College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

ADVISORY

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Subject : FME-10-M - Heat Transfer students and not for commercial uses.
Credit : 3 units
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Course/Section : BSME-3F-M
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▪ The lecturer does not have pretentious claim for any materials presented in this
Lecture No. 3: lecture materials.
HEAT CONDUCTION

Lecturer: Mr. Rodelio T. Padrique

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REF: Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

Heat Thermal Energy

▪ Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a ▪ Thermal Energy represents the KE of the Molecular Energy Dependence
result of temperature difference. molecules of the body. Kinetic Energy Generally dependent to
▪ KE is contained within the individual temperature only

▪ The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the transfer of energy as heat is molecules and is independent of others. It • Translational Depends on T only

mainly depends on temperature. • Internal Energy

always from the higher-temperature medium to the lower-temperature one, and
heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same temperature. ✓ Rotational Mainly depends on T; also
✓ Vibrational depends on density at small
extent
CONDUCTION OF HEAT IS THE
▪ Heat can be transferred in three different modes: conduction, convection, and TRANSFER OF THERMAL ENERGY FROM
✓ Nuclear Depends on T only
radiation. ✓ Electronic Depends on T only
ONE BODY TO ANOTHER.
Potential Energy –
intermolecular energy
▪ All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference, and all (attraction and
modes are from the high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one. repulsion)

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Heat Conduction Nature of Heat Conduction Mechanism

▪ Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a ▪ Liquid and Gas: heat conduction is mainly the transfer of
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between KE of molecules (random translational, vibrational and
the particles. rotational motions)
▪ Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. • When two molecules possessing different KE collide, part of the
KE of the more energetic molecule (High T) is transferred to the
▪ Conduction in Gases and Liquids less energetic molecule (Low T).
• Collisions of molecules • Higher T means the molecules move faster with higher number
• Diffusion of the molecules of such collisions, and better the transfer.
• For liquids, molecules are more closely spaced, and they exert
▪ Conduction in Solids a stronger intermolecular force field.
• Vibrations of the molecules in a lattice
▪ Solids: heat conduction is due to the lattice vibrational
• Energy transport by free electrons.
waves (i.e. lattice) and energy transported via the free
flow of electrons.

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REF: Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.
Rate of Heat Conduction Through A Medium Rate of Heat Conduction Through A Medium
▪ Factors affecting Rate of Heat Conduction ▪ By Experiment:
• Geometry of the medium medium
• Thickness
• Material of the medium Hot Cold
• Temperature difference across the medium. Region Region

▪ By Experiment:
• The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is where:
proportional to the temperature difference across the layer ሶ
• Qcond = dQ/dt = time rate of heat conduction, J/s or W
and the heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to • A = surface area of heat flow, m2
the thickness of the layer. • DT = T1 - T2 = temperature difference between surface, K
• Dx = thickness of the medium, m
• DT/ Dx = temperature gradient, K/m
• k = constant of proportionality (Thermal Conductivity),
W/m·°K Note:
Surface area A is normal to the heat flow.
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REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

Example 1 Example 1

▪ Problem: ▪ Solution
Determine the heat flow across a plane wall of ▪ Given:
10 cm thickness with a constant thermal • T1 = 100°C, T2 = 30°C, Dx = L = 10 cm = 0.1 m,
conductivity of 8.5 W/m-K when the surface • k = 8.5 W/m-K, A = 3 m2.
temperatures are steady at 100°C and 30°C.
The wall area is 3m2.
▪ Analysis:
• To compute the Heat Flow,
Also find the temperature gradient in the flow
direction. • Substituting the values,
100−30
ሶ 8.5×3×
Q= =17850 W or 17.85 kW
0.1
• Thermal Gradient
DT/ Dx = (100 – 30) / (0.1) = – 700°C/m
Q = - 8.5 X 3 X -700 = 17,850
REF: Kothadaraman Source: Kothadaraman
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Rate of Heat Conduction Through A Medium Rate of Heat Conduction Through A Medium
▪ From ▪ Equation of Heat Conduction in terms of heat flux:
Hot medium Cold Hot medium Cold
Region Region Region Region
▪ As Dx → 0, we get General Equation of Heat Qሶ dT
Conduction: qሶ = = -k
A dx
where: qሶ
where: • qሶ = time rate of heat flow per unit area, or heat flux,
ሶ
• Qcond = dQ/dt = time rate of heat conduction, J/s or W J/s-m2 or W/m2
• A = surface area of heat flow, m2 • dT/dx = temperature gradient within the medium,
oK/m or oC/m
• dT/dx = temperature gradient within the medium, K/m (negative)
• k = Thermal Conductivity of the medium, W/m·°C • k = Thermal conductivity of the medium, W/m·°C
Note: Note: q and dT/dx are normal to the surface area.
dT/dx is negative. The negative sign of the equation makes Q a positive flow.
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REF: Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.
The Thermal Conductivity Constant, k The Thermal Conductivity Constant, k

▪ Definition: ▪ The k of a substance is normally highest in

• The measure of the ability of a material to conduct solid phase and lowest in gas phase.
heat.
• The rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of
▪ Unlike gases, the k of most liquids
the material per unit area per unit temperature
decrease with increasing temperature,
difference. (except water).
▪ Types of Material based on k ▪ The k of gases and liquids decreases with
• Good Heat Conductor – material with high value for increasing molar mass.
thermal conductivity ▪ The relatively higher k of pure metals are
• Insulator – material with low value indicates that the due to electronic component. The lattice
material; a poor heat conductor.
component of k depends on the way the
▪ Thermal vs. Electrical Conductivity molecules are arranged.
• Good conductors of electricity (metals) are also good • Diamond, which is a highly ordered crystalline
heat conductors; insulators of electricity (wood, solid, has the highest k at room temperature
plastic, and rubber) are poor heat conductors.
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REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

Examples: Try calculating heat flux using the formula. Example 2: Cost of Heat Loss through a Roof (Cengal)

▪ The roof of an electrically heated home

Qሶ dT is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick,
qሶ = = -k and is made of a flat layer of concrete
A dx whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8
W/m·°C. The temperatures of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the roof one
night are measured to be 15°C and 4°C,
respectively, for a period of 10 hours.
▪ Determine (a) the rate of heat loss
through the roof that night and (b) the
cost of that heat loss to the home owner
Copper (k = 401 W/m·C) Silicon (k = 148 W/m·C)
if the cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh.

▪ What can you observe?

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REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

Example 2: Cost of Heat Loss through a Roof Example 2: Cost of Heat Loss through a Roof (Cengal)

▪ SOLUTION ▪ Analysis and Calculations

• The inner and outer surfaces of the flat concrete roof of • Area of the roof: A = 6 m x 8 m = 48 m2 (blue color)
Qሶ
an electrically heated home are maintained at specified • Steady rate of heat transfer through the roof: ·
temperatures during a night.
• The heat loss through the roof and its cost that night are
to be determined.
▪ Assumptions
• Amount of heat lost through the roof during a 10-
• Steady operating conditions exist during the entire night
hour period:
since the surface temperatures of the roof remain
constant at the specified values. Q = rate x time = (1.69 kW)(10 h) = 16.9 kWh 𝑨
• Constant properties are assumed.
• Total cost of heat loss:
▪ Properties Cost = (Amount of energy)(Unit cost of energy) Comment: Heat losses through
• The thermal conductivity of the roof is given to be k = the walls are not considered in
= (16.9 kWh)($0.08/kWh) = $1.35
0.8 W/m·°C..
the calculations.
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REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Cengal Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.
Example 3: Heat Flow in a Window Glass Example 3

▪ Problem: The inner and outer surfaces of a ▪ Analysis and Calculations

window glass are maintained at specified • Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through
temperatures given in the Figure. Determine the Glass the glass by conduction is Glass
amount of heat transfer through the glass in 5 h. DT (10 − 3)C
Q cond = kA = (0.78 W/m  C)(2  2 m 2 ) = 4368 W
What will happen if the thickness is doubled. Hot Cold L 0.005m
Region Region
Solution: • Then the amount of heat transfer over a period of 5 h
becomes
▪ Assumptions
• Steady operating conditions exist since the surface 10C 3C Q = Q cond Dt = (4.368 kJ/s)(5  3600 s) = 78,620 kJ 10C 3C
temperatures of the glass remain constant at the
specified values. 0.5 cm • If the thickness of the glass doubled (1 cm), then the 0.5 cm
• Thermal property of the glass is constant. amount of heat transfer will be reduced by half, down to
▪ Properties 39,310 kJ.
• 4.368/2 = 2.184 kW * 5*3600 = 78/620/2 = 39,310 kJ
• The thermal conductivity of the glass is given to be k =
0.78 W/mK.
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REF: Cengal 2 Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material. REF: Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

T(x)=b-axn

(x+y)^2
REF:
x

Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.

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[()]
REF: Please refer to list of references for information/graphics used in this material.
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(x+2) / y

END OF LECTURE NO. 3

NEXT: QUIZ NO. 1

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