Bthkhạdỳx pheụ̄̀x h̄ı̂ p̄hæ̀n r̂xn mī xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ thī̀ h̄emāas̄ mnı kār rạks̄ ʹā khwr chı̂ welā t̂m 30 nā

thī k̀ xn n�ả pị chı̂ ngān nı thāng pt̩ibạti xāc mī k̄ĥx c�ảkạd reụ̄̀xng raya welā nı kār t̂m dạngnận
kār ṣ̄ ụks̄ʹā nī̂ cụng mī wạtt̄hupras̄ ngkh̒ pheụ̄̀x h̄ā welā thī̀ n̂xy thī̀s̄ud nı kār t̂m thī̀ th�ả h̄ı̂ p̄hæ̀n
r̂xn mī xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ thī̀ h̄emāas̄m sụ̀ng pramein cāk xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ k̄hxng p̄hæ̀n r̂xn xuṇh̄phūmi
̣
p̄hiwh̄nạng læa kār h̄ịl weīyn leụ̄xd thī̀ p̄hiwh̄nạng nı xās̄ā s̄mạkhr pheṣ̄ chāy c�ảnwn 25 khn
doyn�ả p̄hæ̀n r̂xn k̄hnād 25x30 sentimetr pị t̂m nı h̄m̂x t̂m thī̀ khwbkhum xuṇh̄ phū ̣ min�̂ả wị̂
thī̀ 75±2 xngṣ̄ ā selseīys̄ d̂wy raya welā 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 læa 5 nāthī tāml�ảdạb læ̂ wn�ả k̄hụ̂n
mā wạd xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ thī̀ p̄hiw p̄ĥā k̄hxng p̄hæ̀n r̂xn thạnthī d̂wy xinfrāred thexr̒momitexr̒ læa h̄̀x
d̂wy p̄ĥā k̄hn h̄nū c�ảnwn 8 chận pheụ̄x̀ p̂xngkạn kār h̄ịm̂ phxng k̀ xn wāng bn ǹxng k̄hxng xās̄ā
s̄mạkhr nān 30 nāthī wạd xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ p̄hiwh̄nạng læa xạtrā kār h̄ịl weīyn leụ̄xd d̂wy d̂wy
thexr̒momitexr̒ bæb dicitxl læa kherụ̄̀xng Laser Doppler blood flow monitor thuk«5 nāthī p̄ hl kār
thdlxng phb ẁākhwām s̄ āmārt̄h nı kār kĕb kạk khwām r̂xn læa primāṇ khwām r̂xn thī̀ t̄hūk
t̄h̀ āythe xxk mā cāk p̄hæ̀n r̂xn pærp̄hạn tām raya welā k̄hxng kār t̂m yìng chı̂ welā nı kār t̂m nān
ca yìng dị̂ xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ thī̀ s̄ ūng k̄hụ̂n læa mī pras̄ ithṭhiphāph
̣ mākkẁā doy p̄hæ̀n r̂xn thī̀ chı̂ welā nı
kār t̂m 5 læa 10 nāthī mī xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ p̄hæ̀n r̂xn læa th�ả h̄ı̂ xuṇh̄phūmi
̣ læa xạtrā kār h̄ịl weīyn
̂
leụ̄xd thī̀ p̄hiwh̄nạng pheìm k̄hụ̂n dị n̂xy kẁā p̄hæ̀n r̂xn thī̀ t̂m 30 nāthī xỳāng mī nạy s̄ �ảkhạỵ
thāng s̄t̄hiti (p<0.05) Nı k̄hṇa thī̀ p̄hæ̀n r̂xn thī̀ t̂m 15, 20 læa 25 nāthī mị̀mī khwām tæk t̀āng kạb
kār t̂m 30 nāthī (p>0.05) S̄rup dị̂ ẁā welā 15 nāthī khụ̄x welā thī̀ n̂xy thī̀s̄ud nı kār t̂m thī̀ th�ả h̄ı̂
p̄hæ̀n r̂xn mī xuṇh̄phūmi ̣ thī̀ h̄emāas̄mnı kār rạks̄ʹā theīybthèākạb kār t̂m nān 30 nāthī
kh�ảs̄�ảkhạỵ: P̄hæ̀n r̂xn, raya welā k̄hxng kār t̂m, p̄hl kār rạks̄ʹā
Tampilkan lainnya
1450/5000
Abstract
For the hot plate to have the proper temperature for treatment, it should be
boiled for 30 minutes before use. In practice, restrictions may apply.
Boiling duration Therefore, this study aims to find the least amount of time
for boiling to bring the hot plate to the right temperature.
Which is evaluated from the temperature of the hot plate Skin temperature
and skin blood flow in 25 male volunteers
By boiling a 25x30 centimeter hot plate in a boiling pot with a water
temperature of 75 ± 2 degrees Celsius with the duration of
30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 minutes, respectively, then taken to measure the
temperature on the fabric surface of the hot plate immediately with an
infrared thermometer.
And wrapped in a towel of 8 layers to prevent burns Before placing on the
calf of the volunteer for 30 minutes
Measure skin temperature and blood flow with a digital thermometer and
Laser Doppler blood flow.
monitor every 5 minutes. The results show that the ability to store heat and
the amount of heat that is transferred from
Hot plates vary according to the boiling period. The longer the boiling time,
the higher the temperature and the more efficient.
Hot plates that boil for 5 and 10 minutes, have a hot plate temperature, and
increase skin temperature and blood flow.
Less than the boiled hot plate for 30 minutes statistically significant (p
<0.05) while the hot plate boiled for 15, 20 and 25 minutes without
The difference with boiling for 30 minutes (p> 0.05) concludes that 15
minutes is the least boiling time for a hot plate to have a temperature.
Suitable for treatment equivalent to boiling for 30 minutes
Important word: hot plate, duration of boiling, treatment effect

Introduction

A hot pack is a physical therapy device.

That is widely used Due to the ease of use, convenience, and price

Not expensive, classified as shallow heat treatment That provides moist heat

Makes the skin feel hot and comfortable and does not burn the skin (1) commonly used to reduce
pain (2, 3)

Reducing spasms, increasing flexibility (4) and increasing metabolic processes

Absorption in the shallow tissue (5, 6), which is the right temperature for

Heat treatment (therapeutic temperature) must be

The temperature that causes tissue to rise above 40-45

Degrees celsius (1, 6) since it is the temperature that causes it to expand

The body's small arteries on the skin. Resulting in

Increased local blood (hyperemia) and circulation

Increase in blood supply to the skin (7)

Inside the hot plate is silicon dioxide sand which contains

Water absorption and heat retention properties (8) before taking

Hot plates must be boiled in the boiling pot. (hydrocollator

unit) with a temperature of 70-80 degrees Celsius at least 20-30

Minutes for the hot plate to have the humidity and temperature as

Need (5, 7) and then wrapped in a towel about 6-12 layers to

Keeps heat and prevents it from overheating (1) even though the sheet

Warming is a shallow heat treatment that causes the temperature of

Tissue increases up to 42 degrees Celsius (6), which is enough to

Can increase blood flow and provide therapeutic effect

But the use of hot plates for efficiency Must consider factors

Many things such as hot plate temperature, rate of

Exothermic, increased tissue temperature, duration

Treatment and size of the treated area (1, 9, 10)

Although the hot plate can be used repeatedly, but

It takes at least 20-30 minutes to boil (5, 7) in order for the plates

That summer is hot enough for treatment in the physical department.

Many therapies have a high rate of hot plate usage and use

Continuously Causing insufficient heating pad to

Use and it is necessary to use the hot plate that is not fully boiled at the time

Which may cause the hot plate to be lower than desired

And affects the effectiveness of treatment No past

Study the temperature Heat transfer and the effect of hot plates

Boiled in boiling water for less than 30 minutes before

The objective of this study is to study the temperature of hot plates.

Heat transfer to the skin and the effect of increasing the flow.

Circulating the skin of hot plates boiled in water with a temperature of 75

Degrees celsius for a period of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes.

Compare with hot plates that are boiled for 30 minutes, which is the time

Standards recommended for boiling hot plates being used

And then before reuse (5, 7) and find the least amount of time to boil at

Making the hot plate as efficient as boiling for 30 minutes to

Get information for using hot plates for medical treatment

Physical therapy In case of need

Use hot plates for a limited time.

Study method

This study has been approved by the board.

Research ethics in humans Naresuan University

250/57 conducted an experiment in a temperature controlled room at

25 ± 2 degrees Celsius and use standard sized hot plates

25x30 centimeters, boiled in a boiling pot (Packheater, EnrafNonius, Netherlands) that controls the
water temperature to 75 ± 2.

Degrees celsius, divided into 2 experiments as follows

1. Study the effect of boiling time on hot water on

Hot plate temperature

Bring the hot plate to a boil in the pot for 30 minutes.

And bring it to measure the temperature immediately By using an infrared thermometer

Measure the outer surface of the fabric at the center of the hot plate perpendicularly.

For 5 seconds for the device to find the average temperature measured

Allow the hot plate to cool to room temperature.

And repeat 30 times, and then perform the same experiment but using

Boiling period 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes

Respectively

2. Study the effect of duration of boiling hot plate on

Temperature and blood flow to the skin

Measure the temperature and blood flow rate at

Calf skin in the 25 male volunteers, aged

20-25 years with a body mass index between 18.49-24.91 kilograms

Per square meter, fat percentage 10.7-17.2 and no contraindications

In the use of hot plates such as high fever and arterial disease

The tip or area where the hot pad is placed. There are acute inflammation.

Open wounds, infections, or sensory disorders

Etc. (1, 5) with volunteers lying on the bed with pillows

At the chest and ankle Clean the calf area of the side leg.

Not easy with 70% alcohol (10) stick the temperature probe of

Digital thermometer in the middle of the calf High from heels

25 centimeters, then wrap the boiled hot plate for 30 minutes.

With 8 layers of towels (total thickness of approximately 1.5

Centimeter, which has been tested that the maximum heat that passes through the fabric

Towel out no more than 45 degrees Celsius, which is not a temperature

Causing harm to the volunteers) placed on the calves of the volunteers

Record skin temperature from digital thermometer every

2 seconds for 10 seconds and then find the average Along with the rate measurement

Blood flow with Laser Doppler blood flow

monitor (moorVMS-LDF, Moor Instruments, UK) to

For 30 seconds and analyze the average flow rate

Blood in 10 seconds with Moor VMS-PC software (11, 12)

Both temperature and blood flow rate are measured every 5 minutes.

Until 30 minutes, then experiment with boiling hot plates

For 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes, respectively, with

Rest during the experiment for at least 48 hours in order to not take effect.

Outstanding from previous experiments

Data analysis

Analyze data from mean and deviation

Standard (mean ± SD) using One-way analysis of

variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures to compare

Of the temperature of the hot plate Skin temperature and rate

Skin blood circulation caused by hot plates that take a period of time

30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 minutes, then use Post-hoc statistics

(Turkey) test to analyze the differences of study results

Each pair, by specifying the statistical significance level at p <0.05

Study results

1. Effect of boiling time on hot water on temperature

Of hot plates

This study uses new hot plates that have not been used before.

Amount of 2 plates to control the hot plate's lifespan and

Similar performance and 30 minutes of boiling time.

Is the standard for boiling hot plates before use.

The temperature at the outer surface of the hot plate that took to boil 30,
25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 minutes with an average of 67.13 ±

1.40, 67.06 ± 1.40, 66.94 ± 1.49, 66.54 ± 1.41,

2. Effect of duration of boiling hot plates on

Temperature and blood flow to the skin

From the measurement of temperature and blood flow to the skin

The calf area where the hot plates are boiled at various times

Found that the amount of heat that is transferred varies according to

Duration of boiling The longer the time it takes to boil, the more results

Overheating causes increased skin temperature and blood flow.

More and last longer As shown in Figure 2 and sheet 3

Heat at boiled 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 minutes, transferred

Heat comes out continuously Until the highest in the 15th minute

The skin temperature was 44.26 ± 0.69, 44.30 ± 0.80,

44.04 ± 0.60, 44.00 ± 0.69, 40.90 ± 0.71 and 40.77

± 0.80 degrees Celsius respectively and gradually decreasing

While the hot plate is boiled for 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10 minutes.

Skin maximum blood flow rate increases in 20 minutes

With an average of 33.05 ± 5.72, 32.98 ± 4.48, 32.95.

± 5.76, 32.11 ± 5.16 and 25.08 ± 5.99 respectively.

And hot plates that take 5 minutes to boil, have a circulation rate

The highest blood level at 15 minutes, with an average of 23.30 ± 5.28.

in addition, it was found that hot plates that used to boil 5 and 10

Minute causing the temperature and blood flow rate on the skin

Can increase significantly less than a boiled hot plate for 30 minutes

Statistical (p <0.05) from the 5th minute to the 30th minute

Summary and criticism of the study results

The objective of this study was to study the temperature of

Hot plates boiled in water with a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius periodically

Time 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes compared to hot plates

Boiled for 30 minutes, which is the standard time that has been recommended
For boiling hot plates that have been used Before reuse (5, 7)

In addition, the study of heat transfer to the skin and

Blood flow to the skin In order to find the least time to boil at

Making the hot plate as efficient as boiling for 30 minutes

Data obtained from the comparison of the duration of hot plate boiling

It was found that boiling 5 and 10 minutes caused the temperature at the surface of the plate.

Hotter than other boiling stages With statistical significance

Only hot plates that boil for just 5 minutes are lower than the plate.

Heat at boiling 30 minutes to 3 degrees Celsius, but no past

Data that can tell that the temperature of the hot plate must be less than

How many degrees Celsius will affect the treatment Due to efficiency

Methods of treatment with hot plates Does not depend on the heat temperature

Only But still depends on the amount of heat accumulated in

Hot plates transfer heat to tissues and the duration

The tissue is also heated (1,9,10). In this study, it was found that

Hot plates that boil for 5 and 10 minutes, unless the temperature is low

Than then also causes the temperature and blood flow to the skin

The calf area of the volunteers is less than other hot plates as well

Which the outer surface of the hot plate takes 30 minutes to boil

Has a temperature equal to 67.13 ± 1.40 degrees celsius, although

The temperature is not equal to the water in the boiler (75 degrees Celsius), but

The measured values were consistent with previous studies at the measurements.

The temperature at the outer surface of the plate is approximately 68 degrees.

Celsius (10), probably because the heat on the fabric surface is drained like

Quickly when the room temperature is lower. Also, hot plates

That boil for 30 minutes, can still transfer heat through towels

And quickly passed on to the skin Causing the temperature of

The skin increases to therapeutic temperature from the minute

5 and persists until the 30th minute and has a circulatory rate

Almost three times that of resting Which the temperature between 40-45

That degree celsius Can stimulate hyperemia and have

Increased blood flow (7)

Hot plates can hold high heat and give

Can heat for a long time because the silicon dioxide sand on the hot plate has

Absorbing and retention properties from water and

Able to transfer heat energy to the skin quickly

Until it may cause burns if exposed to skin directly (13)

Therefore have to wrap a towel so that the heat gradually transfers to

Tissue slowly (14). If the hot plate is not hot enough to

Causing the heat energy to be rapidly dissipated and The heat will decrease more quickly when there
is no wrapping by cloth.

In general, wrap the hot sheet with a towel about 6-12 layers (7) to

Helps to store heat and not let the skin touch the heat.

Directly in this study The hot pads will be wrapped in towels.

Total 8 layers, with a total thickness of approximately 1.5 centimeters

In order to prevent the heat from being transferred out too much which in

In practice, temperatures should not exceed 45 degrees Celsius.

As it may cause damage to tissues (1) in addition, the ability

In heat transfer and blood flow also depends on

Environmental temperature Moisture of the skin, the thickness of

Subcutaneous fat layer, age and sex (15-17), so in the process

The research team controlled the room temperature to 25 ± 2.

Degrees Celsius and choose to do a volunteer calf test

Amateur male teenagers With body mass index and percentage of fat under

Not much skin To control these factors

From the experimental results, it was found that Heat trapped in

The hot plate is quickly ejected in the first 5 minutes, resulting in

The skin quickly rises in temperature and remains in the therapeutic temperature for up to 30
minutes. The results are close.

As with previous studies Found that the hot plate has been boiled

In a boiler with a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius for more than 30 minutes

And wrapped in a 4-layer towel, causing the skin temperature in the calf

Rise to 40 degrees Celsius within 1-2 minutes and

Increased to 48.2 degrees Celsius in the 6th minute, which volunteered

The application is still bearable and does not show any abnormal symptoms and

After 30 minutes the temperature dropped to 40.8 degrees.

Celsius (10) which is still in the temperature range for treatment and

Consistent with the method of hot pad treatment that requires tissue to have

The temperature rises to the heat level at 40-45 degrees.

Celsius and takes 15-30 minutes to treat (1, 6) due to

Can give effects of hyperemia up to 70-80 percent, which

Resulting in the highest therapeutic efficacy (9) because of the heat

This level can cause changes in physiology and

Effect of treatment such as causing small arteries

That the skin expands Increase blood circulation, reduce pain and increase

Tissue elasticity (5, 7), but hot plates that take 5 to boil and

10 minutes causing the skin temperature to rise to 40 degrees Celsius only

Short time Which may not be sufficient to provide treatment results

As mentioned

In addition to skin temperature, the rate of

Circulation changes in the same direction as

Hot plate temperature and boiling time by rate of

The highest blood flow in the skin during the 20th minute

About 3 times from the break And lasts until the 30th minute but

Hot plates that take 5 to 10 minutes to boil, flow rates

Less circulatory blood than hot plates that take to boil 15,

20, 25 and 30 minutes, clearly from the study of

Okada et al. In 2005 found that placing hot plates

Gel form with a temperature of 55 degrees Celsius causing the skin area

With temperatures rising up to 41 degrees Celsius within

6-7 minutes and remains for up to 15 minutes, therefore the temperature decreases and

Still found that at this temperature of 41 degrees celsius Able to make

Increased blood flow to the subcutaneous layer and volume

oxygenated hemoglobin increases by 10 percent from rest

While the hot plate has a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, causing

The skin temperature increases only 35 degrees Celsius and not

Causing blood flow changes (18) show

Saw that the ability to store heat and the amount of

The heat that is transferred from the hot plate varies with time.

Of boiling, the longer it takes to boil, the higher the temperature

And last longer By the hot plate which takes time to boil from

15 minutes or more, effective as close to hot plates that take

Boil for 30 minutes, both for heat retention Transfer

Warming and stimulation of the expansion of blood vessels to

Increase blood circulation Therefore, using hot plates to get results

Effective treatment must cause hot plates to absorb and

Keep the heat fully before using it. By boiling in water containing

High temperature and take not less than 15 minutes to boil

Hot enough to treat. However, this study is the result

Education in healthy young men only And measure the change

Temperature and blood flow at the calf muscles

Large bundle and with a small layer of fat under the skin If applied

Use with other areas May require special education.

Areas with a lot of fat layers Including education in women

And other age ranges