Subsistence

Patterns
• Foraging
• Pastoralism
• Horticulture
• Agriculture
Hortus Cultura Horticulture
 the small-scale cultivation of crops
intended primarily for subsistence

Horticultur The art of growing plants also

e known as “garden cultivation”

In anthropology, it is usually called as

primitive farming
Changes Made by the
Domestication of Plants

o Food Resource
o Division of Labor
o Political Structure
o Settlement Pattern
 The Beginnings
of Food Growing
Food gathering Food Cultivation
Horticulturalist
Food Producers-they supply the majority of
their food through their cultivation of
domesticated crops.
Are horticulturalists
Vegetarian?
Horticulturalist: Diet
o Garden-produced food
o Domesticated animals
o Food that were gathered through
FORAGING
Horticulturalist: Division of Labor

Gender
Age
 Division of Labor: Gender
MEN WOMEN

responsible for
Hunting most agricultural
work,

heavy labor tasks domestic chores,

and
Women grow the “staple
crops” while Men grow village business food preparation
the “prestige food”. and distribution
Do Horticulturalists
practiced CHILD
LABOR?
Division of Labor: Age

Tending to Main work Caring for

ritual force siblings
ceremonies Fetching
Carrying out water
small tasks Carrying out
small tasks
Horticulturalists: Political Structure
Tribe
• Formal type of organization
• A political group that comprises several bonds or lineage groups, each
with similar language and lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory
• Members of the tribe may connected through a clan structure
Horticulturalists: Political Structure
Tribal Head
Key Qualifications
• Hardworking
• Generous
• Possessing Good Personal Skills
Responsibilities
• Determines the time for planting and harvesting
• Sets the time for seasonal feasts and celebration
• Leads the seasonal hunting of food
• Conflict resolution
Horticulturalists: Political Structure

Can a woman be a
tribe Leader?
Horticulturalists: Political Structure

Is the position
inherited?
Horticulturalists: Settlement Pattern

Residence- SEMI-PERMANENT
Population- Ranging from 30 to
several 100 persons
 Digging sticks
Tools in Food
Cultivation Hoes

Carrying Baskets
5 Phases in the
Horticulture Cycle Clearing

Fallowing Planting

Harvesting Weeding
Clearing/
Slash and Burn
Cultivation
• Cutting
• Burning
Planting
• Accomplished through digging and loosening the soil into which seeds/slips of
plants are placed
• Direct/Indirect
Weeding
• Weeds-A minor problem being attended to by women and children
Harvesting
• Requires a substantial labor to cut or dig crops and to carry them home
Fallowing
• After cultivating same garden/land for several number of years, the land must
left to be unused to regain its fertility
Difference from other kinds of farming
• Horticulturalists move their farm fields periodically to use locations
with the best growing conditions.

• Horticultural societies use limited mechanical technologies to farm.

• Horticulture differs from other kinds of farming in its scale and

purpose
Agri Cultura Agriculture
 the cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using
technologies that allow for intensive and continuous use
of land resources

The practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops,

Agriculture and raising livestock and in varying degrees the
preparation and marketing of the resulting products.

Intensive strategy of production.

Changes Made by Agriculture

o Settlement Pattern
o Food Resource
o Division of Labor
o Political Structure
o Types of Agriculture
Agriculturalists: Settlement Patterns

Residence: Permanent
Population: Increased substantially
Agriculturalists: Food Resource

• Domesticated • Fruits, • Preserved

Grain Foods Vegetable and Foods
Animals
Agriculturalists: Food Resource

Is an agriculturalists
community
experienced famine?
Agriculturalists: Division of Labor

Men
Women
Politics Child –rearing

Public Affairs
Household
Food Works
Production
Food
Warfare Production
Agriculturalists: Division of Labor
Food Traders

Producing Non-food
producing Potters

• Food Producers,
SPECIALIST
• Hunters , Political Artisans
• Gatherers Leaders

Soldiers
Religious
Healers
Leaders
Agriculturalists: Division of Labor

Do money exists in the

early years of
Agriculture?
Agriculturalists: Political Structure
LARGE-SCALE SOCIETY Ruling
Elites

Social Stratification
Inequality
Law Peasants
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture

 Non-Industrialized Agriculture
 Industrialized Agriculture

 Peasant Farming
 Plantation Agriculture
 Large-Scale Mechanized Grain Farming
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture
Non-Industrialized Agriculture
• use irrigation, fertilizers, and other additives to
improve crop yields.
• use beasts of burden, such as horses or oxen, to
clear and plow fields and perform other tasks.
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture
Industrialized Agriculture
• use irrigation, fertilizers, and other additives to
improve crop yields.
• use machinery, such as tractors in performing
tasks.
• takes place on a larger scale, supplies more food
to larger populations, and uses more resources
than non-industrialized agriculture.
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture
Peasant Farming
 most common form of farming in the world.
 Family members/close kin worked on a family
owned farm, either full time or part time
 In peasant farming, farmers produce much of
their own subsistence as well as some products
to sell.
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture
Plantation Agriculture
 is a labor intensive method of farming
 Plantations produce cash crops for the explicit
purpose of export.
 Plantations are owned by large multinational
corporations.
 These plantations displace local peoples and
provide low wages to people who no longer
have a way to make a living.
Agriculturalists: Types of Agriculture
Large-Scale Mechanized Grain Farming
 a capital-intensive form of farming requiring a
large amount of investment money to pay for
fertilizers and machinery.
 focuses on raising one or two crops for the
explicit purpose of export.
 few workers are needed to operate the
machineries that constitute most of the works
Characteristics
Shared by Agricultural Communities
reliance on a few staple crops, foods that form the
backbone of the subsistence system

the link between intensive farming and a rapid increase

in human population density

the development of a division of labor, a system in

which individuals in a society begin to specialize in
certain roles or tasks

its tendency to create wealth differences