STS 1-6

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Science, Technology, and Society Chapters 1-6
Science, Technology, and Society (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila)
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

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- Used stone tools for survival, hunting fish and

EARLY CIVILIZATION wild animals, preparing foods, making shelters,
- From the ancient to the modern, Science & protect territory from invasion
Technology has affected society with its
innovations and discoveries for upgrading SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
quality of life.
• Transportation and Navigation - The first civilization began in Mesopotamia, aka
- significant because people were trying to go “land between the rivers”
places and discover new horizons; to search for - Derived from the Greek words meso (middle)
food; to find other locations for settlement; to and potam (river) since it was located between
trade surplus goods in exchange for things they Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
lacked. - Identified with fertile crescent, it is within the
• Communication and Record-keeping following boundaries.
- considered very essential to discovery and - The Sumerians were the first people to settle in
occupying new places; for trading and avoiding Mesopotamia to create a civilization by the
conflicts development of methods and technologies in
- to be able to remember and document trade, agriculture, language, governance, architecture
history, and culture (for identity); increase in etc. around 4500 BCE.
population for survival - The Sumerians built cities along the rivers in
• Weapons and Armors South Mesopotamia.
- important in the discovery of places and Major Cities in Mesopotamia
establishing alliances with new tribes Eridu Uruk Ur Larsa Isin
• Conservation of Life, Illness and Diseases Adab Kullah Lagash Nippur Kish
- the primary challenge of survival; discovery of • City of Uruk
cures for preservation - The first true city in the world
• Engineering and Architecture - No building stones used
- elaborates architectural designs for - Lumber was limited
technological advancements, status symbols, - Mud/clay from the river added from reeds and
and identity of a nation bricks
- Discoveries and innovations are the result of - Houses made of sun baked bricks
necessities. • Ziggurats
NOMADS - The Great Ziggurat of Ur (The Mountain of God)
- Each of the cities had corresponding kings
- Early humans who stay on the move looking for living in a ziggurat
food - With temple at the top for their high priest to
- Without a permanent home serve their patron gods and goddesses.
- Lived in area of bountiful resources of foods - Priests are only allowed to enter.
- Small tribes of hunter-gatherers - Structure involves:
- Basic needs: food, shelter, clothing o Sun baked bricks (inside)
- Learned to use fire that allowed them to cook, o Fired bricks (outside)
provide heat and light o No inner chambers

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o Height around 170 ft - Recording temple activities and businesses

- Took 12 years of excavation - Presenting stories, myths, and personal letters
- Primarily built as temple to Nanna, the moon of - Sumerian Number System
God - Sumerians came up of a number system, and it
- Staircases led to the top of the structure of the was a combination of different radix system
ziggurat for the priest to utilize. such as base 1, base 10 and base 60. The base
• Agriculture 60 which is known as sexagesimal, became the
- Products standard number system of Sumerians and
o Wheat and barley passed down to the ancient Babylonians.
o Fruits and vegetables like grapes and • Sailboats
onions - Made of reeds
o Sheep, goats, and cows - To travel along the river
• Irrigation System - Sailboat made it easier for Sumerians to acquire
- Levees foods hat could not be cultivated and produced
o Dug wide canals from rivers out to in their own farm (trading)
farms - Skin float or raft made of hides stretched over
o Dug small ditches from canals to fields wood frames and a broad, short boat made of
to water all the crops waterproof material
o Put gates on the ditches to control the • Wheel
amount of water - The 1st wheel was not used for transportation
o Brought water to farmland but for farm work in 2000 BC
o Sumerians found a way to control flood - Used for transporting agricultural products
that come from the rivers Tigris and - This concept led to wheeled vehicles to easily
Euphrates, which is valuable to their transport agricultural products to transfer
agricultural system. Therefore, every people from one place to another. Early wheels
city battled control over the river water are made of solid disk of wood from a tree
o One of the most beneficial engineering trunk.
works - Invented the wheel and axel which made
• Cuneiform production of food easier
- Lighter wagons appeared later in the civilization
• Plow
- Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil land
where seeds would be planted at faster pace
- Mass produced food without taking much effort
and time
• Medicine
- Sumerians believed that diseases were
punishment from God
o Wrongdoing
o Committed sins
- First writing system
o Action of demons
- A system of writing derived from pictographs
o Bad spirits
and symbol of items
- Priest – sufficient magic power to fight the
- Carved in mud/clay: tablet
mystic force of disease and illness
- Using reed stylus
- Diseases due to supernatural causes
- Used in trading, recording goods, and livestock

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- Exorcist – drive away the spirits by charms and bladed mace, as well as clubs, staffs and
spells projectiles flung in war slings.
• Roads - Bronze is softer than iron and steel which caused
- The traffic became organized them to lose some battles
- They poured bitumen to smoothen the road • Babylonian Number System
- The sexagesimal system used by Sumerians was
Lasted for short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians
not pure base-60 system, instead the cuneiform
took charge in 2004 BC
digits used as ten as a sub-base in the fashion of
a sign-value notation.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION - First ever positional numbering system
- Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Great builders, engineers, and architects EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
- Sumerian civilization control of the region of
-Egypt is located in North Africa
Mesopotamia lasted for 2000 years before
-Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the Egyptian
Babylonians took charge in 2004 B.C.
Civilization began with Egypt brought together
- Babylon was conquered by a man named Sumu
under one ruler King Narmer
Abum, who turned it into a kingdom made up of
- The Egyptian King is considered as the absolute
the city and small amount of territory.
leader and owner of all the land, water, people
- Then Hammurabi (First Lawgiver) took over the
etc. in his kingdom, later Egyptian would refer
place and tuned the small city into an empire
their kings’ pharaohs.
- Babylon is the most popular city from Ancient
- Develop Theocracy, a government ruled by
Mesopotamia
religious leaders since they believed that
THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON pharaoh was a living god.
• Temples
-
Was built by King Nebuchadnezzar for his wife - Believed that temples were the home of the
Queen Amytis (Married for the coalition of two
Gods and Goddesses, each temple was
nations) who was homesick of her vegetative
dedicated to a God or Goddesses
homeland
- Worshipped by temple priests and pharaohs
- One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
- Everyday temple priest:
- It was said to be made up of layers upon layers
o Washed the god’s statues
of garden
o Changed cloths with fine linen
- Species of plants, trees, and vines
o Put jewelry
- 75 ft high
o Offered food and wine
- Approximately 8,200 gallons of water is needed
- Made of stone, walls covered with scenes, and
each day to keep the plants watered
brightly painted
- No physical evidence to prove such existence
• Mummification
- Exact location is still unknown
- Egyptians believed in life after death
- No records, mythical place
- Eternal life was only possible if the individual’s
• Weapons
corpse remained intact
- Babylonian civilization transpired during bronze
- Believed that if the body decayed, so as the soul
age
- Deceased’s soul should be recognized as
- Weapons made from bronze material (alloy
returned in the next life
copper and tin)
- Process:
- The weapons they use are sickle swords,
1. Washing of the body
socketed axes, spears, and the Egyptian derived

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2. Removal of the different internal organs - Honey and human urine to cure eye infections
by making a cut in the left side of the - Cooked whole mouse
abdomen (Intestines, stomach, liver, and - Many of their medicines where accompanied by
lungs) spells to ward off evil spirits making the person
3. Internal organs are placed in canopic jars sick.
• Irrigation System
- Canals and Ditches
- Shaduf – boom and basin irrigation strategy
- Since Nile river flooded its banks every year,
farmers have built canals and created an
irrigation system to water their crops. They used
shadufs a hand-operated device for lifting water
from the Nile River into buckets, which they then
poured into irrigation ditches, farmers use of an
4. Brain is removed through the nose by ‘Archimedes screw’ which was used to lift water
using hooked instrument then thrown from a low-lying body of water into irrigation
away (Heart is untouched as believed to trenches.
be used for intelligence and emotion; • Mathematics
reveals evidence of the deceased’s true - Egyptians are knowledgeable in Addition,
character) Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Fraction,
5. The inside of the body is rinsed with Decimals, Basic ideas of Geometry
wine and spices • Calendar
6. Moisture from the body is eliminated - 12 months = 30 days each
7. Application of salt called Natron for 70 - 1 year – 360 days
days is done to preserve the body - In 4000 B.C. they added 5 extra days at the end
8. The body is wrapped in linen cloth and of every year
placed in a Sarcophagus o Solar year = 356 days
• Hieroglyphics • Wigs
- Pictures of living creatures and symbols of - Were worn for beauty, vanity, and personal
objects used in daily living hygiene
- The writing was made as they created a writing - Used to protect shaved heads of the wealthy
material like paper called papyrus. Egyptians from harmful sun rays
- Well preserved since these were carved at the - Symbol of social status (more wigs = wealthier)
walls of pyramids and other structures - Used by both sexes
• Medicine - Made from human hair, sheep’s wool, or
- Knowledge of healing herbs vegetable fibers
- Repairing physical injuries (Knew how to stitch a - The more natural looking the higher the price
wound) - After death Egyptians were often buried with
- Eye surgery operation their best wigs as they wanted to appear wealthy
- Knowledge of anatomy came from the practice and with beautiful hair in the afterlife.
of embalming the dead • Cosmetics
- Practiced Dentistry - Used makeup in both sexes
o Extracted teeth - Kohl – darked eye makeup
o Drained abscesses - Fashion
o Made false teeth - Protecting their skin from hot desert sun
o Stitch

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- Persons who wore makeup are protected from • Water Mill

evil and sign of holiness - Was used in agricultural processes like milling of
- 3 kinds of paints grains
o Black kohl (prevent and cure eye - Mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the
diseases) likes
o Green malachite and black galena - dark • Greek Houses
gray - Poor Greek – rural area or crowded urban slums
o Lip gloss – red ochre or in multi-story blocks of apartments
- Skin care - Larger houses built around a courtyard
o Apple cider as a face toner - For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers:
o Milk and honey to soften their skin o Large
o Aloe vera for moisturing skin o Luxurious
o Natural henna for male color o Accommodation for a large household
o Almond oil for younger skin including many slaves
o Honey for silky hair • Trade
• Paper - 150 years after 750 BC
- From Greek word “papyrus” - Sea for their livelihood
- Made writing material easier - Mediterranean Sea and Black sea
- From papyrus plant that grows near the Nile river - For a period of about 150 years after 750 BC,
- Less breakable than clay tablet many city states send out groups of their citizens
to found colonies on distant shores of the
GREEK CIVILIZATION Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea that led to
establish strong trading ties among one another.
- Transpired in the 8th century BC - Greek Traders soon dominated maritime trade
- Focused on: Government, Art, Architecture, of the Mediterranean.
Philosophy, and Sport - Coins used for trading
- Greek religious traditions encompassed a large • Greek Philosophers
pantheon of gods, complex mythologies, rituals, 1. Socrates
and cult practices. Greek was a polytheistic - Developed the Socratic Method of analyzing
society and looked to its gods and mythology to good and justice.
explain natural mysteries as well as current - The problem is broken down into series of
events. inquiries that would lead to answers to the
- Greek paid reverence to their gods and problem
goddesses through sacrifices, rituals, festival. 2. Plato
• Greek Mythology - Became a student of Socrates
Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades - Laid the foundations of Western Philosophy
Athena Apollo Artemis Aphrodite and science
Hermes Ares Hephaestus Hestia - Founded the Academy of Athens, the first
• Theater institution of higher learning in the Western
- Art and Literature performances World
- Structure 3. Aristotle
o Large and open-air structure - Became student of Plato
o Tiered seating area (theatron) - Developed Empirical Approach in studying
o A circular space for the actors to perform nature
(Orchestra) - Founded Theory of Four causes (Material,
o Stage – skene formal, efficient, final)

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4. Thales - Colosseum - largest amphitheater with a seating

- Believed that water is the substance that capacity of 50,000
was the source of all things - Arch of Septimius Severus - monumental arch
5. Pythagoras built in recognition of Roman victories over
- Made important contribution in the field of Parthians
mathematics - Maison Carree - the only temple completely
- Developed the Pythagorean Theorem preserved up to this day
6. Empedocles • Building Materials
- Believed in the four fundamental elements - Tufa - native volcanic stone
(fire, air, earth, and water) - During 2nd century BCE, travertine white
7. Democritus limestone was utilized because of its durability
- Established the concept of atomism and off-white color; an acceptable substitute for
- Everything in nature is made up of marble
indivisible elements called atoms - Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks
8. Archimedes - Fire-dried bricks more durable; carved to
- Known for his physical law of buoyancy resemble standard architectural figures
- Plastered over the concrete for aesthetic
ROMAN CIVILIZATION purposes
• Roman Aqueducts
- Founded in 1700 BCE by King Romulus, alongside - Aqueducts convey water from far away springs
with his brother Remus. and mountains into cities and towns through
- In 1500 BCE Rome became a Republic ruled by gravity
the Senate (wealthy landowners and elders). - Considered the most remarkable due to high
- Rome expanded and conquered the rest of efficiency in transporting water, compared to
France, Spain, Turkey, North Africa, and Greece. aqueducts from other civilizations
Rome became the largest city in the world. - Supplies water in fountains, gardens, public and
- Considered the strongest political and social private baths, latrines, houses of wealthy
entity in the West, cradle of politics and Romans, agricultural lands
governance during the period - Aqua Appia - first aqueduct built in 312 BC;
• Roman Cities connected the spring that was 16.4 km away
- Forum - large open plaza surrounded by from Rome
important buildings: - Rome had eleven aqueducts in the 3rd century
o main temple • Roman Numerals
o basilica - where town council meets, and - Old number systems could not keep up with high
town administration is carried on calculations requirements due to increasing
o the law courts, if separate from the trade among nations
basilica - Roman numerals became the standard counting
o markets system for trade concerns
o latrines and public baths - Symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, M
o fountains - Used for communication and trading
o porticoes, colonnades, arches - Lapses in the said number system: non-existence
• Architecture of symbol for 0 and limited way of expressing
- Cathedrals, basilicas, coliseums, amphitheaters, large values (done by adding lines on top of
aqueducts numerals to indicate multiples)
- The Pantheon - temple of all Roman gods

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Other discoveries and inventions - During the Han dynasty, silk was used to reward
worthy citizens and officials
• Bound books
- The Silk Trade opened China to the world
- Also called the codex
Bridged the gap between the Western world and
- Lightweight, did not occupy much space
the Middle Kingdom
- Record-keeping of politics, history, literature
• Tea Production
- Romans were known to contribute to public
- Developed by an unknown Chinese inventor
discourse through the use official text containing
- Tea leaves were harvested, processed, and
laws, military, and civil issues (Acta Diurna, the
compressed into a cake form
daily accounts or events)
- The dried teacakes known as brick tea were
- Published daily by the government and posted
ground with the use of a stone mortar
on forums from 59 BC to 222 AD
- Ancient tea was produced by pouring hot water
- Usually comprises news on political happenings,
to shredded or crushed tea leaves
trials, military campaigns, executions, major
- It was believed that the first tea was drunk by
scandals, and other similar subjects
Chinese emperor Shennong in 2737 BCE
- Reactions were published in Acta Senatus that
- Wheel-based mechanism for shredding tea
usually recorded happenings in the Senate
leaves - wheel base with sharp edges attached to
- Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking
wooden or ceramic pot
papyrus to form pages of a book ordered
- Enabled increase production of tea and tea trade
publication as part of his many reforms
- Resulted in making tea one of the most popular
- Covers made of wax but later changed to animal
beverages in the world today
skin
• Great Wall of China
• Newspaper
- Built by Emperor Qin Shi Huang
- Gazette – first newspaper; contained the
- Said to be the largest and most extensive
announcements of the Roman empire to the
infrastructure built by a nation
people
- Was constructed to protect the Chinese from
- Engraved in metal or stone tablets and publicly
invaders, controls Chinese borders
displayed
- Made of stone bricks, wood, tamped earth, etc.
- Used in politics and governance
- Glutinous rice flour used to bind the bricks
- Took 200 years to complete
CHINESE CIVILIZATION - Made by slaves, criminals, peasants (more than
a million people worked to build the Wall)
- Oldest civilization in Asia
- 31,000 steps; 21,196.18 km in length; 6-7 m in
- Also known as the Middle Kingdom located in the
height
far east of Asia
• Gunpowder
- Famous for its Silk Trade
- Black powder that generated large amounts of
• Silk
heat and gas in an instant
- Naturally produced by silkworms
- Originally developed by Chinese alchemists to
- Developed technology to harvest silk for paper
achieve immortality (elixir of life)
and clothing
- Used for fireworks to drive away evil spirits
- Dated back from the 4th millennium BCE during
- Fireworks became beautiful displays for
the Neolithic period
celebrations
- Dominantly used by emperors and people from
- Used for artillery
high classes, but later became an important part
- Instead of prolonging life, used to propel bullets
of Chinese society
from canons that cause death
- Military purposes, used for bombs, guns, rockets

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- Made up of 75% saltpeter (potassium nitrate),

15% charcoal, 10% sulfur
- Accidentally invented black powder that
generates large amount of heat and gas in an
instant
• Compass
- An artificial magnetic pointing device made from
lodestone
- Lodestone is a type of mineral magnetite that
aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field
- Suspended lodestone can turn freely to point
toward the magnetic poles
- The oldest south-pointing navigational device
- Made during the Han dynasty in the year 206 BC-
208 AD
- Used for fortune telling and divination
- During the Song dynasty, aside from divination,
was also to indicate directions for travelers
• Paper
- Invention of printing
- Early script contained 80,000 different
characters
- Continue to invent books and had bookshops in
every city during the time till the end of Tang
dynasty
- 3 different kinds of paper – made over 50% of
bamboo; some were made up of silk cloth and
plant fibers
o Silk rags
o Wooden scripts
o Silk cloth
- Paper and ink were invented during the Han
dynasty
- The first printer was invented during the Tang
dynasty
• Porcelain
- Special white clay which has a lot of kaolin clay
- Clay was being made in high temperature to
keep the clay melt and to become shiny to make
it presentable
- Discovered during the Sui dynasty and perfected
during the Tang dynasty
• Chinese Medicine
- Oldest medicinal system
- Acupuncture for treatment
- Uses needle to put treatment on certain areas

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MIDDLE AGES HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1300 AD)

- The conditions of political stability necessary for
- Medieval period occurred in 450-1450 AD
the reestablishment of a vigorous commercial
- The millennium between the collapse of the and urban life had been secured.
western roman empire in the 5th century CE and - The next 500 years saw the renewal of large-
the beginning of the colonial expansion of the scale building and the re-establishment of upsize
western Europe in the late 15th century towns.
- “Middle Ages” got its name because of scholars - Monasteries became wealthy and became
in the Renaissance period saw this as a long important centers of learning.
barbaric period that separated 16th century - Regained political stability
from the Classic Age of Greece and Rome. - Christian Scholasticism is a method of learning
➢ Dark Ages (500-1000 AD) that places a strong emphasis on the Platonic
➢ High Middle Ages (1000 – 1300 AD) reasoning and deduction working within a
➢ Late Middle Ages (1300-1500 AD) background fixed religious dogma and
Aristotelian philosophy.
DARK AGES (500 – 1000 AD) - The “scholastics” or schoolmen emphasized
- First half of Middle Ages consists of 5 centuries rigorous conceptual analysis and in articulating
of Dark Ages. and defending dogma in natural phenomenon.
- Terrible political and economic turmoil in - By the 12th century, centers of learning, known
Western Europe. as the Studium Generale, sprang up across
- Waves of invasions by migrating peoples and Western Europe, drawing scholars from far afield
Vikings and Saxons from the North destabilized and mixing the knowledge of the Ancient Greeks
the Roman Empire. with the new discoveries of the great Muslim
- It was a period of declining human achievement, philosophers and scientists.
especially when compared to the Ancient Greeks - Oldest universities are also established during
and Romans. the high middle ages
- Dark ages evoke pictures of illiterate, peasants, Oldest Universities
and rulers with medieval society.
Oxford 1167
- There was a lack of scientific inquiry during the
Cambridge 1209
Dark Ages because most people cannot read and
Montpellier 1220
write, except for the members of the Clergy.
Padua 1222
- Intellectual activity was centered on the study of
Sorbonne 1253
the Bible and on the Christian faith.
- Most clerics and scholars did not have access to Valladolid 1292
the vast amount of scientific literature written in - Rival clerical orders within the church began to
Greek before and during the Roman Empire. battle for political and intellectual control over
- Little scientific literatures were found because of these universities primarily Franciscans and
the following: Dominicans and the philosophical system that
1. people cannot read and write except dominated the universities was Scholasticism.
those members of the clergy
2. the focus of literature was Christian faith LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 – 1500 AD)
and bible - As progress and technology developed,
3. limited access to scientific literature philosophers continued the work of
written in Greek scholasticism, adding to the philosophy of
science.

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• Philosophers - Norse Mill is a simple water wheel, without

- John Duns Scotus maintained that the world of gears, provides the power to drive a millstone for
reason and the world of faith had to be kept grinding the corn from which flour is made
separated. - Vertical water mill – most common and can be
- William of Ockham proposed the principle of powered by a stream running underneath
parsimony or Orkham’s Razor, where a simple • Agriculture and Crafts
theory is preferred to a more complex one and - The Teutonic tribes who moved into Western
speculation on unobservable phenomena is Europe were people of the Iron Age and were the
avoided. first people to use iron plowshares
- Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus, a - In the wooden cloth industry, the spinning jenny
concept that anticipated Newtonian laws of or spinning wheel was introduced partially
physics and modern concept of inertia as the mechanizing the process.
cause of motion of projectiles. - Waterpower was used to drive fulling stocks.
- Thomas Bradwardine had a sophisticated study - A machine for spinning with more than one
of kinematics and velocity which predated spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves
Galileo’s work on falling objects. in 1770
- Nicole Oresme a theory about heliocentric - Fulling mill
rather than geocentric universe two centuries - Rope
before Copernicus, and proposed that light and - Barrel
color were related, long before Hooke. - Leather
- Metal smith
- Soap - Soapmaking was a new craft brought by
• Technology in the Middle Ages
the Teutonic people; Process consist of
- Many historians are of the consensus that the
decomposing animals or vegetable fats by
Middle Ages was not a really dark and ignorant
boiling them with strong alkalis. Before it
time, but it was a time of enormous advances in
became popular for personal cleansing, soap was
science and technology.
a valuable for cleaning textile fabrics.
- in this era involves the recovery, preservation,
• Metallurgy and Mining
and modification of earlier technical
achievements of the ancient world primarily - During the middle ages from the 5th century to
metallurgy & agricultural production. the 16th century, western Europe saw a blooming
- Many techniques from the east are also acquired period for mining industry
(silk making, gunpowder, etc.) - Output of metal was in a steady decline and
- By the end of the period western civilization had constrained in small scale activities
begun to produce some remarkable - The ores were extracted only from a shallow
technological innovations on its own initiative depth. Apparently, only the output of iron
that were to be the utmost significance. diminishes less in relation to the other base and
precious metals until the 8th century. This fact
correlated with the dramatic decrease in copper
• Three Main Power Sources
production and therefore may indicate a
➢ Water
possible displacement of copper and bronze
➢ Animals
artifacts by iron.
➢ Human
- Problem: inefficient draining water out of
- The first instrument of this power revolution was
tunnels which results in the flooding of mines
the horse, by the invention of horseshoe the
- Georgius Agricola published De re metallica
horse became a more efficient daft animal than
shows techniques of shafting, pumping and of
the ox.
conveying the ore from the mines.
- The type of water mill that flourished in Europe
➢ Iron
was the Norse Mill.
- important metal ever discovered but it is
also one of the most difficult metals to
understand

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- 3 forms of iron: • Warfare

1. pure iron – unadulterated; iron is - Gunpowder – invented in China during the Han
only moderately hard; it becomes Song dynasty; it is made up of carbon and sulfur
red when hits 700 degrees Celsius - (deposits from volcano), and saltpeter
bent into whatever shape (potassium nitrate)
rot iron – moderately tough and - Cannons – First introduced in Europe and
easily bent; loses any sharp edges probably used in Iberia during the Christian war
easily under the pressure of work against Muslim in the 13th century
and abrasions
2. cast iron – enormously strong; Other Notable Inventions
liquid form and then cast into mold - Mechanical clock – oldest clock
like bronze or silver; brittle, easily - Artesian well (1126) - An artesian aquifer is a
broken down, and it cannot be bent confined aquifer containing groundwater under
or shape once it was solidified positive pressure. This causes the water level in
3. steel iron – small amount of carbon the well to rise to a point where hydrostatic
dissolved inside its structure; it can equilibrium has been reached; Artesian well was
be cast into molds from the furnace, named after Artois in France
and shaped when red hot; prince of - Wheelbarrow (1170s) - useful in construction,
peric metals but it is not easy to mining, and farming.
make - Mirrors (1180) - first mentioned by Alexander
Nickham who said “take away the lead which is
carbon – major variable that can behind the glass and there will be no image of
distinguish these three irons, the one looking it.
addition of 1% or a bit more, you Throughout European Middle Ages, mirrors were
will get a steel. simply slightly convex disks of metal, either
bronze, tin, or silver, that reflected light off their
Why is it that people cannot highly polished surfaces
make a steel though they wish - Spectacles (1280s) - convex lenses to help far-
or wanted to? – because the sighted people. Concave lenses for near sighted
operator is the one controlling people
it.
• Alchemy
bellows - device constructed to - Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture of
furnace a strong blast of air; science, philosophy, and mysticism. At the heart
blowing the fire to supply it with air; of medieval alchemy was the idea that all matter
flexible valve; used to deliver was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire,
additional air to the fuel raising the and water. With the right combination of
rate of combustion and therefore elements, it was theorized, any substance on
the heat output earth might be formed.
➢ Gold - Ancient branch of natural philosophy
➢ Blast furnace – type of metallurgical furnace - Attempted to purify mature and perfect certain
used for melting to produce industrial metals materials
(lead or copper); ores are continuously supplied - Common aims:
to the top of the furnace then being blown into o Transmutation of base metal (lead) into
the lower portion of the furnace through tuyeres a nobel metal (gold)
(series of pipes) chemical reaction can usually o Creation of an elixir of immortality
takes place through the furnace as the materials o Creation of panacea to cure any diseases
falls downward. o development of an Alkahest (universal
solvent)

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- These alchemists were expert from four • Manufacturing

elements (earth, air, water, and fire) because - Knowledge on how to make concrete
they believe that the variety of matter they • Navigation
observed, resulted from varying conditions - Age of discovery or the age of exploration (1400
combining of these four elements. And they – 1800)
argued that if one could adjust the proportion of - Advances in maritime technology:
the other element, one could translate one type o Multi-mastered ships with lateen sails
into another type of matter. o The sternpost-mounted rudder
- Paracelsus – alchemist and physician of the
o Skeleton-first hull construction
renaissance; added a third element salt to make
- Navigational Techniques & Instruments
trinity of alchemical elements
}
o Magnetic compass Allows the
- Alchemy in the middle ages was a mixture of
o Mariner’s astrolabe economic and the
science, philosophy, and mysticism. military control of
o Jacob’s cross staff the seas adjacent
- Using the right combination of elements, it was
theorized that any substance on earth might be o The quadrant to Europe
formed. o Theodolite
• Mathematics o Octant
- Before, it was only the masters who can study - Compass is an ancient method of navigation
mathematics, but later they opened it to the based on sightings of the sun and stars; Invented
common people by Chinese in the 11th century and was adopted
- Admin of the printing press in the 15th century by Arab traders in the Indian ocean. It spreads to
also had a huge impact. Numerous books on Europe in the early 13th century.
arithmetic were published for the purpose of - Nautical maps – geography of the land, sea, and
teaching businesspeople. ocean currents
- Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci – spreading the - Impact of age of exploration
use of Hindu-Arabic numeral system; Europe’s o explorers learned more about areas such
first great medieval mathematician; known for as Africa and America and brought back
his Fibonacci Sequence that knowledge to Europe
- Nicole Oresme – scholar of the 14th century; used o massive wealth because of the trade of
rectangular coordinates system before Rene their goods, spices, and precious metals
Descartes; one of the first to use the graphical o Methods of navigation
analysis o Mapping improved
- Nicholas of Cusa – ideas on the infinite and the o New foods, plants, and animals were
infinitesimal directly influence on mathematics; used to exchange between the colonies
Has some intuitive ideas about the universe and and Europe
the Earth’s position in it and about the elliptical
orbits of the planets and relative motion
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
• Art - The renaissance period occurred in 1350 – 1600
- Oil painting - The Renaissance which means “Rebirth” in
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) – study France marked the transition of Europe from the
anatomy to better understand the body to Middle Ages to modernity.
create better paintings and sculptures; Italian - Creativity, imagination, and curiosity of
polymath regarded as the epitome of exploration
renaissance man – hydrodynamics, SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
mathematics, mechanical engineering, optics,
MODERN AGES
physics, and zoology – vitruvian man (study of
- The scientific revolution occurred in 1543 - 1687
the proportion of the human body)
- Emergence of western technology from 1500 –
- Michelangelo – painter and sculpture of the
1750, technology performed a service for the
Italian renaissance – Pieta, David, and the sistine
chapel

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CHAPTER 2
scientific revolution in this era by providing it - Studies the functions of the plants intensively
with instruments like: - Botany first began in Germany in early 16th
o Telescope by Galileo for astronomy and century
map making - Otto Brunfels and Leonard Fuchs – produces a
o Microscope for biology and botany guide to collecting medical plants that is
o Steam engine considered a landmark in the history of natural
• Mining and Metallurgy observation
- developed mineral resources - Andreas Vesalius of Belgium – founder of
o copper modern anatomy during 1514 – 1564; he
o zinc published the Fabric of the Human Body that is
o tin considered as the first great modern work of
o lead science and the foundation of modern biology
o gold wherein he compared the human skulls to the
• Agriculture skull of a dog
- From 17th – 19th century, there was an • Astronomy
unprecedented increase in agricultural - Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
productivity in Great Britain o Heliocentric Theory
- 2nd agricultural revolution or the British o formulated a model of the universe that
agricultural revolution – process has an essential places the sun at the center of the
prelude and part of the industrial revolution universe
- Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull (1674 – o De revolutionibus orbium coelestium “on
1741) the revolution of the celestial sphere”
- His seed drill was improved in 1782 by adding - Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601)
gears to the distribution mechanism o collection of data of astronomical bodies
- Jethro Tull invented the seed drill in 1701 to - Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)
plant more efficiently o not only does the Earth move, but so
- First agricultural machine with a moving part does the sun
• Printing o “no such thing as a point absolutely at
- Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg rest in the universe”
- Influence by the development of the wood block o he publishes three books in 1584 in
printing in China explaining his philosophy:
- Utilize wooden machineries that extracted juices 1. The Ash Wednesday Supper
from fruits 2. Cause, Principle, and Unity
- Address the need for publishing book that would 3. On the Infinite, the Universe, and
spread information to many people at a faster the Worlds
rate - Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
- Accessible to individuals who could not even o Three Laws of Planetary Motion which
write led to the foundation of the celestial
- Gutenberg first printing book was the Bible mechanics.
- average people have access to the printing o foundation of modern optics
material o law governing the intensity of light
• Medicine o improve refracting telescope
- Revival of the study of nature occurred in the o correctly explained the working of the
16th century human eye
- European explorers return from their voyages o made a systematic work on the
they brought back many specimens for calculation of areas
observation – led to the revival of the study of o volumes by infinitesimal technique which
nature in the field of botany and anatomy led as a basis of solid geometry and
- The medicine in the 15th and 16th century integral calculus
emphasizes on the use of vegetable remedies

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- Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) o Developed methods to calculate atomic

o "father of observational astronomy"
o "father of modern physics"
o "father of the scientific method”
o "father of modern science
o successful scientist regarding the
scientific resolution to save Isaac
Newton
o made his own spyglass
o produced powerful telescopes – 30x
magnification – greater magnification weights and structures
and better resolution of objects at a o Formulated the law of partial pressures
great distance - Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647)
- Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1721) o invented barometer (1643) to measure
o Three Laws of Motions the air pressure
o Principia – book is regarded as the most - Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)
important science work. He changed the o argued that the present of matter above
way how numerous phenomena were certain liquids (that is the spirit) that
viewed by scholars. cannot be detected but usually exist
o greatest scientist of all time o In 1642, he invented an adding machine
o conservation of momentum called Pascaline at the age of 19
o laid the foundation of classical - Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)
mechanics o Cartesian Coordinate system
o motion of gravity as a universal force o Cogito, ergo sum “I think, therefore I
o invented calculus am”
o formulated the empirical laws of cooling o Father of Modern Philosophy
o studied the speed of sound o Father of Analytical Geometry – the
o built his first practical reflecting bridge between algebra and geometry
telescope used in the discovery of infinitesimal
o theory of color calculus and analysis
- Christiaan Huygens (1629 – 1695)
o Elastic Collision Theory Other discoveries and inventions
o One of the greatest scientists of all times - Steam engine
o Derive the standard formula for the o Integral of industrial revolution
centripetal force o Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712
o First to formulate the correct laws of o This engine drains water from deep
elastic collision mines
- Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691) - Watt’s steam engine
o “father of chemistry” o James Watt improve the steam engine
o modern chemistry of Newcomen in 1770
o pioneer of the modern experimental o Power machinery, locomotive, and ships
scientific method during the industrial revolution
o boyle’s law - “Puffing Devil”
- Antoine Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) o First successful steam locomotive
o chemical reactivity of oxygen o Also called as “Puffer”
o co-authored the modern system of o Richard Trevithick invented the first
naming chemical substances railway steam locomotive
- John Dalton (1766 – 1844) o Oliver Evans constructed machines that
o Pioneers the theory of atomism use high pressure machines

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- Telegraph 1. Internal combustion engines –

o communication became easier during rely on the explosive power of
the industrial revolution the fuel within the engine to
o In 1837, William Cooke and Charles produce work; it was invented
Wheatstone invented the commercial by Etienne Lenoir in 1859
electrical telegraph – Nikolaus Otto – developed the
o In 1866, a telegraphic cable was four-stroke internal-combustion
successfully aid across the Atlantic engine, which offered the first
o In 1880’s, electric dynamo was invented practical alternative to the
Problem: a normal reciprocating steam engine as a power source
engine could not achieve rotational 2. External combustion engines –
speed to make the dynamo efficient have a working fluid that is
- Steam turbine heated by fuel
o Invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 - First gasoline automobile
o The energy of the steam was converted o Invented by Gottlieb Daimler and Carl
from a very rapid circulated motion Benz in 1886
which was ideal for generating electricity
- electric currents
o invented by Alessandro Volta INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
o Volta also discovered methane - Occurred during 1750 – 1900
- electricity and magnetism - It was the fundamental change in the way goods
o Benjamin Franklin – lightning is a static were produced from human labor to machine
electricity - It is more efficient means of production
o Alessandro Volta – produce electric - Subsequent higher level of production triggered
current using reaction within the voltaic for reaching changes to industrial society
piles of battery - Machines were invented which replaced the
o Michael Faraday – in 1831, discovered human labor
the elusive relationship between - New energy sources were developed to power
electricity and magnetism the new machineries (water, steam, electricity,
o They were the first pioneers of electricity oil, etc.)
- coal gas - There was an increase use of metals and
o William Murdock used coal gas for minerals
illumination and a pioneer in the - Transportation and communication were
development of steam power improved
- Filament bulbs - Developments that occur in the industrial
o Thomas Edison is the first one to revolution:
determine the uses of electricity o Mass production of goods
o Made lamps with different type of o Development of factory production
filaments o Migration of the rural people to urban
- Urban electric tramway o Development of more capitalism
o Became popular in the year 1880 – 1890 o Development and growth of new socio-
because of availability of electric economic classes
generating equipment o Commitment to research and
o Electric traction on subway system were development
used such as the London underground o Investment in new technologies
- Combustion engine
o An engine which generates mechanical Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
power by combustion of fuel. - Spinning mule
o 2 types of combustion engines o It was invented by Samuel Crompton in
1779

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o Combined the spinning jenny and the

water frames into a single device
increasing the production of the fine
thread
- Power loom
o Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
o Water-powered device that
automatically and quickly wove thread
into cloth
- Cotton gin
o Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793
o Devise separated raw cotton from
cotton seeds increasing the cotton
supply while lowering the cost of the raw
material
- Sewing machine
o Invented by Elias Howe in 1846

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Intellectual - Kuhn wrote The Structure of Scientific

- someone who is rational, logical, and wise Revolutions, and as the title suggests, it contains
- has the passion to transform the society and the details on how scientific revolutions came to
make progress and changes be.
- has diverse knowledge, perception as well as - He examined the nature of major scientific
valuable sights revolution
- its role and purpose are to apply their brain - Paradigm shift
power and revolutionary vision for the purpose -
of awakening the society • Normal Science
- apply the knowledge to protect social standards - “Normal science means research firmly based
and values upon one or more past scientific achievements,
- owe his/her world the benefits of his/her achievements that some particular scientific
wisdom community acknowledges for a time we are
Intellectual Revolution
supplying foundation for its further practice.” –
- it defines the society’s information that we
Thomas Kuhn, 1962
access in the past, present, and future, as well as
to cherish them - It is the science of what a community considered
- constantly aware of their own shortcomings and to be an explanation of natural phenomena.
reality - Term being used to describe activity within
- it must be progressive so that it can always offer existing acceptable paradigm
effective contribution to improve our society • Revolutionary Science
- a movement of enlightenment - it is the new idea being presented as the new
- it may be initiated during the 17th century where explanation of natural phenomena
people are more driven by new discoveries in • Paradigm shift
science and technology - Paradigm
- period where paradigm shift occurred, and o Comprehensive model of understanding
scientific beliefs have been widely embraced and
o Common set of tools shared by the
accepted by the people
community
- scientific experiments and philosophical writings
became in o Coherent tradition of investigation
- 18th century – questioning of traditional dogmas o A plausible or scientifically acceptable
and values general principle or body of principles
- Emphasizes the idea of universal human offered to explain phenomena
progress - Shift
o To exchange for or replace by another
one if it is not acceptable anymore
PARADIGM SHIFTS AND THE - Paradigm Shift is an important change that
NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC happens when the usual way of thinking about
doing something is replaced by a new and
REVOLUTION different way
• Scientific Revolution
THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN - It is a “non-cumulative developmental episodes
- an American philosopher and historian in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole
- one of the most influential philosophers of
science of the 20th century

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CHAPTER 3
or in part by an incompatible new one.” – - He was the pioneer of the Heliocentric Theory –
Thomas Kuhn, 1962 sun-centered universe, however it was
- Revolution – is a fundamental change in the way Copernicus who described it in greater detail
of thinking about or visualizing something. - Heliocentric theory
- It does not necessarily need to happen o Motion of heavenly bodies: uniform and
overnight; it needs time for the new idea to be circular.
o The Sun is near the center.
accepted by the public.
o The following revolves around the Sun:
- Three characteristics of scientific revolution
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
o The community’s rejection if one-time and Saturn; Stars are fixed in space.
scientific theory in favor of another is o Earth has 3 motions: daily rotation,
already incompatible annual revolution, annual tilting of its
o A shift of the problem available for axis.
scientific scrutiny and the standard of
which solution should count as THE NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION
- 17th century was considered as a time of intense
legitimate
religious feeling
o Transformation in scientific imagination
• Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
on how scientific work was done - English physicist, mathematician, astronomer,
KUHN’S SCIENTIFIC
and philosopher
- Born of poverty but rose to be a celebrated
scientist due to his many contributions.
REVOLUTIONS: FROM - Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica or
COPERNICUS TO EINSTEIN “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
(1687)
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION - One of the most influential scientists of all time
• Claudius Ptolemy (127 A.D. – 143 A.D.) - Normal Science
- Geocentric Theory o Before sciences thrived, there was
- Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe;
religion. And for most people before,
the Sun, the Moon, the stars, and the planets
what was written in the Holy Book – the
revolve around Earth.
- The Heliocentric theory of Copernicus Bible, it is how the universe came to be
(Revolutionary Science) is the idea that surfaced o And this idea of the universe is what we
to challenge the Geocentric theory of Ptolemy will consider as the ‘normal science’
(Normal Science) - Revolutionary Science
- Almagest – Hē mathēmatikē syntaxis or “The o Newton introduced to us to the concept
Mathematical Collection” that the working of the universe is
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) devoid of spiritual influence
- Mathematician and astronomer - We know Newton in the story where an apple hit
- polymath: a person who has mastery on various his head while he was resting under its tree. And
subjects. through this, Newton had his 'Law of Universal
- proposed that the Sun was stationary, and the Gravitation'
Earth revolved around it.
- Law of Universal Gravitation
- the heliocentric model existed prior to
o governs the paths of heavenly bodies
Copernicus because it was originally proposed by
Aristarchus of Samos - Three Laws of Motion
- Aristarchus of Samos (310 B.C.E. – 230 B.C.E.) 1. Law of Inertia
- Greek astronomer 2. Law of Acceleration
3. Law of Interaction

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o foundation of Classical mechanics; ➢ Brownian Motion

allows us to describe and understand o describe by Robert Brown. However, it
motion was Einstein that elaborated it.
- Infinitesimal Calculus o temperature is directly proportional to
o developed along with Gottfried Leibniz the kinetic energy of molecules.
- Theory of color ➢ Mass-Energy Equivalence
o Newton elucidated the nature of light; o E=mc2
he showed that the white light coming o describes the relationship of mass and
from the sun can be refracted using a energy is directly proportional
glass prism into a spectrum of different
colors OTHER INTELLECTUAL
o observed colors are due to their
selective interaction with the different REVOLUTIONS
colors of the visible light spectrum
THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION
THE EINSTEIN REVOLUTION - Alchemy
• Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) o Normal science
- Physicist o a medieval chemical science
- His contributions earned him a Nobel Prize in and speculative philosophy aiming to
Physics in 1921 achieve the transmutation of the base
- Annus mirabilis (miracle year) papers – 1905 metals into gold
➢ General and Special Theory of Relativity o the discovery of a universal cure for
o Newton considered space and time as disease, and the discovery of a means of
fixed (normal science); however, indefinitely prolonging life
Einstein revolutionized this idea by • Robert Boyle (1667 – 1691)
asserting that time and space are - Inventor and theological writer
relative in his special theory of relativity - “Father of Chemistry”
o The general theory on the other hand - Relied on experimentation and observation but
interweaves gravity with space and time. they were usually tainted with pseudoscientific
o Specific relativity explains how space concepts from alchemy
and time are related and are linked to - Boyle’s Law
objects that are moving at a consistent o P1V1 = P2V2
speed in a straight line. While General o This law states that pressure is inversely
relativity explains the law of gravitation proportional with the volume of the gas.
and its relation to other forces of nature. o He discovered this using this J-shaped
o Newton-Einstein regarded them as tube; as he added mercury to the tube,
dynamic entities that are dependent on he notes that the space where the air is
the frames of references trapped in the tube decreases.
➢ Photoelectric Effect o The mercury is the representation of
o phenomenon that happens when an pressure while the space was the volume
electromagnetic radiation or light hits an of the air.
object • Antoine-Laurent Lavosier (1743 – 1794)
o the shorter the wavelength, the higher - “Father of Modern Chemistry”
the chance that it will cause the release - Lavosier sought to standardize chemistry by
of electrons. revising chemical nomenclature and establishing
standards for conducting experiments.

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- Phlogiston Theory o “fittest” organisms—those most suited

o Normal science to their environment—are the ones that
o there is a fire-like element, phlogiston, reproduce most successfully and are
contained in objects. most likely to pass on their traits to the
o Pioneered by Joseph Priestley and next generation.
revolutionized by Lavosier’s idea that - Darwin’s work became a foundation of
oxygen is required for combustion. Evolutionary Biology
- Traite elementaire de chimise or Elementary - Evolutionary Biology
Treatise n Chemistry is Lavosier’s most o a discipline of biology concerned with
outstanding work. the processes and patterns of biological
evolution especially in relation to the
THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION diversity of organisms and how they
- Normal science change over time
- Before Darwin, the concept of how life was - Theory of Evolution
formed on Earth was based on the Book of o Before Darwin's Theory of Evolution, the
Genesis – The Creation. preexisting theory was of Jean-Baptiste
• Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Lamarck's Theory of Inheritance of
- Naturalist, geologist, and biologist Acquired Characters.
- Charles Darwin continued the works of his o This theory states that the
paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. characteristics and experiences acquired
- Completed the Copernicus revolution by a parent during its lifetime can be
- Darwin stated that all species came from a inherited by the offspring. Which of
common ancestor. These species now looked course, disproved for evolution happens
different from each other because they evolved by natural selection.
throughout time.
The Freudian Revolution
- Aboard HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin examined
• Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
many species, and noted the subtle difference of
- Neurologist
the same species on different environments.
- “Father of Psychoanalysis”
- An example of this is the difference on the beaks
- Believed that man is essentially not in full control
of finches from Galapagos island from the
of his mind and thought
finches on the mainland, which was due to their
- Considered to be a period when a scientific belief
diets. Finches that has wider beaks were utilized
is challenged and opposed
for crushing seeds, while those that have more
- Innovates a therapy treatment
protruded beaks was due to eating insects.
- Freud first wanted to explain behavior due the
- Published the On the Origins of Species (1859)
physiological occurrences in the brain. However,
o Narrates his theory of evolution by
he abandoned this, maybe due to the lack of
means of natural selection
technology to explore the brain at that time, for
o Darwin’s 3 observations about the
his Psychoanalytic theory.
nature:
- Psychoanalytic theory
1. Unity of life
o This theory states that behavior emerge
2. Diversity of life
from the interaction of the conscious
3. Niche between organism and
and the unconscious mind. And we
their environment
cannot control this unconscious state.
- Natural selection
o This unconscious state is powerful, for if
o is sometimes summed up as “survival of
it happens that we experience
the fittest”
psychological repression – where

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CHAPTER 3
traumatic events happens and we do not o Dreams – It is said to be from the

to deal with it or not face it head on, thus unconscious. Freud analyzes the series
hiding it in the unconscious, mental of images, thoughts, or emotions that
disorders arise. you experience during your dreams.
- Psychodynamic Theory o Verbal slips or Freudian slips – are
o The working on the body resulting either memory mistakes that reveals the real
emotional disability or psychological thoughts or emotions of a person. It can
disfunction be mentioning a different name or
- 3 Topography of the mind interpreting a word differently.
1. Conscious – All thoughts and actions o Free association – It is a method where
within our awareness one is asked to just speak continuously,
2. Subconscious – All reactions and and psychologists analyze what has been
automatic actions, we can become spoken.
aware if we think about them - Oedipus Complex
3. Unconscious – All events and memories o came from a Greek play by Sophocles
that are inaccessible to us no matter how entitled 'Oedipus Rex'
hard we try to bring it up o Oedipus killed a person, unknown to him
- 3 levels of mind structure as his father, in the person of King Laius,
1. Id and marries his mother, Jocasta.
- Pleasure principles o Oedipus complex is about having an
- Requires immediate satisfaction unconscious sexual desire for the parent
2. Ego of the opposite sex and wish to exclude
- Reality principles the parent of the same sex.
- In between the impulse of id and - 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
superego o Oral Stage
3. Superego - Birth – 1 year old
- Moral principles - Infant primary source of interaction is
- Learning the difference between the through the mouth
right and the wrong o Anal Stage
- Based on his book Beyond the Pleasure - 1 year old – 3 years old
Principles, there are 2 kinds of instinct that drive - Controlling the bladder and bowel
human behavior movement; toilet training starts
1. Eros o Phallic Stage
- Also known as life instinct - 3 years old – 6 years old
- drive of life, love, creativity, and - child becomes aware of anatomical
sexuality, self-satisfaction, and sex differences
species preservation - Oedipus complex (in boys) and the
2. Thanatos Electra complex (in girls)
- Also known as death instinct o Latent Stage
- drive of aggression, sadism, - 6 years old – puberty
destruction, violence, and death. - Development of ego and superego
- Since, we cannot tap the unconscious, in order to o Genital Stage
treat mental disorders, Freud devised methods - puberty – death
such as interpreting dreams, analyzing verbal - strong sexual interest towards the
slips and free association. opposite sex
- ego and superego are fully formed

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CHAPTER 4
PRE – COLONIAL SCIENCE AND - Writing System

o Baybayin – The pre-colonial beautiful
ancient writing script of the islands of
TECHNOLOGY the Philippines; also known as alibata
- Slow pacing of the spread of science and - Concept of Time
technology in the Philippines because of the o Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks to
following obstacle (Bernard 2016) show the hours or minute
o Archipelagic Condition of the Country - o Povedano calendar
islands are scattered o Modern calendar
o The Different Dialects Which Shows TAON – year-assembling of many
Diversity PAGKAKATAON – opportunity
o Not Open to New Ideas for Agriculture - NAGKATAON – by chance
primitive ideas and astronomical data NATAON – occur at the same time
o The Strong Belief to Superstitious ITINATAON – to set a schedule
- The Use of Science and Technology in Pre – PANAHON – weather
Colonial Era VISAYANS – when it comes to years, they
o planting crops that provide them food have three known terms:
• “TAON” – which pertains to the
o taking care of animals for food, rituals,
harvest period
and bond
• “TUIG” – refers to the coming of
o food production to prepare them for
periodic events
lean seasons
• “DAG-ON” – time for the blooming
o interpret the movements of heavenly of trees and plants
bodies to predict seasons and climate
o moon phases act as “time markers”
used for planting and fishing, or used for
▪ Displays the shifting of one
rituals different tribes
month to another
o medical uses of plants for healing and
prosperity GIMATA – when the moon seems to open
o building technologies were used to build its eyes
their houses KATIN – the third quarter
o irrigation system has been used for their MALASUMBANG – new moon phase
lowland planting ARAO (ARAW) – native name for “sun” and
o there were tools developed for hunting pertains to day
GAB-I (GABI) – stands for night
and security for survival from the danger
early Filipino’s time
of wild animals
o musical instruments, ancient Filipinos o TAGALOGS – elaborate descriptions of
have music practically for all occasions – the division of night and day
planting season to marriages to burial,
for every phase of life from birth to BUKANG LIWAYWAY – as the breaking of
death the dawn
o this era has been known as a “metal age” KATANGHALIAN – high noon or midday
influence, uses gold and silver for their LULUNOD NA – setting of the sun around 4
jewelry pm

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CHAPTER 4
PAGSIKAT NG TALANG BAQUERO – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

begins around 3:30 in the morning
PAGSIKAT NG TALANG BATUGAN – when DURING THE SPANISH
light first appears on the horizon
MABABA NA – afternoon around 2 pm REGIME
TAKIPSILIM – malalim na ang gabi 10-11
pm - The Galleon Trade
HATINGGABI – midnight o one significant route during the Spanish
era was the manila galleon trade, which
connected the Philippines to the west.
- EARLY FILIPINO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES o the galleon trade was the sole means of
o Filipinos used their body parts for communication between Spain and its
measuring Philippine colony and served as an
economic lifeline for the Spaniards in
manila.
o from 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade
contributed to the change of culture,
language, and environment for both
Philippines and Mexico.
o the galleon trade was a government
monopoly. only two galleons were used
o Spanish chronicles noted refined plank-
built warships called caracoa suited for
interisland trade raids.
o the galleon trade had a negative effect
on economic development in the
Philippines, since virtually all Spanish
capital was devoted to speculation in
Chinese goods.
o Negative effect: The neglect of native
extractive industries like agriculture
➢ GOVERNADOR JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS
• founder of Real Sociedad Economica de
los Amigos del Pais de Filipina in 1780
• 1780 encouraged research in agriculture
and industry.
• Promoted on cultivating products like
cotton, cinnamon, and silk industry
• 1789 manila opened for Asian shipping
which increases in the export of rice,
tobacco, and manufacturing goods.
• the licentiate degree equivalent to a
master’s degree
• granted bachelor’s degree in pharmacy
➢ LEON MA. GUERRERO
• “Father of Philippine Pharmacy”

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CHAPTER 4
• His works on medicinal plants of the ▪ UST was the first school to get a
Philippines. university status in 1645
• There are no school for engineering, but ▪ School of medicine and
they offered nautical four-year course pharmacy opens
for pilot of merchant marine that
includes the subject: arithmetic, algebra, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
geometry, trigonometry, physics,
hydrography, meteorology, navigation, DURING AMERICAN REGIME
and pilotage.
- Significant tertiary educational institutions that - American government formed the Philippine
were founded during the Spanish colonization Science and Technology.
o COLEGIO DE MANILA - mainly focused on agriculture, health, and food
▪ one of the first colleges in the processing.
Philippines and considered the - because of the colonial economic policy, the
first royal and pontifical development of industrial technology was
university in Asia. largely neglected.
▪ located in the Intramuros - American regime – known as “Americanize”
grounds of manila (1590) - Filipinos reorganized the learning of science. in
▪ renamed as Colegio De San basic education, science education focuses on
Ignacio in 1626 nature studies and science and sanitation.
▪ became Universidad de San - learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene,
Ignacio in 1621 and healthy practices. hospitals, clinics, and
o COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO health centers were established including public
▪ founded in Cebu city on 1595 by hospitals for lepers.
Spanish Jesuits. - Americans
▪ closed on 1769 due to the o built road, streets, and bridges
expulsion of the Jesuits in the o infrastructure helped make the
Philippines but reopened in movement of products and services
1783 under the name Colegio- more efficient.
Seminario de San Carlos o boulevards, zone districts, and centers of
▪ granted a university status in leisure were also established.
1948 and became the University ✓ 1901 – Philippine commission established the
of San Carlos (USC) bureau of government laboratories
▪ claimed to be the oldest school ✓ 1905 – it was again replaced by the bureau of
in Asia science.
o UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ✓ 1933 – the national research council of the
▪ known as the Colegio de Nuestra Philippines was established; it became the
Seňora del Rosario primary research center of the Philippines until
▪ established by the third World War II
archbishop of manila, bishop ✓ 1947 – Philippine General Hospital was
Miguel de Benavidez in 1611. established.
▪ it holds the record of the oldest ✓ 1908 – the University of the Philippines (up) was
existing university in Asia and founded through act no. 1870 of the Philippine
the largest catholic university in assembly.
the world in terms of population
(Palafox, 2012).

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✓ 1909 – it was opened at called Isaac Peral (now

united nations avenue) and Padre Faura in
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
downtown manila
✓ 1948 – UP was transferred to a bigger campus in
SINCE INDEPENDENCE
Diliman, Quezon City - Independence in 1946
o there is no significant innovation in the
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY education and training of scientist and
engineers.
DURING THE - highlighted events since independence are the
following:
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD o there has been an increased in the
(1935-1946) creation of government science agencies
since 1946
- Manuel Quezon o in 1947, the bureau of science was
- during commonwealth period new agencies organized into an institute of science
were created such as the bureau of mines which o scientific work in government suffered
offer valuable help and assistance to Filipino from a lack of support, planning and
businessmen who ventured into mining coordination during the early postwar
exploration years
- it also increased appropriations for the bureaus o the institute of science was reorganized
of science, plant, and animal industry, and in 1951. renamed institute of science
thereby encouraged more scientific research for and technology
industrial purposes o in 1952, the commission on volcanology
- The bureau of science became the primary was also created and placed under the
research center of the Philippines until world National Research Council of the
war II Philippines (NRCP)
- Not focused on development of industrial o in the same year, the institute of
technology due to pre-trade policy with the US nutrition was created and in the year
- The commonwealth government does not 1952, the Science Foundation of the
achieve its goal of economic self-reliance Philippines (SFP) was also established
- commonwealth of the Philippines - under the and put along with the institute of
Japanese accupation from 1942 – 1945. science.
o Japanese occupied the Philippines and o consequently, congress enacted the
oppressed the Filipinos before being science act of 1958
finally driven out by the Americans o the act also created the Philippine
- the country had a difficult time to rebuild itself Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and
from the ruins of the war. the National Institute of Science and
- In February 1945, the bureau of forestry was Technology (NIST)
reopened o in the year 1960s several sciences
- the human spirit to survive and to rebuild the research-oriented agencies were
country may be strong but the capacity of the established by Philippine laws
country to bring back what was destroyed was ▪ Philippines inventors
limited commission (1964)
▪ Philippine coconut research
institute (1964)

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CHAPTER 4
▪ Philippine textile research 3. the Philippine Atomic Energy

institute (1967) Commission of the NSDB explored the
▪ forest products research and uses of atomic energy for economic
▪ industries development development.
commission (1969) 4. Philippine coconut research institute to
o the science act created the National the NSDB to modernize the coconut
Science Development Board (NSDB) industry.
existing agencies in accordance ✓ January 24, 1972 – seventh SONA he spoke about
with NSDB policy coordination his major development projects in reforming
▪ the NRCP, metals industry sectors of education.
research and development ✓ 1976 – he enacted a law under Presidential
center (MIRDC) Degree no. 1003-A, S. 1976 to establish the
▪ the SFP, Philippine Science High national academy of science and technology
School (PSHS) and Philippine
Council for Agriculture and SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Resources Research (PCARR)
DURING THE FIFTH REPUBLIC
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - CORAZON AQUINO
DURING THE MARCOS ERA o Proclamation of Executive Order no. 128
– Known as the “Reorganization of The
SONA THAT FOCUSED ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND National Science and Technology
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Authority”, Thus creating the technology
application and promotion institute
✓ January 23, 1967 – SONA, emphasized science
(TAPI)
was essential for research and development
o Republic act 6655 – Science for the
programs
masses program aimed at encouraging
✓ January 22, 1968 – third SONA, acknowledged
children who had passion in science and
that technology was the foremost factor in
technology to study for free
economic development and channeled
o Presidential task force – For science and
additional funds in order to support projects in
technology alleviating and envisioning
applied science and science education.
the status of the Philippines to be the
✓ January 27, 1969 – fourth SONA, funds were
next industrialized country
allocated to private universities and urged them
o April 28, 1992 – President Corazon C.
to create courses in science, technology, and
Aquino signed Republic Act no. 7459,
research.
titled “an act providing incentives to
✓ April 6, 1968 – he proclaimed 35 hectares in
Filipino inventors and expanding the
Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine
functions of the technology application
science community
and promotion institute, appropriate
✓ January 26, 1970 – fifth SONA, emphasis on the
funds therefor, and for other purposes”
enhancement and improvement of science
- FIDEL V. RAMOS
curricula
o during his term, he was able to establish
1. Philippine coconut research institute
programs that were significant to the
was integrated with NSDB to upgrade
field of science and technology
the coconut industry
o In 1993, Science and Technology Agenda
2. the NSDB also established the
for National Development (STAND) was
Philippine textile research institute.

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CHAPTER 4
established which prioritized the development and usage of

following areas: biofuels throughout the country
▪ Exporting winners identified by ▪ R.A. 10601 which improves the
the DTI Agriculture and Fisheries Sector
▪ Domestic needs identified by through Mechanization
the president’s council for (AFmech).
countryside development ▪ R.A. 10601 covers research,
▪ Support industries and development, and extension
▪ Coconut industry development (RDE)
o Congress, during his term, was able to ▪ 3.R.A. 10055 otherwise known
enact the following laws that were as the technology transfer act of
significant for the field 2009
▪ Magna Carta for Science and ▪ SONA in 2001, president Arroyo
Technology Personnel (Republic emphasized the role of
Act No. 8439) technology in future economic
▪ Science and Technology development
Scholarship Law of 1994 o President’s efforts resulted in the
(Republic Act No. 7687) accomplishment of five broad tier of S&T
▪ Inventors and Inventions programs (“PGMA’s support to science
Incentives Act (Republic Act No. community”, 2010). These programs
7459) include:
▪ The Intellectual Property Code ▪ Research and development
of the Philippines (Republic Act programs,
No.8293) ▪ Science and Technology Human
- JOSEPH ESTRADA Resource Development
o Signed Two Major Legislations Programs
▪ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 ▪ Scientific and Technological
(Republic Act No. 8749) which Services
was designed to protect and ▪ Science and Technology
preserve the environment and Promotion and Information
ensure the sustainable Services, And
development of its natural ▪ Scientific Linkages and
resources International Cooperation.
▪ Electronic Commence Act of - BENIGNO AQUINO III
2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) o In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III
which ban computer hacking conferred four new national scientists
and provides opportunities for for their contribution in the scientific
new businesses emerging from field, namely
the internet-driven new ▪ ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C.
economy TRONO – Helped a lot of families
- GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO in the coastal populations
o Bestowed as the “golden age” era for through the extensive studies he
science and technology by then made on seaweed species
Secretary Estrella Alabastro. ▪ ANGEL C. ALCALA – Advocate of
▪ R.A. 9367 or the “biofuels” act. coral reefs aside from his
This act promotes the contribution in the fields of

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CHAPTER 4
systematics, ecology, and THE POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNDER

herpetology THE AQUINO ADMINISTRATION ARE AS FOLLOWS:
▪ RAMON C. BARBA – Changes
• Emphasizing Teaching in The Mother
the seasonal supply of fresh
Tongue (RA 10533)
fruits to an all-year-round
availability of mangoes through • Developing School Infrastructure (RA
his studies on the induction of 10931)
flowering of mango and • Providing for ICT Broadband (RA 10844)
micropropagation of important • Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify
crop species. Scientific and Technological Research to
▪ EDGARDO D. GOMEZ – Steered Foster Invention (RA 2067)
the national- scale assessment • Ensuring Compliance of Drug –
of damage coral reefs which led Manufacturing Firms with ASEAN –
a national conservation. Harmonized Standards by Full
Implementation of the FDA (RA 9711)
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND • Creating an Education Council Dedicated
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES to Standardization of Pharmaceutical
- According to technology index of 1982, science Services/ Care (RA 5921)
and technology in the Philippines is usually being • Empowering Food and Drug Agencies to
defined to be -0.1% compared to US which is Conduct Evidence – Based Research as
100% Pool of Information (RA 3720)
- The technology index was defined as the average • Formulation of Common Food and Safety
of the sum of the number of the patents of the Standards (RA 10611)
registration of new designs. • Promoting Indigenous Knowledge
- The Philippines also ranked low in terms or Systems and Indigenous People People’s
technological capacity Conservation (RA 8371)
- 5 types of basic technology • Use of Biosafety and Standard Model by
o Material ASEAN Countries
o Equipment • Protecting and Conserving Biodiversity
o Energy by Full Implementation of Existing Laws
o Information (RA 9147)
o Management technology • Legislating A Law Supporting Human
- There is very low output of international Genome Projects (RA 10747)
scientific research publication compared to the • Allocating 2% to Research (RA 8424)
Asian countries - RODRIGO DUTERTE
o In 2018, Signed the REPUBLIC ACT NO.
Internal influences
11035 or the Balik Scientist act.
▪ Survival ▪ This law provides incentives and
▪ Culture assistance to returning Filipino
▪ Economic Activities experts, scientist, inventors, and
engineers.
External influences ▪ 189 scientists per Million, Balik
▪ Foreign colonizer Scientist program. But it was
▪ Traders with foreign countries only implemented until 1986
▪ International economic demands “History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. History is who
we are and why we are the way we are.” – David McCullough

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CHAPTER 5
- Generically named Erythromycin, the company

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS christened it Ilosone (it was also called Ilotycin)
to commemorate its origin in Iloilo.
DR. FE V. DEL MUNDO
- (Nov. 27, 1911- Aug. 6, 2011)
RAYMUNDO S. PUNONGBAYAN
- Is credited with the invention of medical
- He was the former director of the Philippine
incubator and jaundice relieving device.
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
- She had an active medical practice in the field of
(PHIVOCS) from 1983 to 2002.
pediatrics in the Philippines that spanned eight
- He was recognized internationally as an
decades and founded a children’s hospital
authority in volcanological and seismological
- The Children’s Medical Center, a 100-bed
phenomena.
hospital located in Quezon City, was inaugurated
- His initial investigations gave warnings about
in 1957 as the first pediatric hospital in the
the possible eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991
Philippines and was expanded in 1966 through
that helped in the evacuation of the people.
the establishment of an Institute of Maternal
- After 10 years of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo,
and Child Health.
he led his team to dig a 5-meter-deep drainage
- Del Mundo entered the University of the
channel on the side of Mt. Pinatubo to spill off
Philippines at the age of 15. After receiving an
about a quarter of the swollen volcanic lake that
Associate in Arts degree, she proceeded to study
formed since the eruption. This helped saved
at the university’s medical school.
more lives from a potential flash flood.
- In 1933, she graduated with the highest honors,
- Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991
received her medical degree, and was awarded a
medal as the “Most Outstanding Scholar in
WILLIAM G. PADOLINA
Medicine” by the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico
- He started as a Research Assistant at UPLB and
de Filipinas
became a professor of Chemistry at the
- She was awarded as National Scientist of the
University.
Philippines, Elizabeth Blackwell Award for
- He also served as Director of the UPLB- National
Outstanding Service to Mankind (1966), Ramon
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public Service
(BIOTECH)
(1977), names Outstanding Pediatrician and
- President of NAST, and an independent
Humanitarian by the International Pediatric
chairman of the board of Euro-med laboratories
Association (1977)
Philippines
- His expertise and interests are:
ABELARDO B. AGUILAR
o Research management
- (Nov. 3, 1917 – Sep. 22, 1993)
o Science policy
- A medical representative then, worked for the
o Technology transfer
pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company.
o Secondary plant metabolism
- He sent soil samples from Iloilo for testing in
o Biotechnology
1949.
o Intellectual property rights
- A new source of antibiotic was found, and the
o Chemistry of the coconut- production
drug was called “Erythromycin”
and novel derivatives of coconut fatty
- It was used as an alternative for penicillin-allergic
acids
patients.
o Medical plant chemistry isolation,
- Oral administration is effective in one hour and
identification, and biological testing of
the drug is detectable in the bloodstream for
novel constituents of Philippine
eight hours”
medicinal plants

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CHAPTER 5
o Promotion of natural products - She was a National Scientist based at the

University of the Philippines- Diliman.
ARTEMIO M. SALAZAR - She was recognized for her scientific
- He is a Professor in the College of Agriculture in contributions in the field of biochemistry,
UPLB where he teaches advanced plant breeding particularly on the isolation and characterization
methods and basic population and quantitative of the venom called conotoxins from marine
genetics cone snails during the 1970s to 80s
- He was one of the Asian Scientist 100 last 2019 - In 2001, Dr. Cruz established the Rural Livelihood
- He headed his team in producing the IPB Quality Incubator also known as Rural LINC Program.
Protein Maize Var.6 that is used in the rice-corn - This program was established to mobilize science
(RiCo) blend as food staple for Filipinos and technology to alleviate poverty.
- IPB VAR 6 is a white flint corn, one of those they - This project involves building a fruit processing
call QPM or Quality Protein Maize. facility run by women farmers where the
- According to Dr. Salazar, they have acquired indigenous tribes can sell fruits from the
Quality Protein Maize (QPM) because they have orchards and forest trees”
found out that it improved the nutritional status
and health of poor Africans. RODY G. SY
- The QPM Var 6, also known as High Lysine and - Practices internal medicine and a cardiologist
Tryptophan Corn in 2000 since 1975
- IPB Var 6 contains 66.2 percent more lysine than - He is a professor at the University of the
the regular white corn. Philippines and Chairman and President of the
- It also contains more tryptophan, protein UP Medical Alumni Foundation Incorporation
content, dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants - He has focused on hypertension, diabetic heart
than rice alone disease, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and
atherosclerosis, a disease in which a plaque,
MARISSA A. PAGLICAWAN such as fat and cholesterol, build up in the
- Dr. Marissa A. Paglicawan is Scientist 1 and head arteries of the heart
of the Advanced Materials Section at the - His research in 2009, called LIFE course study in
Materials Science Division at DOST-ITDI Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology, studied
- She was also included in the Asian Scientist 100 factors leading to development of cardiovascular
- Her research includes turning Manila hemp or diseases. It initiated follow up research including
abaca into an engineering material a health evaluation questionnaire
- She was awarded the 2018 Gregorio Zara Award
for Applied Science Research. FABIAN M. DAYRIT
- Dr. Paglicawan headed the project of DOST’s ITDI - Is a Philippine educator and scientist
of using abaca fiber in “Tryk ni Juan” which is a - A professor of chemistry at Ateneo de Manila
common motorized tricycle (The driver’s roof University and the current director of the
and sidecar is made of abaca fiber) National Chemistry Instrumentation Center
- This is combined with resin to form a composite - Recognized for his outstanding scientific
producing a lightweight, cheap, corrosion research in the field of chemistry, spectroscopy,
resistant and provide good insulation, making it and environmental science.
a good substitute material for stainless steel and - His research in natural products has led to a
galvanized iron better understanding of bioactive and the
identification of a new compound from
LOURDES J. CRUZ indigenous plants particularly Lagundi.
- Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz was chosen as the first Filipino - Explored the use of nuclear magnetic resonance
winner of the 2010 L'oréal-UNESCO "For Women for chemical analysis as well as structural
in Science Awards." analysis of polysaccharides, especially
- She helped discover a snail toxin a thousand carrageenan from Philippine seaweeds
times more powerful than morphine

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CHAPTER 5
- He has developed a methodology using Gas RICARDO S. BALOG

Chromatography coupled with high resolution - Is part of the Department of Mechanical
Mass Spectrometry for low-level analysis of engineering and is one of the 2019 Asian
various compounds, including 3-MCPD in soy Scientist 100 on May 5, 2019
sauce and drugs in urine - Balog was the former Assistant Dean of the
- Project leader of the DOST Roadmap for Faculty of Engineering.
Nanotechnology Development in the - Received the 2018 Mario Cruel Award for
Philippines, which identified the priority areas Advanced Engineering Technology Application,
for the development of nanotechnology R&D in for his research on low-cost medical devices
the country - Among Balog’s innovations are:
- Last June 28, 2019, he was conferred the title o a low-cost, multi-purpose, adjustable,
Professor Emeritus- teacher, scholar, and leader and self-restraining retractor used by
of the highest rank at the Loyola School of the surgeons in performing surgery on a
Ateneo de Manila University patient’s abdominal area
- Doing an experiment on virgin coconut oil in o an orthopedic device used to correct
vitro as a potential treatment against SARS-Cov- misaligned/dislocated bones,
2 particularly a patient’s lower limb bones
- Believed that coconut oil when ingested into the
body, the body’s lipase enzymes release active ELMER P. DADIOS
compound metabolites- mainly monolaurin and - A full time Professor at the Manufacturing
lauric acid, which have the physicochemical Engineering and Management Department,
property of being able to destroy the Gokongwei College of Engineering of De La Salle
membrane of lipid-coated viruses University.
- A university Fellow and holds the highest faculty
CAESAR A. SALOMA rank of Full Professor
- Is a scientist, educator and was appointed as the - His research interests include artificial
chancellor of the University intelligence, evolutionary systems, fuzzy logic,
- A physics professor at the National Institute of manufacturing processes, neural networks,
Physics in UPD robotics, software engineering, automation,
- He became the Dean of the College of Science and intelligent systems
(CS) at UPD and NIP Director - A multi-awarded educator and scholar. His
- Received the Galileo Galilei Award from the international awards include the Best Paper
International Commission for Optics in 2004 in Presentation at the 27th Annual Conference of
recognition of his significant contributions in the the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Denver,
field of optics that were accomplished under USA, December 2001); and at the IECON-2000
comparatively unfavorable conditions. Fellows at the IEEE International Conference on
- Recognized for his contributions to photonics, Industrial Electronics, Control, and
signal processing and development of method to Instrumentation (Nagoya, Japan, October 2000).
generate high-contrast images of semiconductor - Consultant for both the government and private
sites via one photon optical beam-induced corporations on software and hardware
current imaging and confocal reflectance development in robotics and intelligent systems
microscopy. This project received the US patent application.
on June 26, 2007 - President of NEURONEMECH Incorporation.
- Interested in confocal laser scanning microscopy, - Founder and past president of the Mechatronics
interferometry, signal and image processing, and Robotics Society of the Philippines.
neural networks, and complex adaptive systems - Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and
and in the development of efficient models for Electronics Engineer (IEEE)
describing the dynamics of real-world systems - editor of the Journal of Advanced Computational
that involve a large number of interacting agents Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics of Japan
and Associate Editor of the International Journal

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CHAPTER 5
for Manufacturing S&T of USA and Federation of and the 2014 Gregorio Y. Zara Award for Applied
International Robot-Soccer Association (FIRA) Research of the Philippine Association for the
Newsletter. Advancement of Science or PhilAAS
- Interested in ‘Hurdle Food Technology,’ which is
ROSALINDA C. TORRES the application of multiple mild food processing
- Was recognized as one of the Asian Scientist 100 technologies to achieve food safety and food
in 2019 quality
- Presently the Chief at the Standards and Testing - Precision Food Processing,’ he used, involves the
Division of DOST-ITDI and studies mostly on establishment of models that estimate microbial
applications of chemistry on natural products, inactivation and quality deterioration rates in
drug discovery as well as medicinal and food.
pharmaceutical chemistry - These models may be used in the determination
- Interests are on larvicidal potential of Philippine of precise food processing schedules with the
medicinal plants like avocado, guyabano, and recommended lethality against microorganisms,
pomelo. These plants, based on her studies, and minimal effects on the desirable nutritional,
have extracts that are toxic for pests like physicochemical, and sensory quality of food
mosquito while in their larva stage
- Has conducted research on natural products that GAY JANE P. PEREZ
have resulted in the development of health - Finished BS Applied Physics in 2003, Master of
supplements, personal care products, and plant Science in Physics in 2005 and Doctorate in
products with insecticidal properties Physics, all at UP Diliman.
- Novel analgesic products (balm, gel and massage - An associate professor from the Institute of
oil) and mosquito repellent were produced from Environmental Science and Meteorology at the
her work in essential oil extraction. These are University of the Philippines (UP) in Diliman
supported with biological and clinical trials - The first Filipino to be awarded the ASEAN-US
- Co-workers identified five plants with larvicidal, Science Prize for Women. She received a
ovicidal, and adulticidal activities for the control $20,000 cash prize from the US government and
of mosquito dengue vector and have developed its private partner, Underwriters Laboratories
products for which several patents have been (UL), a global safety science company
applied for - Her award-winning research focuses on using
satellite data to forecast drought and identify
ALONZO A. GABRIEL the ideal planting areas and seasons that could
- It is an associate professor of food science at the result in improved crop yield
College of Home Economics (CHE), UP Diliman. - Led the DOST Philippines-Microsat program that
- Member of various professional societies, successfully sent into orbit Diwata-1 in 2016
among them the Saint Gallen of Japan, European - Farmers can be advised early on where to plant
Society of Clinical Microbiology, and Infectious and what to plant, and if there’s drought, when
Diseases (Germany), and the International to irrigate
Association for Food Protection (USA) - Dr. Gay Jane Perez was a postdoctoral fellow at
- Obtained his PhD in Bio functional Science and the National Aeronautics and Space
Technology (Food Microbiology and Hygiene) Administration (NASA) in the United States when
from Hiroshima University in Japan she realized how much data can be culled from
- Recipient of the 2013 Outstanding Young satellite images
Scientist Award (for the field of Microbiology and - Started working on drought forecasting in
Hygiene) from the National Academy of Science different farm areas in provinces like Ilocos
and Technology, the TOYM 2013 (The Norte, Nueva Ecija, Bicol, Cebu, Iloilo and
Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines) for Bukidnon through satellite images from Diwata
Food Science and Technology, the 2013 IUFoST 1 and 2
(International Union of Food Science and
Technology) Young Scientist Excellence Award,

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CHAPTER 5
REINABELLE C. REYES life, and are often linked to a localized die-off of

- Graduated valedictorian in Philippine Science the fish population or fish kill
High School where she trained for the National
Physics Olympiad in her junior year. Important Points:
- Finished her Bachelor of Science in Physics at
Ateneo de Manila University and graduated ✓ Fe V. Delmundo – Cheap incubator out of
summa cum laude bamboo
- Earned her Master’s in high energy Physics at the ✓ Abelardo B. Aguilar – New antibiotic called
Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical “Erythromycin”
Physics in Trieste, Italy ✓ Raymundo S. Punongbayan – gave warnings
- Obtained a PhD in Astrophysics from Princeton about the possible eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
University in 2011. ✓ William Padolina – promotion of natural
- She received the Chambliss Astronomy products and biotechnology
Achievement Student Award from the American ✓ Artemio M. Salazar - IPB Quality Protein Maize
Astronomical Society for her research on Var.6
“obscured quasars” ✓ Marissa A. Paglicawan – abaca fiber as
- At University, she studied the mass profiles of engineering material
disk galaxies, observing at different scales, ✓ Rody G. Sy- biomedical science
imaging, long-slit spectroscopy, and weak ✓ Fabian M. Dayrit – Nanotechnology, coconut oil
gravitational lensing as medicine for Sars-Cov-2
- Among Dr. Reyes’ contributions to the field of ✓ Caesar A. Saloma – optics
science include expanding Einstein’s Theory of ✓ Ricardo S. Balog- low-cost medical devices
General Relativity across galaxies outside of our ✓ Elmer P. Dadios - robotics and intelligent systems
solar system, earning her the status of being application.
"The Filipina who proved Einstein right" ✓ Rosalinda C. Torres- larvicidal potential of
medicinal plans
CHARISSA M. FERRERA ✓ Alonzo A. Gabriel – food science and technology
- One of the Asian Scientist 100 in 2019 ✓ Gay Jane Perez- satellite data to forecast
- University researcher that specializes in Marine drought
Biogeochemistry ✓ Reinabelle C. Reyes- Filipina who proved Einstein
- Won the 2018 L’Oreal- UNESCO for Women in right
Science Fellowship for her research on ✓ Charissa M. Ferrera – research on improving
improving water quality in coastal town water quality in coastal areas
- Graduated from UP Diliman in her bachelor’s
degree in Chemistry (2004) and MS Marine
Science (2012)
- Took her PhD in Mechanical and Environmental
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
Informatics (2016) at the Tokyo Institute of SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
Technology in Japan - Floating amphibious tricycle called the
- Her current research is on the analysis of the “Salamander” was launched by H2O
water quality in Anda and Bolinao, two of the Technologies at the Capital Commons Center in
towns in Western Pangasinan that breed Pasig City
bangus (milkfish). - Atoy Llave of A-Toy Body Kits invented the
- Studies the amount of phosphorus – one of the Salamander together with Dominic Chang.
nutrients that support the growth of algae and - The engineering team was led by Lamberto
other aquatic plants Armada who combined the ideas of Llave and
- An excessive amount of phosphorus in the water Chang
and sediments lead to phosphorus pollution and - Can drive over land and water and can carry six
is linked to harmful algal blooms or red tide. passengers including the driver
Harmful algal blooms could be toxic for marine

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CHAPTER 5
- Built on a compartmentalized, double-hull, - This invention has allowed computer users to

fiberglass body that would not sink even if a use graphics for commands and not the usual
section sustains damage. types commands in older computers.
- Two prototypes: - Allowed data processing to be a little faster using
o One powered by 5kW electric engine very little space
o Other by 250cc gasoline motor - He developed the world’s first system logic chip
- The gas-powered model transmits its power to set for IBM’s, PC-XT, and PC-AT
the pavement via the two rear wheels. - Developed the first Windows Graphics
- On water, the Salamander is propelled by a accelerator chip for personal computers.
three-bladed propeller that is directly connected
to the engine ELECTRIFILTER
- The cost of the Salamander would be between - Generates electricity from wastewater that can
PhP 200,000 to PhP 230,000 each power lamp post in sidewalks and roads.
- Has the capability to filter and cleanse water that
E-JEEPNEYS can be used for daily consumption.
- Runs on pure electricity supplied by - The excess energy produced will be stored to a
rechargeable automotive batteries battery
- Does not consume gasoline or diesel to operate - Christian G. Sta. Romana and John Paul G.
- No noise, fumes, and harmful emissions Santos from Polytechnic University of the
- When charged overnight for about eight hours Philippines won the award for their invention,
on an ordinary wall outlet, much like charging a electrifilter.
cellphone and run the next day for a minimum of - The waste output from the device can be used as
65 kms. natural fertilizers
- The Philippine Utility Vehicle (PhUV) Inc., - The device is designed to be portable so that it
pioneered the assembly of electric jeepneys in can be used to generate electricity, provide clean
the Philippines water in times of floods, storms and other
calamities in remote areas
MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- Invented by Fe Del Mundo, made of bamboo in SALT LAMP
1941 - Was invented by a Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno,
- Composed of two native laundry baskets of where her vision is “to light up the rest of the
different sizes and made of bamboo. Philippines sustainably
- The baskets were placed one inside the other. - The SALT lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting
- Hot water bottles were placed all around and lamp) is an environment-friendly and an
between the outer basket to regulate the body alternative light source that runs on saltwater,
temperature of the babies. making it suitable to those who live in coastal
- A hood is placed over it with an attached oxygen areas and remote barrios
- Del Mundo’s objective was to produce - Composed of two tablespoons of salt, one glass
inexpensive inventions and can be reproduced of tap water, catalysts, and metal alloys that
by people with limited access to medical centers when submerged in electrolytes will generate
electricity and can last for eight hours
SINGLE CHIP 16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR - Utilizes the same principle as the Galvanic cell,
- Diosdado Banatao had his first breakthrough but uses saline solution making it harmless and
with Commodore International after he non-toxic
developed the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made computers work VAZBUILT: A MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM
a lot faster. - Invented by Edguardo G. Vasquez
- A 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator - Mr. Vazquez was awarded the Golden Medal
Award as Most Outstanding Inventor of the year

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CHAPTER 5
in the Creative Research Category by the Filipino

Inventors Society DIWATA-1
- In 1995, the World Intellectual Property - The first of the two microsatellites in the
Organization (WIPO) based in Geneva awarded Philippines.
him Best Invention of the Year for his modular - Aims to send into space in three years via the
housing system Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Micro-
- Prefabricated reinforced concrete columns, wall Satellite (PHL- Microsat) Program of the
panels, tie beams (at 2,500 to 3,500 psi) which Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in
are assembled into modular housing units. collaboration with the University of the
- For building fire-proof, termite-proof, and Philippines Diliman, and two Japanese academic
earthquake-proof in less than a month using institutions, Tohoku University (TU) and
prefabricated posts and panels. Hokkaido University (HU).
- Highly engineered method for construction of - The micro-satellites are part of the DOST’s 10-
buildings for residential and commercial year Ph24-billion Space Technology
purposes Development (STD) Program
- Practical, cost-effective and does not require - It was built and designed by Filipinos, measuring
special skills or heavy equipment 55 x 35 x 55 cm and weighing 50 kg
- Allowing easy assembling and dismantling of - It was launched and deployed to orbit on April
components for expansion and home 27, 2016 to capture data and images from about
improvements with lesser workforce. 1,000selected areas in the Philippines
- Assists in weather observation, disaster risk
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVACIDAL TRAP management, environmental monitoring (for
- Developed by the Department of Science and forest protection, agriculture, fisheries, and
Technology (DOST) through its Industrial mining) and preservation of cultural and
Technology Development Institute (ITDI) historical sites, crop inventory, and monitoring
- Aims to control the population of the dengue of coastal waters for the security of the country’s
carrying Aedes mosquitoes territory
- consists of a black cup and a popsicle stick-like
strip of lawanit (coconut husk wall paneling) DIWATA-2
which measures 1” x 6.5” that is half-immersed - Philippine's second Earth observing
in an organic solution microsatellite
- The scent of the solution attracts female Aedes - Successfully launched to space on October 29,
aegypti mosquitoes to lay their eggs on the 2018 from the Tanegashima Space Center in
lawanit stick. Japan via H-IIA F40 rocket.
- Does not kill the mosquito but it kills the - In preparation for the expected end of Diwata-
hundreds of eggs it lays. 1’s useful life by November 2018 due to decay
- The pepper-based solution was developed by and the gravitational pull of the Earth.
leading Filipino entomologists and DOST - It is a 50 x 50 x 50 cm microsatellite with
scientists estimated mass of 50 kg.
- Features two deployable systems
MULTI-COOLER FAN - solar array panels and amateur radio antennas.
- Invented by Edgardo Vasquez - Launched to an orbit 213 kilometers higher than
- A turbo version for industrial use with diameters Diwata-1’s.
of three feet, seven feet, 15 feet and 24 feet.
- Can surround an area of up to 80 meters with PINOY HYBRID ELECTRIC TRAIN
cool mists. - The first Filipino hybrid electric train (HET) was
- Based on his Misty Kool mist-dispensing launched on April 24, 2019.
apparatus which was recently recognized and - This was developed by the Department of
validated by the Intellectual Property Office of Science and Technology’s Metal Industry and
the Philippines

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CHAPTER 5
Research Development Center in partnership

with the Philippine National Railways (PNR)
- The DOST took them five years to build the HET
and it cost 120 million pesos
- The air-conditioned train used Toyota’s Prius
technology and can accommodate 880
passengers.
- It has CCTV systems, LED TV setups and
automatic sliding doors.
- It made a round trip between Alabang PNR
station and Binan, Laguna on April 24, 2019
- The scheduled operations started on May 6,
2019 and it runs by the PNR via the same routes
for 19 days as part of its turnover process
- The DOST team head, Paolo Acuin described the
HET features, having a diesel-powered
generator, an electric motor, a bank of electrical
batteries, and regenerative braking technology
- It works by using kinetic energy lost when a train
slows down, converting it to electricity in the
process.
- This is then stored in 260 lead acid-batteries,
which can be utilized to run the HET or power the
train’s automatic doors, air conditioner, and
CCTV cameras (Cruz, 2019).
QUINK INK
- Francisco Quisimbing invented a fountain pen
ink in 1931
- He was a Filipino Botanist who got his PhD in
Taxonomy, Systematics and Morphology from
the University of Chicago in 1923
- He organized the Philippine Ink Corporation after
World War II and introduced Quink which stands
for Quisumbing Ink
- It was sold in the United States since 1931.
- It has the desired quality of ink flow, has
resistance to water and molding, not corrosive
and dries quickly
- Parker Company bought the rights to the ink with
Dr. Quisimbing’s stipulation that the trademark
“Quink” would be retained.

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CHAPTER 6
• Philosophy: love of wisdom; investigation of the • Bundle theory

nature of knowledge, existence, and reality • Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the
o Provided ideas, concepts, and tools for passions
science
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
o Ancient Greek Philosophers: 1st scientists
and pillars of philosophy • Deontological Moral Theory: rightness or
• Science naturally originated from philosophy wrongness of actions does not depend on their
o Seeks objective truth through empiricism consequences but on whether they fulfill our
o Science and Technology have limitations: duty
1. Can only predict or state possibilities • Reconciled rationalism and empiricism
2. Cannot study theological issues • Categorical Imperative: supreme principle of
PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND morality
Plato (428-348 BCE) SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT OF THE HELLENISTIC AGE (320-

30 BCE)
• Theory of Forms
• Provided the groundwork for Idealism and • Emerged after the death of Alexander the Great
Essentialism Cynicism
• Akademeia
o world’s first university founded in 387 • Purpose of life is to live in virtue
BCE; located in the northwestern • Reject all conventional needs (ex. power, sex, &
outskirts of Athens wealth) to be attuned with nature
• Deny established norms and follow one’s natural
Aristotle (385-323 BCE) inclinations
• Emphasized the importance of deductive • Cynics
reasoning during the Renaissance o watchdog of humanity
• Pioneered the study of zoology o Evangelize and hound people about the
error of their ways such as greed
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • 3 Main Figures of Cynicism
1. Antisthenes
• Father of Modern Philosophy
o Founder of Cynicism
• Pioneer and major figure in 17th Century
o Preached a life of poverty, but his
Continental Rationalism (Cartesianism)
teachings also covered language,
• Represents a major break with the
dialogue, literature, and pure Ethics,
Aristotelianism and Scholasticism of the
which the later Cynics focused on
Medieval period
2. Diogenes of Sinope
• Believed in the power of doubt to discover the
o Took Cynicism to its logical extremes
truth
o Archetypal Cynic philosopher
David Hume (1711-1776) o Pursued a life of self-sufficiency
(autarkeia), austerity (askēsis), and
• One of the 3 main figureheads of the British shamelessness (anaideia)
Empiricism movement o Famed for his biting satire and wit

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CHAPTER 6
3. Crates of Thebes • Most influential philosopher of the pre-modern

o Gave away a large fortune to live a life of era
poverty in Athens • Constructed a coherent and comprehensive
o Teacher of Zeno of Citium system that accords with the religious exigencies
of Muslim culture
Scepticism/Pyrrhonism
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• Founded by Pyrrho
• Doubt senses, morality, and logic • Highlighted the importance of inductive
• Avoid making truth claims and postulating final reasoning combined with deductive reasoning as
truths empirical tools during the Renaissance
• No certainty in human knowledge
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
Epicureanism
• Major contributions are in the technical fields of
• Founded by Epicurus philosophy and logic
• All sensations we experience are true • Major exponent of Logicism (reducibility of
• Happiness/greatest good is to seek modest mathematics into logic)
pleasures to attain a state of tranquility, freedom
HOW SCIENCE IS DONE
from fear (ataraxia), and absence from bodily
pain (aponia) 2 Types of Reasoning
• Maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain as the
Deductive Reasoning / Inductive Reasoning /
innate goals of humans
Deduction Induction
• Form of Hedonism (view that pleasure and pain
Process of obtaining a Process of generating a
are the only important aspects of living) specific statement or generalized statement
Stoicism theory from a generalized from a specific
observation observation
• Founded by Zeno of Citium Introduced by Francis
Introduced by Aristotle
• Perfect Rationality: key to achieve moral Bacon
goodness If the premise is true, the
If the premise is true, the
• Virtue: highest good based on Perfect Rationality conclusion is probably
conclusion must be true
• Resign ourselves to Fate to best achieve true
Starts with theory Starts with data
happiness
Infers conclusion from
• Teaches the development of self-control and Confirms a hypothesis
data
fortitude to overcome destructive emotions
Tends to do quantitative Tends to do qualitative
• Apatheia (equanimity): state of mind wherein research research
one is not disturbed by passions, pain, or Observation →
emotions Theory → Predictions →
Generalizations →
Experiment
Paradigm
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
FIELDS OF MODERN SCIENCE
• Study of scientific methods of inquiry as well as
Natural Sciences
defining the scope and validity of science
• Investigates natural phenomena
Ibn Sina or Avicenna (980-1037)
• Attempts to explain how things happen
• Most significant philosopher in the Islamic • Work is based on the careful interpretation of
tradition empirical data

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CHAPTER 6
• Physical Sciences: systematic study of the VALIDITY OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING

inorganic world
Verifiability Principle (Verificationism)
o 4 Broad Areas of Physical Sciences
1. Astronomy • Established by empiricist groups Vienna Circle
2. Physics (1907) and Berlin Circle (1920)
3. Chemistry • If a principle cannot be supported by empirical
4. Earth Sciences evidence, then it is regarded as meaningless
• Biological Sciences: systematic study of the • Restrictive as it discourages budding theories
organic world
Falsifiability Principle (Falsificationism)
Social Sciences
• Proposed by Karl Popper
• Attempts to give insights on the human behavior • Scientific theories can be tested and falsified by
and societies experimentation, but never logically verified
• Psychology: studies the mind and behavior • As long as the experiment is not false, it is
• Sociology: studies human societies, their accepted as the prevailing explanation to the
interactions, and the processes that preserve relevant phenomena
and change them
• Anthropology: studies what makes us human GOOD LIFE AND HAPPINESS
• Archaeology: studies the ancient and recent Good: universal concept considered to be the opposite
human past through material remains of evil; preferred and desirable intention or action
• Economics: studies the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services Happiness
• History: studies the chronological record of • Psychology: positive emotion or state arising
events (as affecting a nation or people), based on from well-being (physical or mental health
a critical examination of source materials and satisfaction, life satisfaction, and sense of
usually presenting an explanation of their causes purpose)
Formal Sciences • Spiritual state in Eastern religions
o Buddhism: freedom from craving
• Based on a set of rules defined beforehand (a o Hinduism: freedom from the cycle of births
priori statements) and deaths
• Theorems that can be applied to various systems • Biology: interplay of genetics, brain physiology
are formulated and chemistry, body hormones, and physical
• Ex. Math, Logic, & Statistics health
Eudaimonia
• Greek word meaning good-spirited, human

flourishing, or prosperity
• Central to Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics
o End goal of human action and highest human
good
o Human good results from rational activity of
soul with respect to virtue
o Discussed in relation to virtues (aretē) and
friendship (philia)

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CHAPTER 6
o Virtue: middleway between vices (extremes 1. Pursue happiness, not pleasure

of action and character) 2. Take satisfaction in good deeds
1. Intelligence and Scientific Knowledge 3. Value what material goods you have
2. Practical Wisdom: ability to deliberate 4. When in doubt, take inspiration from
well about what is good and expedient good people
for oneself 5. Spend more time thinking and learning
3. Temperance: restraint usually with • Plato: highest form of happiness results from
regard to pleasurable activities morality and justice
4. Generosity and Friendship o Happiness that stems from wealth and
5. Courage: sits between foolhardiness and pleasure are considered lesser form of
cowardice; tendency to act to achieve happiness
some good even when facing the risk of o Virtue: only requirement to eudaimonia
physical harm • Socrates: “the unexamined life is not worth
6. Contemplation: reflection on the living”
eternal truth; highest realization of
happiness TRUE MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY
o Philosophical Thinking: most fulfilling Technology
activity humans can do
o 2 Kinds of Virtues • Application of scientific knowledge to make our
1. Intellectual Virtues: virtues of thought; lives easier
arises from teaching (ex. • Greek word techne (refers to manufacturing and
episteme/scientific knowledge & arts)
phronesis/practical wisdom) • Techne is a part of poiesis (bringing forth) –
2. Moral Virtues: virtues of character; something that brings concealment into reveal
arises from practice or habit (ex. • Poiesis is related to aletheia (truth)
andreia/bravery & • Neither a machine nor a process of production
sôphrosune/temperance) • A way that reveals the truth and contributes to
o Analogous to self-actualization (highest good
personal need and desire for fulfillment or • Martin Heidegger: revealing of modern
achieving the most out of one’s potential in technology is not bringing-forth but rather
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) challenging-forth
o Happiness is not a subjective state but rather o Gestell (enframing): removes the essence of
an objective state poiesis, changes the way humans view
o Live in accordance with the function of the natural resources, and reduces nature into
human nature – to exercise theoretical and standing reserve
practical reason – in order to be happy o Called humans to practice meditative
o 2 Conditions to be Happy thinking rather than calculative thinking in
1. Completely virtuous his 1995 memorial address
2. Equipped with external goods 1. Calculative Thinking: emphasizes
o It is on account of the pleasure that we do numbers and categories and only works
bad things, and on account of the pain that in satisfying our material needs
we abstain from noble ones 2. Meditative Thinking: elucidates the
o If you are virtuous, then virtue is pleasant, meaning of things, allowing nature to
and vice is painful. If you are not virtuous, reveal itself to us; art is a unifying force
then virtue is painful, and vice is pleasant. that ties together the culture
o 21st Century Happiness

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CHAPTER 6
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN OUR LIVES
• Technology is amoral (does not tell us what is

morally right or wrong)
• Martin Heidegger: work is associated with
phenomenology and existentialism and mostly
studied ontology (philosophical study of being);
wrote The Questions Concerning Technology
1. Technology is not an instrument. It is a way
of revealing the truth about the world.
2. Technology is not controlled by humans. It is
technology that controls human activities.
3. Technology is dangerous in a sense that it
frames our thinking about the world.
SUMMARY
• Science naturally came from Philosophy and it

uses many paradigms to search for truths about
nature
• We live our lives on the prospect of Good life and
Happiness
• Technology is not a mere device, but also a way
to reveal hidden truths
• S&T have its limitations. It only looks for
objective truths.
• S&T is amoral. It is in our hands to use it for
better or worse.

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Science, Technology, and Society Chapters 1-6

Science, Technology, and Society (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila)

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

- Used stone tools for survival, hunting fish and

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o Height around 170 ft - Recording temple activities and businesses

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- Persons who wore makeup are protected from • Water Mill

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4. Thales - Colosseum - largest amphitheater with a seating

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- Made up of 75% saltpeter (potassium nitrate),

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

MIDDLE AGES HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 – 1300 AD)

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• Philosophers - Norse Mill is a simple water wheel, without

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- 3 forms of iron: • Warfare

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

- These alchemists were expert from four • Manufacturing

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

- Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) o Developed methods to calculate atomic

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

- Telegraph 1. Internal combustion engines –

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

o Combined the spinning jenny and the

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Intellectual - Kuhn wrote The Structure of Scientific

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o foundation of Classical mechanics; ➢ Brownian Motion

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- Phlogiston Theory o “fittest” organisms—those most suited

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traumatic events happens and we do not o Dreams – It is said to be from the

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PRE – COLONIAL SCIENCE AND - Writing System