Claret College of Isabela

Information Technology Department

P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

DBMS 101
Database Management System
LEARNER’S MANUAL 1
First Semester
PRELIM

Name: __________________________________________
Course and Year: _________________________________
Date Received: ___________________________________
Date Submitted: __________________________________

INTRODUCTION

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to

define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS generally
manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record structure and file
structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this data.

Database management systems are set up on specific data handling concepts, as

the practice of administrating a database evolves. The earliest databases only
handled individual single pieces of specially formatted data. Today’s more evolved
systems can handle different kinds of less formatted data and tie them together in
more elaborate ways.

 The hierarchy model is one where each node or component has a child/parent

relationship with one other node or component.
 In the network model, the difference is that a single component can have multiple
relationships – think of this as a single node being able to “multicast” connections.

However, over time, these models became overtaken by something called a relational
database. In the relational database model, individual components have attributes that are
linked to their identities through a database table design. The rows and columns of an
individual database table include those identities and attributes in such a way that traditional
structured query language or SQL can be used to pull various kinds of information on these
relational models.

Since then, an even newer concept has emerged called NoSQL. Experts suggest that the best
way to understand NoSQL is to translate it to mean “not only SQL,” or in other words, using
NoSQL broadly to describe systems that are beyond the traditional SQL and relational
database models.

It's also important to note that NoSQL is a much more abstract term than the traditional
"relational database." In a sense, NoSQL is “not relational,” at least in the traditional sense.

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

One prominent type of NoSQL DBMS is called the object-oriented database model. Here,
instead of being composed of relational tables, database systems use object designs to work
with the identities and attributes discussed above.

Some of the considerations for NoSQL database design involve the degree of normalization or
structuring of data that occurs, and how the database system handles that. Engineers also
have to look at tools for consistency and resolution of data throughout the system, to promote
uniformity and fix various problems of correlation.

Other types of DBMS models include a graph database model, where graph models are used
for semantic queries, and an entity-relational model. These offer further alternatives to
traditional relational database design.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THIS COURSE

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

This course adapts the Blended Learning Modality of each student shall
attend online classes and shall submit their output and present the same online
or through pre-recorded means. In the event that the circumstances require the
students to attend in a physical class, they will be scheduled by batch subject to
health and security protocols being implemented by the school.
As such this Learner’s Manual was prepared in order to facilitate the delivery
of this course. The following symbols will be used to identify the phases of
learning.

Video Clip Major Exams

Assessment/Activity Processing of Learning

Lectures Problem Based Learning

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

ORIENTATION:
VISION
Inspired by the ideals and charism of our school patron St. Anthony Mary Claret, Claret
College of Isabela (CCI) in its commitment to build the reign of God through integral
education, envisions a community of faithful servants of the Word who are holistically
excellent.

MISSION
In keeping with this vision, the CCI community quantitatively commits itself to:
1. A dynamic and holistic curriculum that aims to transform individuals who are
academically competitive;
2. A value-laden integral education, formation and services that are sensitive and
responsive to the flight of the poor, and
3. The promotion of justice and peace and the preservation of the integrity of
creation.

CORE VALUES
J - Justice U - Unity S - Stewardship T - Truth I - Integrity C - Compassion E –
Excellence

ACTIVITY No. 1 on the Vision-Mission Goals, Objectives of the college, Classroom Policies,
Scope of the Course, Course requirements and grading system. Write a reflection Paper
about the Mission and Vision of our School, how it improves and affects your life as a
student.

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

PART 1: Introduction to Database Management Systems

Objectives

1. Discuss what Database Management System (DMBS).

2. Explain the purpose of DBMS.
3. Acquire knowledge on the database applications?
4. Discuss levels of Abstraction?

CLASS LECTURES (180 Mins)

Database Management System (DMBS)

 Collection of interrelated data

 Set of programs to access the data
 DMBS contains information about a particular enterprise
 DBMS provides an environment that it both convenient and efficient to use

Purpose of Database Systems

 In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file
systems
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
  Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

 Difficulty in accessing data

  Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
 Data isolation — multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
  Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
“buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly
  Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
DATABASE APPLICATIONS

 Banking: all transactions

 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Purpose of Database Systems

 Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)

 Atomicity of updates
  Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
  Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should
either complete or not happen at all
 Concurrent access by multiple users
  Concurrent accessed needed for performance
  Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the

same time
 Security problems
  Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
 Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

Levels of Abstraction

 Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.

 Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the
data.
type customer = record
customer_id : string;
customer_name : string;
customer_street : string;
customer_city : string;
end;
 View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide
information (such as an employee’s salary) for security purposes.

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

Views of Data

An architecture for a database system

View level

View 1 View 2 … View n

Logical
level

Physical
level

Data Models

 A collection of tools for describing

 Data
 Data relationshipsData Models
 Data semantics
 Data constraints
 Relational model

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

 Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)

 Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational)
 Semi structured data model (XML)
 Other older models:
 Network model
 Hierarchical model

Database Languages

Data Definition Language

• Specification notation for defining the database schema

• DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary
• Data dictionary contains metadata (data about data)
• Data storage and definition language – special type of DDL in which the storage
structure and access methods used by the database system are specified

Data Manipulation Language ( DML )

 Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate
data model
 Two classes of languages
 Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those
data
 Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying
how to get those data

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

Data Control Language (DCL)

 Data Control Language (DCL) statements.

Some examples:
GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
 REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

Transaction Management

• A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a

database application.
• Transaction-management component ensures that the database remains in a consistent
(correct) state despite system failures (e.g. power failures and operating system
crashes) and transaction failures.
• Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the concurrent
transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.

Transaction Control (TCL)

• Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows
statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

Some examples:

COMMIT – save work done

• SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
• ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT SET TRANSACTION - Change
transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

ORIENTATION:

TASK No. 1 on the Vision-Mission Goals, Objectives of the college,

Classroom Policies, Scope of the Course, Course requirements and grading
system.
Instructions: Write a reflection Paper about the Mission and Vision of our
School, how it improves and affects your life as a student.
Read the following questions below:
1. How important is the vision of the school to you as a student?
2. How important is the school vision, mission, core values and goals in
a curriculum?
 Follow the format in submitting the documents
 Use a minimum of 1 page (double spaced)
 Due Date is on September 19, 2020

PART 1: Introduction to Database Management

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

TASK NO. 2

Identification: Write the answer on the space provided before number.

_________________1. It is a collection of interrelated data.

_________________2. Multiple file formats, duplication of information different

files.

  _________________3. Need to write a new program to carry

out each new task.

  _________________4. It describes how a record (e.g.,

customer) is stored.

_________________5. It describes data stored in database, and the relationships

among the data.
_________________6. Specification notation for defining the database schema.
_________________7. Language for accessing and manipulating the data
organized by the appropriate data model.
_________________8. User specifies what data is required and how to get those
data.
__________________9. User specifies what data is required without specifying
how to get those data.
__________________10. Withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT
command.

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 Claret College of Isabela
Information Technology Department
P.O. Box 8692 Roxas Avenue, Isabela City, Basilan Province, 7300 Philippines
Tel. No. (062) 200 - 7697 / 200 – 7009 Telefax: (062) 200 - 3865

PROCESSING of Learning

Read the following questions:

1. What are the purposes of database systems?

2. What are the uses of data models?
3. What are the different levels of abstraction?
4. What is database management systems?

 Follow the format in submitting the documents.

 Use a minimum of 1 page (double spaced)
 Due Date is on September 19, 2020

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