THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Structurally determined use of subjunctive mood forms

§ 81. In Modern English the choice of the subjunctive mood form is determined by the structure of the
sentence or clause even more than by the attitude of the speaker or writer to what is said or written. There
exist strict rules of the use of the forms in different patterns of sentences and clauses.

The subjunctive mood in subject clauses

§ 82. 1. The use of the subjunctive mood forms in subject clauses in complex sentences of the type It is
necessary that you should come.
Subject clauses follow the principal clause, which is either formal or has no subject (exclamatory). The
predicate of the principal clause expresses some kind of modality, estimate, or some motive for performing
the action denoted by the predicate in the subordinate clause. This close connection between the two
predicates accounts for the nature of the subordinate clause, which completes, or rather gives meaning to
general situation described in the principal clause.
Should + infinitive or present subjunctive is generally used in this pattern in the subject clause.

It is (was) necessary
It is (was) important
It is (was) only right
It is (was) curious
It is (was) funny
It is (was) good (better, best)
It is (was) cruel
It is (was) shameful that he should say so.
It is (was) a happy coincidence (that he say so).
It is (was) considered strange
It is (was) recomended
It becomes (became) a custom
It seems (seemed) to me prophetic
How wonderful
What a shame
How strange
etc.

It is sad that you should have heard of it on the day of your wedding.
It is a happy coincidence that we should meet here.
It shocked him that he should have been so blind.
It was suggested that somebody should inform the police.
It was more important that he should care for her enough.

In American English the present subjunctive is predominant in this sentence pattern:

It is sad that you be here.

In exclamatory complex sentences:

 How wonderful that she should have such a feeling for you!
What a scandal that Palmer and Antonia should go to the opera together!

If the principal clause expresses possibility (it is probable, possible, likely) may (might) + non-perfect
infinitive is used, because the action is referred to the future (Возможно, что...; похоже, что...; видимо...)

It is likely the weather may change.

It is possible the key may be lost.

In negative and interrogative sentences, however, should + infinitive is used:

It is not possible that he should have guessed it. Невероятно, чтобы...

Is it possible that he should refuse to come? Возможно ли, чтобы...

Note:

If in sentences introduced by it the reference is made to an existing fact or state of things, the indicative
mood may be used in the subordinate clause.

It is strange that he behaves like that.

Is it possible that he has taken the key?

2. After the principal clause expressing time - it is time, it is high time -the past subjunctive or non-
factual forms are used.

It is time you went to bed.

It is high time he were more serious.
It was hight time he had come to a decision.

The subjunctive mood in object clauses

§ 83. The choice of the subjunctive mood form in object clauses depends on the meaning of the verb
standing before the object clause.

1. In object clauses after verbs expressing order (to order, to command, to give orders, to give
instructions, to demand, to urge, to insist, to require), request (to request, to appeal, to beg), suggestion (to
suggest, to recommend, to propose, to move, to advise) either should + infinitive or the present subjunctive is
used, the first form being more common than the second.

We urged that in future these relations should be more friendly.

Mr. Nupkins commanded that the lady should be shown in.

In American English the present subjunctive in this sentence pattern is predominant.

People don’t demand that a thing be reasonable if their emotions are touched.
I suggested that she give up driving, but she looked too miserable.
 The same form is used after the predicative adjectives sorry, glad, pleased, vexed, eager, anxious,
determined, etc., if the action is regarded as an imagined one.

I am sorry she should take such needless trouble.

His brother’s suggestion was absurd. He was vexed his relatives should interfere into his private
matters.

2. In object clauses after the verb wish and phrases expressing the same idea I had better, I would
rather, or the contracted form I’d rather -different forms may be used, depending on the time-reference of
the action in the object clause. If the action refers to the present or future, or is simultaneous with the action
expressed in the principal clause, the non-factual past indefinite, past continuous, or past subjunctive is used.
After I’d rather the present subjunctive is also possible.

I wish I knew something of veterinary medicine. There’s a feeling of helplessness with a sick animal.
I wish you came here more often. I hardly ever see you.
I would rather you went now.
I’d rather you didn’t help me, actually.

Note:

To express a realizable wish an infinitive, not a clause is generally used:

I want him to come.

I should like to discuss things in detail.
He wished it to be true.

If the action refers to the past or is prior to the moment it is desired the non-factual past perfect or past
perfect continuous is used, no matter in what tense the verb in the principal clause is. Thus in both the
sentences I wish I hadn’t come and I wished I hadn’t come the non-factual past perfect denotes a prior
imaginary action, contradicting reality.

We wished we hadn’t left everything to the last minute.

I wish I had been taught music in my childhood.

If the desired action refers to the future the following subjunctive forms may be used:

would + infinitive (only when the subject of the subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not
denote the same thing or person). It denotes a kind of request.
could + infinitive
may (might) + infinitive

The form would + infinitive is used when the fulfilment of the wish depends on the will of the person
denoted by the subject of the subordinate clause. If the fulfilment of the wish depends more on the
circumstances, the quasi-subjunctive form may (might) + infinitive is preferable, to show that the realization
of the action is very unlikely.

I wish you would treat me better.

I wish I could help you.
 I wish he might have helped me.

When rendering wish-clauses into Ukrainian it is possible to use a clause with the opposite meaning, introduced
by the impersonal «жаль», «шкода», «на жаль» or by the finite form of the verb «шкодувати».

I wish I knew it. - Шкода, що я цього не знав.

I wish I didn’t know it! - На жаль, я цього не знаю!
I wish I had known about it! - Жаль, що я не знав цього!

3. In object clauses after verbs expressing fear, apprehension, worry (to fear, to be afraid, to be
terrified, to be anxious, to worry, to be fearful, to be troubled, to be in terror, to tremble, to dread, etc.) two
forms are used, depending on the conjunction introducing the clause:

a) after the conjunction that or if the clause is joined asyndetically, the quasi-subjunctive may/might +
infinitive is used. The choice of either may or might depends on the tense of the verb in the main
clause.

They trembled (that) they might be discovered. Вони тремтіли від думки, що їх побачать.
I fear (that) he may forget about it. Боюсь, що він про це забуде.

b) after the conjunction lest the form should + infinitive is used.

The passengers were terrified lest the ship Пасажири перелякались, що корабель може
should catch fire. запалати.

The indicative forms are also possible in clauses of this type if the action is regarded as a real one:

She was afraid that he had changed his mind.

4. In object clauses after verbs and phrases expressing doubt (to doubt, to disbelieve, to have doubts, to
greet with scepticism, etc.) and after some other verbs in the negative form the past subjunctive may be used.
The subordinate clause is introduced by if or whether.

We had doubts if it were possible to cross the river at this time of the year.
I doubted she had even been there.

5. In object clauses referring to the formal it + objective predicative, expressing opinion of some
situation, the choice of the form depends on the general meaning of the principal clause:

We found it strange that he should speak so calmly after the events (the principal clause expresses the
idea of disbelief, hence the form should speak is used).
We regard it as highly probable that he may return soon (the principal clause expresses the idea of
probability, hence the form may return is used).

The subjunctive mood in complex sentences with adverbial clauses of condition

§ 85. Complex sentences may include conditional clauses expressing real condition and unreal condition.
In the first case the indicative mood is used, in the second the subjunctive. Both conditions may refer to the
past, present or future.
In sentences with real condition any form of the indicative may be used.

If she heard it, she gave no sign.

Why did he send us matches, If he knew there was no gas?
If I have offended you, I am very sorry.
You may go away if it bothers you.
Now it was serious. If I had laughed about it before, I wasn’t laughing now.
If he was lying, he was a good actor.

Since the majority of conditional clauses are introduced by if they are often called if-clauses. Other
conjunctions used to introduce conditional clauses are unless, in case, supposing (that), suppose (that),
providing (that), provided (that), on condition (that). Each of them expresses a conditional relation with a
certain shade of meaning, and their use is restricted either for semantic or stylistic reasons. Thus unless has a
negative meaning, although it is not identical with if not. Clauses introduced by unless indicate the only
condition which may prevent the realization of the action in the main clause. Unless can be rendered in
Ukrainian by “якщо тільки не”.

He is ruined unless he can get a million to pay off his debts – Він стане банкротом, якщо тільки не
знайде десь мільйон доларів і заплатить борги.

The Ukrainian conjunction with negation «якщо не» cannot be rendered by unless if the negation refers
only to the part of the compound predicate. In this case if not should be used.

Одягнись тепліше, якщо не хочешь захворіти.

Put on a warm coat, if you don’t want to catch cold.

The conjunction in case has a specific shade of meaning, combining condition and purpose and may be
translated into Ukrainian as “на випадок якщо”.

Take an umbrella in case if rains.

The conjunctions suppose (that) and supposing (that) retain their original meaning of supposition. The
conjunctions provided (that) and providing (that) imply that the supposed condition is favourable or
desirable.

Suppose you get lost in the city, what will you do?
Providing (that) there is no opposition we will hold the meeting here.

These conjunctions may also introduce clauses of unreal condition.

In complex sentences containing an unreal condition the subjunctive mood is used in both the conditional
clause and in the principal clause, because the action expressed in the principal clause depends on the unreal
condition and cannot be realized either. The choice of forms depends on the time-reference of the actions.

1. If the unreal actions in both the if-clause and the main clause refer to the present or future the non-
factual past indefinite, or past continuous, or the past subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause and
should/would + non-perfect common or continuous infinitive in the main clause.

If I were a young man now, you wouldn’t be looking for a porter.

 You wouldn’t be talking that way unless you were hurt.
I shouldn’t speak to you unless I were determined.

2. If both actions refer to the past and contradict reality the non-factual past perfect or past perfect
continuous is used in the if-clause and should/would + perfect or perfect continuous infinitive in the main
clause.

If he had not insisted upon her going there, nothing would ever have happened.
Unless he had been grinning happily at us, I should have sworn he was mortally wounded.

Clauses of unreal condition with the verb in the non-factual past perfect, past perfect continuous, past
subjunctive (also should + infinitive and could + infinitive, see below) may be introduced asyndetically. In
this case inversion serves as a means of subordination.

Had the world been watching, it would have been startled.

Were you in my place you would behave in the same way.

The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of comparison

§ 90. Several forms of subjunctive are used in clauses of comparison depending on the time-reference.

1. If the action in the comparative clause is simultaneous with that in the main clause, the non-factual past
indefinite or past subjunctive is used.

2. If the action in the comparative clause is prior to that in the main clause, the non-factual past perfect is
used.

The usual conjunctions introducing comparative clauses are as if and as though.

His eyes wandered as if he were at a loss.

He paid no attention to us, as though we did not exist.
Miss Handforth was holding a tea-pot as if it were a hand grenade.
And so we faced each other after three years of letter-writing as if we had been having a beer every
afternoon for years.

3. If the action in the subordinate clause is presented as following the action in the main clause would +
infinitive is used.

He was whistling gaily as if his heart would break for joy.

The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of purpose

§ 91. In clauses of purpose the form used depends on the conjunction introducing the clause.

1. After the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, so the quasi-subjunctive forms may (might) +
infinitive or can (could) + infinitive are used. Only might and could are used if the action in the subordinate
clause, though following the action in the main clause, refers to the past. But when the action refers to the
present or future, both forms of each verb are possible (may or might, can or could).
 I tell you this so that you may understand the situation.
She left the lamp on the window-sill, so that he might see it from afar.
She gave him the book that he might have something to read on the journey.

2. After the negative conjunction lest (чтобы не) should + infinitive is generally used.

The girl whispered these words lest somebody should overhear her.
He was afraid to look behind lest he should see something there which ought not to be there.

The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of concession

§ 92. Concessive clauses may either be joined to the main clause asyndetically, or else be introduced by a
connective (however, whoever, whatever, whenever), a conjunction (though, although, even if, even though);
also by a phrase, such as no matter how, no matter when.
If the action refers to the present or future the quasi-subjunctive form may + infinitive or present
subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. If the action refers to the past may + perfect infinitive or
perfect continuous infinitive, or might + infinitive is used. Forms with should + infinitive, would +
infinitive, and non-factual tense forms are also possible, though less typical.

He can be right, no matter whether his arguments be convincing or not.

Tired as he may be he will always help me.
Though he might have been suspicious he gave no sign.
No matter how he might try he couldn’t do it.
Much as I would like to help, I didn’t dare to interfere.

When a concessive clause is joined asyndetically, there is usually inversion. The front position is
occupied by the part, that states the circumstance despite which the action in the main clause is carried out.
Thus it lends a concessive meaning to the clause. In the following sentences the concessive meaning is
focused on the part of the predicate:

Come what may, we shall remain here. - Щоб не сталось ...

Cost what it may, I’ll give you the sum you ask. - Чого б це не коштувало...
Tired as he might be, he continued his way. - Як би він не втомився ...

The focus of the concessive meaning may fall on the nominal or adverbial part of the clause.

Whoever he may be, he has no right to be rude. - Ким би він не був ...
Whatever you may say, our decision remains unchanged. - Щоб ти не казав ...
Whichever of the two roads we may take, the distance is great. - Який би з двох шляхів ми не
обрали ...
Wherever we might go, we found the same gloomy sight. - Куди б ми не пішли ...
Whenever I may ask him a question, he always has a ready answer. - Коли б я не спитав його ...
Не will not convince us however hard he should try. - ... як би сильно він не намагався.

Concessive clauses introduced by even if, even though are built up on the same pattern as conditional
clauses and the same subjunctive mood forms are used in the subordinate clause.

Even if it were true, he couldn’t say so.

Even though he had proposed, nothing has changed since that day.
 Concessive meaning may be rendered by the indicative mood in the same patterns of clauses, if the fact
despite which the action is carried out is a real one.

Cold as it is, we shall go out. (it is really cold)

Tired as he was, he continued his work.
Though he was 36, he looked very old.
It was not meant to offend you, no matter how ironic it sounded.

Types of Sentences Synthetic Forms Analytical Forms Non-Factual

Tense Forms
Simple sentence Ideas be hanged! May it come true! If I only knew!
If only that were true! I should like to see this film.
Complex sentence with a It is required that all be It is important that all should It is time the boy came.
subject clause present. come.
It is likely he may come.
Complex sentence with a He looks as if he were It looks as if the weather may It seems as if everybody
predicative clause surprised. change. knew.
The order is that we should It looks as if he had known
move. it long ago.
Complex sentence with an The order that we should move
appositive clause surprised us.
Complex sentence with an I wish he were here. He ordered that we should I wish I knew it.
object clause come. I wish I had never met him.
We feared lest he should find it
out.
I wish he would come.
Complex sentence The stranger looked He glanced at me as if he
with an adverbial at me as if he were knew.
clause of comparison surprised. The girl spoke as if she
had learned it all by
heart.
Complex sentence with It is true whether it be Tired as he might be, he
an adverbial concessive convincing or not. continued his way.
clause Though he might be tired, he
his way.
He will not manage it
however hard he should try.
Whatever faults the book may
have, it is interesting enough.
He would not have come even if we had warned
him.
Complex sentence with I tell you this so that you may
an adverbial clause of understand the situation.
purpose We put the matches away lest
the baby should find the box.
Complex sentence with If I were you ... I should not object to it.
an adverbial conditional I should come ... if I knew the address
clause I should have called on you
yesterday ... if I had known the address
Should I meet him, I shall tell
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form o! the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the
Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (conditional sentences).

1. I honestly think it __ better if we __ each other for awhile. (to be, to see — negative) (Hansford
Johnson) 2. If you __ already married, Mr. Clay, I __ ior you. (to be — negative, to wait) (Stone) 3. Now if only
Betty __ able to come this evening she __ it. But, of course, she had to choose this evening to go and see her
mother, (to be, to do) (A. Wilson) 4. If he __ ordinary, I __ him (to be, to love — negative) (Galsworthy) 5. And
if anything __ to him, there __ something in the Press, (to happen, to be) (Priestley) 6, I __ it a few months ago,
Mr. Chapin. (to believe) (Dreiser) 7. If I __ you, I think I __ very much as you do. (to be, to feel) (Snow) 8. You
first brought your friend into my sister's company, and but for you we __ never __ him. (to see) (Dickens) 9. I
certainly won't leave you so long as you are in mourning. It __ most unfriendly. If I __ in mourning you __ with
me, I suppose, (to be, to be, to stay) (Wilde) 10. He was a power in the College, and __ in any society, (to be)
(Snow) 11. If you __ news before morning, ring me up at once, (to have) (Hansford Johnson) 12. I like the place.
The air suits me. I __ surprised if I __ here, (to be — negative, to settle down) (Shaw) 13. There is nothing the
Barkers __ for a few pounds, (to do — negative) (Wilson) 14. Well that wasn't true what she said and, if it __ that
__ no business of hers, (to be, to be) (A. Wilson) 15, "She told me the other day that her heart stopped for five
minutes when that horrid nurse was rude to her." "Nonsense! She __ alive now if her heart __ for five seconds."
(to be — negative, to stop) (Shaw) 16. I think it __ her so much good to have a short stroll with you in the Park,
Dr. Chasuble. (to do) (Wilde) 17. The story I have to tell __. never __ if one day I __ across the street, (to happen,
to walk — negative) (Maugham) 18. "She is so wretched," I told him, "that she __ gladly __ to-morrow morning
if it __ for the baby." (to die, to be — negative) (Hansford Johnson) 19. If I __ you I _ abroad agaia.. (to be, to
go) (Hardy) 20. "I think, Edward," said Mrs. Dashwood, "you — a happier man if you __ any profession to
engage your time and give an interest-to your plans and actions. Some inconvenience to your friends, indeed,
might result from it: you __ able to give them so much of your time." (to be, to have, to be — negative) (Austen)

Exercise 2. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required (conditional sentences).

1. Ви б відчували себе краще, якби не лягали спати так пізно (to keep late hours). 2. Ми б не
запізнилися на потяг, якби взяли таксі. 3. Ми могли б піти на каток, якби не було так холодно. 4. Якби
вчора не було так холодно, ми, можливо, пішли б на каток. 5. Якби ви не сиділи на протязі (to sit in the
draught), ви б не застудилися. 6. Ви б себе добре сьогодні почувались, якби вчора прийняли ліки. 7. Якби
я був на вашому місці, я б проводив часу на вулиці. 8. Ви б знали мову краще, якби прочитали влітку
кілька англійських книг. 9. Якби не моя хвороба, я б уже закінчив університет. 10. Ви б не розбили вазу,
якби були обережні

1. Якби місіс Копперфільд не мала наміру вийти заміж, вона б не послала Девіда до містера Пеготті.
2. Дивлячись на маленьку Емілі, Девід часто думав про те, що якби не містер Пеготті, вона була б
нещасною безпритульною (homeless) дитиною. 3. Девід сказав Пеготті: «Я думаю, що ваш брат дуже
добра людина; він би не вдочерив (to adopt) маленьку Емілі, якби він не був такий добрий». 4. Маленька
Емілі часто говорила Девіду, що якби вона коли-небудь стала багатою дамою, вона подарувала б містеру
Пеготті золотий годинник, срібну трубку і цілий ящик грошей. 5. Девід не знав, що його матінка вийшла
заміж за містера Мердстона. Якби він знав про це, він не повертався б додому в такому гарному настрої.
6. Якби містер Мердстон сказав Девіду хоча б одне ласкаве (kind) слово, хлопчик, можливо, полюбив би
його. 7. Побачивши на обличчі Девіда сліди сліз, містер Мердстон велів йому негайно вмитися. Хлопчик
відразу зрозумів, що якби він не послухав вітчима, той би його жорстоко побив. 8. «Які щасливі ми були
б, якби матінка не вийшла заміж за містера Мердстона», часто думав Девід. 9. Девід був здібний хлопчик
і міг би добре вчитися, якби на уроках не були присутні Мердстони. 10. Девід став похмурою і млявою
(dull) дитиною. Ймовірно, він зовсім би отупів (to get stupefied), якби не книги, які він читав годинами.

Exercise 3. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the
Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (simple sentences, conditional sentences, adverbial clauses of
purpose and concession).

1. She wanted him to be a member of Parliament only that he __ a claim on the gratitude of his party, (to
have) (Maugham) 2. God __ me from such friends in future, (to save) (Lindsay) 3. Andrews turned up the collar
of his coat, lest he __ (to recognize— passive) (Greene) 4. I am prepared to gratify all your whims, however
unreasonable they __ (to be) (Maugham) 5. Do you think she __ and have lunch with me if I „her? (to come, to
telephone) (Hansford Johnson) 6. "Oh God __ you! How could you strike an otd woman like that?" (to forgive)
(Shaw) 7. Tell them I leave my country that I __ free, and it is the end and the beginning, (to be) (Buck) 8. "Mr.
Penty," said the doctor.... "in my experience, very few people are perfectly well, although they __ they are." (to
imagine) (Priestley) 9. I keep a diary in order to enter the wonderful secrets of my life. If I __ them down, I __
probably __ all about them, (to write — negative, to forget) (Wilde) 10. He seemed to be dozing when she
returned, and she put the low fire together very softly lest she __ him. (to awake) (Dickens) 11. Whatever your
father __ once __, to day he's decay; he's age; he's everything that's corrupt and evil, (to be) (Gow and D’Usseau)
12. God __ for her kind heart, (to thank — passive) (Lindsay) 13. If necessary, 1 could cable her to tell her his
address in order that she __ Australia without seeing him. (to leave — negative) (Shute) 14. I __ you if I __ a way
out, but there isn't one. (to press — negative, to see) (Maugham) 15. It was plain that however conscientious
Cassilis __, however desperately hard and intelligently he __, he would never get his captaincy, (to be, to work)
(Hansford Johnson)

Exercise 4. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

1. В цьому залі дуже хороша акустика (acoustics); де б ви не сиділи, ви все почуєте. 2. У нас були
дуже погані місця; якби акустика в цьому залі не була такою гарною, ми б нічого не почули. 3. Який би
зайнятий він не був, він знаходив час відвідати театр. 4. Хоч який він зайнятий, він знаходить час
відвідувати театр. 5. Що б ви не говорили, мені ця п'єса не подобається. 6. Лікар сказав: « Хоч хворий і
дуже слабкий, його треба оперувати». 7. Якби не операція, хворий, можливо, помер би. 8. Медсестра
закрила вікно, щоб шум не розбудив хворого. 9. Лікар сказав: «Хворому тепер нічого не загрожує. Але
якщо в нього знову підніметься температура, зателефонуйте мені негайно ». 10. Коли б ви не прийшли до
мене, я завжди буду радий вас бачити.
Exercise 5. Insert the appropriate form о! the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the
Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (simple sentences, conditional sentences, adverbial clauses of
purpose, concession and comparison, predicative clauses, and subject clauses).

1. She took up her work and began to sew, as if it __ always __ her custom to work in this room, (to be)
(Greene) 2. It's important that he __ what he wants, (to have) (A. Wilson) 3. Have you realized that though you __
towns and win battles, you cannot conquer a nation, (to occupy) (Shaw) 4. It was not Sir Edgar's intention that
such a remarkable performance __ (to curtail — passive) (A. Wilson) 5. You __ to carry so much weight if you __
the proper exercise, (to have — negative, to take) (Caldwell) 6. Mrs. Strickland was taking her family to the coast
of Norfolk, so that the children __ the sea and her husband golf, (to have) (Maugham) 7. You look as if you __
toothache... (to have)' (Wilde) 8. Then he looked at his hands; he looked at them as if he __ just __ he had them
and __ yet __ what they were for. (to discover, to puzzle out — negative) (Faulkner) 9. The poor little woman
will stand up for her brother, whatever he __ (to be) (James) 10. I thought it was necessary that we __ a short
conversation before I left this house. (to have) (Maugham)

Exercise 6. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood where required.

Based on an episode from Vanity Fair by W. Thackeray.

1. Мати Беккі була француженкою, і дівчина говорила французькою так, немов вона все життя
прожила в Парижі. 2. Коли Беккі було шістнадцять, друзі її батька ставились до неї, як до дорослої жінки,
і часто відмовлялися (to give up) від найвеселіших балів і гулянок (parties), щоб провести з ній вечір. 3.
Після смерті батька Беккі переїхала в Чизвік (Chiswick), в пансіон міс Пінкертон, яка взяла дівчину для
того, щоб вона говорила французькою з її ученицями. 4. Коли міс Пінкертон почула, як Беккі грає на
роялі, вона подумала, що було б добре, щоб дівчина вчила її вихованок також і музиці. 5. Міс Пінкертон
ніколи не була добра до Беккі і всіляко (in every way possible) намагалася образити і принизити її. Вона
ставилася б дівчини краще, якби та була дочкою багатих батьків. 6. «Що б Емілія не говорила, думала
Беккі, -я знаю, що міс Пінкертон ненавидить мене. Вона ніколи не взяла б мене, якби моя робота не була
для неї вигідна». 7. Беккі теж ненавиділа міс Пінкертон і ставилася до неї, як до свого найгіршого ворога
(worst enemy). 8. Беккі поїхала б з Чизвіка, але вона прекрасно розуміла, що для неї дуже важливо
отримати гарну освіту. «Якою нещасною я б не почувалась у міс Пінкертон, мені доведеться деякий час
тут залишатися», - думала Беккі. 9. Якби Беккі захотіла, щоб міс Пінкертон влаштувала її куди-небудь
гувернанткою, та негайно знайшла таке місце і таким чином позбулася б дівчини.

Exercise 7. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use ol the
Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian (object clauses, attributive clauses, sentences with the emotional
should).

1. Strange that so simple a thing __ birth to beautiful delight. (to give) (Young) 2. I wish I __ what has
frightened you so. (to know) (Shaw) 3. I hajte telephones. I wish I __ never __ one put in. (to have) (Maugham)
4. When we had sat for an hour or so, she insisted that we __ all __ to the restaurant beiow and have supper, (to
go) (Hansford Johnson) 5....that they __ before nine o'clock to see him off was astounding, (to arise) (Sinclair) 6.
It's time I __ a new leaf, (to turn over) (Du Maurier) 7. Oh! I am so ill! so miserable! Oh, I wish I __ dead, (to be)
(Shaw) 8. Apart from his awe, and his concern that the tent __ up, Goldstein was watching the storm with a
fascinated interest, (to remain) (Mailer) 9. I proposed that we __ all __ and eat ices in the park, (to go)
(Maugham) 10. I wish Fleur __ seriously to water-colour work. (to take) (Galsworthy) 11. Why __ people __
with others like that? (to interfere) (Galsworthy) 12. I appreciate your coming, yet in a way I wish you __ (to
come — negative) (Hansford Johnson) 13. I suggest that he __ home for a while, (to go) (Maugham) 14. I wish I
__ your talent, (to have) (/. Shaw)15. It seemed unbearable to him that she __ (to suffer) (Greene) 16. I thought
also of Field himself, of his easy charm, of his genuine desire that all __ happy so long as it involved no
inconvenience to himself, (to be) (Hansford Johnson) 17. Soon I said that it was time I __ home, (to go) (Snow)
18. She wished he __ pestering her with this sort of reminder, (to stop) (Lessing) 19. "I demand," says the small
man, "that you __ with me." (to come) (Saroyari) 20. "I want to be treated with respect," Miss Zelinka wailed. "I
was brought up in a good family, why __ I __ with respect?" (to treat — negative, passive) (/. Shaw)

Exercise 8. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood (object clauses and attributive clauses).

1. Як шкода, що йде дощ. Я б хотів, щоб була хороша погода, тоді ми могли б поїхати за місто. 2. Я
чув, що ви дуже добре граєте на роялі. Я б хотів, щоб ви пограли мені. 3. Мені шкода, що він не приїхав
до Києва на канікули. Йому давно пора побачити це прекрасне місто. 4. Погода була така погана, що я
пошкодував, що вийшов з дому. 5. Хотілося б мені, щоб ви не були таким розтяпою і не ставили одне і те
ж питання кілька разів підряд. 6. У дитини дуже хороший слух (to have a good ear for music). Шкода, що її
не вчать музиці. Давно вже пора її віддати в музичну школу. 7. Хотілося б мені, щоб ви не перебивали
мене кожну хвилину. 8. Мені дуже шкода, що я це сказав; мені здається, що він образився на моє
зауваження. 9. Я пошкодував, що у мене не було часу, і я не міг піти з ними в музей образотворчого
мистецтва. 10. Я б хотів, щоб ви побули зі мною.

1. What a pity it's raining. I wish the weather was good, then we could go out of town\to the countryside. 2. I
heard that you play the piano very well. I would like you to play for me. 3. I wish he had come to Kiev for
vacations. It is high time for him to see this beautiful city. 4. The weather was so bad that I regretted leaving the
house. 5. I wish you were not so absent-minded and did not ask the same question a few times. 6. The child has a
good ear for music. It is a pity that she is not taught music(not being learned a music). It is high time to send her
to a music school. 7. I wish you did not interrupt me every minute. 8. I'm sorry that I said this; it seems to me that
he was offended by my remark. 9. I regretted that I hadn`t time to go to the Museum of Fine Arts with them. 10. I
would like you to stay with me.

1. It is so pity, because of rain. I would like a good weather to be, when we could go to the country. 2. I heard,
that you are good play in the piano. I would like you play for me. 3. I`m so sorry that I didn`t came to Kiev for
vacations. It is necessary to see such a good city for him. 4. The weather was bad and I have upset about coming
out of home. 5. I would like you were not so absent-minded for asking the same question a few times. 6. A child
has a good ear for music. It so pity that he is not being learned a music. It necessary go to the music school as
soon as possible. 7. I wish I weren`t interrupted by you every minute. 8. I`m so sorry, that I have said it. I suppose
he has took a bad part on me. 9. I was sorry about I hadn`t time to go to Ermitage with him. 10. I wish you were
come with me.

Exercise 9. Insert the appropriate form of the Subjunctive Mood. Comment on the form and the use of the
Subjunctive Mood. Translate into Russian.

1. Strickland was certainly forty, and I thought it disgusting that a man of his age should concern himself
with affairs of the heart, (выражение эмоциональности) (Maugham) 2. He brightened as if he had recieved a
gift. (обстоятельство образа действия) (Lawrence) 3, I wish you had left me alone now. (придаточное с
глаголом wish) (Dreiser) 4. It's time Ito be thought it out again from the beginning, (придаточное в
конструкции) (Snow) 5. When I suggested that he should go to bed he said he could not sleep. (конструкция
should+infinitive) (Maugham) 6....glancing sidelong at his nephew, he thought: "I wish I were his age!"
(конструкция после wish) (Galsworthy) 7. If I were you (сослагательное) and was going to be a banker, I
would first spent (конструкция с would) a year or so in some good grain and commission house. (Dreiser) 8.
"God save (инфинитив) us always," I said, "from the innocent and the good." (Greene) 9. She held her baby up
to the window that she could hear the pretty silvery tinkle of the little bells on the pagoda, (конструкция
could+infinitive) (Buck) 10. She had a conviction that, long as she be lived, her aunt would live at least as long,
and always retain her brilliancy and activity, (усиление) (James) 11. The arrangement was that Miss Everdene
should honor them by coming there for a day or two... (should+infinitive) (Hardy) 12. She was by now feeling so
happy that she would shouted (условное наклонение с «бы») for joy if it were not (условие с отрицанием) for
the delicious spell which she felt herself to be under and which still enjoined silence, (Murdoch) 13. Why should
he be the one to hurt her, when really he had wanted to be her friend from the beginning? (конструкция)
(Saroyan) 14. For a fortnight it was necessary that someone should stay with him all night, and she took turns at
watching with her husband, (should + infinitive) (Maugham) 15. Lady Bracknell, I admit with shame that I do not
know. I only wish I did (конструкция с wish) (Wilde) 16. Hunter was anxious that a certain person should not
see it. (should + infinitive) (Murdoch) 17. Except for the unexpectedly sad lines which ran from his nose to the
corners of his mouth he looked like a boy. (непонятно) (Mailer) 18. Her face looked strange, as if she wanted to
cry and had forgotten how. (конструкция с as if и past perfect) (Galsworthy) 19. But I still don't begin to
understand why these people, however silly they were about their beliefs, were ready to risk murder, (условное
наклонение) (Priestley) 20. They were a pleasant pair, and I told myself it was far better that Avice married him
than Roger. (непонятно) (Snow) 21. Heaven forgive me, I left you alone with that scoundrel, (инфинитив для
усиления) (Shaw) 22. Mrs. Mann gave him a piece of bread-and-butter, Test he seems to be too hungry when he
got to the work-house. (усиление) (Dickens) 23. He was still puffing and blowing as if he had just run a mile,
(конструкция с as if) (Priestley) 24. I regret to say, Miss Chiltern, that I have no influence at all over my son. I
wish I had (конструкция с wish). If I had, I know what I made him do (условная конструкция с if). (Wilde) 25.
"I want to marry Aileen," Cowperwood repeated, for emphasis' sake. "She wants to marry me. Under the
circumstances, however you feel, you can have no real objection to my doing that, I am sure." (усиление)
(Dreiser) 26. Besides, it's high time you settle down, (усиление) (Maugham) 27. Sir Gregory Hatchland was a
poor public speaker,... but he had seen to it that there were some good speakers on the platform, (модальное
значение) (Priestley) 28. She ran down to her cabin that she didn`t see the ship pulling away and widening the
chasm between her and her beloved shore, (непонятно) (Buck) 29. I wish you wouldn`t interrupt me.
(конструкция с wish) (Maugham) 30. There had been a time when I __ surprised to see girls like Avice and
Tonia drink spirits, but I had come to accept it as another of the things which are inevitable in these troubled days
of ours being and I could not see any possible reason why they wouldn`t drink whisky if they liked it.
(модальность (Snow)
 Exercise 10. Translate into English, using the Subjunctive Mood. (Based on an episode from David
Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.)

1. Міс Мердстон тримала себе так, немов вона була господинею будинку, немов вона прожила там
все своє життя. 2. Вона поводилась з місіс Копперфільд, так ніби та був дитиною і зовсім не знала життя.
3. «Вам давно пора віддати ключі моїй сестрі» - сказав містер Мердстон дружині. 4. Містер Мердстон не
раз говорив, що дуже важливо, щоб місіс Копперфільд була сувора з Давидом. 5. Місіс Копперфільд
ніколи не голубила Девіда в присутності чоловіка, щоб не розсердити його. 6. «Дивно, що міс Бетсі
жодного разу не написала нам, - сказала Пеготті. - Не може бути (it is impossible), щоб вона зовсім забула
нас». 7. «З якого дива вона буде нам писати? - заперечила місіс Копперфільд. - Вона не любить ні мене, ні
мою дитину!» 8. Містер Мердстон просив сестру слідкувати, щоб Девід не був часто поруч з Пеготті. 9.
Девід боявся, щоб містер Мердстон не побачив, що він пішов на кухню до Пеготті. 10. «Що б там не
казала місіс Копперфільд, я знаю, чтб вона нещасна», - думала Пеготті. 11. Містер Мердстон наполягав,
щоб його дружина звільнила Пеготті. 12. «Як би мене не вмовляв містер Мердстон, я нізащо не звільню
Пеготті», - думала місіс Копперфільд. 13. «Якби Пеготті пішла від нас, то наше життя стало б зовсім
нестерпним», - думав Девід. 14. Як би гаряче (dearly) місіс Копперфільд не любила Девіда, вона
допустила, щоб до нього погано ставились. 15. Девід знав, що як би він не старався, він не зможе добре
зробити уроки в присутності вітчима. 16. Девід боявся, щоб місіс Коперфільд не почала вважати його
лінивим і нездібним хлопчиком. 17. «Як шкода, що матінка вийшла заміж за містера Мердстона, - не раз
думав Девід. - Якби не він, ми були б дуже щасливі ». 18. У Салемській школі (Salem House) Девід
відчував себе дуже самотнім. «Як би я хотів бути зараз вдома з матінкою і Пеготті», - часто думав він. 19.
Після смерті місіс Копперфільд Пеготті запропонувала, щоб Девід поїхав з нею до Ярмуту. 20. Пеготті
взяла хлопчика в Ярмут, щоб він відволікся там від своїх сумних думок (to divert oneself from something).