NAME: _____________________________________________ Date:___________________

PROGRAM/COURSE & YEAR: ___________________________

1. If Blended Score:__________________
3. – Online Schedule (+-20 hours)/ Offline
Contact #:_______________________ Schedule +-34 hours
2.
4. Consider the pacing of the faculty (time for
conducting assessment – included in the 54 hours) –
Management will ensure mechanisms for reporting
PRELIMINARY TERM of OUTPUT by the faculty.

First Semester 2020-2021

BSED/BEED 3rd Year

WEEK 1-2 (13.5 hr.)
PART 1 (Information Systems in Perspective)

LEARNING MODULE 1/CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE

Course/Subject Module Overview

This Chapter 1 discuss the basic types of business information systems, describe the role that information
systems play in an organization’s supply chain and Define the types of roles, functions, and careers
available in the field of information systems.

Learning Outcomes
 Define what an information system is by identifying its major components;
 Describe the basic history of information systems; and
 Define the term “competitive advantage” and identify the factors that lead firms to seek competitive
advantage.
 Describe three methods for assessing the financial attractiveness of an information system project.
 Define the types of roles, functions, and careers available in the field of information systems

VALUES INTEGRATION

 Integrity witnesses of faith, upholds our Claretian principle and lives a moral and dignified
life.
 Excellence strives for perfection and holiness, pursues academic excellence in achieving
holistic transformation.

OVERVIEW:
Exposing students to fundamental IS principles is an advantage even for those students who take no IS courses

beyond the introductory IS course. Since most functional areas of the business rely on information systems, an

understanding of IS principles helps students in their other course work. In addition, introducing students to the

Fundamentals of Information Systems helps future business managers and entrepreneurs employ information

systems successfully and avoid mishaps that often result in unfortunate consequences. Furthermore, presenting

IS concepts at the introductory level creates interest among students who may later choose information systems

as their field of concentration

ACTIVITY: Let’s Read These

Fundamentals of Information System | 1

 TASK 1
Information Systems in the Global Economy
WILLSON, CANADA
In 1918, William F. Willson opened the first office of Willson International at a ferry landing in Fort Eire in Ontario,
Canada, to help broker the import and export of goods coming from Buffalo, New York. Since that year, Willson
International has dedicated itself to continuous improvement, constantly seeking ways to improve business processes
and adding value to products and services.

“When people talk about length of service—you’ve been around for about a hundred years, what people are afraid of
is that you’re not innovating, you’re not up-to-date, you’re not paying attention to what’s going on, and you’re slow to
react,” explains CEO Peter Willson. The corporation has relied heavily on information technology to put this worry to
rest. Willson has kept a careful eye on technology, incorporating personal computers when they first became available
in the 1980s. Willson expanded and began offering international freight forwarding services.

In 1990, Tim Burton invented the World Wide Web and Willson unveiled its first electronic processing system of
entries and transmissions to customs. In 2005, Willson launched its first customer portal, which today allows
customers to upload their shipment information for transmission to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection or the
Canadian Border Services Agency.

In 2008, Willson acquired a logistics company to add trucking, warehousing, and distribution services. However, with
this growth came the need to innovate and reengineer business processes.

“Customs requires all information about a shipment two hours before the truck crosses, but sometimes we may only
receive the information from our customer two hours and five minutes before the crossing. That means we have five
minutes to process the information and get it to customs,” explains Arik Kalinisky, vice president of information
technology.

But many customers relying on Willson’s new services still used faxes. Willson employed a small army to manually
key data from faxes into the database. One paper copy of this shipment paperwork had to be sent to the customer and
one had to be stored off-site. “Each of our 12 branch locations had three or four fax machines spitting out paper
around the clock,” Kalinisky remembers. Willson deployed Microsoft Office SharePoint Server, a Web application
platform for intranet content management.

They used the platform to convert incoming faxes to electronic files, improving efficiency by 25 percent. The new
system allowed Willson to reduce costs and errors by automating the process and eliminating the need to store
millions of paper documents off site.

The company then developed an intranet solution to connect the information systems from every department. Import
analysts, event handlers, and employees from other departments can now collaborate more easily using Willson ’s
online systems. Willson released an eBilling solution generating invoices and email confirmations automatically.

Through these ongoing and continuous improvement efforts, Willson has been able to attain its ultimate goal—to
improve customer service and to prove that a ninety-plus year old company can still be innovative.

As you read this chapter, consider the following:

● How has Willson used information systems to achieve continuous improvement?

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● What challenges have forced Willson to reengineer its business processes?

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● How was Willson constricted by its customers’ use of paper-based communication?

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Fundamentals of Information System | 2

 ANALYSIS: Let’s
Analyze

TASK 2:

What is in it for you?

ABSTRACTION: Let’s
Add to What You Part 1- Information Systems in Perspective
Know

Fundamentals of Information System | 3

 Chapter 1-An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations
PRINCIPLES
• Knowing the potential impact of information systems and
having the ability to put this knowledge to work can result in a
successful personal career, organizations that reach their goals,
and a society with a higher quality of life.
• Information systems must be applied thoughtfully and
carefully so that society, business, and industry around the globe
can reap their enormous benefits.
• Information systems must be implemented in such a manner
that they are accepted and work well within the context of an
organization and support its fundamental business goals and
strategies.
• Because information systems are so important, businesses
need to be sure that improvements or completely new systems
help lower costs, increase profits, improve service, or achieve a
competitive advantage.
• The information system worker functions at the intersection of
business and technology and designs, builds, and implements
solutions that allow organizations to effectively leverage
information systems.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Identify the basic types of business information systems and
discuss who uses them, how they are used, and what kinds of
benefits they deliver.
• Identify key issues and challenges that must be overcome to be
successful in the global marketplace.
• Identify significant benefits as well as problems and issues
associated with information systems.
• Define the term value chain and describe the role that
information systems play in an organization’s supply chain.
• Identify and briefly describe two change models that can be
used to increase the likelihood of successfully introducing a new
information system into an organization.
• Define the term “competitive advantage” and identify the
factors that lead firms to seek competitive advantage.
• Describe three methods for assessing the financial
attractiveness of an information system project.
• Define the types of roles, functions, and careers available in
the field of information systems.

 Information system (is): A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate
data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.

INFORMATION CONCEPTS
 Data: Raw facts, such as an employee number, total hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or
sales orders.
 Information: A collection of facts organized and processed so that it has additional value beyond the value
of the individual facts.
 Process: A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.
 knowledge: The awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways that information can be
made useful to support a specific task
or reach a decision.

TABLE 1.1 Types of data

Data Represented byData Represented by
Alphanumeric data Numbers, letters, and other characters
Image data Graphic images and pictures
Audio data Sounds, noises, or tones
Video data Moving images or pictures

In some cases, people organize or process data

mentally or manually. In other cases, they use a
computer. Where the data comes from or how it is
processed is less important than whether the data is
transformed into results
that are useful and valuable. This transformation
process is shown in Figure 1.3.

TABLE 1.2 Characteristics of valuable

information
Characteristics Definitions
Information should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can obtain it in the right format and at the right
Accessible
time to meet their needs.
Accurate information is error free. In some cases, inaccurate information is generated because inaccurate data is fed
Accurate
into the transformation process. This is commonly called garbage in, garbage out (GIGO).

Fundamentals of Information System | 4

 Complete information contains all the important facts. For example, an investment report that does not include all
Complete
important costs is not complete.
Information should also be relatively economical to produce. Decision makers must always balance the value of
Economical
information with the cost of producing it.
Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes. For example, information on how much inventory is on
hand for a particular part can be used by a sales representative in closing a sale, by a production manager to determine
Flexible
whether more inventory is needed, and by a financial executive to determine the total value the company has invested
in inventory.
Relevant information is important to the decision maker. Information showing that lumber prices might drop might
Relevant
not be relevant to a computer chip manufacturer.
Reliable information can be trusted by users. In many cases, the reliability of the information depends on the
Reliable reliability of the data-collection method. In other instances, reliability depends on the source of the information. A
rumor from an unknown source that oil prices might go up might not be reliable.
Secure Information should be secure from access by unauthorized users.
Information should be simple, not complex. Sophisticated and detailed information might not be needed. In fact, too
Simple much information can cause information overload, whereby a decision maker has too much information and is unable
to determine what is really important.
Timely information is delivered when it is needed. Knowing last week’s weather conditions will not help when trying
Timely
to decide what coat to wear today.
Information should be verifiable. This means that you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking
Verifiable
many sources for the same information.

Components of an information system

Feedback is critical to the successful operation of a system.

 Input: The activity of gathering and capturing raw data.

 Processing: Converting or transforming data into useful outputs.
 Output: Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports.
 feedback: Information from the system that is used to make changes to input or processing activities.
 forecasting: Predicting future events to avoid problems.
-Forecasting systems can help meteorologists predict the strength and path of hurricanes.

COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

 COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM (CBIS): A single set of hardware, software,

databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store,
and process data into information.
 TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE: All the hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,
people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into
information.

Components of a computer-based information system

Hardware, software, telecommunications, people, and procedures are part of a business’s technology
infrastructure

 HARDWARE: Computer
equipment used to perform input, processing, storage, and output activities.

Fundamentals of Information System | 5

 – Tablet computer -Hardware consists of computer equipment used to perform input, processing,
and output activities. The trend in the computer industry is to produce smaller, faster, and more
mobile hardware, such as tablet computers.

 SOFTWARE: The computer programs that govern the operation of the computer.
– Smartphone running Android- Android is an operating system designed mainly for touch screen
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

 DATABASE: An organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more
related data files.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS, AND THE INTERNET

 TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The electronic transmission of signals for communications that enables
organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks.
 NETWORK: Computers and equipment that are connected in a building, around the country, or around
the world to enable electronic communications.
 INTERNET: The world’s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected
networks, all freely exchanging information.
– Internet sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Pinterest, and Google+ have become popular places to
connect with friends and colleagues. People can also send one another short messages up to 140
characters using Twitter. The Internet has also given rise to citizen journalism where individuals
who witness a newsworthy event post their opinions and observations online for others to read.
 CLOUD COMPUTING: A computing environment in which software and data storage are provided by
the Internet (“the cloud”); the services are run on another organization’s computer hardware and both
software and data are easily accessed.
 World Wide Web (WWW or Web): A network of links on the Internet to documents containing text,
video, and sound.
 INTRANET: An internal network based on Web technologies that allows people within an organization
to exchange information and work on projects.
 EXTRANET: A network based on Web technologies that allows selected outsiders, such as business
partners and customers, to access authorized resources of a company’s intranet.
– When you sign in to the FedEx site (www.fedex.com) to check the status of a package, you are
using an extranet
 Chief information officer (CIO) The CIO manages the Information Systems department, which
includes all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain a computer based information system.
 PROCEDURES: The strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using a CBIS.

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Fundamentals of Information System | 6

 Electronic and Mobile Commerce

 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E-COMMERCE): Any business transaction executed electronically

between companies (business-to-business), companies and consumers (business to- consumer),
consumers and other consumers (consumer-to-consumer), business and the public sector, and consumers
and the public sector.
 MOBILE COMMERCE (M-COMMERCE): The use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and
conduct business.
– With m-commerce, people can use smartphones to pay for goods and services anywhere,
anytime.
 ELECTRONIC BUSINESS(E-BUSINESS): Using information systems and the Internet to perform all
business-related tasks and functions.

Enterprise Systems

 TRANSACTION: Any business-related exchange such as payments to employees, sales to customers,

and payments to suppliers.
 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM (TPS): An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to perform and record business transactions.

Fundamentals of Information System | 7

 Enterprise Resource Planning

 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) SYSTEM: A set of integrated programs that

manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.
 INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
-The benefits provided by an effective TPS or ERP, including reduced processing costs and reductions in
needed personnel, are substantial and justify their associated costs in computing equipment, computer
programs, and specialized personnel and supplies. Companies soon realize that they can use the data
stored in these systems to help managers make better decisions, whether in human resource management,
marketing, or administration. Satisfying the needs of managers and decision makers continues to be a
major factor in developing information systems.

Management Information Systems

 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (MIS): An organized
collection ofpeople, procedures,
software, databases, and devices that
provides routine information to
managers and decision makers.

Decision Support Systems

 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS): An organized collection of people, procedures, software,
databases, and devices used to support problem specific decision making.

Fundamentals of Information System | 8

 Artificial Intelligence
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI): A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of
human intelligence.

 Robotics - Robotics is an area of artificial intelligence in which machines take over complex, dangerous,
routine, or boring tasks, such as welding car frames or moving pallets of products around in a warehouse.
Industries are turning to the use of robots to increase production and quality while decreasing waste and
costs.
 Vision Systems - Vision systems allow robots and other devices to “see,” store, and process visual
images. Researchers have developed a vision-enabled snake robot that provides a way to view hard-to-
reach or radioactively contaminated areas of power plants inaccessible to people. First tested in a nuclear
power plant in Austria, the snake can twist and turn as it moves through or over pipes and provide video
to a control station.
 Natural Language Systems - Natural language processing involves the computer understanding,
analyzing, manipulating and/or generating natural languages. It encompasses three main application
areas: (1) computer translation of speech or text from one language to another, (2) dialogue systems that
enable a human to communicate with a computer using a natural language, and (3) information extraction
that transforms unstructured text into structured data that can be searched and browsed in flexible ways.
Natural language processing is opening exciting new possibilities for how humans interact with
computers and how we access the vast amount of data available in electronic form.
 Learning Systems - Learning systems allow computers to learn from past mistakes or experiences, such
as playing games or making business decisions. Watson is the artificially intelligent computer system
with natural language processing and learning capabilities that first demonstrated its prowess by
defeating two former Jeopardy champions in 2011.
 Neural Networks - Neural networks allow computers to recognize and act on patterns or trends. Some
successful stock, options, and futures traders use neural networks to spot trends and improve the
profitability of their investments.

Fundamentals of Information System | 9

  Expert Systems - A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and function like an
expert in a particular field.
– KNOWLEDGE BASE: The collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be
followed to achieve value or the proper outcome.
 VIRTUAL REALITY: An artificial three dimensional environment created by hardware and software
and experienced through sensory stimuli (primarily sight and sound, but sometimes through touch, taste,
and smell) and within which an individual can interact to affect what happens in the environment.

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT: The activity of creating or modifying information systems.

Investigation, Analysis, and Design

The first steps of systems development are systems investigation, analysis, and design. The goal of the systems
investigation is to gain a clear understanding of the specifics of the problem to be solved or the opportunity to be
addressed. What is the scope of the problem? Who is affected and how? How often does this occur? After an
organization understands the problem, the next question is, “Is the problem worth addressing?” Given that
organizations have limited resources—people and money—this question deserves careful consideration. If the
decision is to continue addressing the problem, the next step, systems analysis, involves studying the existing
system to uncover its strengths and weaknesses and interviewing those who will use the new system to identify
what the system must do to meet their needs and the needs of the organization. This is called defining the system
requirements. Systems design determines how the new system must work, what inputs are required, and what
outputs must be produced to meet the business needs defined during systems analysis.

Construction, Integration and Testing, Implementation,

Operation and Maintenance, and Disposition
Construction involves converting the system design into an operational information system. Tasks include
acquiring and installing hardware and software, coding and testing software programs, creating and loading data
into databases, and performing initial program testing. Integration and testing is a process of linking together all
the components of the system to demonstrate that the system as a whole does indeed meet the user and business
requirements. Testing is done by both the technical members of the project team and by trained end users.
Implementation involves installing the new system into the actual production computer environment in which it
is expected to run and resolving any problems uncovered in integration and testing. Operation and maintenance
involves the ongoing running of the system and identifying and making necessary changes to the system due to
errors or new user or business requirements. Disposition involves those activities at the end of the useful life of
the system.
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 ORGANIZATION: A formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of
goals.

Fundamentals of Information System | 10

  VALUE CHAIN: A series (chain) of activities that an organization performs to transform inputs into
outputs in such a way that the value of the input is increased.

Innovation - Innovation is the catalyst for the growth and success of any organization. It can build and sustain
profits, create new challenges for the competition, and provide added value for customers. Innovation and
change are absolutely required in today’s highly competitive global environment or the organization is at risk of
losing its competiveness and becoming obsolete.

DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION THEORY: A theory developed by E.M. Rogers to explain how a new idea
or product gains acceptance and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or subset of an organization.

TABLE 1.3 Five categories of innovation adopters

Adopter Characteristics Strategy to Use
Category
Innovator Risk takers, always the first to try Simply provide them with access to the new system

Fundamentals of Information System | 11

 new products and ideas and get out of their way
Early adopter Opinion leaders whom others listen Provide them assistance getting started
to and follow, aware of the need for
change
Early majority Listen to and follow the opinion Provide them with evidence of the system’s
leaders effectiveness and success stories
Late majority Skeptical of change and new ideas Provide them data on how many others have tried
this and have used it successfully
Laggards Very conservative and highly Have their peers demonstrate how this change
skeptical of change has helped them and bring pressure to bear from
other adopters
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
 ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: How for profit and nonprofit organizations plan for, implement, and
handle change.
 Leavitt’s diamond: A theory that proposes that every organizational system is made up of four main
components: people, tasks, structure, and technology with an interaction among the four components so that
any change in one of these elements will necessitate a change in the other three elements.

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: A significant and ideally long-term benefit to a company over its
competition.
 FIVE-FORCES MODEL: A widely accepted model that identifies five key factors that can lead to
attainment of competitive advantage, including
(1) the rivalry among existing competitors,
(2) the threat of new entrants,
(3) the threat of substitute products and services,
(4) the bargaining power of buyers, and (
5) the bargaining power of suppliers.

Rivalry among Existing Competitors

o Threat of New Entrants-A threat appears when entry and exit costs to an industry are low and the
technology needed to start and maintain a business is commonly available.
For example, a small restaurant is threatened by new competitors.

o Threat of Substitute Products and Services- Companies that offer one type of goods or services are
threatened by other companies that offer similar goods or services. The more consumers can obtain
similar products and services that satisfy their needs, the more likely firms are to try to establish
competitive advantage.
o
o Bargaining Power of Customers and Suppliers- Large customers tend to influence a firm, and this
influence can increase significantly if the customers threaten to switch to rival companies. When
customers have a lot of bargaining power, companies increase their competitive advantage to retain their
customers.

Strategic Planning for Competitive Advantage

o Cost leadership. Deliver the lowest possible cost for products and services. Walmart, Costco, and other
discount retailers have used this strategy for years.

Fundamentals of Information System | 12

o Differentiation. Deliver different products and services. This strategy can involve producing a variety of
products, giving customers more choices, or delivering higher-quality products and services.
o Niche strategy. Deliver to only a small, niche market. Porsche, for example, doesn’t produce
inexpensive economy cars.
o Altering the industry structure. Change the industry to become more favorable to the company or
organization.
 strategic alliance (or strategic partnership): An agreement between two or more
companies that involves the joint production and distribution of goods and services.
o Improving existing product lines and services. Make real or perceived improvements to existing
product lines and services.
o Innovation. Innovation is another competitive strategy. Natural Selection, a San Diego-based company,
has used an optimization technique called evolutionary computation to model optimal ramp metering for
freeways in Southern California.
o Other strategies. Some companies seek strong growth in sales, hoping that it can increase profits in the
long run due to increased sales. Being the first to market is another competitive strategy. Hire the best
people is another example of a competitive strategy.

FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM PROJECTS

o CASH FLOW: Takes into account all the increases and decreases in cash flow associated with the
project.
TABLE 1.4 Examples of increases and decreases in cash flow associated with a project
Type Examples (not exhaustive)
Increases in Any new revenue, such as additional sales generated and capture of income earned but not
cash flow collected under the old methods. This would also include any acceleration in cash flow due
to the speeding up of cash generating or cash collection processes or a reduction in the time
required to get new products to market.
Any cost savings associated with the project, such as savings from reduction in staff,
equipment rental fees, and outsourcing fees
Tax reduction generated from depreciation associated with any capital expenditures
Decreases in Any capital investment required to buy equipment, software, or office space
cash flow All ongoing operating costs such as equipment rental, software, office space, additional staff
required to operate or support the system, and training of personnel
All ongoing maintenance costs for equipment and software

o TIME VALUE OF MONEY: Takes into account the fact that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar
paid in the future.
o PAYBACK PERIOD: Takes into account all the increases and decreases in cash flow associated with the
project.
o INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN: The rate of return that makes the net present value of all cash flows
(benefits and costs) generated by a project equal to zero.

GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

● Cultural challenges
● Time and distance challenges
● State, regional, and national laws:

Fundamentals of Information System | 13

 CAREERS IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
● Mobile applications for smartphones, tablet computers, and other mobile devices
● Program and application development
● Help desk and technical support ● Security
● Project management ● Web 2.0
● Networking ● Data center
● Business intelligence ● Telecommunications

Roles, Functions, and Careers in IS

IS offers many exciting and rewarding careers. Professionals with careers in information systems can work in an
IS department or outside a traditional IS department as Web developers, computer programmers, systems
analysts, computer operators, and many other positions. In addition to technical skills, IS professionals need
skills in written and verbal communication, an understanding of organizations and the way they operate, and the
ability to work with people and in groups. At the end of every chapter, you will find career exercises that will
help you explore careers in IS and career areas that interest you.

Typical IS Titles and Functions

Chief Information Officer- The role of the CIO is to employ an IS department’s equipment and personnel to
help the organization attain its goals. CIOs also understand the importance of finance, accounting, and return on
investment.

Senior IS Managers- A large organization may have several people employed in senior IS managerial levels
with job titles such as vice president of information systems, manager of information systems, and chief
technology officer (CTO).

Operations Roles -The operations group is responsible for the day to day running of IS hardware to process the
organization’s information systems workload.

Development Roles- The development group is responsible for implementing the new information systems
required to support the organization’s existing and future business needs.

Support -The support group provides customer service for the employees, customers, and business partners that
rely on the firm’s information systems and service to accomplish their work.

Certification: A process for testing skills and knowledge, which results in a statement by the certifying authority
that confirms an individual is capable of performing particular tasks.

IS Careers in Technology Organizations

In addition to working for an IS department in an organization outside of the technology field, IS personnel can
work for large software, hardware, or system services firms, such as Accenture, Dell, Google, IBM, Intel,
Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, and others.
Working in Teams
Most IS careers involve working in project teams that can consist of many of the positions and roles discussed
earlier. Thus, it is always good for IS professionals to have good communications skills and the ability to work
with other people. Many colleges and universities have courses in information systems and related areas that
require students to work in project teams.

Finding a Job in IS
Traditional approaches to finding a job in the information systems area include attending on-campus visits from
recruiters and referrals from professors, friends, and family members. Many colleges and universities have
excellent programs to help students develop résumés and conduct job interviews.

Let’s Apply What

You Learned
TASK 3:
Facebook Has User Privacy Problems
On Christmas 2012, Randi Zuckerberg posted a photo of her family onto her private Facebook page. Unfortunately,
the privacy settings on Facebook can confuse even the company’s top executives. Randi, the sister of Facebook
founder Mark Zuckerberg and a former senior Facebook executive, soon found that her photo had leaked to the general
public and been tweeted to thousands of people. Randi tweeted Callie Schweitzer, director of marketing at VOX
Media, who had first posted the photo to Twitter: “Not sure where you got this photo. I posted it to friends only on FB.
Fundamentals of Information System | 14
You reposting it to Twitter is way uncool.”
Discussion Questions
1. Do you think that Facebook or careless, uninformed users should be held responsible for privacy issues related
to using Facebook? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. What additional measures should Facebook take to protect user privacy?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Fundamentals of Information System | 15

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. What additional actions are required on the part of Facebook users to maintain adequate privacy?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

REFLECTION/SY
Describe a privacy issue so serious that it would cause you to stop
NAPSE
using
STRENGTHENER Facebook.
TASK 4:

REFERENCE:
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Eight Edition 2016
Ralph M. Stair
Professor Emeritus, Florida State University
George W. Reynolds
Instructor, Strayer University

Prepared : Checked and Reviewed:

MELANIE A. SARDUAL KRISTINE LILY O. FRANCISCO

Instructor Chairperson, IT. Department

Attested:

JOCELYN C. DIAZ
Dean, IT.Department

Fundamentals of Information System | 16