Women’s Economic Empowerment and Rural Markets in North East Nigeria
Framework of Inquiry
Do
AREAS OF INQUIRY PRIMARY RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Existing barriers 1. What are the economic and
and challenges socio-cultural challenges and
towards WEE barriers in relation to rural
women’s production and
income increase and control
regarding access to assets and
resources?
RESEARCH SUB- LINES OF QUESTIONING
QUESTIONS
1. What is the nature and Land
frequency of women and •How much land does the respondent have access to farm in total?
men’s asset ownership and •Does the respondent own land? How much? Is it individually or jointly
resources? How are women owned (if the latter with who?)? Distance of land from home? Can it sustain
generating and controlling dry and wet season farming? How is it irrigated?
direct income from assets • Does the respondent lease land? How much? If so individually or jointly?
they either own, lease, or Who is it leased from? Distance of land from home? Can it sustain dry and
manage for someone else? wet season farming? How is it irrigated?
• Does the respondent bulk own or lease land in a group? How much?
What kind of group is it? How many people? Distance of land from home?
Can it sustain dry and wet season farming? How is it irrigated?
• Does the respondent (also) farmland that belongs to someone else? Who
does it belong to?
Livestock
Does the respondent own livestock? Is it jointly owned?
•What livestock do they own? In what quantities?
•Do they manage livestock that belongs to someone else? Who? Do they
earn income from this? How much?
• •What inputs are being used on livestock? Do they purchase these inputs
themselves?
•What inputs do they need?
Other assets and resources
•Do they own or have access to any mechanised inputs, machinery (e.g. bike)
etc?
•Do they own a mobile phone? Do they have access to a mobile phone?
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2. Are women generating,
spending and controlling
direct income from crop
farming and livestock rearing
with assets they either own,
lease, or manage for
someone else?
3. Where are women and
men placed within rural value
chains as part of the pre and
post-harvest production
cycles? Who commits labour
and resources to farming and
what off-farm work do they
•Do they have a bank account? In their own / joint name?
•Do they belong to a savings group? With whom? How much do they save /
contribute per month?
•Have they ever accessed finance through a finance institution or savings
group? Which? When? How much did they borrow?
• What did they use the loan money for (or did they give it to someone else)?
•Did they manage to repay?
•Do they book keep their finances?
•Do they have a dowry (women)? Do they have access to that dowry? If not,
who has access to that dowry?
•Which crops are sold, which crops are consumed? Who owns which?
•Where is each crop sold sold? Who buys it? Who sells which crops?
Where do they get their information on crop prices, product prices and other
information related to their income generating activities?
•Who controls the income from the sale of crops? (i.e. does respondent or
respondent’s partner keep this solely or is it shared? If so how?)
What livestock is sold, what are consumed?
•What livestock products are sold, what are consumed?
•Where are they sold? Who to? Who sells them?
•Who controls the proceeds from the sale of livestock?
•What do they spend their incomes on? Who decides that?
•What are the primary agricultural value chains the respondent is involved
in?
•What work does the respondent do within that value chain? What are the
seasonal variations of work within that value chain?
•What crops are being farmed, by whom (respondent, husband/wife etc) and
what proportion of land is used for each? (list and percentages)
•Who does each of the following tasks: land clearing, planting, cultivating,
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also do?
4. What are the wider
sociocultural and economic
challenges women face: lack
of access to education and
access to information,
mobility, household decision
making, violence, attitudes on
gender empowerment) How
do these relate to women’s
income increase, and control
of incomes and assets?
harvesting, selling?
•What agricultural inputs are being used on owned/leased/managed farm
land?
•Does the respondent purchase these inputs with their own money? Where
from?
•What different types of work do they do throughout the farming year?
•What do they earn (in cash or in kind) for their work?
•How does this vary across the value chain?
•How does this vary throughout the year?
•What off-farm work (seasonal) do they engage with?
•What are the key income earning activities which are off farm such as shea/
gum Arabic / firewood collection etc?
Access to education and literacy?
•What is the respondent's level of education? What is their partner’s (if
married / in union) level of education?
* Can they read and write? In what language? (Clarify whether this is Quranic
rote learning)
Mobility
•Do they physically go to market? Do they send others to market on their
behalf? If so, who?
•Does the respondent engage with market actors? If so, who? What is the
nature of this engagement (what is the mode of communication)?
•Are they able to leave their home / compound when they want, and also to
go where they want?
•Where are they able to go to? Other communities, towns/cities, markets,
school, study, church, visiting friends and family. On what kind of occasions
do they go out?
Household decision- making and expenditure
•Who decides how money is spent on key household essentials, such as food,
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Conflict and 2. What have been the impacts
Agency: Impacts of conflict on women’s
and Resilience livelihoods and gendered
economic realities? What is
the current situation, and what
have been their main
challenges and successes?
5. What are the patterns of
women’s and men’s work in
the home? How is their
labour time organised in
relation to other
commitments? What other
actors are involved in their
labour patterns, and what are
those relationships? What
are the implications for WEE?
1. What have been the
impacts of the conflict on
livelihoods over the last X
years?
Which women are having
economic stability and which
are most challenged in
earning and controlling their
income?
clothing, and reproductive household appliances?
•Who decides whether children go to school? Who decides how money is
spent on school fees and other costs?
•Who decides if and how healthcare is accessed by members of the family?
Who decides how money is spent on health care fees?
Gender based violence
•Have any respondents experienced violence in the home or at work?
•Have respondents experienced violence from their spouse?
•How much time does the respondent spend working in the home?
•How many hours a day do they spend working in the home?
•How many of those hours are used to generate income? What activities are
these? How important are these income-generating activities in the home
compared to farming and other off farm work?
•How many of those hours do not generate income on domestic tasks and
caring responsibilities? What activities are these?
•What do they spend these incomes on?
Who decides how the income they earn from home-based work is spent?
•Who else works in the home with them and on what activities?
• What key livelihoods/primary income generating activities were
respondents engaged in prior to the troubles?
• What primary income generating activities have been lost in the last 5 – 10
years?
•How have household incomes changed compared to X years ago?
•How have individual incomes changed compared to X years ago?
•Compared to X years ago, which assets have you lost and gained?
•Experiences of violence (other than IPV) during the conflict – personal
experience, family members, witnessing
•Feelings of overall safety compared to X years ago – in the home, on the
farm, in the community, outside the community
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Opportunities for 3. What opportunities are
economic recovery there for women’s economic
and empowerment recovery and empowerment in
post-conflict environments in
the North East? What are the
main challenges that need to
be addressed?
2. What have been the
impacts of the conflict on
services, employment,
markets, civil society and
governance
3. What livelihoods and
linkages to markets and
private sector suppliers or
buyers have remained
resilient? What is the
market relationship and
agency women have now
(including physical
engagement and third party
relationships), network
linkages, and bargaining
power?
1. What new markets have
emerged and what markets
need support to be re-
established as part of the
recovery process? Can
women benefit from these for
greater income increase and
•Availability of key services and service providers, compared to 3/5 years ago
(primary, secondary school, teachers, clinics, hospitals, nurses, doctors,
police, courts, WASH)
•State of infrastructure – roads, public transport, electricity, mobile phone
networks
•Location and frequency of markets
•Numbetrs of local industries, SMEs etc
•Availability and types of informal and formal of employment opportunitues
•Availability of key goods (foodstuffs, clothes, other goods)
•Existence of CSOs, WROs, other community groups
•Capacity and responsoveess of local state
• •What livelihood / income generating activities have been resilient
throughout the conflict?
•How have they managed to sustain this income generating activity within
the current situation?
•What suppliers and buyers are now/remain active in the community?
• Do respondents have access to these market actors directly and on a
regular basis? Do they trade with them? What do they trade?
• What markets are nearby and operational?
• Does the respondent buy and sell in these markets? What does the
respondent buy and sell in the market?
•Do they belong to a group or cooperative for the purpose of buying and
selling? How does the group negotiate?
•What new industries and economic opportunities have developed during
and after the conflict?
•Are there any opportunities for business and employment especially for
women either inside or outside of the house?
•How have women’s strategies have changed, and why before/during/after
the conflict?
• What industries and market linkages have recently been re-established?
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control?
2. What programmes and
initiatives are women
currently benefitting from in
the post-conflict North-East?
Could these be strengthened
through market linkages for
more sustainable women’s
economic empowerment
outcomes?
3. What additional linkages,
support structures and
initiatives do women need for
new ways of market
engagement and earning an
income? How do these
support recovery-related
challenges in relation to their
economic empowerment?
4. What organisations are
working on women’s
economic and social
empowerment
• What economic activities are participants interested in? What are the
challenges they currently face in engaging with these?
•What challenges are market actors facing in engaging with women farmers,
processors, and retailors?
•What support do market actors require to reach more women with their
products and services?
• What type of programme support is currently being received? From what
organisations?
• Who is receiving this support? Are programmes working with both host
communities and IDPs?
•Does the programming / initiative support production and processing
through access to inputs and services?
•Is the programming providing new livelihoods opportunities for men and
women?
• How can market opportunities support these towards greater
sustainability?
•Is the support providing access to services that women need to address
social and economic constraints?
•What basic health care and education needs do community members still
have?
•What targeted training and capacity building needs do women have to
support their livelihoods and income generation and control activities?
•What other core services do women need to support their daily economic
and household reproductive roles?
•What women’s empowerment organisations and groups are working / have
worked with the community?
•What sort of empowerment programming have they delivered / are
delivering currently?
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empowerment? What are
the opportunities for market
system and hybrid solutions
to economic, sociocultural,
and market challenges that
can be implemented by
Propcom Mai-karfi, such as
through collaborations with
local women’s organisations?
•What livelihoods and economic empowerment experience do they have? Is
their track record reliable?
•Do they occupy a trusted place in the community and can they provide
strong entry points for reaching women?
•What capacity building do they need? What programming can they
facilitate for greater engagement of women towards more sustainable WEE?

5. The emerging issue of •What is the frequency of disability in the community among those sampled?
disability (yet to be defined) is •What are impacts of disability on women comparative to men (both their
a challenge that has been own and that of others)?
noted by DFID for future •What role can market linkages for WEE play in addressing some of the
Northern Programme work. challenges faced?
How can Propcom through its
programming address this
using a WEE approach, if at
all (e.g. physical /
psychological and impact on
individuals who are carers)?