Inr. .I. Engng Sci.. 1973, Vol. 11, pp. I I@- 1195. Pergamon Press.

Printed in Great Britain

THE DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS NEAR THE TIP

OF A RADIAL CRACK AT THE EDGE
OF A CIRCULAR HOLE?
J. TWEED
The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

and
D. P. ROOKE
The Royal Aircraft Establishment, Famborough, Hants

(Communicated by I. N. SNEDDON)

Abstract- A Mellin transform technique is used to find an integral equation the solution of which is related to
the stress intensity factor and the formation energy of a crack at the edge of a circular hole in an infinite elastic
solid. The biaxial loading case is considered in detail and numerical results given.

I. INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM of determining the distribution of stress near the tip of a crack which
originates at the edge of a circular hole in an infinite elastic solid appears to have been
considered first by Bowie[ 11 who solves it by using a complex mapping technique.
The results given by Bowie are not very accurate, so in this paper we show that the
stress intensity factor and crack energy are related to the solution of a Fredholm
equation and may therefore be calculated to a high degree of accuracy.
We shall assume that the problem is to be solved under the conditions of plane strain
and that the crack and the hole are defined, in plane polar coordinates (r, 8), by the
relations R s r s Rb, 19= 0 and 0 S r c R, 0 s 8 s 2 7~respectively.

-------
Y--K V=O

Fig. 1.

If the loading is symmetric about the plane of the crack the problem may be reduced
to that of finding a solution of the equations of elasticity for the region R < r < w,
0 < d < W,which is such that
(I) at infinity the stresses u,,(r, a), u,&, 6), cr&r, 8) are O(r+) and the displace-
ments ur(r, 6), u$(T, 29)areO(r-‘),
tThis paper was prepared as a part of the work of the Applied Mathamatics Research Group at North
Carolina State University through the grant AF-AFOSR-69-1779 and is under the joint sponsorship of
AFOSR, AR0 and ONR through the Joint Services Advisory Group.
1185
1186 J. TWEED and D. P. ROOKE

(2) a$%3(r,O)=O,R < F-c a,

(3) V.,$(F-,?t) = u+(r, 77) = 0, R < r < co,
(4) arr(R, 8) = 0,o < 3 < lr,
(5) cr@(R, 4 = 0,o < 6 < 7r,
(6) o,s,j(r, 0) =-f(r), R < Y < Rb,
(7) u*(r. 0) = 0, Rb < r < m,

and

(8) limit O)<

au89(r’ W
r-R+ ar *

2. REDUCTION OF THE PROBLEM TO AN INTEGRAL EQUATION

In order to find a suitable representation for the stresses and displacements in the
problem set out above we shall begin by superimposing the solutions of problems 1 and
2 below.
Problem I. Find a solution of the equations of elasticity for the region R < r < ~0,
0 < 19 < P. which is such that (a) at infinity the stresses are O(@) and the displace-
ments are O(r-‘), (b) c,.+(r, 0) = u*(r, 0) = 0, R < r < ~0, and (c) cT,$(r, n) = uB(rr z)
=O,R<r<m.
By the method of separation of variables it is not difficult to show (e.g. see Durelli
et al. [2]) that the Airy stress function for this problem is given by

$(r. 8) = colOgr+c,r-lcos zY+~$~ [cnr-n+d,r-“+2]cosn8, (2.1)

and the corresponding stresses and displacements by

o,, (r, 6) = coF2 - i, [n(n+l)c,r-n-2+ (n+2)(n-l)d,r~n]c0sn~ (2.2)

o,~(r, 6) =-i [n(n+ l)c,r-n-2+n(n- l)d,r-n]sinnS, (2.3)

VI=1

vh9(r, 7%=-car++ 5 [n(nt l)~,r-~-~+ (n-2)(n- l)d,r-n]cosk?, (2.4)

f?=l
I$-?) -ccor~1+-c1r-2cos
U,(Y,6) = ---jy- 6-i-E[r~c,P-~+ (n+2-4~)dnr-n+‘]cos n6 ,
It=?2 I

(2.5)
and

u19(r, 8) = 9 cIr-zsin 8+i [nc,r-n-1+ (n-4+4r))d,r-n+1]sinn* , (2.6)

1 n=2
I

where E is the Young’s modulus and q is the Poisson’s ratio of the material.
problem 2. Find a solution of the equations of elasticity, for the half-plane 0 s r <
m, 0 < 6 < T, which is such that (a) at infinity the stresses are 0(r-2) and the disptace-
ments are O(r-l), (b) at the origin the stresses and displacements are bounded, (c)
~,.~(r, 0) = 0,O G r < 03,and(d) u,+(r, V) = ub(r, 7~) = 0,O s r < ~0.
By utilising the properties of the Me&n transform (e.g. see Tranter [3]) it can be
 Stress distribution at tip of crack at edge of a circular hole 1187

shown that the solution of this problem may be written in the form

urr (r, 6) = re2A-’ cos (a-P)(s+~)-((s+~)cos (S-7~)s);r

1
, (2.7)

cr,* (r, 8) = r-2dZ-1 (sin (I%GT)(s+~)-sin (zY-7r)s);r

1, (2.8)

ugo (r, 8) = r-2.K1 &ps+2) COS(6-7r)s-sC0S (t+-n)(s+2));r

1, (2.9)

1+7&l
h(r, 6) = 7 2(S+A1(~~in,,((s+2)cos (~-7T)s

1,
[
-((s+4-47))cos (S-7r)(s+2));r (2.10)
and

1+9&l
ufi(r, 6) =x 2(s+A1(fs)in?rs((S+2)sin (G-r)S
[
- (s-224q)sin (8-7r)(s+2)):r]. (2.11)

where AZ’-’is the inverse Mellin transform and - 1 < Re(s) < 0.
Superimposing the solutions of these two problems, we obtain a solution of the
equations of elasticity for the region R < r < 03, 0 < 8 < v which automatically
satisfies conditions (l), (2) and (3) and which is such that

u,,(r, 8) =cgrp2-5 [n(n+l)~,r-~-~+(rz+2)(n--l)d,r-“]cosn29

n=1

+ r-2dh-1 &((sf4)COS (6-7F)(S+2)- (st2)COS (a-r)s);r],

[

(2.12)
a,,(r, 9) = - 5 [n(n+ 1)c,r-n-2+rz(rz- 1)&r-“Isinn
n=1

+ r-2di-1 (“2fs~~~~‘)(sin (8-T)(s+~)-sin (8-?r)s);r], (2.13)

[

o60(r, S) =-cOrm2+~ [n(n+1)c,r-“-2+(~-2)(rz-l)d,r-“]cosn8

?l=l
+ r-2A?-1 &@+a Cos (8--T)S--SCOS (8-v)(S+2));r
1
, (2.14)

1
a

b(r, 6) =E
1+rl -ccor~‘+clr-2c0S S+x (nc,r-n-1+(n+2-4)d,r-“-1)cosn9-
[ It=2
1+rl&&1
2(S+A~~~in,,((s+2)cos (6-7T)s
1

rE

- (s+4-4v)cos (79-r)(s+2)):r], (2.15)

1188 J. TWEED and D. P. ROOKE

and

1+7) clr-* sin 6+ 2 (nc,r-“-‘+

49@,9) = -jy-
[ II=2
(n-4+4q)d,r-~+1)sin n6
1
+i3&1 2(S$l(yjin,,((“+2)sin (@-a)s
rE

- (s-224q)sin (S-r)(s+2) ):r], (2.16)

where - 1 < Re(s) < 0. The complete solution of the problem may now be obtained
by choosing the unknown function A (s) and the unknown sequences (c,) and (d,) in
such a way that the remaining boundary conditions are satisfied.
From (2.14) and (2.16) we see that conditions (6) and (7) will be satisfied if A (s) is a
solution of the dual equations

dwl[A(s)cot m; r] = -r”f(r) -?F(r), R < r < Rb

(2.17)
AP[(l-ts)-‘A(s);r] =o. Rb<r<m

where- 1 < Re(s) < 0 and

F(r) =-c&2+$ [n(n+1)C,rn-2+(,-2)(n-l)d,r-“]. (2.18)

Il=l
If we now assume that A (s) may be written in the form

A (s) = I,“” p(t)P+‘dt (2.19)

we find that (see Tweed [4])

“&‘[A(s)(l+s)-‘:r] =r O.RbGrCm
(2.20)

/ ,? p(t) dt, R SrSRb

and

AC’[A (s)cot 7~s;r] = i Rbtp(t> &

(2.21)
I R t-r

and hence that the equations (2.17) will be satisfied if

-1 Rbp=-rf(r)
tp(t) dt
-r&‘(r), R < r < Rb. (2.22)
= IR t-r

The equation (2.22) is well known and Tricomi[5] has shown that its solution is given by

@(t) = f(&$)“’ r ~~)““yf(y)(y) dy+ [(Rb_t)&),~,”

where C is an arbitrary constant. In order to determine C, we make use of condition

 Stress dist~bution at tip of crack at edge of a circular hole 1189

(8) which together with (2.16) and (2.20) implies that hm,t p(r) exists and hence that
C = 0. It follows that p (t) is given by the expression

(2.23)

Similarly, on applying conditions (4) and (5) we find that

=dd-’ &((s+4) cos (79-v)(s+2)-(s+2)cos (z?-r)s);R

I I

i [n(n+ l)c,R-n+n(n- l)d,,R-n*2]sinn6

fl=l

(sin (+-n)(s+2)-sin (Ir,-n)s>;R

1

where0 < 8 < P, and hence that

1 1
;R , (2.24)

A (s) (8+ 2)
(s+z2)(S+2+n);R 1 vn 3 1 (2.25)
and
d --
_ 2R”-2M-I A(s) @+2)
n Fn a 2 (2.26)
P (s+n)([s+2]“-n”);R 1
where-l < Re(s) < 0.
Substituting from (2.19) into (2.24) through (2.26) and working out the inverse
Mellin transforms, we find that
t-‘p(t) dt, (2.27)

c, = E 6”rp(r~[~(~~+2-~(~)n}dt, Iz 2 1 (2.28)
and
&=s l Ip(j){s($)‘-(;!)nH) dt, n 3 2 (2.29)
and hence that

p(j)K(r, 8) dt, (2.30)

where
K(r j) = R2(R2-f2)2_f(R2-t2) R2-t2 1
, (2.31)
t(R2- rt)” (RZ-a)” Rzt_rt+F-;+

At this point we find it convenient to introduce the function P(r) which is defined
1190 J. TWEED and D. P. ROOKE

by the equation
P(t) = [(r-R)(Rb-~tf]“~p(r). (2.32)

On substituting from (2.30) into (2.23) and taking account of (2.32) we see that P(t)
must satisfy the integral equation
lib
Pf )~(t,P)
P(f) -
i
R ~(p_~)(Rb-p)]l,2dp=~(~). (2.33)
where

S(t) +$” R
*‘2xfbY&
y-t ’
(2.34)
and
Rh

M(t,p) =y (2.35)
i R

If we now substitute from (2.3 1) into (2.35) we find thatM(t, p) may be written in the
form

M(t, p) = ~(p-4Rw?‘-p2)2J&. RZ/p) +p-f(R2-p2) [52(&O) -.&(t, R21p)]

+J,(t, 0) -J,(t, WP)), (2.36)

where
(2.37)

Osx<R<t<Rb,n=1,2.3.
By using the result

-l,Rb<x<m

-1, RCxcRb

and the fact that

Jl(f, x) = (x-t)-‘[tJ(t) --xl(x)],

J~(t,x) =-&J1(~,x) and J3(t,x) =-+$Jz(t,x)

it follows that M (t, p) is given by

M(t p> = (t-R)R2W- p2Y (b- l)t

3
lrt 2R(R2-pf)2(bp-R)*‘2(p-R)5’2

(b-1)[(1+3b)p-4R] t(bp-R)“”
-8p(R2-pt)(bp-R)3’2(p-R)5’2-p(R2-pt)3(p-R)”2 I
 Stress distribution at tip of crack at edge of a circular hole 1191

(t--R)W-P7 pt(bp-R)“2
+
Irt 1
(R2-pt)Q-R)l’2
/g/2
R(b- l)P --
-2(R2-pt)(bp-R)“2(p-R)3’2 pt I
(t-R)RZ(bp--R)l’2
(2.38)
+ m(R2-pt) (p-R)“2’

3. THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND THE CRACK ENERGY

We now show that the stress intensity factor K and the crack energy W, defined by

K=-liliiJ [2(Rb-r)]“22(1~112) blip), (3.1)

and
w-j-,” o+(r, O)uti(r, 0) dr (3.2)
respectively, are simply related to the function P(t) introduced in the last section.
By substituting from (2.32) into (2.20) and taking account of (2.16) we see that

&(r,O) =-2(1E’2) 1:” [(r_$(($~f-t)]l,2,R s r s Rb. (3.3)

It now follows that

(3.4)
and
w=_-2(l-~2) P(t) dt
E [(Rb-t)(t-R)]“2 (3.5)

4. SPECIAL CASE- BIAXIAL TENSION

In this section we consider the special case in which the loading consists of a
uniform tension T perpendicular to the plane of the crack and a uniform tension CYT
parallel to the plane of the crack. The loading functionf(r) appropriate to this case is
given (Sokolnikoff[6], p. 29 1) by

f(r) = TM(r/R) +ofi(rlR)l (4.1)

wheref, (r) = i(2 + rp2 + 3rm4) andf, (r) = f(r-” - 3rm4). It follows that we can put

P(t) = PI(t) +aP,(t) (4.2)

where Pi(t) is the solution of the equation
Rb
Pibw(t, 1
pi(t)-
I
R [(Rb_p)(p_PR)I"Zdp=Si(t),i=172 (4.3)
with
S.(t)
1
= T(t--RI 1:
it ys)1'2yedy, i= 1, 2
(4.4)
and M(t, p) given by (2.38).
1192 J. TWEED and D. P. ROOKE

By making the change of variables I = RT and p = RCT,and putting

qi(T) zf’i(R~)/RT,i= 1, 2 (4.5)

we find that

where
I * qi
(fl)Ml(T,
Q(T)- 1 [(b_cr)(~_l)]1,2d~=Si(T)
a)
(4.6)

(4.7)

and M, (7, o) = M(R7, Rv). Performing the integrations in (4.7) gives

(17b”-6b-3)_3(b- 1) -- 3b”2
8rb312 2r2b112 73 (4.9)
and
3b1’2+3(b- 1) + (b2-6b-3)
Jr
2T2b’12 (4.9)

If K,, and W,, are the stress intensity factor and crack energy respectively of a Griffith
crack of length 2R(b- 1) in an infinite elastic sheet which is subject to a uniform
all-round tension T, then
K0 = T[R(b- 1)]1’2 (4.10)
and
w = n(l-v2)T2R2(b- 1)2
0 (4.11)
E

The stress intensity factor can be written in the form

K/K, = KJKo + aK21Ko

where, from (3.4), (3.5) and (4. lo), we have

KJKo =-21’2qi(b)/(b- l), i= 1,2. (4.12)

Similarly, on substituting the expressions forJ(r) into (4.1) and (3.5) and integrating,
we discover that the energy can be written as

wlwo=w,/wO+a(W2/WO+W3/WO)+a2W~/WO (4.13)
where
’ q1(~)(27-v’-~-3) dr
W,lW,=-
a(b-I)”
l I 1 [(b--7) (v 1)]“2 '
(4.14)

* g1(~)(~-3-~-1) dr
w,/w,=- 1 (4.15)
m(b- 1)2 I 1 [(b-7)(7-l)]1’2r

1 * q2(~)(2~-~-1-~-3) d,r
w31wO=-n(b_1)2 1
(4.16)
I [(b-7)(7- 1)]1’2 ’
 Stress distribution at tip of crack at edge of a circular hole 1193

and
’ g2(7) (r-“-~-l) dr
w4~wo=-7T(bL)~
I [(b-7)(7-1)]1’2’ 1
(4.17)

From Betti’s Integral Theorem it follows (see e.g. Sokolnikoff [6], p. 39 1) that W2 = W3.

5. NUMERICAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

By using Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature we can replace the integral equations (4.6)

by the simultaneous linear equations

%(jk) -a m=1
i 41(hd~l(fk, jrn) = Si(fk), (5.1)
where

(5.2)

k= 1, 2,3,. . . , n; i = 1,2. These equations may be solved for the qi (tk) and the quanti-
ties Ki/Ko calculated [see (4.2 l)] from the formula

Ki/KO=- -[q(b)
(fTlj e qi(jm)Ml(b, I,)),i=192.
+: nl=l

Table 1.The variation of KJK, and W,/W, with a/R

a/R K,I& &I& WI/W0 w2wcl w4wcl

-
0.01 3.291 - 1.079 5.494 - 1.812 0.597
0.02 3.223 - 1.040 5.342 - 1.743 0.568
0.04 3.095 - 0.966 5.060 - 1.616 0.516
0.06 2.978 - 0.900 4.803 - 1.502 0.470
0.08 2.870 - 0.839 4.568 - 1.399 0.429
0.10 2.771 - 0.783 4.354 - 1.306 0.392
0.12 2.679 - 0.732 4.157 - 1.222 0.360
0.14 2.594 - 0.685 3.975 - 1.145 0.331
0.16 2.515 - 0642 3.808 - 1.075 0.305
0.18 2442 - 0603 3.653 - 1.011 0.282
0.20 2.373 - 0.566 3.509 - 0.953 0.260
0.25 2.221 - 0.487 3.192 - 0.826 0.216
0130 2.092 -0.421 2.925 - 0.723 0.181
040 1.884 - 0.320 2.502 - 0.565 0.131
0.50 1.727 - 0.247 2.185 - 0.452 0.098
0.75 1,464 -0.137 1.662 -0.281 0.053
1.00 1.306 -0.080 1.349 -0.190 0.032
1.50 1.127 -0.030 1mO -0.101 0.015
2.00 1.030 -0.010 0.814 -0.061 OW8
3.00 0.930 0.002 0.624 -0.028 0.004
4.00 0.877 0.005 0.528 -0.015 0*002
5.00 0.845 0.005 0.471 -o&W O@Ol
7.00 0.808 om4 0407 -0m4 om1
90-I 0.787 0@04 0.371 - 0.002 0.000
1194 J. TWEED and D. P. ROOKE

Fig. 2. The variation of K/K,, with a/R for several values of the parameter a.

Similarly, the energies Wj/ W, may be calculated from

Wl/WO
= -,g I)2 E 41(r,)(an-r~1-t,3),
m=1

i 41(bz)(Gt3-G1)7
w2/wo=-n(bi*)2 T7l=l

w3/wo= -n(b! I)2 i

m=1
92(fm)m?n-Gi1-G13)
and
w’/wO=-,(b!*)~~ %(fm)(f-z-f>).
WI=1

Table 1 shows the variation of KJK,, and WJW,, i = 1, 2; j = 1, 2, 3, 4, with a/R and
Fig. 2 shows the variation of K/K0 with a/R for several values of the parameter CL

REFERENCES
[ 11 0. L. B0WIE.J. Mark Phys. 35,60 (1956).
[2] A. J. DURELLI. E. A. PHILLIPS and C. H. TSAO. Analysis of Stress and Strain. McGraw-Hill
(1958).
[3] C. J. TRANTER, Q. J. Math. appl. Marh 1, 125 ( 1948).
[4] J. TWEED, Glasgow Math. J. 14,65 (1973).
[5] F. G. TRICOMI, Q.J. Math. 2, 199 (195 I).
[6] I. S. SOKOLNIKOFF,Mathematical Theory ofElasticity. McGraw-Hill ( 1956).
[7] H. K. KUTTER,fnt.J. Fract. Mech. 6,233 (1970).
[8] J. TWEED, Tech Rpr. PSR-9919, N.C. State University, Raleigh.

(Received 9 February 1972)

 Stress distribution at tip of crack at edge of a circular hole 1195

Rksumk- Une technique de transformation de Mellin est utiliste pour trouver une equation integrale dont
la solution est lide au facteur d’intensitt de contrainte et a l’energie de formation d’une crique sur le bord
d’un trou circulaire dans un solide elastique infini Le cas d’une charge bi-axiale est considere en detail, et
des resultats numeriques sont donnes.

Zusammenfassung- Es wird eine Mellin-Transformethode verwendet, urn eine Integralgleichung zu finden.

deren Losung auf den Spannungsintensitatsfaktor und die Bildungsenergie eines Risses an der Kante eines
kreisformigen Loches in einem unendlichen elastischen Festkorper Bezug hat. Der Fall zweiachsiger
Last wird in Einzelheiten behandelt un numerische Resultate werden gegeben.

Sommario-La tecnica di trasformazione Mellin viene usata per trovare un’equazione integrale la cui
soluzione sia relativa al fattore d’intensita della sollecitazione e all’energia di formazione di una incrinatura
sull’orlo di un foro circolare in un solid0 elastic0 infinito. II case di carico biassiale viene considerato in
dettaglio e vengono offerti risultati numerici.

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