9. Insects can cause us trouble they bite us carry diseases and eat our food.

,
.-*li 10. Insects are essential to l i e on earth the plants and animals on earth could not live
,

':$!-
...
. . .
, without them insects may bother us but we have to share this planet with them.
I4
~ ! & '
.
,. .
11. We have to share the earth with insects because they are essential to plant and

animal life.

12. Because insects are necessary to life on earth it is important to know about them.

18-1. CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTPIG l l ~WITHIN
i ~ A SBKTBNCE When and connects only two words (or phrases)
within a sentence, NO COMMA is used, as in (a).
(a) NO I saw a cat and a mouse.
COMMA: When and connects three or more items within a
(b) COMMAS: I saw a cat, a mouse, and a dog. sentence, COMMAS are used, as in @I.*
CONNBCTING TWO SENTENCES When and connects two complete sentences (also
-
called independent clauses), a comma is usually
(c> C O W I saw a cat. and vou saw a mouse. used. as in id.
I (d) PERIOD: I saw a cat. YOU sawamouse. I Wifhout and,two complete sentences are
separated by 8 period, as in (d), NOT a comma.**
1
(e) INCORRECT:
Z saw a cat,you saw a mouse.
A complete sentence begins with a capital letter;
note that You is capitalized in (d).
*In a series of t h m or more items, the comma before and is optional.
hlSO CORRECT: I Saw n Cat) P WlOllsP and 0 &g.
**A "period" (the dot used at the end of a sentence) is called a "full stop" in British English

EXERCISE 2. Connecting ideas with AND. (Chart 8-1)

Direcrions: Underline and label the words (noun, verb, adjective) connected by and. Add
commas as necessary.
ROW +ROW
1. My aunt puts & and in her tea. + no commas needed
R O W 4- R O W 4- ROW
2. My aunt puts d, m,and lemon in her tea. + commas needed

3. The river is wide and deep.

4. The river is wide deep and dangerous.

5. Goats and horses are farm animals.

 6. Giraffes anteaters tigers and kangaroos are wild animals.

7. The children played games sang songs and ate birthday cake.

8. The children played games and sang songs.

9. My mother father and grandfather went to the airport to pick up my brother and

sister.

10. When he wants to entertain the children, my husband moos like a cow roars like a lion

and barks like a dog.

EXERCISE 3. Connecting Ideas with AND. (Chart 8-1)

Directions: Write sentences for some or all of the topics below. Use and in your sentences.
Example: three things you are afraid of
+ I'm a h i d of heights, poisonous snakes, and guns.
&>" .
., , . ..
~. 1.. '
++I
,
L': ' ..~ . d.,. .
.. . ,
1. your three favorite sports . ,
, .
,, ' C. ' .,. . ..
-.
"'-
.
three adjectives that desc$b= a person whom you admire
3. four cities that you would like to visit
4. two characteristics that describe (name of this ciry)
5 . three or more separate things you did this morning
6. the five most important people in your life
7. two or more things that make you happy
8. three or more adjectives that describe the people in your country

EXERCISE 4. Punctuating with commas and periods. (Chart 8-1)

Directions: Add commas and periods where appropriate. Capitalize as necessary.
1. The rain fell the wind blew.
+ The rain fell. The wind blew.

2. The rain fell and the wind blew.

+ The rain fell, and the wind blew.*

3. I talked he listened.

4. I talked to Ryan about his school grades and he listened to me carefully.

*Sometimes the comma is omiltcd when and connects two very shorc independent clauses.
AI-W CORRBCT:nU mix fdl and rha wind b h . (NO COW)
In longer sentences, the comma is-helpful and usual.
 5. The man asked a question the woman answered it.

6. The man asked a question and the woman answered it.

7. People and animals must share the earth and its resources.

8. Rome is an Italian city it has a mild climate and many interesting attractions.

9. You should visit Rome its climate is mild and there are many interesting attractions.

10. The United States is bounded by two oceans and two countries the oceans are the

Pacific to the west and the Atlantic to the east and the countries are Canada to the

north and Mexico to the south.

11. The twenty-five most common words in English are: the and a to of I in was that it he

you for had is with she has on a t have but me m y and not.

18-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

(a) I ewnr to bed but couldn't sleep.
(b) Is a lemon sweet or sour?
(c) Did you order coffee, tea, or milk?
And, but, and or are called "conjunctions."*
Like and, but and or can connect items within a
sentence.
Commas are used with a series of three or more
items, as in (c).

I dropped the vase. = a sentence
It didn't break. = a sentence
(d) I dropped the vase, but it didn't break.
(e) Do we have class on Monday, or is Monday a
holiday?
A comma is usually used when but or or combines
two complete (independent) sentences into one
sentence, as in (d) and (e).**

*More specifically, and, bur, and or are called "coordinating conjuncrions!'

**Except in very formal writing, a conjunction can also come at the beginning of a senrence.
ALSO CORRBCT: Idmpped h e m e . Bur it didn't break.
IE~U a cat.
I Andyou sou a mouse.

EXERCISE 5. Connecting ideas with AND, BUT, and OR. (Charts 8-1 and 8-2)
Directions: Add and, but, or or. Add commas if necessary.
1. I washed my shirt bkt it didn't get clean.

2. Would you like some water bv some fruit juice?

3. I bought some paper, a greeting card 9 mtd some envelopes.

4. The flight attendants served dinner I didn't eat.

228 CHAPTER 8
 5. I was hungry didn't eat on the plane. The food didn't look
appetizing.

6. I washed my face, brushed my teeth combed my hair.

7. Golf tennis are popular sports.

8. Sara is a good tennis player she's never played golf.

9. Which would you prefer? Would you like to play tennis golf Saturdav
morning?

10. Who called whom? Did Bob call you did you call Bob?

EXERCISE 6. Punctuating with commas and periods. (Charts 8-1 and 8-2)
Directions: Add commas, periods, and capital letters as appropriate.
1. Cats are mammals turtles are reptiles. , I ..~..ir;,:.. ..
,-.
+ Cats are mammals. Turtles are reptiles. , . . ." !.
!, .: ,. &
,>w.;*;r,.,.zI..
'
. ,
., :
.
'
I ,.
;,,,< ~

*. 8 *,
..

.,. . 2. Cats are m q m $ s but mrtles are reptiles.

. .~ ,

I '~

3. Cows and horses are farm animals but zebras and giraffes are wild animals.

4. Cows and horses are farm animals zebras giraffes and lions are wild animals.

5. Cars use roads trains run on tracks.

6. Cars buses and trucks use roads but trains run on tracks.

7. Most vegetables grow above the ground but some are roots and grow under the

ground corn beans and cabbage grow above the ground but carrots and onions grow

under the ground.

8. Why do people with different ethnic backgrounds sometimes fear and distrust each

other?

9. Nothing in n a n w stays the same forever today's land sea climate plants and animals

are all part of a relentless process of change continuing through millions of years.

Connecting Ideas 229

 10. Mozart was a great composer but he had a short and difficult life at the end of his lie,

he was penniless sick and unable to find work but he wrote music of lasting beauty

and joy.

8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

(a) The mom was dark, so I turned on a light.
(b) COMPARE: The room was dark, but I didn't nun
on a light.
So can be used as a conjunction. It is preceded by a
comma. It connects the ideas in two independent
clauses. So expresses results:
cause: The mom wns dark.
result: I mrned on a light.
But often expresses an unexpected result, as in @).

EXERCISE 7. S O vs. BUT. (Charts 8-2 and 8-3)

Directions: Add so or but.
1. It began to rain, SO
2. It began to rain, bt.+
3. I didn't have an umbrella,
4. I didn't have an umbrella,
raincoat.
5. The water was cold,
6. The water was cold,
7. Scott's directions to his apartment weren't clear,
8. The directions weren't clear,
9. My friend lied to me,
10. My friend lied to me,
I opened my umbrella.
I didn't open my umbrella.
I got wet.
I didn't get wet because I was wearing my
I didn't go swimming.
I went swimming anyway.
George got lost.
I found Scott's aparment anyway.
I still like and trust her.
I don't trust her anymore.