Perfect Timing – Performance Relationship

in Sport Karate (Vol 1)

Nazim Kurtovic¹ Nadia Savova²

ABSTRACT

This text presents a research that explores influence and effect of the so-called advanced-karate
training (combined training program for development of physical and mental skills) to strengthen
person’s tolerance to difficult and stressful situations by means of individual treatment. The aim
of the research was to achieve optimal performance by the athlete in Kumite 1 in Sport karate.

Key words: sport karate, training, system, optimal performance, mental training

INTRODUTION

Competition kumite as a modified segment of karate-do practice is a complex sports activity,

which requires fast and precise moves in unpredictable environment. Accordingly, sports karate,
as it is named nowadays, is a discipline with the highest level of specialization, and is
kinesthetically and technically connected with the open sensory movements and behaviour of the
sparring athletes in variable conditions. The dynamic change of rules, requirements and
expectations in the sport circumstances are asking for constant modifications and innovations in
creating a karate curriculum. So karate professionals must use all their potential and energy as
well as their material and technical resources to find new ways to help their practitioners to
achieve top-class results. Actually, for a long time there has been a necessity for a sound shaping
of training interventions, according to the individual characteristics of athlete. To achieve that,
the process of individualization must be established as a system. It is a dynamic process where
the athlete is closely observed, controlled and corrected depending on results which are regularly
collected throughout. This process leads to thorough individual development of trainees. In it
sometimes the trainer works with only one individual and sometimes with a small homogeneous
group. Such training uses the nowadays well known Biofeedback, IZOF model, etc. which is
actually a much wider concept compared to what its beginning roots represent and to how it is
implemented nowadays. We came to an idea to scan athletes and not only to correct their
weaknesses in some isolated areas (e.g. affective) but also to help them to develop all the
performance-related areas as better as possible in order to be able to establish links among these
areas, so that we could finally be able to help the athletes to react accurately in a timely manner
and to have an influence on them to develop their state of optimal vigilance, effectively
eliminating the fall in some of four undesirable states of mind so called Shikai 2, especially the
Kyo part. In sports fighting, Kyo presents the sportsman's instability, which can be of physical or
psychological nature and leads to an inappropriate and not well-timed reaction.

1
Kumite literally translated means "grappling hands" and is one of the three main sections of karate training, along with kata and kihon.
Kumite is the part of karate in which a person trains against an adversary, using the techniques learned from the kihon and kata.
Kumite can be used to develop a particular technique or a skill (e.g. effectively judging and adjusting one's distance from one's opponent) or it
can be done in competition. Reference: Wikipedia
2
Shikai In traditional martial art terminologies the word Shikai represents the four states of the mind which the competitor can’t afford
him/herself. Kyo (surprise), Ku (fear, anxiety), Gi (suspect, dilemma) and Waku (confusion). Reference:Kendo-Guide.Com

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 Here, the physical instability is the state when an athlete is caught or brought to a stance
when he/she cannot change his/her posture as they would like, so that the whole starting motor
system loses its balance. Similarly, the psychological instability is the state when suddenly a kind
of a crack appears in the athlete’s mind, as a result of lost concentration and attention, to be
precise, as a result of missing optimal vigilance. In most of the cases, the reason for this state is a
disoriented controlling system that ends in a crisis. This mental state can be easily recognized,
because the rhythm of the motor functions is disturbed then. That gap between the mind and the
motion (suki3) deepens and the opponent faces total disharmony. It blocks the brain and the
person is not capable to respond to the stimulus, which in fighting leads him/her to
uncontrollable moves and creates time and space distance between movements. This is the
athlete’s momentum – the perfect time to react and use the proper technique. That was exactly
our goal – we wanted to achieve this with the observed participants by using the model of
advanced karate training. We believe that with the development of such a skill, we will directly
influence the link establishment between the metacognitive and affective states with the bodily
and kinaesthetic ones, so that athletes would never fall to some of the so called Shikai states of
mind, but on the contrary would be able to perform optimally. The experiment was made with
top-level athletes with international experience. They were individually observed and trained to
lower their percentage of imbalanced states during the sports fight and at the same time to be
able to use the imbalances of their opponents as their own turning points to implement
appropriate techniques on time. The research was conducted in a laboratory (gym) by using tests
that were close to real competitive conditions. We used the obtained results to help participants
to enhance their metacognitive, perceptive, anticipatory and attentive functions, as well as their
basic and technically-tactical skills so that all of them to be fully operational and well linked. It
enabled the athletes to adapt themselves easily to the ever highly changeable external
environments and to be effective in making fast and precise decisions.

METHODS

Therefore, we focused our methodology in the following direction: We tried to find the
most frequent weaknesses in subjects and then modelled special transformational methods to
remove them. The system was based on cyclical repetition of series of controlling measurements
in a longer period of time, their analysis, and afterwards appropriate corrective operation.
Depending on the observed weaknesses, the transformational models were created separately for
each of the participants; we influenced a whole set of capabilities for them, without which they
would have not been able to cope so successfully with the challenges in sports combats. We
directed the operative treatment towards the developing ability for approach and timing of the
initiative (Sen4) in response to the stimulus and the effective distance in kumite (Maai 5).
________________________________________
3
Suki (Openings) meaning a gap, commonly in attention, but also in stance, guard, etc.
Reference: https://martialtraveler.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/feeling-maai-and-suki/
4
Sen (Initiative) is "the decisive moment when a killing action is initiated." There are three types of initiative in Japanese martial arts, early
initiative (sen no sen an initiative launched in anticipation of an attack where the opponent is fully committed to their attack and thus
psychologically beyond the point of no return.), tui no sen meaning a defensive initiative launched simultaneously with the attack of the opponent
and late initiative (go no sen meaning “late attack” involves a defensive or counter movement in response to an attack).
Reference: Scientific Karatedo (1976) by Masayuki Kukan Hisataka/Heijoshin/ ISBN: 978-1-4629-0417-4 (ebook) Published by the Charles E.
Tuttle Company, Inc. Of Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan with editorial offices at Osaki Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032
5
Maai (Timing) is a complex concept, incorporating not just the distance between opponents, but also the time it will take to cross the distance,
and angle and rhythm of attack. It is specifically the exact "position" from which one opponent can strike the other, after factoring in the above
elements.
Reference: : https://martialtraveler.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/feeling-maai-and-suki/

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We realized the idea using the mentioned method of advanced karate training and in a combined
manner through technically-tactical training especially modelled for martial arts and
complemented with a mental training directed towards the development of optimal performance.
In that direction we used the models of the progressive relaxation [3], autogenic training [9], and
Ki meditation [10].
Using this kind of models should help for the optimal performance of the subjects, so
they could successfully and continually response to the stimulus with an appropriate execution
exactly aligned in time, space, angle and rhythm. According to Prentice, the usage of the optimal
performance condition is the one in which the best inner conditions (insights and emotions) will
result in a complete inclusion in the task and with the best bodily methods for improvement of
the performance. It begins with improvement of the self-awareness and focussing to the physical
sensations of the movement, which contributes to a better self-regulation and finally to the
performance result [5].
For a successful implementation of such a complex task, Eliot says that the trainer should
first visualize in his head the models of psycho-motoric abilities, which according to the athletes
characteristics need to be improved with all the movements which sequentially constitute its
integrated units and all the movement phases worked out in a types of tasks, which will be
implemented in the process of learning and improvement and which should contribute to the
development of the wanted capabilities [1].
On the other hand, except for us, it was necessary to provide clearer and more accurate
mental picture of the desired psycho-motoric ability of the entity as well, which had to adopt,
develop and multiply it. Regarding this, Pavlov says ''it has been confirmed for long and
scientifically proven that when we think about a certain movement (i.e. when we have a
kinesthetic representation), we unwittingly and obliviously make it.'' With constant repetition,
the less efficient movements can also be improved and become more permanent and effective
moving ability [11].
In this context, Zimkin complements that the new movements are built on the basis of
earlier acquired motor habits or their individual segments, i.e. based on positive transfer [12]. So,
we thought that, the more mental correlation between mental images of the ability of the coach
and the athlete, the greater the likelihood of success in the work. Such a connection cannot be
imagined without a complete interaction between the trainer and the athlete, which figuratively
speaking, should function on the level of two compatible brains with one body.
Through a successful interaction of such a connection we helped them to enrich their
capability to link all their functions. In particular, with an action which according to the
individual need of every person went in the direction of developing the technically-tactical skills,
we focussed especially on the specific kinesthetic ability for the feeling for the opponent.
For that purpose, using exercises especially modelled Kumite, we succeeded to
strengthen the athletes’ capability to differentiate between moves and to feel the strength, time
and space, as well as to adapt themselves more easily to novel situations when they notice new
and useful information, then to enhance their capability not to lose the rhythm, and to recognize
and accept the outside rhythm during the motor materialization, and furthermore to enrich their
capability to orient themselves, to decide on the posture and the change of position of their body:
how to move through the space and time by using the visual and kinesthetic analysers of the
whole system, to improve their capability to have a dynamic balance or to keep their body in a
stable position while performing overall movements from which a new movement can be readily
organised, to enrich their capability to react, that is to say to be able to produce a fast motor

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response to a stimulus, especially in the premotor phase that is based on the correct espying of
information from the competitor's surroundings, to strengthen their rapidity and precision in
processing information from the location it comes from, their capability to choose the correct
response that is appropriate for a motor action and its use at the moment; and to improve their
capability to choose a rhythm that is ideal for the situation. As we came to conclusions about the
improvements as well as weaknesses of the treated participants, new horizons opened ahead of
us, so we performed a new testing cycle in order to be able to find new elements; therefore, we
repeated the whole corrective cycle. This complex research generated a system that is able to
quantify and evaluate competitors' level of accomplished perfect timing and efficacy individually
for every participant.

PROCEDURE

To find the level of development of every individual competitor, some of them were
assigned to take part in 6 sports fights by having a defensive role against 6 different opponents
who got an offensive role. Each sports fight lasted for 3 minutes of effectual time with breaks of
15-20 minutes between matches. The athletes who got the offensive role were given a task to
work with their full strength and speed, using fighting techniques by free choice, and the subjects
who got the defensive role got a task to defend from as many as possible attacks, but were not
allowed to use counter attacks. The assignment was well explained to all participants and they
had enough time to adapt to it.
There were three tests: one initial (before the individual corrective training), one after
three months (controlling), and one after six months (final). Our interest was to analyse the
results and to find the differences between all three measurements. At every measurement, the
schedule of the athlete who was attacking was identical for every participant who was defending
himself.
Considering the fact that the speed of actions was too high and that the events were too
dynamic, a necessity for analysing each of the sports fights appeared naturally, with the sole aim
to be able to find out if the responses of any of the athletes had been on time and/or appropriate.
Consequently, the recordings were analysed with the “Dartfish” software, which makes possible
an analysis of 4 synchronised recordings at the same time on the “frame by frame” principle,
with sensitivity in intervals of 0,020 sec, so that we were able to make the right decisions.
To escape the subjectivity, the recordings were not only seen from 4 different angles but
were also additionally analysed by two experts, who analysed the debatable evaluations of
participants' reactions over and over again.
Additionally, for easier recognition of the unsuccessful defences, in cases when the
subject had been ineffective and had not defended themselves and the opponent had gotten the
point, a special protective gear that gave a sonorous signal was used. Every successful and
unsuccessful response was recorded on the personal card of each participant, and then all
measures were analysed and compared to one another.
Our goal in this experiment was to measure the efficacy of the defensive role by counting
the number of unsuccessful responses as well as the number of successful responses. Moreover,
we wanted to compare each individual result to the average result of the whole group, because
that's how we could observe the individual characteristics of each performer, so we know for
whom to take corrective measures, whom to help to maintain the state and whom to help to
achieve an even higher level of development.

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OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH

The athletes who participated in the study voluntarily participated in the experiment.
They had regular 90-minute training sessions six times a week which was appropriately adapted
according to the individual capacities and needs of each person. All the trainings and
experiments were made in optimum temperature and light conditions. The participants were
absolutely cooperative in order to achieve better results.

Number
Average body Average body Average training
of Average age
weight (kg) and height (cm) and experience (years) and Karate title (rank)
subjects (years) and SD
SD SD SD
(male)
n=13 26.4 ± 6.8 78.5 ± 6.5 179.0 ± 5.2 15.7 ± 5.8 1 Kyu - 4 Dan

Table 1.Characteristics of the examinees

All athletes were in satisfactory psychological condition. Each of the subjects before the
main test underwent to a personality test, an anxiety test in competitive conditions, an
egocentricity test and an IQ test in order to get a clearer picture of the psychological profile of
each individual before the experiment. The functional ability was checked by Harvard step test
and Shuttle running test with polar equipment. To get a clearer picture of the initial condition of
the subjects, they underwent reaction speed tests (Simple, Choice and Discrimination) with local
movement through Java reaction time computer software. By means of specially designed
equipment (Programmable Logic Controller connected with infra-red sensors and display with
lights), athletes were tested for the simple time reaction of the most commonly used fighting
techniques including straight, reverse, and jab punch attacks as striking blows with the closed fist
(kizame-tsuki, gyaku-tsuki) and straight, roundhouse, side and back kicks (mae geri, mawashi-
geri,uramawashi-geri,yoko-geri and ushiro geri).
Before each simulation, athletes were explained in detail the purpose and procedures as
well as the measures to protect themselves from injury, because they gave their full consent to
participate in the experiments. If athletes had additional questions, they were cleared out and
practically demonstrated. All subjects had normal or corrected to-normal accuracy and colour
type ability and did not report any difficulties with the stimuli that we used in the experiments.
All subjects who participated had previously spent the first four phases of development
process, they had a very good international competitive experience and at the time of comparison
of the experiment they were in the 5th phase of development i.e. they were learning how to win
major competitions. [4]

EQUIPMENT AND STIMULI

The experiment was set in a gym that functioned as a laboratory. For this part of the
whole experiment we provided optimal conditions for the performers: we had audience to
simulate a competitive atmosphere, the temperature was normal, constant and pleasant, the light
was natural and bright, and the fighting floor was a 100-metre square mat model KWON, WTF
approved, 2.4 cm thick. The floor was surrounded by four cine cameras - model Sony PMW-
EX1, mounted on tripods - model Sony VCT 1170RM, placed in the following way. One camera
up front at the centre, one on the left-hand side of the floor, one on the right-hand side of the

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floor, and one movable camera in the hands of an experienced cameraman who followed the
sports fights all the time and most of the time recorded the upper body of the performer who
defended himself (see the figure below). Consequently, we had a clear image of the whole
fighting from four angles all the time. For protective reasons, the participants who defended
themselves wore a protective helmet, model KWON, WTF approved, and chest-protector - ℮
Body Protector - model KWON, with electronic audio signalization, sensitive to contacts with
different sensitivity, sets with protective gloves and protectors for shins, insteps and genitals,
model SMAI, as well as a mouth guard. The participants who got a task to attack wore a
protective kit for their hands, shins and insteps. Each set of combats was synchronously recorded
and afterwards the recordings were analysed with a laptop computer DELL Vostro 1720 with the
above mentioned software Dartfish.

Schema1. An illustration of the technical realization in the measuring

and the laboratory conditions. (Sports hall).

RESULTS AND DISCUSION

To support our results we decided to make a statistical analysis using Md Calc 2013
software. First, we checked the normal distribution that appeared to be normal in all cases, so we
used the paired Student T-test to check the probability. In all comparisons the p values were ≤
0.05 which, in turn, proved the hypothesis that the continuous, individually modelled, training
intervention had an impact on the capability for efficacy stabilisation and would substantially
decrease the unsuccessful responses.
In our experiment precisely, the number of successful and unsuccessful defences was
measured three times (6 combats per person on each measurement had between 224-273
punch/kick attacks), and the obtained results were transformed to percentages and then they were
compared. We were equally interested to compare the initial measurement to the second and the
second to the third, as well as to see the differences between the initial measurement and the last
(third) one. Firstly, we were interested in measuring the unsuccessful defences and for that
purpose we decided to divide them in three sections: pre responses, non-responses and untimely
responses. The rest of the responses were the successful ones that we interchangeably call timely
responses. The results of the whole group in initial measurement (IM) percent comparisons
between successful and unsuccessful responses are mean 69.538% ± SD 10.8291 (Compared
athlete 63% ± SD 5.9911) against 30.462 % ± SD 10.8291 (Compared athlete 37% ± SD 5.9911).

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From unsuccessful responses the percent of untimely responses is 21.078% ± SD 7.1744
(Compared athlete 18%), pre responses 3.627% ± SD 1.7037 (Compared athlete 5%) and non-
responses about 5.991% ± SD 3.9659 (Compared athlete 7%). In the controlling measurement
(Cm) the percent of successful responses is enlarged from 69.538 to 76.154% ± SD 7.3807
(Compared athlete from 63% to 80% ± SD 4.0621) against unsuccessful responses, which are
decreased from 30.462 % to 23.846 % ± SD 7.3807 (Compared athlete from 37% to 20% ± SD
4.0621). The progress of successful responses is on account of untimely responses that are
reduced from 21.078 to 14.914 % ± SD 4.5048 (Compared athlete from 25% to 12%) and non-
responses who are reduced from 5.991% to 4.647% ± SD 2.0913 (Athlete from 7% to 5%). In the
final measurement we have additional progress, the successful responses are enlarged from
76.154 % to 85% ± SD 6.5192 (Compared athlete from 80% to 87% ± SD 2.7044 ) against
unsuccessful responses are reduced from 23.846% to 15 % ± SD 6.5192 (Compared athlete from
20% to 13%± SD 2.7044 ). The final progress of successful responses is on account of untimely
responses who are reduced from 14.9% to 8.632 %± SD 4.3681 (Compared athlete from 12% to
7%), pre responses reduced from 4.166% to 3.554% ± SD 1.7806 (Compared athlete same 3%-
3%) , and non-responses, which are reduced from 4.647% to 2.738% ± SD 1.3985 (Compared
athlete from 5% to 3%). A final analysis was done in order to provide an opportunity to confirm
the hypothesis by paired t-tests and to prove the statistical significance of the results obtained.
The progress in the percentage of successful defences and the in-depth analysis of the
failed responses is represented visually in table 2 and Graph 1- 4.

Successful Unsuccessful
Type of the Unsuccessful Responses
Responses Тotal Responses Тotal
Pre Non Untimely
Comparative results
Responses Responses Responses
Athlete - Group
Athlete Group Athlete Group
Athlete Group Athlete Group Athlete Group

Final measurement 87 % 85 % 13 % 15 % 3% 3.5 % 3% 2.7 % 7% 8.6 %

Control measurement 80 % 76.2 % 20 % 23.8 % 3% 4.1 % 5% 4.6 % 12 % 14.9 %
Initial measurement 63 % 69.5 % 37 % 30.5 % 5% 3.6 % 7% 6% 25 % 21 %

Table 2. Mean ± SD percent of Personal Efficacy of C. Athlete compared with efficacy of the Group

Un/Sucessfful Response type - Athlete Un/Sucessfful Response type - Group

87 % Successful 85 % Successful
80 % responses 76.2 % responses
63 % 69.5 %
Unsuccessful Unsuccessful
37 % responses responses
20 % 30.5 % 23.8 %
13 % 15 %
Initial Control Final Initial Control Final
measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement

Graph 1/2 Mean ± SD Percent of Successful / Unsuccessful Responses

Initial measurement - control measurement - final measurement C. Athlete / Group

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 Type of Unsucessfful Response - C. Athlete Type of Unsucessfful Response - Group
Pre responses Non-responses Untimely responses
Pre responses Non-responses Untimely responses
25 %
21 %
14.9 %
12 %
7% 8.6 %
5% 7% 3% 5% 3.% 3 % 3.6 %
6% 4.1 % 4.6 % 3.5 % 2.7 %

Initial Control Final Initial Control Final

measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement measurement

Graph 3/4: Mean ± SD Unsuccessful Responses: Pre responses, non-responses and untimely responses
Initial measurement- control measurement-final measurement Athlete / Group

From the results it is clear that thanks to the continuous training and methods used, the
athletes progressed in all areas and got faster and more efficient from one measurement to the
other. It is considered that the improved prediction capability, based on partial or previous
information sources also called perceptive prognoses, had a significant contribution to the
athlete’s increased efficacy (15, 5% in the group and 24% in the compared athlete). On the other
hand, the increased efficiency activities demonstrated by athletes were a clear evidence that they
understood very well what they were doing, confirming the fact that the speed and other
components of the motion’s execution go by the shortest possible way to the finish only by
means of a clear mental image.
Also the significantly improved emotional stability in athletes resulting from the
implemented training method directed towards crucial understanding of the work should be
mentioned and emphasized. One of the main components of quality improvement in sports is the
particular understanding or clear perception of the activity and accurate prediction of the
outcome. It can certainly be stated that the athletes were able to draw enough conclusions from
very little information and with their rational movements to always execute before the opponent,
since the execution accuracy depends on the technique’s speed, trajectory, distance and timely
and correct reactions that are witnessed in the variable automatized technique of athletes.

CONCLUSION

In the model above we saw only one segment where through a proper analysis and the
obtained results we got a state to model the training intervention according to the individual
characteristics of sportsmen. As we assumed beforehand, it is obvious that through finding the
individual characteristics of every person and directing the training accordingly (working
individually with each of them), the observed weaknesses can be systematically overcome and at
the same time solid qualities can be attained.
Thus, all kinds of individual work should be based on information obtained mainly from
precise diagnostic procedures in many areas, and the diagnostics should be practiced regularly,
so that the level of the standard and specific motor capabilities necessary for the sport fight can
be defined, as well as the athletes’ functional capabilities, morphological characteristics and
psychosocial dimensions. They can be obtained by the standard and specific procedures and
tests; then trainers should use the information to make plans and programs for the training
process, not only for the basic training work but also for the additional special individual
training.

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 From a statistical point of view it is obvious that the individual results of the athletes
showed better results in absolute value compared to the group. However, due to the small
number of participants, the standard deviations had relatively high values and therefore the
statistical importance of the differences was not very promising in all cases. Because the
hypothesis is connected to the effectiveness of the methodology indicated in athletes on
individual level, we made a comparative analysis of the multiple performances of each
competitor individually in the mentioned stages of preparation.
The compared athlete’s results were growing and standard deviations were exceptionally
small. Another peculiarity is the fact that the lawfully implemented methodology, in all cases,
has stabilized the efficacy of the motion actions. This kind of research has not been recorded in
the literature so far, so we recommend further analysis to karate practitioners and various
scientists. This method can be tested in all martial arts as well as in some other sports with open
skills.

REFERENCES

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