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B. What is Mathematics?
Mathematics deals with quantitative facts and relationships as well as with
problems involving space and form. It enables man to study various phenomena
in space and establish different types of relationship between magnitudes of
quantitative facts. It is, therefore, safe to say that mathematics is a useful field of
interest of human life.
C. Where is Mathematics?
It is all around us and helps us understand the world better. To live in a
mathematically-driven world and not knowing mathematics is like walking through
an art museum with our eyes closed. Learning and appreciating Math can help
us appreciate things that we do not notice about the world. In reality, Math is
everywhere! Math is present in everything we do. It is the building block for
Try this!
2. Let the students watch a video clip entitled “Nature and Numbers” by
Cristobal Villa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp6D-xhJr4A. After
watching, let your students write an essay answering the following
questions:
a. What is it about mathematics that might have changed your thought
about it?
Illustrative Examples:
What Comes Next?
a. What number should come next in this sequence?
4 8 12 16 _____
Solution: 20
a. b. c. d.
(https://www.jobtestprep.co.uk/free-abstract-reasoning-test)
Solution: a
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2/title/elegant-tiger-photo +cats&i
https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/snail?sort=mo
stpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=snail
https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+hone
y+comb&tbm=isch&source
https://pixabay.com/photos/search/blossom/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&s
ource=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=
https://pixabay.com/photos/flower-
8&ved=2ahUKEwj5sr720v_
water-lily-lotus-flower-197197/
The act of taking an object and moving it from some starting position to
some ending position without altering its shape or size is called a rigid motion or
also known as isometry. There are four basic rigid motions for two-dimensional
objects in the plane: reflection, rotation, translation and glide reflection.
A reflection in the plane is a rigid motion that moves an object into a new
position that is a mirror image of the starting position.
https://www.google.com/search?q=image+of+reflection https://www.google.com/search?q=image+of+reflection
&tbm &tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=images+for+rotation
al+symmetry&tbm https://www.google.com/search?q=images+for+rotation
al+symmetry&tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+glide+ref
lection&tbm
Try this!
Sequence or Progression
In mathematics, patterns are generated by performing one or several
mathematical operations repeatedly. The numbers formed out of these patterns
are called sequence or progression. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers,
called terms that may have repeated values. The arrangement of these terms is
set by a definite rule. Sequences can either be finite or infinite. There are four
types of sequence: arithmetic sequence, geometric sequence, harmonic
sequence and the Fibonacci Sequence.
A. Arithmetic Sequence
An arithmetic sequence involves a sequence of numbers to which the
same amount has been added or subtracted.
Observe the following sequences, fill-in and explain the pattern:
A. 4, 6, 8, 10, ___, ___,…
𝑛(𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
2
The sum of the first 20 terms of the sequence, 2, 6, 10, 14, … is 800.
The fifth term is 18, the sixth term is 22 and the seventh term is 26.
The resulting arithmetic sequence is 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, …
2. The third term in the harmonic sequence is 2/15 and the sixth term is 2/33.
Find the first term and the fourth term.
Solution:
The third term in the arithmetic sequence will be 15/2. And the
sixth term will be 33/2.
To find d.
15 33
( 2 = 𝑡1 + 2𝑑) − ( 2 = 𝑡1 + 5𝑑)
18
− = −3𝑑
2
9 = 3𝑑
𝑑 = 3
To find 𝑡1 , To find t4,
15 3
= 𝑡1 + 2𝑑 𝑡4 = 2 + (4 − 1)(3)
2
15 3
= 𝑡1 + 2(3) 𝑡4 = 2 + (3)(3)
2
15 3
= 𝑡1 + 6 𝑡4 = 2 + 9
2
15 12 3 3 18 21
𝑡1 = − =2 𝑡4 = 2 + =
2 2 2 2
2
Hence, the first term in the harmonic sequence is and the
3
2
fourth term is .
21
C. Geometric Sequence
A geometric sequence or a geometric progression is a sequence in which
each term, after the first, is obtained by multiplying the missing term by a fixed
number or a constant. This constant is called the common ratio.
For example, in the sequence “2, 4, 8, 16, 32...” each number is multiplied
by 2. The number 2 is the common ratio for this geometric sequence.
A. 1, 3, 9, 27, ___, ___
B. 5, 10, 20, 40, ___, ___
C. 48, 24, 12, ___, ___
What is the common difference/ratio of two adjacent terms? Is it
constant?
If 𝑎1 denotes the first term and the common ratio is denoted by r, the geometric
sequence for n terms will be:
𝑎1 , 𝑎1 r, 𝑎1 r2, 𝑎1 r3, …, a1r n – 1
where the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 .
Illustrative Examples:
1. Find the fifth term in the sequence 5, 10, 20, …
Given: 𝑎1 = 5 𝑟 = 20 ÷ 10 = 2
Solution:
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 .
𝑎5 = 5(2)5−1 .
𝑎5 = 5(2)4 .
𝑎5 = 5(16).
𝑎5 = 80
1 1
2. The second term in the geometric sequence is while the fifth term is .
3 24
Find the first and the sixth term.
1 1
Given: 𝑎2 = 3 𝑎5 = 24
Solution:
To find r, use the equations derive in finding the second and fifth term.
Using the equation 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 , the second term will have the equation
1 1
= 𝑎1 𝑟 2−1 = 𝑎1 𝑟 (equation 1)
3 3
The fifth term will have the equation
1 5−1 1
= 𝑎1 𝑟 = 𝑎1 𝑟 4 (equation 2)
24 24
Dividing equation 2 by equation 1,
1
𝑎1 𝑟 4 24
= 1
𝑎1 𝑟
3
1 1 1
𝑟 3 = (24) (3) = 8
3 1 1
𝑟=√ =
8 2
D. Fibonacci Sequence
One special sequence is the Fibonacci sequence named after the Italian
mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known by his nickname
Fibonacci. Leonardo Fibonacci was born in Pisa, Italy, and because of that he
was also known as Leonardo Pisano, or Leonardo of Pisa. While his father worked
on the northern coast of Africa, Fibonacci had a Moorish schoolmaster who
introduced him to the Hindu-Arabic numeration system that we use today.
No. of pairs
of rabbits 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21
Fibonacci Numbers
The Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …
n= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 …
Fn = 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 …
Illustrative Examples:
Let 𝐹𝑛 be the nth terms of the Fibonacci Sequence, with 𝐹1 = 1, 𝐹2 = 1 , 𝐹3 = 2,
and so on.
a. Find 𝐹7
b. Find 𝐹20
c. If 𝐹21 =10,946 and 𝐹23 = 28,657, what is 𝐹22 ?
d. Evaluate 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + 𝐹4 + 𝐹5 = _______
Solutions:
a. 13 b. 6765 c. 17,711 d.12
Have your students use a calculator to study the ratios of successive terms
larger to smaller. These results are from an 8-digit calculator.
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1&fir=iHbQlRxu3leb2M%253A%252CpmofM5hvwO3g2M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
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FQ&biw=1024&bih=488#imgrc=qncMSXnFWomEcM:&vet=1
The Lucas numbers are defined very similarly to the Fibonacci numbers,
but start with 2 and 1 (in this order) rather than the Fibonacci's 0 and 1:
𝐿0 = 2 𝐿1 = 1 𝐿𝑛 = 𝐿𝑛−1 + 𝐿𝑛−2 for 𝑛 > 1
Try this!
b. Find 𝐹24
d. Evaluate 𝐹3 + 𝐹4 + 𝐹5 + 𝐹6 + 𝐹7 + 𝐹8 = ____
b. Find 𝐿24
c. Find 𝐿3 + 𝐿4 + 𝐿5 + 𝐿6 + 𝐿7 + 𝐿7
4 2 4 1
c. , , , ,…
5 3 7 9
4. Find the sixth term in the geometric progression, 6, 12, 24, 48, …
1 1 1 1
5. Find the 10th term in the harmonic progression , , , ….
3 5 7 9