimberly grew up in the country. She spent her their country at their own pace.
childhood on a farm surrounded by fields and 4. A modern city boasts of a wide range of means of
meadows. Her life was calm and peaceful. It seemed public transport. In most cities of the world you usually
a little dull when she was a teenager but it was very have a choice of travelling by bus, by tram,
safe. She went to a college located in a small town by underground/ subway and, of course, by taxi.
which was much more lively with shops, libraries, Another advantage is that there are usually reduced fare
restaurants and even a couple of museums. However, tickets available for city dwellers and even for tourists.
it was neither crowded nor polluted, and Kimberly was Taxis can be quite expensive, but there is a cheaper
really comfortable. She enjoyed the hustle and bustle of and healthier alternative. Most cities in developed
campus life. She got around by bike and found it countries run bicycle rental programmes (or: a bicycle
quite convenient because the traffic was never heavy. sharing system, or a bike share scheme). If you want to
After graduation Kim headed for the lights of a big explore a city by bike, make sure you know the basic
city and got a job at the head office of a large safety traffic rules for cyclists. Do you know which side
company in Chicago. She now lives downtown of the road you should ride on? Riding against the
surrounded by towering skyscrapers instead of barns traffic is extremely dangerous. You should also know
and stables. Traffic jams and overcrowding make her how to signal your intentions to drivers. Besides,
life stressful. Seeing homeless people begging for wearing a helmet and bright clothes is a smart thing to
money and impersonal service in huge shopping malls do. When renting a bike, check that it is safe and
make her miss the peace and quiet of country life. roadworthy. The chain, pedals and gear must be in place
When she gets married she will definitely move to and functioning properly, the saddle and handlebars —
the suburbs and get back closer to nature. She will be adjustable, and the tyres shouldn’t be flat.

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UNIT 8. On the move
EX. 2
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
• Experiencing different cultures/ climates/ landscapes etc.
• Tasting new foods and dishes
• Going sightseeing/ visiting museums/ art galleries/
palaces etc.
• Looking for new business opportunities
• Satisfying your curiosity
• Making new friends
• Improving your social skills
• Growing as a person/ increasing self-confidence and
trust
• Becoming a more interesting person
• Learning how to survive in extreme conditions/
to become streetwise
• Learning how to deal with boredom/ loneliness
• Learning to adapt and improvise
• Developing a sense of freedom
• Getting away from your troubles
EX. 3
1. a trip; 2. a journey; Am E = trip; 3. a voyage;
4. a tour; 5. a flight; 6. a ride; 7. a drive;
8. an expedition; 9. a trek; 10. an outing;
11. an excursion; 12. a crossing.
EX. 5
1. voyage; 2. excursions/ trips; 3. crossings; 4. ride; trip;
5. drive/ ride; 6. tour; tour; 7. flight; 8. trek; 9. outing;
10. expedition; trip; 11. journey; 12. drive.
EX. 6
1.F; 2.F; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T; 9.T.
TAPESCRIPT
How to have a Real Adventure
Take a train or get on a bike to experience the thrill
of travel as it used to be.
Kevin Sanders holds two Guinness world records. One
is for the fastest journey round the globe by motorcycle,
the other for the fastest ride from Alaska to the tip of
Argentina. It was a journey of 20,000 miles and
14 countries, which he completed in 34 days in 2003.
Now he is doing that trip again but this time they are
giving themselves five months.
Kevin Sanders and his 13-strong team left Anchorage
at the beginning of August. First, they went north
to the top of Alaska where they all joined the polar
bear club — a naked swim in the Arctic Ocean. They’ll
finish in Argentina in mid-December, so everyone flies
home in time for Christmas. Sanders believes that the
bike is the best way to travel overland. He says, “It
gives you freedom and independence. You never have
to think about when the next bus is coming. You live
the journey when you’re on the bike; you experience
the hot, the cold, the damp, the dust. When you’re in
a bus or a car it can just be like watching everything
on TV.”
Simon Lynch from the UK absolutely agrees with
Kevin Sanders and adds that everyone travels
everywhere by plane nowadays. But journeys on
the Trans-Siberian Express are how people used
to travel, and it’s romantic.
That was what attracted Simon Lynch who needed no
mechanical expertise for his journey across Siberia.
One of the world’s most famous train journeys,
the Trans-Siberian Express takes seven days to travel
from Moscow to Beijing: first through the plains east
of the Russian capital; then into the Ural Mountains
that separate Europe and Asia; through the rolling
tundra of Siberia; around Lake Baikal, the world’s
biggest lake, into the grasslands of Mongolia; and,
on the final day, beside the Great Wall of China all
the way into Beijing.
He was in a four-person berth, travelling alone, so he
met new people all the time, from the Russians at
the start of the journey to the Asians at the end of it.
It was really interesting to see how things change from
region to region, be it food, architecture or people.
The essence of overland travel is that you really get
to see a country. So many people only see whatever’s
between the airport and the hostel. There are far too
many backpackers spending all their money on booze
and clubbing and not seeing anything of the country
they’re in. And of course, the more you travel between
places overland, the more you contribute to the local
economy and interact with the community.
EX. 7
1 — a return ticket = a round-trip ticket
2 — а season ticket;
3 — a commuter train = a local train;
4 — bedding;
5 — a through train;
6 — а guard = an attendant;
7 — to change trains;
8 — a sleeping car;
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
9 — a lounge car; EX. 16
10 — a dining car;
11 — an upper (lower) berth; TAPESCRIPT
12 — а carriage; What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Cruises?
13 — а compartment; When it comes to vacation, travelers are faced with many
14 — a rail card; different and equally exciting options. One option is to
15 — a booking office = a ticket office. plan a trip on a cruise ship. As with any type of travel,
there are many advantages as well as disadvantages
EX. 8 associated with taking a cruise.
1. ticket office; 2. platform; 3. ticket inspector; One advantage of taking a cruise is that most of them
4. wrong; 5. change; 6. wheeled suitcases; 7. carry-ons; are all-inclusive packages. This includes a person’s cruise
8. check-in; 9. departure lounge; 10. gate; 11. board; fare, lodging, food and some onboard entertainment and
12. aisle; 13. runway; 14. overhead locker; 15. hand sightseeing. Instead of having to book plane tickets, call
luggage. a hotel and then having to pay for food and
entertainment separately, cruises offer it all.
EX. 9 Another advantage for cruise-goers is having a stress free
1.F, 2.F; 3.T; 4.T; 5.F; 6. not given; 7.T; 8.F. vacation. Compared to a road trip or flying, those on
a cruise can sit back and enjoy the time it takes to get
EX. 11 to their destination. Half the fun of the cruise is the ship
1.f; 2.h; 3.e; 4.i; 5.a; 6.b; 7.d; 8.c; 9.g. itself. The ships, which are usually state of the art, are
part of the destination. Those aboard a cruise do not
EX. 12 have to worry because they are not in charge; they have
1. a breathtaking speed; a captain and crew to take care of them.
2. to sit back on the train; One of the best features of cruises for parents is
3. to flick through a Saturday newspaper; the unbelievable benefits and services they can receive
4. a once-shabby railway; for their children. Children of a certain age are charged
5. increasing overall speed and efficiency; less since they eat less and will be doing fewer activities
6. substantial fare increases; on the ship. In most cases, child care is available aboard
7. a snail’s-pace crawl; ships. This gives parents the ability to enjoy themselves
8. a pricey domestic train ticket system; while their children are engaged in fun onboard
9. my first call; activities, under the watchful eye of staff paid to play
10. a lamp-lit cab ride; and cater to children.
11. a tight schedule; One significant advantage of a cruise is the plentiful
12. a London-bound departure. options for what type of cruise a traveller desires to take.
There are cruise packages for everyone. If a person wants
EX. 14 A) activities for the kids and the adults, there are cruise lines
1) a ferry; 2) a hovercraft; 3) an icebreaker; 4) a yacht; that cater specifically to that sector. If a person would
5) a barge; 6) a lifeboat; 7) a houseboat; 8) an oil tanker; rather have an adult-only vacation, there are cruise
9) a cargo boat; 10) submarine; 11) a raft; 12) a liner; options for that too. The list, it seems, is endless.
13) a rowing boat. Despite the many advantages of cruises, there are also
several disadvantages. Although a cruise is all-inclusive,
EX. 14 B) there are several things the traveller will have to pay
1. a cargo boat; 2. a ferry; 3. a liner; 4. a submarine; for out of pocket. When a ship reaches a destination,
5. an oil tanker; 6. an icebreaker; 7. a hovercraft; travellers will have to pay extra if they want to do
8. a raft; 9. a houseboat; 10. a barge; 11. a yacht; any sightseeing, snorkeling, horseback riding or scuba
12. a rowing boat; 13. a lifeboat. diving.
It may seem funny but one downside to a cruise is the
EX. 15 possibility of becoming sea sick. Although this is usually
1.d; 2.b; 3.a ; 4.d; 5.c; 6.c; 7.a; 8.b; 9.d; 10.c; 11.a; an oversight, it is important to mention this because it
12.b; 13.c. can greatly affect one’s trip.

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When travelling, we all hope for wonderful weather, • promises reasonable prices ___C___(Carribean
but the reality is that Mother Nature does not always Seasonal Cruises)
cooperate. This is especially true on a cruise. If the • ensures high quality medical service ___B___ (Cunard
weather is bad, the trip across the sea can be bumpy; and Silversea cruises)
this brings sea sickness to mind again. Besides, there • is proud of its navigational equipment ___C___
are usually outdoor areas such as pools, waterslides, (Carribean Seasonal Cruises)
running tracks and other activities on a cruise ship. • is suitable for people of all ages ___A___ (Disney
If the weather is bad, travelers will not be able to enjoy Cruises)
these recreational activities, which can be frustrating • provides service in unfavourable weather conditions
since they are part of the package. The weather can also ___C___(Carribean Seasonal Cruises)
hinder activities planned onshore. • offers enjoyable intellectually challenging events
Another disadvantage of a cruise is price changes during ___B___(Cunard and Silversea cruises)
holidays. Most prices rise during the holiday season and • offers a choice of various vessels ___A___(Disney
cruise lines are no exception. Cruises)
When planning a vacation, it is crucial to look at both
the pros and cons in order to choose the best vacation. EX. 20
Cruises are a great way to see different parts of the 1) to catch her plane 10) the duty-free shop
world, with little planning and many adventures. 2) the check-in counter 11) the departure lounge
3) an excess baggage charge 12) to board her plane
EX. 17 4) a boarding pass 13) the in-flight safety
SUGGESTED ANSWERS 5) a window seat 14) on the runway
6) to be loaded into the hold 15) flying weather
Advantages: 7) the newsstand 16) the turbulence
8) the security check 17) the luggage claim
1) amazing pricing; most cruise lines are all-inclusive
9) carry-on luggage 18) jet lag
packages;
2) stress free vacation; those aboard a cruise do not have
EX. 21
to worry, they have a captain and crew to take care
of them; At the Check-in counter
3) benefits and services the parents can receive for their Do you have your booking reference?
children; Did you pack your bags yourself?
4) the plentiful options for what type of cruise a traveler There’s an excess baggage charge of £30.
desires to take. Would you like a window or an aisle seat?

At the Security Check point

Disadvantages:
1) travelers will have to pay extra if they want to do any
sightseeing;
2) the possibility of becoming sea sick;
3) Mother Nature (weather) does not always cooperate;
4) the price changes during holidays.
EX. 18
• caters especially for elderly travelers ___B___
(Cunard and Silversea cruises)
• provides spas, sports clubs and salons ___A___
(Disney Cruises)
• can change itineraries if necessary ___C___
(Carribean Seasonal Cruises)
• boasts high quality of performances ___A___ (Disney
Cruises)
Could you take off your coat, please?
Could you put any metallic objects into the tray, please?
Please take your laptop out of its case.
I’m afraid you can’t take that through
In the departure lounge
Last call for passenger Smith travelling to Miami, please
proceed immediately to Gate number 32.
Flight 5678 to Rome has been cancelled due
to the weather condition.
We’d like to apologise for the delay of Flight 3056 to
Edinburgh.
Could I see your passport and boarding card, please?
On the plane
Could you please put that in the overhead locker?

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Please pay attention to this short safety demonstration.
Please turn off all mobile phones and electronic
devices.
Please fasten your seatbelt and return your seat to
the upright position.
EX. 23
1. an overhead locker is inside a plane, while all
the other words denote things outside the plane;
2. a porter — someone whose job is to carry people’s
bags at railway stations, airports etc.
3. a crossing— all the words are connected with
travelling by water but only this one can denote
a journey itself across the sea, a lake, or a river, all
the rest name things which you can see aboard
the ship;
4. a ticket inspector — works on a train, all the others
are connected with travelling by other means of
transportation;
5. a trek — an overland journey, the others are
connected with travelling by water;
6. a boarding pass is not a ticket, it shows that you have
checked in for the flight;
7. a runway is outside the airport, the others are
inside;
8. а platform can only be found at a railway station,
the others — at the airport;
9. a cabin can only be found onboard a ship, or as a part
of an airplane.
EX. 26
1. an encounter; 2. frugal; 3. hideous; 4. a gate hold;
5. frazzled-looking; 6. grossly undermanned;
7. ticket counters; 8. a skycap; 9. coach fares;
10. to charter a jet; 11. the carry-ons;
12. (an) adjacent concourse; 13. to come to grips with.
EX. 27 A)
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
• O’Hare was overheated because it was a very hot day
in July
• O’Hare was overcrowded
• the ticket counters were grossly undermanned —
there were not enough staff to sell tickets to
the passengers
• the passengers who had to stand in unending lines
were nervous and even furious
• there was a danger that bad weather would create
gate holds, delays, and more cancellations across the
United States
294
• the staff had difficulty in keeping the intricate airport
machine balanced, oiled, and running was a daily
battle. Any mistake could cause a cascade of delayed
and canceled flights
• Meridian Airlines tried to save money by employing as
few customer-service agent as possible and it did not
help the situation
• Some of the staff were demotivated (He hated the
customers. He hated Meridian. And he hated his job.)
EX. 29 A)
1. carelessness shown by your staff
2. book a ticket for
3. was delivered a ticket
4. a week in advance
5. getting a waitlisted ticket
6. arrange for a confirmed ticket
7. an immediate response
8. confirm my travel plan
9. suffer inconvenience
EX. 31
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. We nearly missed our train. When we reached
the platform, the attendants were asking everybody but
the passengers to leave the train. Luckily, our carriage
was not far away, and we managed to board the train
just on time. The sleeping car was crowded, but our
compartment was free of other passengers, so we put
our things under the lower berth and could finally
stretch our tired legs.
2. Edinburgh was certainly on our must-see list, so we
decided to go there, though there was no through
train from our town, and we had to change trains
twice. However, the northern capital was worth seeing
and we have no regrets.
3. A lot of local commuters had to change from trains to
cheap no-frills flights when the railway fares increased.
Railway companies tried to explain that new trains
and modernized tracks led to higher speed and more
efficiency but the price was still enormous even with
season tickets or rail passes.
4. My granny told me that some forty years ago a trip
by train was a real adventure. It could take several days.
While travelling by train, you could lie on the upper
berth and enjoy the country scenery. You could make
new friends with your travel companions/ fellow tavellers,
have a snack in your compartment or go and have
a meal in the dining car. Nowadays not only trains but
passengers are quite different/ both the trains and
 Tapescripts and answer key section
the passengers have changed. After the guides have EX. 3
collected tickets and brought the bedding, many of the SUGGESTED ANSWERS
passengers spend their time with their laptops and
telephones and do not speak to each other. Category Type of Holiday
5. Traveling by air can sometimes be quite stressful. 1 romantic a honeymoon holiday; a cruise
By making just a few sensible preparations before you 2 adventure a climbing holiday;
board a plane, you can feel less stressed and more a cycling holiday;
a horse-back riding holiday;
comfortable. Check the airline website for rules and
a rowing and canoeing holiday
regulations about checked and carry-on luggage and
3 expensive a luxury holiday;
weigh your bags before you travel. If you purchase a honeymoon holiday;
your ticket online, you can print out your boarding a cruise
pass beforehand and it will help you skip the line/ 4 cheap a hitch-hiking holiday;
avoid queuing. Also, if you prefer a specific seat on a backpacking holiday;
a camping holiday;
a plane — a window seat or an aisle seat, make sure a hiking holiday;
you book your flight early. Pack all the necessities in a trekking holiday;
your carry-on — don’t forget your personal and travel a self-catering holiday;
documents and a small travel kit in case your luggage a freebie holiday
is lost or delayed. In this case you will have to go to 5 convenient a package holiday;
an all-inclusive holiday;
the luggage claim department. If you are travelling a fly-drive holiday
overseas on a night flight, sleep! Having jet lag is no 6 relaxing a beach holiday;
fun. a cruise;
6. Last summer we took a cruise to Alaska, it was so an all-inclusive holiday;
much fun! Choosing the cruise, we decided to have a fishing holiday;
7 educational a sightseeing holiday
an all-inclusive package and a stress-free vacation.
We reserved a cabin with a balcony on the upper
deck. It was a bit more expensive but well worth EX. 4
the extra money. All the members of the crew were SUGGESTED ANSWERS
friendly and professional. When we embarked, the 1. a package holiday = a hotel; a resort; a villa/
captain told us about all the safety regulations, a chalet, a ship cabin
including how to use the lifejackets and shared some 2. a camping holiday = a tent, a caravan
tips on how to handle seasickness if that should 3. a cruise = a ship cabin
happen. During our voyage we admired all the 4. a skiing holiday = a ski lodge; a hotel, a resort,
gorgeous views and the beauty of the coastline. a youth hostel, a guesthouse, a chalet
We saw whales, magnificent sunsets, lighthouses and 5. a safari = a tent, a hotel, a resort
the dark blue water all around. The entertainments 6. a trekking holiday = a tent, a hotel, a youth hostel,
included night clubs, bars, discos and a casino. a guesthouse
The cruise was an unforgettable experience! 7. a sailing holiday = a boat cabin
8. a sightseeing holiday = a hotel, a youth hostel,
a guesthouse

UNIT 9. Destination: holiday EX. 5

1. a fly-drive holiday; 2. an adventure holiday;
3. a sightseeing holiday; 4. an all-inclusive holiday;
EX. 2 5. a camping holiday.
1. trekking/ backpacking/ hiking;
2. freebie; EX. 6
3. package/ fly-drive; 1. to go on holiday/ to have a holiday/ to spend
4. fly-drive; a holiday
5. hiking; 2. need a holiday
6. hitch-hiking. 3. to book a holiday/ to reserve a holiday

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4. to cancel a holiday and other commitments getting in the way. Holidays
5. returned/ came back home from a holiday are about going to a place to relax without hassles —
6. setting off on holiday/ going on holiday if the children have a good time on holiday, then
7. are entitled to holidays I can too. I believe you should see your own country
8. offered holidays first before exploring others. Overseas travel seems
9. enjoyed a holiday/ had a holiday/ spent a holiday too much hassle. Although I’d appreciate a bit of
10. deserve a holiday luxury, self-contained accommodation offers the best
11. haven’t had/ haven’t taken a holiday value for us.
12. to go on holiday 3. When I travel I like to truly experience the place.
Holiday and adventure go hand in hand for me.
EX. 8 I’m comfortable about taking some risks when
SUGGESTED ANSWERS I travel. It’s important for me to have plenty of
physical activity when I’m on holidays. I’m definitely
The things the writer does/ What/ how she feels not interested in packaged holidays — I prefer to
has done to plan for a trip
find my own accommodation and make my own
1. researches places, dates, She’s obsessed with this. It gets arrangements. I’m OK with travelling on my own.
airfares her excited; feels like a super
spy, an extremely efficient travel I don’t mind a bit of discomfort. Staying in luxury
2. checks reviews on agent. hotels can obscure the real experience of the place.
TripAdvisor I prefer to mix with the locals, immerse myself in the
3. discovers a way to beat She’s addicted to it. local flavour.
the system and get
a price much lower than 4. Holidays are a time to explore and discover new
everything else things. I’m not interested in just relaxing on my
4. has booked tickets and She’s sad. holidays — I’d rather have interesting things to see
made hotel reservations and do. I love historical places, old authentic villages
5. has planned out her She’s calm uneasily.
days, activities and culture capitals. I don’t mind being active on
6. has made a packing She feels a bit lost and adrift. holidays, but I’m not looking for excessive physical
list, highlighted her activity or extreme adventure. I enjoy staying in
guidebook, downloaded a small B&B or a self-catered cottage in a scenic
some apps
7. has done everything that She gets antsy. place, where Ican explore the region at my own
can be done ahead pace.
5. I like to have fun with other people when I’m on
holiday — I enjoy the social atmosphere. It’s great
EX. 10 A) to holiday with friends, enjoying things together,
1.e; 2.h; 3.b; 4.f; 5.g; 6.i; 7.d; 8.c; 9.a. sharing experiences. I’m not interested in holidaying
by myself. I like to be physically active. I enjoy
EX. 11 excitement and adventure on my holidays. I don’t like
Speaker 1 G Speaker 4 F to be bored or go places where there is not enough to
Speaker 2 B Speaker 5 E do. I rarely stay in luxury hotels, especially as they are
Speaker 3 D A & C are not needed so expensive. Budget is an important factor. But when
I do have the money, I prefer to travel overseas — it
TAPESCRIPT seems more interesting than holidaying in your own
1. I like luxury and a bit of pampering on holiday. country.
I’m not interested in saving money when I’m on
holidays, or being less comfortable than I am at EX. 13
home. Good quality is so much nicer. I like to de- SUGGESTED ANSWERS
stress, relax and recharge. I prefer overseas holidays. doesn’t require a lot of money and is beneficial
I’m not into family-holiday-type places. I prefer to go to people’s health, helps to forget about stress,
places where there are no children around. recreational facilities in the open air, visiting local
2. I holiday with my children. Holidays are the time attractions, a chance to get acquainted with life in
when we can be a family again without work, school the country and folk customs.

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EX. 14 A) TAPESCRIPT

1. pristine; 2. purports; 3. foster; 4. intervention; Hostels Grow Up

5. destinations; 6. environment; 7. conservation. Almost three decades after the fact, I can still recall with
frightening clarity my first time at a youth hostel with no
EX. 14 B) heat, stone floors and old mattresses. I vowed never
1. untamed; 2. underestimated; 3. needed; 4. protected; to stay in a hostel again.
5. required; 6. guided; 7. trained. Yet having heard that the hostel scene had changed
significantly over the years, I decided to try again —
EX. 16 B) only this time I had my teenage daughters in tow. They
1.E; 2. C; 3.B; 4.F; 5.D; 6.G; 7.A. have never stayed in anything but a full-service hotel,
and usually one with a minibar, room service and
EX. 18 a power shower. And so it was with great anxiety that
1) spare room 7) safety I was approaching the London Central Youth Hostel
2) daily life 8) the keys to their house on a Friday evening in mid-March.
3) a general couch request 9) hostel Moments later we were standing in front of a stylish,
4) potential hosts 10) without judgment modern building with gleaming plate-glass windows.
5) around your local area 11) to cook for them I was certain I had the wrong address. Where was
6) on a night out the peeling paint? Why wasn’t laundry hanging from
the windows?
EX. 20
Instead, as we walked through the sliding glass doors
1. a B&B; a motel;
into the entrance hall, I admired the floor-to-ceiling
2. a self-catering apartment; a youth hostel; a motel;
illuminated map of the London Tube system, as well as
3. a B&B; a hotel;
a good-looking 40-something man with a briefcase
4. a hotel;
getting off the elevator. Already, things seemed different.
5. a campsite;
The girls quickly disappeared into what in my day would
6. a holiday camp;
have been called the common room.
7. a youth hostel;
I braced myself and followed behind only to be shocked
8. an en-suite bathroom;
by the scene before me. The room could have been a
9. a motel;
10. a twin room; model set for the Ikea catalog with brightly colored sofas
11. single room; and chairs arranged around sparkling white laminated
12. a double room. tables.
One wall was decorated with enlarged photos of London
EX. 22 landmarks. Flanking the wall was a blackboard with
1.C; 2.E; 3.A; 4.B. information on the latest museum exhibitions, food and
D and F are extras. clothing markets, and shows. Mounted to the ceiling
were several flat-screen televisions, including one
EX. 24 showing a slide show of people partying in the hostel
1. The author’s first experience in staying in the hostel where we stood; Florence was mesmerized.
was so bad that she promised never to use it again. At one end of the room was a well-stocked bar. In my
2. The author’s children used to stay only at full-service day, most hostels had strict no-alcohol policies. Opposite
hotels. was a line of computers, where Harriet was already
3. The London Central Youth Hostel was situated in logged on. Two older women with trendy haircuts and
a modern building with shining windows. rectangular-framed glasses were enjoying their drinks at
4. In the entrance hall one could see a map of the London one table, and at another sat a family playing cards.
Metro system. Florence loved the place, ready to check out our room
5. There was free computer access in the common room. upstairs. I peeped over Harriet’s shoulder and saw her
6. When hostels appeared they were intended mainly for update her Facebook status. It read, “Harriet is hanging
people with low incomes to travel round British villages. out in a cool London hostel.”
7. Hostels are popular for their friendly atmosphere. Though hostels are so popular in cities now, they
8. The reception desk is manned round the clock. appeared 100 years ago to encourage people to leave

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the cities and explore the countryside. Since then,
hostelling has been an accepted form of travel throughout
Europe for all age groups.
So what is the difference between a hostel and a budget
hotel? A hostel is about community spirit, the entire
atmosphere here is one in which it is easy to get
to know other people. It is not uncommon for guests
to make friends and go off and do things together.
Besides, hostels are particularly safe, with doors locked
after a certain hour at night and staff members at
the reception desk 24 hours.
Hostel staff members help guests rent bikes, recommend
off-the-beaten-path tours of the city, and arrange
discounted theatre tickets.
I vowed never to stay in a hotel again.
EX. 28
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. Planning a honeymoon holiday is a very important task
for you as a married couple if you want to enjoy your
romantic escape and admire beautiful places together.
There are certain things to consider while planning your
trip. Decide on the budget and choose your option from
a luxury hotel with spa facilities and gourmet cuisine to
a more modest but cosy bed-and-breakfast place with
an intimate atmosphere and a unique opportunity to
attend an interesting local festival. Or instead, you may
prefer an adventure holiday in the mountains to have
a memorable hiking experience in extreme conditions.
Any way you’ll have your honeymoon, you will explore
and discover a lot of new things travelling together and
can de-stress, relax and recharge.
2. When I go on holiday, I prefer to reserve an all-
inclusive package deal. I like luxury hotels and
everything well-planned beforehand by my travel
agent. Comfort and convenience are my priorities
when I holiday. I try to stay away from self-catering
places, as I have enough cooking at home. Motels or
hostels that are more affordable options for travelling
are not for me either. I prefer to relax and enjoy life
to its fullest.
3. finding accommodation can be one of the most
frustrating aspects of planning your travels. There
are two ways to solve the accommodation problem:
booking in advance or finding a place on the day.
Booking in advance can be done in a number of ways:
over the internet, through a travel agent or over the
telephone. You should decide what accommodation
option you can afford: if you travel on a shoestring
budget, motels, youth hostels or bed-and-breakfast
298
places can be a good choice. You might have to
change or cancel a reservation if your plane/ train/
bus is delayed or cancelled and you therefore arrive
a day later.
4. If you love camping, you will have to carry your
roof and your bedding in your backpack or your car.
It gives you independence when you’re travelling
off the beaten track, and there are a lot of sites
for camping holidays. When hiking, there will often
be set campsites a day’s walk apart, and often you
are forbidden to camp between them. Campsites
usually have all necessary facilities for travellers:
showers and toilets, fire pits, special places to set
up a tent and picnic tables. And of course, you will
have all the breathtaking beauty of the surrounding
regions!
UNIT 10. Health is the Greatest Wealth
EX. 2
1. sick; 2. ill; 3. sick; 4. sick/ ill; sick; 5. unwell/ sick/ ill;
6. ill/ sick; 7. sick; 8. unwell/ sick; 9. ill; 10. ill/ sick.
EX. 3
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. Elizabeth spent months looking after her mom who
was terminally ill with cancer.
2. Old uncle Henry was suddenly taken ill/ suddenly got
ill and died two weeks later.
3. Miss Hedges is off (work) sick today, so Mr Keller
will substitute for her.
4. Linda’s dad is seriously ill. He’s been in St. Luke’s
Hospital for over a month.
5. I felt very unwell for 24 hours, and Michael had to
take care of all the chores and the kids on his own.
6. I phoned in sick to let my boss know I wouldn’t be
coming in.
7. It’s not good at all to eat and drink cool things when
you get sick because it may cause further problems
like a cold and a sore throat.
8. The sick and wounded were evacuated from the war
zone.
9. Every time I think about exams it makes me literally
sick.
10. I took the day off sick yesterday because I wasn’t
feeling well.
EX. 4
1.d; 2.a; 3.b; 4.f; 5.e; 6.c.
 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 5
1. nasty bug; 2. childhood illnesses/ diseases;
3. inflammatory brain diseases; 4. infectious diseases/
illnesses; 5. minor illnesses; 6. severe infection;
7. terminal illness/ incurable disease; 8. clinical
symptoms; 9. serious illness; 10. skin complaints.
EX. 6
1. to recover from a disease/ a symptom/ an illness/
chicken pox
2. to become a chronic carrier of a virus/ an infection/
an illness/ the flu
3. to be off school with an eating disorder/
a chest complaint/ a clinical symptom/ a nasty bug
4. to pick up a deadly virus/ the stomach flu/
a complaint/ an infection
5. to get vaccinated against a physical symptom/
an infectious disease/ the flu bug
6. to catch a cold/ an eye infection/ an allergy/
the stomach flu
7. to go down with a cold/ a food poisoning/
a running nose/ malaria
8. to suffer from a common complaint/ a disease/
a mental disorder/ an illness
EX. 7 A)
1.e; 2.f; 3.a; 4.g; 5.c; 6.b; 7.d.
EX. 7 B)
1. How to prevent the flu.
2. Medications and vitamins to fight the flu.
3. Bed rest is the best remedy.
4. How to avoid dehydration.
5. The importance of hygiene.
6. How to handle a fever.
TAPESCRIPT
How to Get Rid of the flu
Every year, as autumn rolls around and the
temperature drops, people’s immune systems get run
down, and flu season starts once again. The flu is
nasty, but it usually runs its course in 7 to 10 days and
doesn’t need serious intervention. The following tips
will help you get over that flu bug faster, so you can
get on with your life.
1. You have to understand that the single and best way
not to go down with the flu is to get the vaccine.
Preferably, do this a few weeks before the season
starts. The vaccine takes a good two weeks to fully
kick in and leaves you susceptible to the flu during
that two week period.
There are two kinds of vaccinations. There is the flu
shot, and a nasal spray.
2. Take any antiviral medication your doctor prescribes.
Several antiviral over-the-counter medications are also
available, but please use them as directed. Overdosing
with them will not make them work faster!
• If you’re on a prescription, always make sure
to finish it, even if you don’t feel sick anymore.
If you don’t completely destroy the infection, it will
likely come back, except this time, resistant to
the medicine.
• Antiviral influenza drugs work to:
• Reduce the severity and duration of the illness.
• Control outbreaks in close quarters or to other
members of your family.
• Reduce complications from the flu.
Take vitamin C. Vitamin C is the most important
vitamin when it comes to your immune system.
It can be found in a variety of doses, but most
people get plenty with one 500 mg tablet once or
twice per day.
3. Get plenty of sleep. Remember that the first and best
way to fight off the flu is to get more sleep than you
think you need. At night, when your body doesn’t
have to serve your needs, it serves its own much more
effectively, fighting off the virus with its immune
system.
4. Drink plenty of fluids. This is another obvious one,
but fluids help your body do what it has to do. Water
is the best liquid for keeping yourself hydrated, but
if you grow tired of it, orange juice, green tea, or
sports drinks also work. Orange juice will supplement
your vitamin C intake; green tea will boost your
antioxidants; and sports drinks can help restore your
electrolytic balance.
5. Stay clean as much as you can. Maybe you’re blowing
your nose, and so the flu virus gets onto your hands.
Those hands then touch your face, body, doorknob,
etc. Take care to be as clean as possible while you
have
the flu; it will help you fight the illness as well as
reduce the risk of it spreading. Take a warm shower
every few hours and wash your hands as often as
possible or apply antiseptic gel.
6. Let the fever run its course. Remember: fevers are
your friends. They are one of your body’s natural
defenses against illness. The fever helps to kill
the invading virus. If you have a fever:
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Keep yourself warm. Fevers tend to make us always 13. a serious injury; 14. symptoms of a disease/ an illness;
feel colder than usual. Grab a light blanket if you start 15. a swelling.
to shiver.
Never break a fever unless it reaches a point so high EX. 14 B)
that it threatens the rest of your body. If your fever 1. on some flimsy pretext; 2. fuss over; 3. a hangover;
ever reaches 38.5 C or more, it’s time for action. 4. be a bother; 5. the pain was overwhelming him;
Remember that if all goes well, the virus will be gone 6. soothing potions; 7. migraine; moans and groans/
in a matter of days. There is no ‘instant cure’ for the carefully produced and well-timed groans and grimaces;
flu. All you can do is wait it out. However, know that 8. get the hang of.
you’re contagious 1 day before you get sick, and up to
a week after. EX. 15 A)
Your case should be over in around a week, but it can SUGGESTED ANSWERS
last up to 2 weeks. If it lasts any longer, see your doctor. 1.e; 2.a; 3.b; 4.g; 5.d; 6.k/ m; 7.g; 8.c; 9.l; 10.h; 11.k/ m;
12.a; 13.l; 14.i; 15.d; 16.c; 17.k/ m; 18.d; 19.b; 20.j.
EX. 8
1. a bump; 2. a graze; 3. an itch; 4. a swelling; EX. 15 B)
5. a bruise; 6. a boil; 7. a sprain; 8. a cut; 9. a scratch; • Formal:
10. burn; 11. a rash. Complaints — 4; 5; 6; 7; 9; 10; 11; 15.
Responses — a; b; c; d; e; f; g.
EX. 9
1. activated charcoal • Informal:
2. disposable gloves Complaints — 1; 2; 3; 8; 12; 13; 14.
3. a finger splint Responses — h; i; j; m.
4. cotton tipped applicators
5. antiseptic ointment EX. 17
6. a cold pack/ an ice pack 1. improves; 2. decreases; 3. heart rate; 4. burn calories;
7. sting relief cream 5. a funny film/ program/ video; 6. to stay healthy;
8. adhesive tape 7. cancer; 8. healthy things.
9. bandages
10. painkiller tablets/ pills TAPESCRIPT
11. scissors and tweezers A chuckle a day keeps the doctor away
12. gauze pads There are several beneficial effects attributed to humor
13. eye wash/ bath and laughter, including improved immune function,
14. plasters (Br E) = band-aids (Am E) increased pain tolerance, and decreased stress response.
15. a burn cream pack Humor therapy, laughter therapy, laughter meditation,
16. hand cleaner= hand sanitizer and laughter clubs all have unique implications as group
17. a face shield programs and as self-management techniques.
18. trauma dressing Humor therapy could one day be a part of preventative
care. A good giggle can help you to scorch calories,
EX. 10 as laughing for 10 to 15 minutes increases your heart rate
1. a sprain; 2. a cut; 3. scratches; 4. a boil; 5. a swelling; by 10% to 20%, which means you can burn an extra
6. a bump; 7 a rash; 8 an itch. 10 to 40 calories a day. Over a year, that can add up to
a four-pound weight loss.
EX. 11 It can also help you to ease pain. In a study funded
1. a contagious/ infectious disease/ illness; 2. a deep cut; by Rx Laughter, a group that promotes research on
3. to pick up a virus/ bug; 4. to sprain one’s ankle; the connection between humor and health, experts
5. an incurable disease; 6. to get vaccinated; discovered that children tolerated pain better than usual
7. childhood illnesses; 8. а stomach bug/ flu; when watching a funny program or video.
9. а common cold; 10. а stomach disorder; Humor, in general, can help you to stay healthy, because it
11. a heart disorder; 12. skin complaints/ a rash; increases the production and effectiveness of natural killer

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cells that stomp out germs. These cells are elevated for at a lot of hot drinks with lemon. Keep yourself hydrated.
least 12 hours after just an hour of watching comedians. Besides, Vitamin C will help you support/ boost your
Humor has been shown to boost brain-power and immune system and fight the virus.
improve immune-cell function, which can help ward — Thank you for your advice and care. I think I will
off cancer. Not only that, but a positive attitude means definitely call in sick tomorrow.
you’re more likely to do healthy things like walk, eat 7. Almost everyone will need to use a first aid kit at
fresh vegetables and avoid saturated fats — three choices some time. Home first aid kits are usually used for
that substantially help the chance of survival after a heart treating minor injuries such as burns, cuts, grazes,
attack, stroke or cancer. So instead of feeling blue, take stings, sprains, and strains. First aid kits should
charge of your life. As the saying goes, ‘LAUGHTER IS contain items to help alleviate the common symptoms
THE SOUL’S MEDICINE!’ of viral respiratory infections including fever, running
nose, cough, sore throat; mild pain, gastrointestinal
EX. 18 problems, skin problems, and allergies. Make sure you
1.C; 2.B; 3.F; 4.I; 5.J; 6.H; 7.A; 8.E. know how to properly use all of the items in your kit,
D and G are not necessary. especially the medications. Check the kit twice a year
and replace expired drugs.
EX. 20
1. Doctors claim that this new vaccine protects against UNIT 11. Medicines cure diseases,
Hepatitis B, which is a highly infectious virus. That
is why it is necessary to get all pre-school children
doctors cure patients
vaccinated.
2. The child has got a high temperature (a fever), a runny EX. 2 B)
nose and a sore throat. — If I were you, I would call 1) insurance form;
the doctor. — What for? It’s most likely a common 2) medical condition;
cold. — Better safe than sorry. 3) examination rooms;
3. Dan got badly injured during the last game. I was 4) vital signs;
hoping that it was merely a sprain, but it turned out 5) blood pressure;
that he had broken his left arm. The doctor says the 6) bacterial infection;
boy will be in plaster for 3 weeks. 7) side effects;
4. You don’t look very well. (You look poorly.) Is 8) reception area.
anything the matter? (Has anything happened?) —
I’ve got a splitting headache. — I hope it’s not a EX. 3 A)
migraine. — No, I don’t think so. I’m afraid I’m 1) страждати від безсоння;
working too much at the moment and I’m not 2) нервовий зрив;
sleeping very well. — Well, then your head tells you 3) мікоз (грибкова інфекція);
that it is time you slowed down. 4) свербіж;
5. Just look at Mark! He is the picture of health! — Yes, 5) хворе горло;
he can be a model for everyone who understands that 6) полегшити симптоми;
health is the greatest wealth for every person. And I 7) льодяники від кашлю (мікстура від кашлю);
feel really rough. I have a scratchy throat and a nasty 8) гострий біль;
cough. I’m afraid I’m coming down with a cold. — 9) милиці;
They say there’s a bug going around now. Why don’t 10) полегшити біль;
you go home and have a lie-down? 11) тупий біль;
6. — Hey, what’s the matter with you? You look a bit 12) накладати пов’язку;
run down. 13) покритися висипом;
— Oh, yes, I feel quite unwell. I have a sore throat, 14) втирати мазь;
my head is spinning, my mouth feels like cotton, and 15) позбавитися запалення;
I think I have a slight fever. 16) задихатися;
— H-m-m... you’d better stay home for a few days, 17) виписати рецепт;
get into bed. You know bed rest is the best cure. Have 18) прискорити одужання.

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EX. 3 B)
symptoms/ complaints a doctor’s actions/ recommendations
— suffering from/ — I’ll prescribe you some sleeping
having insomnia; pills;
— a nervous breakdown; — I’ll give you а prescription for
— a sore throat; some drops to try and clear it up;
— feeling a bit flushed; — Try this lotion for a few days
— cough; to stop the itching; then start
— shooting pain down putting on this powder at night;
my shin and ankle; — I’ll let you have some cough
— a dull ache in my mixture to relieve the symptoms;
arm; — you’d better have some crutches
— a temperature; to walk with and some painkillers
— asthma; to ease the pain;
— short of breath; — I’ll strap it up anyway and put it
— the inflammation; in a sling;
— a rash on my chest; — I’ll give you some ointment
— a minor fracture; to rub in to get rid of the
— get a spasm inflammation;
— I’ll make you out a prescription
for antibiotics, and some menthol
inhalations might speed up the
recovery
EX. 4
1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.A; 5.D.
TAPESCRIPT
1. The common cold can be caused by a number of
different types of viruses. It is medically referred
to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection.
Symptoms of the common cold may include
cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose,
and sneezing. More than 200 different types of
viruses are known to cause the common cold, with
rhinovirus causing approximately from 30% to 35%
of all adult colds. Because so many different viruses
can cause the common cold, and because new cold
viruses constantly develop, the body never builds
up resistance against all of them. For this reason,
colds are a frequent and recurring problem especially
during the fall and winter months. In fact, children
in preschool and elementary school can have six to
twelve colds per year while adolescents and adults
typically have two to four colds per year.
2. Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs
which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi,
or parasites. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics,
one-third of all people who developed pneumonia
subsequently died from the infection. Some cases
of pneumonia are contracted by breathing in small
droplets that contain the organisms that can cause
pneumonia. These droplets get into the air when
a person infected with these germs coughs or sneezes.
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In other cases, pneumonia is caused when bacteria or
viruses that are normally present in the mouth, throat,
or nose accidentally enter the lung. During sleep, it is
quite common for people to aspirate secretions from
the mouth, throat, or nose.
3. Chiropractors are primary healthcare professionals
concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculo-
skeletal system and the effect of these disorders
on the functioning of the nervous system and
general health. Their aim is to relieve pain, increase
mobility and to get patients back to full health and
movement. Treatment involves using the hands to
apply a specific force to adjust the joints of the body.
Chiropractors treat chronic and acute conditions
which include back, shoulder and neck problems and
joint, posture and muscle issues, as well as sports
injuries.
4. While you may be expecting to see a physician initially,
this is often the first person you may receive care from.
They may direct you to your hospital room if you have
a planned admission or may take your vital signs if you
enter the hospital through the emergency room. They
provide day-to-day care as ordered by your physician.
They have a wide variety of responsibilities and work
under rather unique conditions. Their work involves
both physical and mental tasks, and can be demanding
and challenging.
5. An annual physical exam ensures wellness and good
health. Doctors use a physical exam to see how
the body is performing. Depending on a patient’s
personal health history, a doctor may choose to focus
on certain areas of a physical exam. People with a
family history of heart disease may receive additional
blood pressure checks, blood tests, and cholesterol
screenings. Based on test results, age, and personal
health history, it is also an opportunity to catch a more
serious condition before it begins to cause problems.
EX. 5
A. Infectious diseases: AIDS; influenza (flu); malaria;
mumps; whooping cough;
B. Heart and blood vessels diseases: atherosclerosis;
hypertension; stroke;
C. Stomach and intestines diseases: colitis; stomach ulcer;
D. Lungs and respiratory diseases: bronchitis;
pneumonia; tuberculosis;
E. Blood diseases: anemia; leukemia;
f. Kidney and Urological diseases: kidney stones;
pyelonephritis;
 Tapescripts and answer key section
G. Neurological diseases: autism; Parkinson’s disease; EX. 9
H. Mental disorders: anorexia; kleptomania; nicotine 1.f; 2.p; 3.k; 4.r; 5.j; 6.a; 7.m; 8.n; 9.o; 10.q; 11.c; 12.d;
addiction; 13.g; 14.b; 15.i; 16.h; 17.e; 18.l.
I. Eye diseases: conjunctivitis;
J. Skin diseases: dandruff; acne; dermatitis; EX. 10
K. Ear, nose and throat diseases: tonsillitis, quinsy. 1. an otolaryngologist/ an eye, nose and throat specialist
2. a neurologist
EX. 6 3. a chiropractor/ a neurologist
1. mumps; 2. pneumonia; 3. measles; 4. dyslexia; 4. an obstetrician/ a gynecologist
5. anemia; 6. flu; 7. stomach ulcer; 8. hives. 5. a dermatologist/ an allergist
6. an allergist
EX. 7 7. an ophthalmologist
1. tetanus; 8. an oncologist
2. angina 9. a neurologist/ a chiropractor
3. a stroke 10. a naturopath
4. hives 11. a psychotherapist
5. cardiac arrest 12. a cardiologist
6. mumps 13. an endocrinologist
7. whooping cough 14. a gastroenterologist
8. schizophrenia
9. measles EX. 11
10. quinsy/ tonsillitis have a temperature, tests, an injection, a check-up, an appointment
11. acne take an injection, sb’s pulse, sb’s blood pressure, medication,
12. athlete’s foot sb’s temperature, a deep breath
make an injection, a diagnosis, an appointment
EX. 8 write out a prescription
SUGGESTED ANSWERS listen to sb’s chest (sound)/ lungs (sound)/ heart beat
do a check-up, tests
Diseases/ Illnesses Complaints (Symptoms)
give medication, a prescription, an injection, a check-up,
(the) measles purple bumps
(the) mumps a gash an appointment, a diagnosis
chicken pox wet mouth get an appointment, medication, a prescription
blindness a rash
instamatic flu dry throat
purple bumps EX. 12
big tonsils 1. to have a temperature; 2. to take sb’s blood pressure;
a broken leg
cough 3. to make/ give an injection; 4. to give/ to make
hip hurts a diagnosis; 5. to get/ take medication; 6. to take a deep
sneeze breath; 7. to have a check-up; 8. to take sb’s pulse;
a caving belly button
gasp
9. to listen to sb’s heart beat; 10. to give medication;
a wrenched back 11. to get/ make an appointment; 12. to have/ to do
choke tests; 13. to have an appointment; 14. to take sb’s
a sprained ankle temperature; 15. to listen to sb’s lungs (sound);
hair is falling out
appendix pains 16. to write out/ to give a prescription.
high temperature
numb toes EX. 14
a sliver in a thumb
a stiff neck 1.g; 2.e; 3.b; 4.i; 5.h; 6.a; 7.c; 8.d; 9.f.
a weak spine
a bent elbow EX. 16
not a straight spine
1) a part of a hospital that immediately helps people
shrunk brain
a hole inside an ear who have been hurt in an accident;
a hangnail (a pit = E. R. = Emergency Room)

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2) loosing blood inside your body; (internal bleeding) 10. bottom
3) an injection through or into a vein; 11. false
(an I. V. = intravenously) 12. cap/ crown
4) to inject blood into a blood vessel; (to transfuse blood) 13. straighten
5) someone who has nearly finished training as a doctor 14. braces (wires)
and is working in a hospital; (an intern) 15. floss
6) to make a straight long cut; (split open) 16. mouthwash
7) a type of a bed for carrying someone who is too
injured; (stretchers) EX. 26
8) an instrument for injections; (a syringe) 1.j; 2.h; 3.c; 4.e; 5.a; 6.f; 7.b; 8.d; 9.g; 10.i.
9) cuts in the skin; (lacerations)
EX. 27
EX. 17 1. закусити вудила — to grit one’s teeth;
1) to flow (to spout) 2. боротися не на життя, а на смерть — to fight
2) not serious (superficial) tooth and nail;
3) feverish (febrile) 3. бути не першої молодості — to be long in the tooth;
4) to test/ to measure (to gauge) 4. спати й бачити щось — to give one’s eye teeth
5) to become wider (to be dilated) for smth;
6) to press (to squeeze) 5. нагло, безсоромно брехати — to lie through one’s
7) to break (to snap) teeth;
6. одержати плювок в обличчя — to get a kick in the
EX. 19 teeth;
1. multiple stab wounds 7. бути ласуном/ ласунею — to have a sweet tooth;
2. lacerations 8. ледь-ледь (встигнути, врятуватися) — to do smth
3. an Admissions nurse (to escape) by the skin of one`s teeth;
4. smeared with blood 9. мати проблеми, пов’язанні зі зростанням чи
5. to start (to give) an IV становленням — to have teething problems;
6. a hypodermic 10. завзято, рішуче братися за якусь справу — to get
7. to put up a hell of a fight one’s teeth into smth.
8. the blood was spouting
9. internal bleeding EX. 28
10. he was knifed right in the heart 1. to fight tooth and nail
11. to take the blood pressure 2. grit your teeth
12. the pupils are dilated 3. a real kick in the teeth
13. to plunge the needle into the man’s chest 4. a little long in the tooth
14. to let the syringe fill with blood 5. a real sweet tooth
15. to slit open the man’s chest 6. lie through his teeth
16. heart beating 7. to get my teeth
17. to reflect on what had happened 8. teething problems
9. by the skin of their teeth
EX. 23 10. give his eye teeth
1. check-up
2. cavity EX. 29
3. molars (molar teeth) 1. an appointment; 2. teeth; 3. gum pain; 4. hygiene;
4. rotten 5. inflammation; 6. cavities; 7. tooth decay; 8. fillings.
5. extraction
6. canal EX. 30
7. anaesthetic 1. Which of the dentist personnel shared their personal
8. drilling machine preference with the patient? (D — Personally, I like
9. wisdom the flat tape)

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2. Which of the patients could choose their treatment?
(A; C)
3. Which of the patients wanted the dentist to do two
jobs on them? (A — gum pain and teeth cleaning)
4. Which of the patients couldn’t endure dental pain? (A)
5. Which of the dentist personnel discovered something
that shocked them? (B — I’ve never seen one like this
before)
6. Which of the patients might lose a tooth? (A — we
may have to extract the tooth)
7. Which of the patients is about to fall asleep? (A)
8. Which of the patients has just had a dental job done
on him?(C)
EX. 33
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. Should I go to the doctor if I have a nagging
pain in my right side or a sore throat? It can be hard
to decide what symptoms are serious enough to make
an appointment. First, it’s important to recognize
an emergency. If you are having trouble breathing or
have chest pain, severe stomachache, bleeding, head
trauma or loss of consciousness, call 911 or go to
a hospital emergency department. Otherwise, you may
call your physician’s office for advice and get some
recommendations over the phone. Online health sites
can help you research your symptoms before contacting
a health professional; but remember, many conditions
or illnesses, some minor and some serious, have similar
symptoms. Better call and make an appointment with
your doctor so that he could examine you and run some
tests and if necessary give you referrals to specialists.
2. Preventive medicine includes measures taken
to prevent a disease before you have to treat it. Your
health is affected by environmental factors, genetic
predisposition and lifestyle choices. You can prevent
and avoid cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory
diseases, different injuries, diabetes, cancer and certain
infectious diseases. There are many methods of
disease prevention. It is recommended that adults and
children visit their family doctor for regular check-ups,
even if they feel healthy, to identify risk factors for
disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle
and stay up to date with immunizations.
3. I do not like to visit a dentist. But one day I had a
bad/ terrible/ excruciating toothache. My tooth hurt
through the night. I had to take a painkiller to lessen
the pain. I could not bear the pain so I phoned my
dentist, and made an appointment with him. As I
entered his waiting room, I saw many patients all
awaiting their turn to go in. Most of them seemed to
be in great pain. Some even had swollen cheeks. Soon
I was ushered
to the dentist’s chair. Normally I would run away
from the frightening surgery with all its horrible drills
and pliers, but I did not. The dentist said that there
was a cavity which would have to be filled. He gave
me an injection, but that was nothing compared to
the toothache. Soon, miraculously, all pain
disappeared. The anaesthetic definitely worked very
quickly. Then he drilled my tooth and filled it. From
time to time he made me gargle my mouth with water.
He recommended me to have my regular check-ups
and dental hygiene procedures every six months. I was
happy that the dentist didn’t extract my tooth and the
pain had gone.
4. If you have any problems with your back or neck,
you probably need to consult a chiropractor. In
preparation for the chiropractic consultation, you
will be asked to provide background information
about your symptoms and physical condition. When
and how did the pain start? Where is it located?
Is the pain sharp or dull? Does it come and go, or
is it persistent? You will also be asked to provide
information on your family medical history, any pre-
existing medical conditions or prior injuries, previous
and current treatments. A thorough chiropractic exam
includes general tests such as blood pressure, pulse,
respiration, and reflexes, as well as X-ray exams,
specific orthopedic and neurological tests. All this is
necessary to more accurately diagnose your condition
and provide a relevant treatment plan to help you
alleviate pain.
UNIT 12. All sports for all people
EX. 2
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
WINTER: figure skating; biathlon; skiing; ice skating;
hockey (ice)
SUMMER: rugby; water polo; cricket; baseball; riding;
mountaineering; pole vault; cycling; high (long) jump;
skydiving; golf; marathon; angling; rock climbing;
triathlon; kayaking; scuba diving; rowing; polo; archery;
badminton
EX. 3. A)
1. sporting activities; 2. sports car; 3. sports facilities;
4. sports centre; 5. sports days; 6. sports events;
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
7. sportsman; 8. sporting tradition; 9. Sportswear; sports
goods; 10. sportswriters/ sports commentators; sports
coverage; 11. sportsperson.
EX. 2 B)
sports club, sports ground, sports venue, sports star,
sports team, sports fan, sports commentator, sports
channel, sports page, sports injury, sports equipment,
sports bag, sports coverage.
EX. 4 A)
INDOOR: gymnastics; judo; draughts/ checkers; sambo;
bowling; fencing; aikido; figure skating; weightlifting;
taekwondo; squash; synchronized swimming; chess;
snooker/ billiards; boxing; aerobics
OUTDOOR: biathlon; rugby; cricket; baseball; skiing;
riding; mountaineering; pole vault; cycling; high (long)
jump; football/ soccer; skydiving; softball; golf; hockey
(ice); marathon; angling; rock climbing; triathlon;
kayaking; scuba diving; go-kart racing; rowing;
badminton
INDIVIDUAL: fencing; aikido; figure skating;
biathlon; high (long) jump; bowling; cycling; pole vault;
mountaineering; riding; skiing; judo; draughts/ checkers;
sambo; gymnastics; ice skating; skydiving; weightlifting;
taekwondo; golf; marathon; angling; rock climbing;
triathlon; scuba diving; wushu; wrestling; chess; karate;
snooker/ billiards; badminton; boxing; archery aerobics
TEAM: polo; rowing; go-kart racing; synchronized
swimming; kayaking; hockey (ice); softball; football/
soccer; baseball; cricket; water polo; rugby
SPORTS: aerobics; archery; boxing; karate; rowing;
go-kart racing; wrestling; wushu; synchronized swimming;
scuba diving; kayaking; triathlon; rock climbing; angling;
marathon; taekwondo; weightlifting; skydiving; ice skating;
gymnastics; judo; sambo; high (long) jump; cycling;
pole vault; mountaineering; riding; skiing; fencing;
aikido; figure skating; biathlon
GAMES: badminton; snooker/ billiards; polo; chess;
squash; hockey (ice); golf; softball; football/ soccer;
draughts/ checkers; bowling; baseball; cricket; water
polo; rugby
MARTIAL ARTS: karate; wrestling; wushu; taekwondo;
judo; sambo; aikido
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FIELD: softball; football/ soccer; baseball; cricket; rugby
(a field sport can also be defined as a country sport or
field sport is a traditional blood sport, such as hunting
with various types of hound (most commonly for fox,
hare, and red deer), shooting (particularly of game birds,
such as grouse, partridge, pheasant, and woodcock and
non-game birds, or fowl, such as duck, wild geese and
snipe, when it is called fowling or wildfowling), and
fishing (particularly fly fishing) (most commonly for
brown trout and salmon)
WATER: rowing; synchronized swimming; scuba diving;
kayaking; triathlon (includes swimming as a component);
angling; water polo
BOARD GAMES: chess; draughts/ checkers
EX. 4 B)
1. boxing; 2. figure skating; 3. marathon; 4. american
football; 5. gymnastics; 6. synchronized swimming;
7. karate; 8. chess; 9. rowing; 10. snooker; 11. long jump;
12. cycling; 13 biathlon; 14. rock climbing; 15. cricket;
16. fencing; 17. pole vault; 18. football/ soccer;
19. polo; 20. archery; 21. weightlifting; 22. ice hockey;
23. swimming; 24. kayaking.
EX. 5 A)
DO aerobics, yoga, gymnastics, judo, karate, wrestling,
the long jump, the pole vault;
GO cycling, mountaineering, skateboarding, skiing;
PLAY badminton, golf, billiards, bowls.
EX. 5 B)
To play for a volleyball team; to do wushu;
to go to yoga class; to play hockey against;
to go cycling; to do weightlifting; to play billiards;
to go fishing (angling); to go riding; to do the pole vault;
to do athletics; to play draughts/ checkers;
to start fencing; to do fencing; to go fencing;
to go skateboarding.
EX. 7
1.c, 2.a, 3.b, 4.b, 5.a, 6.c, 7.a.
EX. 8.
Hockey, fencing, folk dancing, deep-breathing exercises,
skating, walking a tight rope, canoeing
EX. 10
1.d, 2.a, 3.e, 4.i, 5.f, 6.c, 7.h, 8.g, 9.j, 10.b.
 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 11
Pitch: football, cricket, rugby
Track: running, jumping, or throwing the javelin
Court: squash, tennis, basketball, volleyball
Rink: skating, roller skating, ice hockey, speed skating,
figure skating, curling
Ring: boxing, wrestling
Course: golf
Piste: skiing, snowboarding
Alley: bowling
Gym: aerobics, bodybuilding
EX. 12
arrow — archery
bow — archery
glove — boxing, ice-hockey, baseball, goalkeepers
in football (soccer), american football, skiing
shuttlecock — badminton
target — archery, rifle shooting in biathlon
shin guard — american football, ice-hockey, field hockey,
baseball, rugby, cricket
mask — fencing, american football, baseball, diving, for
goaltenders in ice-hockey, field hockey
bat — baseball, softball, cricket
racket — tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash
club — golf
puck — ice-hockey
rapier — fencing
ball — football, volleyball, basketball, tennis, table tennis,
field hockey, baseball etc.
stick — ice and field hockey, lacrosse
oar — rowing
goggles — swimming, skiing, motorcycling, diving
EX. 13
1913 James Cleveland Owens was born September 12,
1913, in Danville, Alabama
1922 Jesse Owen and his family moved to Cleveland
1926 Jesse Owen ran his first race
1935 As a sophomore, in the Big Ten championship in
1935, Jesse Owen set even more records than he would
in his Olympic glory a year later
1935 On May 25, 1935, Jesse Owens equaled the world
record for the 100-yard dash (9,4 seconds)
1936 The stage was set for Owen’s victory at the Olympic
Games in Berlin the next year, in 1936
1976 Jesse Owen was at last honored by the United States
1979 Three years later, in 1979, Jesse Owen received
the Living Legends Award.
1980 Jesse Owens died in 1980, at the age of 66
TAPESCRIPT
Jesse Owens: An Athlete’s life in Retrospect
Jesse Owens, whose four gold medals at the 1936
Olympic Games in Berlin made him perhaps the
greatest and most famous athlete in track and field,
never received much recognition at the time of his
success. The victim of racial discrimination and of
the times in which he lived, Owens ultimately created
his place in history through his own inner courage and
determination. Today, more than thirty years after
his death, Owens is remembered not only as a great
athlete, but as someone with great moral integrity who
believed in the old-fashioned values of honesty and
hard work.
James Cleveland Owens was born September 12, 1913,
in Danville, Alabama, the son of a sharecropper and
the grandson of slaves. The youngster picked cotton until
he and his family moved to Cleveland when he was 9.
There a schoolteacher asked the youth’s name.
“J. C.,” he replied.
She thought he had said “Jesse,” and he had a new
name.
He ran his first race at the age of 13. After high school,
he went to Ohio State University, paying his way as
a $100-a-month night elevator operator because he had no
academic scholarship. As a sophomore, in the Big Ten
championship in 1935, he set even more records than he
would in his Olympic glory a year later.
A week before the Big Ten meet, Owens accidentally fell
down a flight of stairs. His back hurt so much that he
could not exercise all week, and he had to be helped in
and out of the car that drove him to the Big Ten meet.
In an unsuccessful attempt to lessen the back pain,
Owens sat for a half hour in a hot tub. He still rejected
suggestions that he withdraw and said he would try, event
by event.
He did try, and the results are in the record book.
On May 25, 1935, Jesse Owens equaled the world record
for the 100-yard dash (9,4 seconds), broke the world
record for the broad jump (now called the long jump)
with his only attempt and broke the world record for
the 220-yard low hurdles (22,6 seconds).
The stage was set for Owen’s victory at the Olympic
Games in Berlin the next year, and his triumph would
come to be regarded as not only athletic but also
political. Although Adolph Hitler had intended
the Berlin games to reinforce the Nazi doctrine of
Aryan supremacy, the United Olympic track team
of 66 athletes included 10 blacks, and 6 of the individual
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gold medals in track won by american men were won
by black athletes. Owens was the hero, winning
the 100-meter dash in 10.3 seconds, the 200-meter
dash in 20.7 seconds, and the broad jump at 26 feet
51/2 inches. He also headed the United States team that
won the 400-meter relay in 39.8 seconds.
Hitler did not congratulate any of the american black
winners, a subject to which Mr. Owens addressed himself
for the rest of his life.
“It was all right with me,” he said years later. “I didn’t
go to Berlin to shake hands with him, anyway. All I know
is that I’m here now and Hitler isn’t.”
Having returned from Berlin, he received no telephone
call from the president of his own country, either.
In fact, he was not honored by the United States until
1976, four years before his death, when he was awarded
the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Three years later,
he received the Living Legends Award.
There were no big contracts for Owens after his Olympic
victories. He became a playground janitor because he
could not find another job. He ended his career as an
amateur runner and accepted money to race against cars,
trucks, motorcycles, and dogs.
“Sure, it bothered me,” he said later. “But at least it was
an honest living. I had to eat.”
In time, however, his gold medals changed his life.
“They have kept me alive over the years,” he once said.
“Time has stood still for me. That golden moment dies
hard.”
By many, Owens will be best remembered as a public
speaker. Despite his personal disappointment, his
speeches praised the virtues of patriotism, clean living,
and fair play. His delivery was spellbinding, and he was
once described as a “full-time banquet guest... what you
might call a professional good example.”
Jesse Owens died of cancer in 1980, at the age of
66. Although Owens was ignored at the time of his
success, his personal triumph over prejudice is perhaps
best expressed in this statement, which was issued by
[United States] President Carter at the time of his
death:
“Perhaps no athlete better symbolized the human
struggle against tyranny, poverty, and racial bigotry.”
EX. 14 A)
• cotton picker
• night elevator operator
• playground janitor
• amateur runner
308
EX. 14 B)
• Honesty (someone with great moral integrity who
believed in the old-fashioned values of honesty and hard
work; but at least it was an honest living)
• Courage (his own inner courage and determination:
“Perhaps no athlete better symbolized the human
struggle against tyranny, poverty, and racial bigotry.”)
• Purposefulness (he still rejected suggestions that he
withdraw and said he would try, event by event)
• Patriotism (his speeches praised the virtues of
patriotism, clean living, and fair play)
EX. 17
1. to emulate smb; 2. to excel in sports; 3. life off courts;
4. to abide by rules; 5. to help launch smb into stardom;
6. to take smth for granted; 7. to stay away from the game;
8. to display athletic ability.
EX. 19
1. to; 2. at; 3. from; 4. from; 5. against; 6. —; 7. down;
8. with, beyond.
EX. 20
Air Jordan, College Player of the Year, Most Valuable
Player, sports celebrity, co-captain, star of the team,
a global icon
EX. 21
parents in discipline and hard work; his brother Larry
in sports; Shaquille O’Neal in Nike commercials and
cartoon comedy
EX. 22
SUGGESTED ANSWER
Common features: born into a well-disciplined family
of an officer, both brothers were athletic, Vitaliy has
3 children as Michael does, Vladimir was an Olympic
champion as Michael Jordan was, all of them have
nicknames: Air Jordan, Doctor Ironfist (Vitaliy) and
The Hammer (Vladimir), all studied at a college etc.
Different features: excelled in different sports, both
Klitchko brothers became famous world champions
while only Michael did, Vitaliy has a PhD (Physical
Education), Vladimir won the Olympics later than
Jordan had done etc.
EX. 25
1. comeback; 2. amateur; 3. mainstream; 4. banned;
5. safety record; 6. self-esteem; 7. aggression;
8. disciplined; 9. impact; 10. empowering.
 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 26 the services of charities like ours. I can only hope that,
1.d; 2.f; 3.h; 4.a; 5.g; 6.c; 7.i; 8.e; 9.j; 10.b. when the time comes, this increased demand will be met
with increased funding.
EX. 27
Arguments in favour of boxing Arguments against boxing
(see unit VIII, READING (see unit IX, LISTENING
TAPESCRIPT ex. 24) ex. 27)
Boxing is a dangerous sport and doesn’t deserve state • Boxing’s safety record had • The Government gives
funding. got much better and it more financial support to
Peter McCabe was now ranked 75th by boxing than to for charities
The Guardian, Friday 20 November 2009 the Royal Society for the working to help people
Your article on the revival of boxing highlights an Prevention of Accidents on rebuild their lives after
its list of the most dangerous brain injury.
irrational, immoral and dangerous funding strategy that
sports, behind rollerblading, • The World Medical
encourages people to risk their health.
gymnastics and horse-riding. Association still believes
You quote Rebecca Gibson of the Amateur Boxing
• It gives young people self- boxing should be banned,
Association speaking about a jump in funding beneficial
esteem, it helps them get due to the cumulative
for the sport. The government funding is really a huge
rid of aggression, yet at effects of repeated blows
amount of money. But the figure becomes positively
the same time is a highly to the head. Brain injury
offensive when you consider how much financial support disciplined sport. We know can be devastating.
is provided for charities working to help people rebuild it can be a way of getting • Boxing is not the only
their lives after brain injury. kids away from gangs and sport that instills a sense
Headway is one of those charities: through our network carrying knives. of discipline. If you are to
of 110 groups and branches across the UK, we provide • It has had a positive impact succeed in any sport you
support and rehabilitation programmes. This year, on pupils’ behaviour and need discipline.
our total public funding was less than £300,000. It’s academic performance at • A lot of amateur and
a pittance in comparison to the millions spent on school. professional boxers have
promoting a dangerous and reckless sport. • Boxing has proven to be been arrested for, or
The article’s subhead states that “critics have been an empowering activity for accused of, violent crimes
won over.” This is a gross misrepresentation: its critics women. or assaults.
are as determined as ever to see this dangerous sport
banned. EX. 30
The report also quotes Tessa Jowell, the Olympics SUGGESTED ANSWERS
minister. She needs to know that the World Medical
Association still believes boxing should be banned, 1. Our university boasts a wide range of sports facilities,
due to the cumulative effects of repeated blows to so if you are thinking of starting a sports team, one
the head. or just want a game with friends, we can provide
Brain injury can be devastating. It can mean losing high quality facilities with new sports equipment an
the life you once led and the person you once were. affordable price.
Victims often have to relearn the most basic of life 2. It will form part of a national programme to provide
skills — such as walking, talking, thinking and feeling. the opportunity for as many children as possible to
Jowell then said that boxing “is a highly disciplined take up gymnastics within schools, leisure centres and
sport.” But the notion that boxing is the only sport gymnastics clubs.
that instills a sense of discipline is short-sighted, to say 3. If you are keen on sports and have excellent verbal
the least. If you are to succeed in any sport you need communication skills then you might like to become
discipline. a sports commentator. Sports commentators announce
And there is a long list of boxers — both amateur and sporting events for radio or television broadcast, and
professional — who have violated the law in the past they describe the action taking place as well as giving
years. Most have been arrested for, or accused of, violent their own viewpoints on the game. Sports coverage is
crimes or assaults. So much for discipline. often passionate but must be objective.
The increasing number of people taking up boxing is 4. Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two
a disturbing fact. It will lead to greater demand for opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs

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(doubles), who take positions on opposite halves
of a rectangular court divided by a net. Players
score points by striking a shuttlecock with their
racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in
their opponents’ half of the court. Badminton is
as competitive and as tough as any other sports.
Badminton players are as fit if not fitter than tennis
players, football players or any other sportsmen or
women. Badminton is a game that demonstrates
speed, stamina, agility, and power. It is also a game of
strategies, tactics and mental fitness. This game is also
known as the physical chess game.
5. A boxing match typically consists of a determined
number of three-minute rounds, a total of up to
12 rounds (formerly 15). A minute is typically spent
between each round with the fighters in their assigned
corners receiving advice and attention from their
coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee
who works within the ring to judge and control the
conduct of the fighters, rules on their ability to fight
safely and counts knocked-down fighters.
Denis Minin is a sportsman from Dnipropetrovs’k
thanks to whom young people all over Ukraine have
been getting involved in the mass movement called
Street Workout. Denis wanted to change something
in the common picture of an ordinary yard where
youngsters and often in the company of children sit
on the benches smoking, drinking beer and, even
worse, take drugs. Hundreds of thousands of
people, who at first watched regular videos of
Denis’s workouts on the Internet and then became
a part of the workouters’ army themselves, have
proved that to build a beautiful and strong body you
do not need expensive training equipment and
fitness clubs. All that you need is a horizontal bar,
your own body weight and your wish to lead
a healthy lifestyle.
UNIT 13. Swifter, higher, stronger
EX. 1 A)
1. Judo
2. Badminton
3. The High Jump (he developed a new jumping style
now known as the Fosbury Flop)
4. Gold
5. Canoes use a single-bladed paddle, kayaks a double
6. Fencing
310
7. Six
8. The USA
9. Puck
10. Tennis
11. Boxing
12. England
13. The Queen
14. Granite
EX. 2
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
basketball (a game played indoors between two teams
of five players, in which each team tries to win points
by throwing a ball through a net) — volleyball (a game
in which two teams of six players use their hands to hit
a ball over a high net)
tennis (a game for two people or two pairs of people
who use rackets to hit a small soft ball backwards and
forwards over a net) — table tennis (an indoor game
played on a table by two or four players who hit a small
plastic ball to each other across a net)
football/ soccer (a game played by two teams of eleven
players who try to kick a round ball into the other team’s
goal) — american football (a game played in the US by
two teams of eleven players, who carry, throw, or kick
an oval ball)
surfing (the activity or sport of riding over the waves on
a special board) — windsurfing (a surface water sport that
combines elements of surfing and sailing)
high-jump (a track and field athletics event in which
competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at
measured heights without the aid of certain devices) —
pole vault (a track and field event in which a person
uses a long, flexible pole as an aid to leap over a bar)
biathlon (the winter sport that combines cross-country
skiing and rifle shooting) — triathlon (a multiple-stage
competition involving swimming, cycling, and running in
immediate succession over various distances)
speed skating (a competitive form of ice skating in which
the competitors race each other in traveling a certain
distance on skates) — figure skating (a sport and activity
in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure
skates on ice)
boxing (a martial art and combat sport in which two
people engage in a contest of strength, speed, reflexes,
endurance, and will by throwing punches with gloved
hands against another opponent) — wrestling (a sport in
which two people fight by holding each other and trying
to make each other fall to the ground)
 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 3 A) EX. 6
golf — a golfer 1. motto; 2. qualify for; 3. multi-sport event;
cycling — a cyclist 4. Olympic torch relay; 5. is ignited/ is lit;
football — a footballer/ a football player 6. Olympic anthem; anthem; 7. Summer Olympics;
archery — an archer Olympic athlete; 8. got on the podium;
boxing — a boxer 9. disqualified for; doping; 10. to raise the Olympic
badminton — a badminton player flag.
snooker — a snooker player
rowing — a rower EX. 7
chess — a chess player 1.d; 2.a; 3.a; 4.d; 5.b; 6.c; 7.b; 8.d.
go-kart racing — a go-kart racer
wrestling — a wrestler EX. 8
skydiving — a skydiver 1.h; 2.i; 3.d; 4.e; 5.j; 6.b; 7.a; 8.g; 9.k.
ice skating — an ice-skater c and f are extras.
gymnastics — a gymnast
judo — a judoist/ judo fighter EX. 9:
draughts/ checkers — a draughts/ checkers player 1.T; 2.F; 3.T; 4.F; 5.F; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T.
sambo — a sambist/ a sambo practitioner
pole vault — a pole vaulter TAPESCRIPT
mountaineering — a mountaineer No sports event provides such a kaleidoscope
riding — a rider of contrasting memories as the Olympic Games:
skiing — a skier the tiny gymnasts juxtaposed with the superheavyweight
weightlifters; the speed of the sprinters with the endurance
EX. 3 B) of the long-distance runners; the dexterity of the footballers
a car-racer; a discus/ javelin thrower (an athlete); and basketball players with the unremitting power of
a horse rider, a rugby player; the wrestlers and judo fighters. Men and women, large
an athlete (a track and field competitor); and small: all have their place in the Games.
a sumoist;
a curler. For anyone with a wide-ranging interest in sport,
attending the Games can be a frustrating experience: one
EX. 4 is able to see only a fraction of the events, almost all of
1. A stopwatch is a device which is used for measuring which feature the world’s most outstanding athletes. As it
the exact time it takes to do something, especially is, by devoting oneself to watching as many of the events
to finish a race; the other words mean sports. as possible, one suffers a type of mental and physical
2. A helmet is a protective gear; the other words mean indigestion at the end of the seventeen days. It takes me
awards. several weeks to recover from this feeling of being sated
3. A fan is a person who supports his/ her favourite with observing excellence.
team; the other words mean professionals who judge
a competition. I have reported on every Olympics, mainly for British
4. A spectator is a person who watches a sports event/ newspapers, since 1968 and I am often asked which
competition; the other words mean people who are was my favourite. I find this difficult to answer. So
professionally involved into sport. much is bound up with the success of one’s own work,
5. A race is an event/ competition; the other words and affected by the conditions of that work and by the
mean a sport facility/ venue. performances of the competitors, especially those in the
6. Stands are a place where people stand or sit to watch British team. Sydney and Barcelona are always held up
the game at a sports ground; the other words mean by the British media as their favourite Games of the last
a sports event. forty years; but in the case of Sydney, in particular, this
was because of the (partly unexpected) large number
EX. 5 of medals won by the British team. Probably the most
1.T; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.F; 7.F; 8.F; 9.F. adversely criticised Games during this period was

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Atlanta; but this was influenced by the fact that Britain EX. 13 B)
only got one gold medal — it is always more rewarding SUGGESTED ANSWERS
to write about victories than trying to explain defeats. 1. We won by just one point in the competition.
2. Arkansas just lost three games in a row.
Both Moscow and Los Angeles were spoilt by the boycotts: 3. Dynamo lost their last match by 2 goals to Avangard.
the 1980 Games seemed grey and sombre, while 1984 was 4. He clinched the victory by breaking the world record
too garish (not surprising given its proximity to Hollywood). in the long-distance race.
Neither was satisfactory. Munich was certainly the most 5. She has been holding the world record for the last
dramatic, largely because of the killing of the Israeli athletes three years.
by Palestinian guerrillas, but also because of other, highly 6. Liverpool were beaten by 3 goals to 2.
publicised, events and personalities. 7. Newcastle were defeated by the last year champion.
8. Great cheers went up at the stadium when he scored
I have fond memories of all the ten Summer Olympics in the final minute of the game.
that I have covered, although naturally of some more 9. England have been drawn against France in next
than others. My appreciation has also been influenced by month’s game.
my proximity to some of the competitors, whose careers 10. The match ended in a draw.
usually climax at the Games. 11. The figure-skater lost three points for that fall.
12. The boxer defeated his opponent by a knock-out in
EX. 10 the seventh round.
1.c; 2.d; 3.b; 4.e; 5.a.
EX. 14
EX. 11 Swimming: to throw sb in at the deep end; to dive right
1.C; 2.B; 3.G; 4.E; 5.A; 6.D. into (something); to test the water.
F & H not needed. Athletics: to jump the gun; to pass the baton; to set
the pace.
EX. 12 A) football: to start the ball rolling; to move the goal posts.
a) to make the Olympic team; Horse racing: to be neck and neck; to be left at the gate;
b) to head for; to back the wrong horse; to win by a neck; to win by
c) to be beat; a nose; to set the pace.
d) to set two world records; Boxing: to throw in the towel; to be saved by the bell;
e) to put one’s mind to smth; to be on the ropes; to hit below the belt.
f) to take somebody on; Archery: to hit the bull’s-eye.
g) to swim laps; Boating: to paddle one’s own canoe; to take the wind out
h) to deal with obstacles; of one’s sails.
i) to come easy.
EX. 15 A)
EX. 13 A) 1. was left at the gate;
2. jump the gun;
win lose Break hold beat defeat score end set
3. were neck and neck;
a a a a a the a goal in a a
4. hit me below the belt;
game game record record record oppo- draw record
nent 5. was thrown in at the deep end;
6. was saved by the bell;
a a a the a
com- com- com- oppo- point 7. to test the waters;
peti- peti- peti- nent 8. throw in the towel;
tion tion tion 9. passing the baton;
a a 10. on the ropes.
point point
by 2 by 2 EX. 15 B)
goals/ goals/ 1. to throw them in at the deep end;
points points
2. will paddle their own canoe;

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3. hit the bull’s eye; 3. Race walking
4. to back the wrong horse; This awkward-looking event requires competitors to keep
5. moves the goalposts; one foot in contact with the ground at all times — while
6. has set the pace; they walk as fast as possible. It may not look pretty,
7. won by a neck; won by a nose; but race walking, first introduced in 1904 has withstood
8. it took the wind out of his sails; the test of time. Moreover, in 1992, women started
9. to start the ball rolling; competing in the 20 km race walk.
10. to dive into the work. 4. Pistol dueling
Not as murderous as it sounds, this sport required
EX. 16 A) competitors to shoot at dummies dressed in fancy
overcoats and sporting bull’s eyes on their chests. Adding
Event Introduced Excluded Reasons
a degree of difficulty, competitors had to do this with
1. rope climbing 1896 1932 few climbers can
reach the top a straight face. This event was staged just once,
2. live pigeon 1900 1900 not humane to at the 1906 Olympic Games in Athens.
shooting kill birds and 5. Tug of war
animals Before it became a diversion for drunken picnickers, tug
3. race walking 1904 — still looks funny of war was an Olympic event from 1900 to 1920. It was
for men, exists
part of the track and field program. England out-pulled
1992 —
for women the U. S. in the 1920 showdown.
4. pistol dueling 1906 1906 not murderous 6. Motorboating
but funny The 1908 games were definitely open to experimental
5. tug of war 1900 1920 more a picnic sports, even giving motorboating a chance in the sun.
entertainment, The problem? The cumbersome motor boats barely
not a sport
topped 19 miles per hour. So they were insufficiently
6. motorboating 1908 1908 the boats were
not speedy
speedy for a so-called speed event. Yawning officials cut
enough the event from future Olympiads.
7. Solo 1984 1992 oxymoron 7. Solo synchronized swimming
synchronized (solo — Call it a ‘lonely water ballet,’ if you will. The solo
swimming synchronizing) synchronized swimming event debuted at the Los
8. roller hockey 1992 1992 Ice hockey minus Angeles Games in 1984, but only lasted until 1992.
the ice, besides
bandy also exists This seeming oxymoron — though some maintain that
it’s the choreography that is synchronized with the
TAPESCRIPT music, paved the way for team synchronized swimming.
1. Rope climbing 8. Roller hockey
In this seemingly pedestrian event, competitors were Think: ice hockey minus the ice. The sport
challenged to wriggle up a rope as long as 45 feet enjoyed both its debut and its swan song at the 1992
as quickly as they could. In 1896, only two rope Barcelona Games, but enthusiasts still compete at
climbers, including the gold medal winner Nikolaos the world level.
Andriakopoulos of Greece made it to the summit. After
that organizers opted for a shorter rope. The sport was EX. 17
dropped from the Olympics in 1932. No one misses it. 1. TV broadcasting of the Olympic events (1936,
2. Live pigeon shooting Berlin)
The 1900 games in Paris featured the only Olympic 2. Olympic village was built (Los Angeles, 1932)
contest in history in which animals were willfully 3. One swimmer won eight medals at one Olympiad
harmed: live pigeon shooting. Belgium’s Leon de Lunden (Athens, 2004, Michael Phelps)
won gold after killing 21 of the 300 birds that were 4. Olympic flag and Olympic oath were introduced
released during the event. Though the international (Antwerp, 1920)
organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 5. A special Olympic stadium was built (London, 1908)
did not yet exist, the sport was banned and pigeons 6. The first athlete from Africa won the gold medal
regained the right to poop on spectators without fear. (Rome, 1960)

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7. Gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded works with Interpol and local law enforcement agencies
(St Luis, 1904) in order to target the networks behind the supply of illicit
8. The Soviet team competed in the games (Helsinki, substances and the pyramid of influences behind
1952) the athletes.
9. Women athletes competed in the Games (Paris,
1900) EX. 20
10. The Olympic champion was disqualified due to 1. Bobsleigh — O
the drug scandal (Seoul, 1988). 2. Curling — M
11. Photo finish was used (Stockholm, 1912). 3. Alpine-skiing — A
12. Olympic flame was ignited at the opening ceremony 4. Cross-country — N
(Amsterdam, 1928) 5. Biathlon — B
13. Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali) won gold medal in 6. Speed skating — E
boxing (Rome, 1960) 7. Snowboard — C
14. The marathon was nearly won by cheating (St Luis, 8. Ski jumping — D
1904). 9. Ice hockey — J
10. Luge — K
EX. 19 A) 11. Skeleton — H
1. disgrace; 2. realization; 3. dominance; 12. Nordic combined — F
4. international; 5. global; 6. universal; 13. Figure skating — L
7. harmonise; 8. proudly; 9. banned; 14. Short track — G
10. medallist; 11. politicians; 12. offender; 15. Freestyle skiing — I
13. cycling; 14. boxers; 15. Footballers;
16. findings. EX. 21 A)
1. curling; 2. Nordic combined; 3. speed skating;
EX. 19 B) 4. Alpine combined skiing; 5. freestyle skiing; 6. luge;
In a much-quoted speech, the WADA director general, 7. skeleton.
David Howman, drew a distinction between ‘dopey
dopers’ who still have traces of banned substances in EX. 21 B)
their system during major competition, and sophisticated SUGGESTED ANSWERS
cheats who are able to take drugs outside competition 1. ice hockey
and be tested clean during it. It is one of the oldest Winter Olympic disciplines.
While sophisticated new testing methods are being Games consist of three often bruising 20-minute periods,
developed, they are expensive and require refrigerated with overtime and shoot-outs if required. A maximum of
blood samples to be carried for sometimes thousands of six players per team are allowed on the ice at any given
miles to the labs capable of carrying out the tests. WADA time, but unlimited substitutions are permitted.
is concerned about the fact that the cost is preventing 2. bobsleigh
many countries carrying out as many tests for blood Teams of two or four competitors make four runs in
doping as they should be. a bob sliding down an icy track — with the lowest total
All of those at the anti-doping frontline acknowledge time winning.
they are in an ‘arms race’ with those willing to cheat. 3. figure skating
WADA is also calling for more help from governments Grace and technique combine as competitors perform
around the world, not only to maintain their funding compulsory elements to music in singles, pairs and ice
but to criminalise the supply of performance-enhancing dance events.
drugs. 4. cross country skiing
The focus in the war against doping is primarily on Cross country is the oldest type of skiing. It emerged
education of young athletes to convince them that from the need to get around and hunt. Skiers traverse up
the risks vastly outweigh (-) the rewards. WADA also to 50 kilometres of the challenging landscape.

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5. biathlon
This sport is a test of both endurance and accuracy,
combining cross-country skiing with target shooting.
Athlets cover distances of between six and 20 km,
stopping at a shooting range to fire at five targets — as
small as golf balls — from 50 m distance.
6. ski jumping
It is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp,
jump, and attempt to fly as far as possible. Judges award
points for their technique.
EX. 22
1. World War II veterans; 2. disabled athletes;
3. the most dominant sports person; 4. wheelchair;
5. in cross-country skiing and the biathlon; 6. the spine;
7. on her hands; 8. wheelchair basketball; 9. birth mother;
10. is inspiring.
TAPESCRIPT
The Paralympics developed after Dr. Ludwig Guttmann
organized a sports competition for British World War II
veterans with spinal cord injuries in England in 1948. In
1960 the first Summer Olympic-style Games for disabled
athletes were held in Rome; Winter Games were added
in 1976, in Sweden. Since the late 20th century the
Paralympics have been held in the same city that hosts
the corresponding Olympic Games; the Paralympics
follow shortly after the Olympics conclude. The size and
diversity of the Paralympic Games have increased greatly
over the years. The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle
of the career of disabled athletes and motivate others to
participate or engage in Paralympic events.
The 24-year-old american Paralympian Tatyana
McFadden is arguably the most dominant sports person
on the planet.
She’s one in a million and defines determination. She won
four world’s most famous marathons and every wheelchair
title at every distance, including a record six world titles.
But she didn’t stop there. McFadden, who has overcome
more obstacles in life than most of us will ever encounter,
recently took up a new challenge: to compete in Sochi
in cross-country skiing and the biathlon. Never mind
that she was basically new to winter sports. Her greatest
message is not just about winning, it’s about believing you
can do anything.
Tatyana’s story is one of courage, tenacity and strong
will-power. She was born with a gap in the spine that
caused paralysis from the waist down. Given up by
her birth mother, she spent her early life in a Russian
orphanage, too poor to buy her a wheelchair.
“I got around walking on my hands for six years.
I wanted to be able to do things by myself,” she explained.
A business trip to St. Petersburg led her adoptive mother,
Debbie, to Tatyana’s orphanage. They bonded instantly.
And Debbie did what she hadn’t even imagined before
she left on her trip. She adopted Tatyana and brought
her to the USA. But Tatyana was very weak, so to make
her stronger, Debbie got her into sports: first swimming,
then gymnastics, wheelchair basketball, sled hockey and
track and field.
As Tatyana’s strength improved, she overcame great
odds—competing, excelling—and when all of her hard
work brought her back to Russia, her dreams came full
circle.
In a very special moment, Tatyana’s birth mother
watched her win the silver in the Sochi Paralympic
Games—her Russian and american families together for
the first time.
“For me, I loved bringing the two families together,”
said Tatyana. “Heritage is really important, and it’s
about knowing who you are. I wanted to meet my mom
because she had to do the hardest thing as a mom,
carrying a child for nine months, bonding, then having
to give it up because she couldn’t take care of it.”
Tatyana’s story is one of courage and inspiration, fighting
for the rights of those with disabilities. It’s a fight she will
never give up on.
“I want to be a role model. Hopefully, I’m inspiring
people with a disability or without a disability. For me,
it keeps me going, knowing—hoping you’re changing
someone’s life or many people’s lives,” said Tatyana.
EX. 25
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. The First Modern Olympics took place in Athens in
1896. No official national teams took part in them,
though as many as 280 athletes, all male, came to
Athens, most of them at their own expense. Although
14 nations participated, most of the athletes were Greek.
The athletes competed in 43 events covering track
and field, cycling, swimming, gymnastics, weightlifting,
wrestling, fencing, shooting, and tennis. Owing to its
historical significance, the hosts wanted to win the
marathon more than any other event. So 100,000 fans
were ecstatic when Greek runner came first.
2. Measuring sports popularity is an interesting and
challenging task. One of the important factors to
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
consider is whether we are interested in number of
fans or number of people who actually play the sport
regularly. However, football is sport number one by
both criteria. It is a team sport that is popular in
almost every country in the world. At an amateur
level, it requires very little equipment and effort
to learn the basics. It starts with as simple as driving
the ball into the opponent’s goal post and preventing
the opponent from doing so. Kids from all walks
of life start playing it at an early age and go on to
become ardent followers of the game. It is also the
highest paying team sport at professional level.
3. During the VIIIth Olympiad future Tarzan film star
Johnny Weissmuller won two gold medals in the
pool. America applauded him. 80 years later, in
Athens another american swimmer, who just made
the Olympic team, Michael Phelps won six swimming
gold medals and became the first person ever to take
home eight medals from one Olympiad. In Beijing
once again it was Phelps who stole the show, bettering
even his Athens performance as he won eight gold
medals in the Games. And in London 2012 Phelps
became the most decorated medalist in the history of
the Olympic Games after he won his 22nd Olympic
medal and his fourth gold of these Games. The end is
almost upon him as a swimmer; but Olympic history
finally belonged to Michael Phelps.
4. In 1968 Mexico City hosted the Summer Olympics.
The high-altitude venue witnessed some of the
Olympics’ most famous moments. Bob Beamon
stunned the world with a world record long jump
of 8.90 m, which nobody could break for 23 years.
Dick Fosbury introduced the world to a strange
back flip in the high jump and the Fosbury Flop has
been the standard ever since. One more innovation
was introduced. From those Games on drug testing
on winners became compulsory. Unfortunately, the
war against doping hasn’t been going on with a great
success ever since. Though a number of athletes get
disqualified every year, new illegitimate substances are
being developed and tests for doping frequently prove
positive.
5. The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent
the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter.
The most important thing in the Olympic Games
is not to win but to take part, just as the most
important thing in life is not the triumph but
the struggle. The Olympic symbol, better known as
the Olympic rings, represents the unity of the five
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inhabited continents. Other symbols are the motto,
the Olympic flame and Olympic torches, the flag,
the anthem and the oath. Since 1968 an animal or
human figure representing the cultural heritage of
the host country has been chosen as the Olympic
mascot. Opening and Closing ceremonies, Parade of
flags, Parade of Athletes and other ceremonies are
significant traditions of the Games.
UNIT 14. All the world’s a stage
EX. 2
1.i; 2.g; 3.j; 4.d; 5.a; 6.h; 7.f; 8.c; 9.e; 10.b.
EX. 3
1 “The Queen of Spades” by Pyotr Tchaikovsky —
2 a) — an opera
2 “Giselle” by Adolphe Adam — 3 d) — a ballet
3 “The Merry Widow” by Franz Lehár —
4 b) — an operetta
4 “Chicago” by John Kander and Fred Ebb —
1 e) — a musical
5 “King Lear” by William Shakespeare —
5 c) — a tragedy
EX. 5
1) inappropriately influenced — unduly swayed;
2) lower price tickets — reduced-price tickets;
3) give the person the right to do something — entitle;
4) have no influence on somebody —
have no impact on;
5) to improve with desirable qualities — to enrich;
6) has started again after a pause — has resumed;
7) conflicting tendencies — crosscurrents;
8) get something significant and valuable — get the most
out of it;
9) give necessary information — provide background;
10) going to the theatre — attending a theatre
production;
11) not forming any opinions (two expressions) — with
an open mind; to suspend judgment;
12) responds differently — brings different expectations
and sensibilities;
13) be shocked or surprised very much —
be so stunned;
14) preparing the play for production — mounting
the production;
 Tapescripts and answer key section
15) performances in which actors behave in a silly way, directly in front of you. The only thing bad is
by throwing things, falling over etc. — slapstick that it is a distant view. Still with the binoculars,
comedies; which I used during some of the more intimate
16) the part of the ticket kept as a record of payment — moments, I was able to get a nice view of the facial
ticket stub. expressions.
3) Our seats were D10 and D11 in the stalls; very good
EX. 7 seats for seeing details of the makeup, costumes and
audience — spectators, audience members, theatregoers; expressions, however, the stage is quite high, and
break — interval, intermission, respite; I think we may have missed some movement and
theatre performance — theatre event, theatre production, action further towards the back of the stage. Also,
show, play; at the end of the show, the barrier, forming part
accompany — escort. of the pier set, obscures the view of the Phantom
and Christine at a rather crucial moment! Loads of
EX. 9 A)
legroom in front of the seat, but the seat itself is one
1) a stage; 2) a proscenium arch; 3) backstage; of the narrowest I have ever sat on. Oh, and take
4) a curtain; 5) stalls; 6) a dress circle; 7) an upper a cardigan along — the air conditioning is quite
circle; 8) balconies; 9) a prompter’s box; 10) a pit; fierce!
11) props; 12) a lobby/ foyer 13) a box. 4) I saw one of the final previews on 4th March 2010.
We were in the Stalls Row B 22 and 23, which were
EX. 9 B)
fantastic seats giving superb views — almost putting
1) stage us in the show, especially during the breathtaking
2) proscenium arch projections. The performers’ feet were often missing
3) backstage though. As for the legroom it was great.
4) props 5) I am an avid box user and I have seen many shows
5) prompter’s box from them and few of them impair the enjoyment
6) curtain of a show and ‘cut off’ much of the stage. Recently
7) pit I sat in Box C seat 1 for ‘Love Never Dies’
8) stalls
performance on the 26th May. This box provided
9) balconies
a very good view at the lowest box price and none
10) dress circle
of the show was missed. Overall I was highly
11) upper circle
pleased with the view, the legroom and the sound
12) boxes
quality.
13) lobby/ foyer
6) We attended ‘Love Never Dies’ for the third time
14) box office
last night and my partner and I sat in the Upper
EX. 10 A) Circle seats A15 and 16. What a great view, although
we can see why the theatre charges a lower price for
row A. When sitting back in your seats you can’t see
TAPESCRIPT
the front few feet of the stage. Some action does
1) I went to see ‘Love Never Dies’ on Monday occur in this area and often the actors’ legs are
1st March 2012, one of the preview performances. ‘cut-off’ by the front of the balcony. Also, in
Myself and a friend had excellent seats in the front the final scene when Christine is shot, her son
row of the Dress Circle, seats A13 and 14. The view Gustave crouches in horror at the front of the stage
was fantastic with no safety bars or lighting rigs to and you can’t see him at all. Despite this and
spoil the scene. The seat wasn’t very comfortable, the fact that personally I feel you are just a little
though, and legroom was pretty poor even for too far away from the action I would certainly
someone of my average height. recommend these seats. One interesting point to note
2) Last night I was in the Upper Circle K18: Not about the Upper Circle is the temperature variance.
a bad seat! Probably the best of the cheaper seats Perhaps surprisingly it was warmer at the front of
at the back of the upper circle as there is nobody the circle than the rear.

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 Tapescripts and answer key section
EX. 10 B) 7. The ballet has been refashioned and deconstructed
1.G; 2.F; 3.B; 4.E; 5.D; 6.C. so many times that modern performance bears little
resemblance to the original.
EX. 11 8. Ballet dancers, unfortunately, lacked personality and
1) a producer; 2) a director; 3) a scene designer; the performance turned from a living treasure into
4) a property/ props designer; 5) a lighting designer; a museum piece.
6) a costume designer; 7) a makeup designer; 9. Classical ballet demands both prima ballerina and
8) a sound designer; 9) an actor/ actress; the whole troupe wear tutus and point shoes.
10) a stage manager; 11) a running crew.
EX. 19
EX. 14 1.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.T; 6.T; 7,T; 8.T; 9.F; 10.T.
1.B; 2.B/C; 3.B/C; 4.A; 5.C/E; 6.C/E; 7.D; 8.B;
9.C. 10.D; 11.A; 12.D/E; 13.D/E; 14.D; 15.A/C; EX. 22
16.A/C; 17.D; 18.C/E; 19.C/E; 20.D; 21.E. 1) artificial lighting.
2) above the stage
EX. 16 A) 3) the dialogue
1 2 3 4 5 6 4) A red handkerchief
5) The coloured flags
Interpretation/ version + + + + +
6) a penny
Performance of the + + + + + 7) beer and cider
prima
8) the bad character
Performance + + + + + 9) female
of the soloist
10) velvet, fur, silk
Performance + + + + + + 11) wool, sheepskin
of other dancers

Orchestra + TAPESCRIPT
performance
Hi, I’m Bryan and I’m going to talk about Shakespeare’s
Scenery +
theatre. The theatre in Shakespeare’s time was much
Costumes + different from what it’s today. Authors wrote plays for
Quality of a stage + the masses, especially those who couldn’t read or write.
The church didn’t like it and didn’t allow acting in the
EX. 17 city itself. They thought it had a bad influence on people
1.f; 2.d; 3.g; 4.b; 5.h; 6.a; 7.c; 8.e. and kept them from going to church. Queen Elizabeth,
on the other hand, loved acting and helped the theatre
EX. 18 become popular.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS As time went on, more and more popular theatres
1. The dancers of the corps didn’t make a false step and emerged outside city walls. This was considered an
performed all the dances with unique precision. unsafe area with crime and prostitution. It was there
2. The performance was well deserving of the standing where Shakespeare’s theatre was built.
ovation. Shakespeare’s theatre was called the Globe. It was
3. The live orchestra added authenticity to this a round building (Shakespeare called it ‘the wooden O’)
performance. like a stadium with a thatched roof around. One thing
4. The soloists did exquisite work. they didn’t have was artificial lighting, so all productions
5. This balletmaster’s version balances between the took place in the afternoon. Inside, there was an elevated
traditional approach and a modernist trend for semi- stage with a balcony above where the spectators or
abstraction. musicians could be seated. It had a cannon that could
6. Odesa city dancers’ mastery left most spectators open- be fired for battle scenes (no cannon ball, obviously, just
mouthed. the gunpowder). There were the so called ‘flies’, that is

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 Tapescripts and answer key section
the area above the stage where a rope and pulley were
set up. It was used to hoist an actor up into the air so it
looked like he was flying. There was at least one trapdoor
in the floor of the stage so that an actor could jump
down into it and disappear or come out of it. In Hamlet,
for example, Hamlet would have jumped into Ophelia’s
grave.
There was almost no scenery but only simple props
such as tables, chairs, swords, canvases of the sun and
the moon because the dialogue was the most important
part of the play. The pillars holding the balcony could
double as trees in a forest, for example. And because
there were battle scenes and duels, actors would have
blunted swords. When a dramatic death was staged within
a play, a red handkerchief was pulled from the costume
to symbolise blood. So the plays of that period of time,
remember, weren’t just words on a page, they were living
breathing theatre. To advertise these shows, they raised
a coloured flag to tell people across the river what kind
of play was being performed: a white flag meant they
were putting on a comedy like a Midsummer Night’s
Dream. A red flag meant a history play like Henry V.
A black flag meant they were putting on a tragedy, like
Romeo and Juliet or Othello.
Upper and middle-class audience members paid two
pence for a seat, but could pay up to sixpence for the
best seats. Poor people paid just a penny to stand in
front of the stage exposed to the weather. These poor
spectators were called groundlings. Vendors would walk
around selling oranges, roasted hazelnuts, beer and cider,
the way people today might buy hot dogs, peanuts and
coke at a football game. And the groundlings in particular
would enjoy cheering when the hero entered and booing
the bad character, sometimes even throwing things at
actors when they didn’t like what they were seeing.
The groundlings could get a little restless at times, but
lucky for them as well as for us, Shakespeare always
broke up long stretches of talking with things like a sword
fight, a comical scene or a few dirty jokes.
The next fact freaks out a lot of our visitors when they
first hear it, but women never performed in plays, so
young boys played female characters. They wore platform
shoes and wigs and long dresses and I’m guessing a lot
of makeup to make them look like women. Remember,
that theatre was considered immoral and it was totally
inappropriate for the delicate sensibilities of women. In
fact, middle and upper-class women who attended those
plays actually sometimes wore masks so they wouldn’t be
recognized.
The Globe theatre costumes were of fabulous material,
vivid colours and extremely costly. Some were specifically
made for the actors and some were donated by rich
patrons. Nearly every colour of clothing had its own
meaning in relation to status and rank. And the audience
completely understood these meanings. As soon as an
actor walked on the stage the fabric and the colour of
his clothing indicated the role of the character he was
playing. For example, purple was associated with royalty.
If the costume was brightly coloured and made of velvet,
fur, silk or lace, the actor would be instantly recognized
as a member of the upper class. The lower classes wore
yellow, reddish brown, orange, green, pale blue and pink,
and costumes made of wool, sheepskin and linen would
indicate a much lower status. ....[fade]
EX. 25
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1. There is nothing better than live theatre which can
enrich you intellectually, emotionally, and spiritually.
In theatre — unlike film or television — each
performance is unique because each audience brings
different expectations and sensibilities to the event.
One of the main purposes of theatre is to let you see
the world from different perspectives and experience
differing viewpoints and lifestyles. But some people go
to the theatre just to be entertained and escape from
daily existence. Whatever the reason may be theatre
still remains a great option for expanding our horizons
far beyond everyday life.
2. The theatre is a collaborative production of many
theatre professionals whose goal is to give the
audience the best and most meaningful experience.
Thus, the producer is responsible for seeking
finances to mount a theatre production; the director
takes responsibility for all creative elements of
a performance; the scene designer and the props
designer are engaged into developing drawings and
models of sets as well as gathering and making all
the props necessary for a production. Lighting
designers know how to make the best use of lights
to create an atmosphere or mood. The theatrical
costume designer is in charge of the design of
garments and other means of dressing to illuminate
a character’s traits. Although a theatre performance
comprises a number of components such as playing
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 Tapescripts and answer key section
space, scenery, costumes, lighting, sound, and text,
its primary elements are the actors and the audience.
The actors bring characters to life on stage analysing
the play script, memorizing lines, and showing
a commitment to the director, his or her vision of
the play.
3. The Royal Opera House is one of London’s most
esteemed, iconic and beautiful performance venues
and it’s worth a visit even if you’re not a ballet or
opera fan. The faзade, lobby/ foyer, and auditorium
date from 1858, but almost every other element of
the present theatre dates from an extensive
reconstruction in the 1990s. The Royal Opera House
seats over 2,000 people and consists of four tiers of
boxes, balconies and the gallery. The proscenium
is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high. The auditorium is
very tall and takes a traditional horseshoe shape,
meaning that there are various places in which one
may get a better view of the stage. The best views of
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the stage can be found in the centre of the stalls and
the dress circle. The less clear views of the stage can
be found towards the sides of the stalls and the upper
circle. There are countless price options for seats
with tickets ranging from £4 to over £200.
The general rule is the better the seat the higher
the cost, with seats in the stalls, the dress circle and
boxes being the most expensive in the house, but
reduced-price tickets are often available.
4. The timeless production of Tchaikovsky’s best-
loved ballet The Nutcracker performed by the Royal
ballet company was excellent and well deserving of
the standing ovation. The two talented soloists did
exquisite work making a series of heart-stopping
leaps and breathtaking lifts. The dancers were
incredibly elegant and delicately graceful and left
most open-mouthed. This performance provided
the theatre-goers with an evening of magical
entertainment.