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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Matter

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines


Science – Grade 7Done
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Matter
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education


Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Rosanna N. Nilo


Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas, EPS
Reviewers: Merlie Gerlie V. Capiral, PSDS
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of
LRMS and
Regional ADM
Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools
Division Superintendent
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S Carpio Division EPS in Charge of LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Office Address: ____________________________________________


____________________________________________
Telefax: ____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
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Science
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Matter

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines


Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

1. Prepare all the visual aids that will be used in each activity.
2. Download activities needed for the face to face interaction.

3. Post the ready available sites (videos) to be used in activities. (If there is
virtual experiment provided for the lesson)
a. Pre-laboratory

b. Virtual Experiment
c. Face to Face Discussion
4. Prepare the table that will be used in the establishing purpose of the lesson,
and generalization. (Information in the table below should be blank)
5. Remind the learners to use separate sheets in answering the pre-test, self-check
exercises, and post-test.

For the learner:

The master-based module is design to deliver the lesson using alternative delivery
mode. The learners can be assigned to use digital tools to further understand the lesson
better. At your own pace, the learners are expected to produce and practice the task
being asked in each activity of the lesson. Most of the lessons are do it yourself lessons
that will test your ability to understand the lesson based on your own understanding.
The teacher will just intervene if certain concepts were not understood.

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the lesson on matter about elements and compounds. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:


● Lesson 1 – Differentiating elements and compounds
● Lesson 2 – History and basis of naming elements
● Lesson 3 – Importance and uses of elements and compounds

After going through this module, you are expected to:


1. Differentiate elements and compounds based on their composition from the given
chemical names and formulas of elements and compounds (S7MT_1gh-5.1);
2. Describe briefly the history and basis of naming elements (S7MT_1gh-
5.2); and
3. Recognize the important elements and compounds that are useful to humans
(S7MT_1gh-5.3).

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What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which does not describe an element?


A. Examples are aluminum, gold and carbon
B. Represented by a chemical symbol
C. It cannot be decomposed into simpler substance
D. Consists of two or more kinds of atoms

2. Which is not a compound in the given substances?


A. baking soda
B. rusted iron nail
C. silver spoon
D. carbon dioxide

3. Which description does not refer to a compound?


A. Consists of only one kind of atom
B. It can be decomposed into simpler substance
C. Composed of two or more kinds of atoms
D. Examples are water, salt and calcium fluoride

4. Which of the following is an element?


A. Magnesium oxide
B. Potassium
C. NaOH
D. Dry ice

5. The following are compounds except ________________.


A. phosphorus
B. sodium chloride
C. calcium oxide
D. sugar

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Lesson
Differentiating Elements
1 and Compounds
You have probably encountered a lot of different substances at home, in
your way to school or even in school. The kitchen wares made of silver and
aluminum that your mother used to prepare your food or even the sugar and table
salt used to add taste to the food when she cooked. The oxygen we inhale and the
carbon dioxide we exhale. These are only some of the substances we live with
everyday. As you go over in this module you will have a wider understanding about
pure substances and how important they are in our daily living.

What’s In

Pure substances are classified into elements and compounds. They are
homogeneous materials because they have only one phase and made up of only
one kind of matter all throughout. Every part in a sample of a pure substance
has the same characteristics since it has uniform and definite composition.
Pure substance that are made of only one kind of atom is an element while
that made of two or more kinds of atoms is a compound. Iron, gold and copper are
examples of elements but sugar, salt and water are examples of compounds.

Notes to the Teacher


The teacher may give a list of different substances and then
ask the students to classify them as elements or compounds.
Students may also make their list of substances and then
classify them.

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What’s New

Let us understand more about elements and compounds. Take a copper


wire for example which is an element, it is composed of copper atoms. Every
part of it is made up of copper atoms. Water is another example but of different
kind since it is a compound, it is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Every molecule of water is made of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen
and every molecule of water are the same all throughout.
Elements
Elements are the simplest kind of matter, consist of only one kind of
atom. It can be represented by a chemical symbol like C for carbon, O for
oxygen and Na for sodium. It cannot be broken down into simpler form of
matter by either physical or chemical means.
Compounds
Compounds are complex form of matter than elements but with definite
composition thus, they are considered as pure substances like elements;
consist of two or more kinds of atoms like water (H 2O), salt (NaCl) and carbon
dioxide (CO2). They can be represented by a chemical formula for example CO 2,
which stands for carbon dioxide and it shows that the compound contains 1
atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Compounds can be broken down into
simpler form of matter like elements by chemical means.
Electrolysis is an example of a chemical process that can be used to
breakdown components of compounds like water which is made up of 2 atoms
of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. . Energy is stored in the chemical bonds
that holds hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules. When electricity passes
through the water, hydrogen and oxygen are separated because of the breaking
of these bonds.
To split the chemical bonds within water molecules, some amount of
energy is needed. This can be done with the use of a battery that is connected
to the two electrodes which are placed in the water. In a properly designed
electrolysis set –up, when electricity passed through the water, hydrogen will
be collected at the cathode (negative electrode) while oxygen will be collected at
the anode (positive electrode). Each water molecule will breakdown into 2
atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.

Experimental Set Up of Electrolysis


of Water, photos are lifted from
Scienceless.wordpress.com (1), (1) (2)
www.istockphoto.com (2)

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What is It

Activity 1.1 Complete the given concept map summarizing the


differences between elements and compounds.

Substances

Compounds

Composed of only Can be broken


one kind of atoms and down into simpler form of
represented by a chemical matter by a chemical change.
symbol
_________________________ _________________________

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What’s More

Activity 1.2 Classify the given substances as an element or a compound.


Write E if it is an element or C if it is a compound.

1. Carbon
2. Mercury
3. HCl
4. Mg
5. Sugar
6. NaOH
7. Potassium hydroxide
8. Carbon monoxide
9. Dry ice
10. Copper

What I Have Learned

1. Elements and compounds are pure substances. They have the following
characteristics: always homogeneous; made up of only one kind of matter; and
have definite composition.
2. Elements are the simplest form of matter. They consist of only one kind of
atoms and cannot be decomposed into simpler form by either physical or
chemical process. Elements are represented by chemical symbols.
3. Compounds are more complex form of matter consist of 2 or more kinds of
elements which are chemically combined by a definite ratio. They are made of
two or more kinds of atoms and can be decomposed by chemical means.
Compounds are represented by chemical formula.
4. Electrolysis is an example of a chemical process which can decomposed a
compound like water into its component elements by the used of electricity.

What I Can Do

Look around your house, go to the kitchen, dining area and bathroom. List
down examples of substances and classify them as elements or compounds.

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Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is NOT one of the common characteristics of a pure substance?
A. definite composition
B. homogeneous
C. heterogeneous
D. composed of only one kind of matter

2. Which describes a compound?


A. Examples are copper, silver and phosphorus
B. Represented by a chemical symbol
C. Consists of two or more kinds of atoms
D. It cannot be decomposed into simpler substance

3. Which is an element in the given substances?


A. Dry ice
B. Copper wire
C. Aluminum Oxide
D. Alcohol

4. Which description refers to an element?


A. Examples are ammonia, alcohol and salt
B. It can be decomposed into simpler substance
C. Composed of two or more kinds of atoms
D. Consists of only one kind of atom

5. Which is not true about electrolysis?


A. Produce physical change
B. Can cause chemical change
C. Can split water into its components
D. Its process uses electricity

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Additional Activities

Activity 1.3 Complete the given table with the needed information.

Substances Definite Composition


Example: water (H2O) 2 atoms of H, 1 atom of O
Charcoal (carbon)
Silver wire
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Table salt/ Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Nickel coin

Activity 1.4

Watch a video on Chemistry: Elements and Compounds using this link:


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFiTpyy5GNA (Optional: Requires
computer and internet connection). List down additional learnings that you get
after viewing.

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What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which chemical symbol stands for silver?


A. Mg
B. Ag
C. Hg
D. Au

2. Which element has a chemical symbol of Na?


A. potassium
B. neon
C. sodium
D. nickel

3. Which of the following is not correct?


A. I- iron
B. Mg- magnesiun
C. Ne- neon
D. F- fluorine

4. Elements are named after the given choices except __________.


A. discoverer or scientist
B. place where they are discovered
C. abundant source or mineral
D. size and texture

5. How many element have been named and identified?


A. 92
B. 103
C. 118
D. 114

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Lesson
History and Basis of
2 Naming Elements
Do you know that there’ll be no other kinds of matter without elements?
Elements are considered the building blocks of matter. As you have already
learned, it cannot be broken down into simpler substances simply because it is
the simplest type of matter that every matter could be made up of. You will
learn more about elements, how they are named and given their symbols as
you go on in this module.

What’s In

Elements can be found everywhere in fact, in the entire universe,


considering that they are the building blocks of all kinds of matter. To date,
there are 118 named and identified elements, 92 of them are naturally
occurring and only a small percentage are artificially prepared in laboratories
with the use of new technology.
Every element is described to be unique because each has its own name,
chemical symbol and atomic number. However, some elements may have
properties similar with other elements. These allow the elements to be arranged
in an ordered table called periodic table based on their increasing atomic
numbers from left to right in periods and in groups for having similar chemical
properties.

Notes to the Teacher


The teacher may show a big periodic table on the board or
have it projected on a screen with the use of an LCD projector.
Assign students to bring a copy of a periodic table of
elements.

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What’s New

Elements’ names have originated in various ways. Some are named after
people who discovered the elements, specifically for the artificially made
elements, and even fewer are named after scientists who are well-known for
their outstanding contributions.
Some of the elements have their names derived from minerals in which
they are found. Some other elements are named after the places where they are
discovered. Still other names of the elements are derived from their properties
and from mythological character or astronomical object.

Element’s Name Origin

Einsteinium Albert Einstein Scientist

Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford Scientist

Calcium Calyx (lime) Mineral

Silicon Silex (sand) Mineral

Polonium Poland Place

Germanium Germany Place

Hydrogen Hydro (water producer) property

Uranium Uranus (planet) astronomical object

Helium Helios (sun god) mythological character

Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848), a Swedish chemist, introduced


the modern system of chemical nomenclature. He started the use of chemical
symbols. He used the initial letter of the common or Latin name of an element
in its capitalized form. If the chemical symbol consists of two letters, only the
first letter is capitalized.

Some Common Elements and their Chemical Symbols


Element Chemical Symbol
Carbon C
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Hydrogen H
Calcium Ca

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Cobalt Co
Argon Ar
Aluminum Al
Gallium Ga
Germanium Ge

English Name Latin Name Chemical Symbol


Copper cuprum Cu
Gold aurum Au
Silver argentum Ag
Iron ferrum Fe
Lead plumbum Pb
Mercury hydrargyrum Hg
Antimony stibium Sb
Tin stannum Sn
Potassium kalium K
Sodium natrium Na
Some Elements with Chemical Symbols taken from their Latin Names
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an
international organization of scientists that decides on the naming of elements
and assigning their chemical symbols. To be more familiar with the elements’
names, properties and their chemical symbols you can study the periodic table
of elements.

What is It

Activity 1.1 Complete the given table with the information needed with
the use of the periodic table of elements.

Name of Element Origin of Name of Element


Example Plutonium astronomical object
Francium
Mercury
Boron (borax)
Americium
Curium

Name of Element Chemical Symbol


Mercury
Boron
Magnesium

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Sulfur
Chlorine
Ni
Ra
Tc
V
F

What’s More

Activity 1.2 Decide whether the given information is a FACT (correct) or a


BLUFF (incorrect). Write F for fact or B for bluff.
1. C is the chemical symbol for calcium
2. The element argon can be written as Ar
3. In the periodic table tungsten is W
4. K stands for sodium
5. Ferrum is the Latin name of copper
6. Element mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev
7. The name of element Neptunium is named after the planet Neptune
8. P stands for potassium
9. Oxygen is represented by the symbol O
10. The chemical symbol for helium is H.

What I Have Learned

1. Elements are the building blocks of matter. They are named after their
discoverer or in honor of a scientist, from minerals in which they are
found, from places where they are discovered, based on their properties
and from mythological character or astronomical object.
2. Elements are represented by chemical symbols, introduced by Baron Jons
Jakob Berzelius. Chemical symbols are written with the use of initial letter
of the common or Latin name of an element in its capitalized form. If the
chemical symbol consists of two letters, only the first letter is capitalized.
3. There are 118 elements identified, named and have chemical symbol as
decided by IUPAC. All of these elements are found in the modern
periodic table of elements.

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What I Can Do

With the use of the periodic table of elements, make a listing of the
names of 1-50 elements with their chemical symbols in your notebook. Observe
the correct way of writing chemical symbols.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who introduced the chemical symbols for elements?
A. J. Dalton
B. E. Rutherford
C. J.J. Berzelius
D. D. Mendeleev
2. Which does not become a basis for naming of elements?
A. name of a scientist
B. name of a mineral
C. name of a place
D. name of an organization
3. Which does not belong to the given elements?
A. Sodium-Na
B. Manganese-Mn
C. Silver-Ag
D. Lead-Pb
4. Which element is named after a scientist?
A. hydrogen
B. gold
C. curium
D. mercury
5. Which element has a chemical symbol of Sn?
A. strontium
B. scandium
C. selenium
D. tin

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Additional Activities

Activity 1.3 Elements in the periodic table are arranged in 1 to 7


periods (horizontal) and 1 to 18 groups (vertical). The first 56 elements are
found in the periodic table below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba
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Give the chemical symbol and name of the element that can be found in
the given period and group. Refer to the periodic table given.
Example: period 1, group 1 – H- hydrogen

1. period 3, group 2

2. period 3, group 15

3. period 2, group 1

4. period 4, group 2

5. period 2, group 16

6. period 5, group 17
7. period 4, group 9
8. period 4, group 12
9. period 4, group 4

10. period 5, group 11

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What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which element can conduct heat and electricity?


A. iodine
B. copper
C. carbon
D. fluorine

2. Which substance is used as pencil lead?


a. potassium
b. iron
c. carbon
d. nickel

3. Which is the most abundant element found in earth’s crust and human
body?
a. hydrogen
b. oxygen
c. nitrogen
d. silicon

4. Which compound is used as preservative and food sweetener?


a. baking soda
b. sodium chloride
c. sucrose
d. calcium carbonate

5. Which substance is used in soap making?


a. calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
b. sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
c. sulfuric acid (HCl)
d. nitric acid (HNO3)

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Lesson
Importance and Uses of
3 Elements and Compounds
Different elements have been identified and discovered. Did you know
that when two or more elements combined chemically it will form compounds?
Therefore, elements and compounds are natural components of our
environment. Can you imagine how the earth exists without elements and
compounds? As you continue with this module, you will realize how important
the elements and compounds to us.

What’s In

Elements can be found everywhere; this is very true. Below you can see
the relative abundance of elements in the environment and in the human body.
Study the essential elements found in our body and in our environment.

EARTH’S CRUST EARTH’S WATER EARTH’S AIR HUMAN BODY


O=46% Si = 28% O=85% N=78% O=65% C=18%
Al = 8% Fe = 5% H=11% O=21% H=10% N=3%
Ca = 3% Na = 3% Cl = 2% Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe other Ca = 2% P=1%
K= 2% gases = 1% others (K, Si, S, Cl,
Na = 1%
Na, F, Cu, I, Mg, Fe,
Others = 5% Others = 1% Se, Mn, Zn) = 1%
Total = 100% Total = 100%
Total = 100% Total = 100%

Can you name the natural elements found in the four system?
Maybe at this point, you can now realize how important oxygen is in our
environment.

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Notes to the Teacher
The teacher may ask students to compare the percentage of
some common elements in the given four systems.

What’s New

Actually, aside from elements there is water in the human body as well
as carbon dioxide and water vapor in the air. Water and carbon dioxide are
compounds. We should understand that whenever there are elements, possibly
there are compounds too because when two or more elements chemically
combined in a definite proportion, compounds will be produced .

Elements Symbols Uses


nitrogen N used in the production of ammonia and
fertilizer
neon Ne used for neon signs in advertisements
sodium Na component of table salt, sodium hydrogen
for soap making
aluminum Al made into aluminum foils and cans,
material for spacecrafts and kitchen
utensils
copper Cu material for electrical wirings, its alloys
can be made into weapons, watches and
doorknobs
oxygen O for manufacture of steel, for welding,
component of ozone
hydrogen H used for welding, for rocket fuel
helium He used to inflate balloons, used in liquid fuel
rockets
carbon C used in pencil leads, in the form of
diamond used as cutting tools
zinc Zn used to make galvanized iron sheets, dry
cell casing

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Some Uses of Compounds
Compounds Formula Uses
Sodium NaHCO3 known as baking soda used in bread
Bicarbonate making to make cake and bread dough
raise
Potassium KOH used to dissolve grease and hair in drains
hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide NaOH used in soap making and drain cleaner
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 used in making plaster and cement
Nitric acid HNO3 used to make fertilizers and explosives
Acetic acid CH3COO acid in vinegar
H
Hydrochloric acid HCl known as muriatic acid, used to remove
stains in tiles , rusts and paints in
concrete and metals
Calcium CaCO3 Component of chalk, limestone and
Carbonate marble
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 used to make detergents and fertilizers
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 component of car batteries

What is It

Elements and compounds are also present in the foods that we eat.
Therefore, it is very important that we choose the food we are eating and we
check on the nutrition facts of the food labels when buying food.
Nutrition facts are displayed on the food labels except for fresh foods like
meat, fish, vegetables and fruits.
Nutrition facts label indicates that the information about the
nutrients are based on one serving. You should know how many servings
are there in each pack of food that you are selecting.

Activity 1.1 Do worksheet/ Activity no. 3.1 Is Your Food a Healthy Choice?
(Lifted from exemplar science lesson plan, CHE_G7_Q1_W7_D3, page 4)

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ACTIVITY SHEET

Activity No. 3.1 Is Your Food a Healthy Choice?

I. OBJECTIVE/S:

1. Determine if the food is a healthy choice or not.


2. Identify whether the product is high or low in key nutrients.

II. MATERIALS: Sample Nutrition Facts on food label

III. PROCEDURES:

A. Use your Nutrition Facts Label to fill in the chart and answer
the questions. See if your food is a healthy choice.

B. Answer the following question using the Nutrition Facts Label


from your food or snack.
1. What percent of calories are from fat? ________
2. How many servings are in the package? ________
3. How many grams of dietary fiber does the food or snack have? _______
4. How many grams of protein does the food or snack have? ________
5. Does your food has vitamin A? ____If so, what is its percentage? _______
6. Does your food has calcium? _____If so, what is its percentage? _____

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7. Does your food has vitamin C? ______If so, what is its percentage? _______
8. Does your food has iron? ________If so, what is its percentage? ________
9. Is this a good choice for a snack? __________
10. Explain your answer in number 9.
________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_

What’s More

Activity 1.2 Decide whether the given information is true or false. Write
T for true or F if otherwise.
1. Water is a very essential compound, it makes up 70% of the total
mass of the human body.
2. Carbon is present in carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
3. Calcium is not needed for strong bones and teeth.
4. Salt and sugar are commonly used food flavorings.
5. Oxygen is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.
6. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.
7. Chlorine is used in water treatment.
8. Calcium oxide is used in the manufacture of glass and cement.
9. Banana is rich in potassium.
10. Carbon dioxide is released by plants.

What I Have Learned

1. Elements and compounds are found everywhere. They make up the


earth’s crust, water and air and even the human body.
2. Important elements are found in the human body as essential
components which play vital life functions. Water is also considered a
very important compound, it makes up 70% of the total mass of the human
body.
3. Elements and compounds are also present in foods. This is the reason
why it is necessary that we choose properly the food that we eat and we
check on the nutrition facts of the food labels when buying food.

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What I Can Do

Go to your kitchen and look for some grocery stocks. Get one food
product and copy the information printed there about its nutritional facts. Did
you make a good choice for buying the selected food product? Why?

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following does not suggest the use of elements?
A. Silver is used for jewelry
B. Copper is used for wiring
C. Aluminum is used for beverage cans
D. Water is used for drinking and cleaning
2. Which compound is used in bread making?
A. sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3

B. sodium chloride - NaCl

C. sodium hydroxide - NaOH

D. sodium carbonate – Na2CO3

3. Which mineral deficiency condition will result when one lacks


iodine?
A. anemia

B. softening of bones

C. goiter

D. dermatitis

4. Which element is used to make a jewelry?


A. copper

B. gold

C. aluminum

D. mercury

5. Which information is not included in food label’s nutrition facts?


A. serving size

B. total carbohydrate

C. total fat

D. vitamin D

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Additional Activities

Activity 1.3 Complete the given table with the information about
the uses of elements and compounds. You can refer to a periodic table,
textbook or google search.

Elements Uses
Bromine
Iodine
Gold
Tin
silicon

Compounds Uses
Acetone
salitre (KNO3)
ammonia (NH3)
methane (CH4)
carbon dioxide (CO2)

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References
https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/water-
electrolysis/ https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/
https://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFiTpyy5GNA
https://youtu.be/nkHXXeJivP
http://www.knowledgedoor.com/2/elements_handbook/origin_of_element_name.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDaNMAlzy-M https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=mtg9p6A6xnY https://www.thoughtco.com/how-are-elements-named-6066

https://www.famousscientists.org/the-most-important-chemical-compounds/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM-
https://elements.wlonk.com/ElementUses.htm
https://www.thoughtco.
Nutrition_Facts_Label_LP91.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2017.
http://jsyfruitveggies.org/wp-content/uploads/Nutrition_Facts_Label_LP91.pdf.

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