Experiences of HSS structures

in Scandinavia
-HILONG Workshop-

Milan Veljkovic

London, 30th June, 2015

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Outline

 Material properties, steel grades, costs

 Design of Hybrid Beams in Pure Bending
 Engineering examples
 Conclusions (obstacles and solutions)

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 EN structural steel grades and costs*)
Non
standard 1100
Yield
grade
Strength
[MPa] 960
Highest
(900)
grade in 890
Eurocode
Highest 3-1-12
Common grade in (700)
grade in Eurocode 690
US and 3-1-1 620
Sweden 550
500
460
420
*)
Prof. B. Johansson, 355
LTU, 2005 275
235

420 460 500

As rolled Thermo- Both Quenched

mechanically tempered
Normalised exist
rolled

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Eurocode SS-EN1993-1-12 (for now) to be in EN1993-1-1
Hot-rolled structural steel

Thermo-mechanically rolled steel for cold forming

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 SSAB steels (examples)

S460 rolling direction S690 90o to rolling dir.

http://www.ssab.com/en/Products--Services/Service--Support/Technical-Tools-and-films/Steelfacts/Steelfacts/
- Forming data
- Stress-strain curves
- Welding tests, details on welding consumables

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 Requirements for ductility
 EN1993-1-1 ( S460)

• EN1993-1-12 ( above S460 to S690/S700)

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 Material properties 800

 Exempels: 700
S275

Nominal stress (MPa)

600
– Mild steel - S275 S355
S700
500
– Mild steel - S355 400

– HS Steel - S700 300

200
Min yield strength

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Nominal strain (% )

Acc. to EN 10025, parts 2, 3, 4 and 6

Ultimate strain

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 Ductility

Ratio of yield strength to tensile strength

Yield strength 0.2% [MPa]

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Material properties (FEA-explicit)

900
800 S275
S355
700
S700
600
Stress (MPa)

500
400
300
200 Engineering stress-strain
True stress-strain
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Strain (%)

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 Beam bending

 Simple span beam L = 7.0 m

Load application (displ. control)

 Different cross-sections are assumed to achieve the same beam resistance:

S275 S700

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Comparison S275 vs. S700 beam

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 Hybrid girder S275/S700 vs. S355/S700

1400 1400

1200 1200
Ppl,Rd,S700 = 1022 kN Ppl,Rd,S700 = 1022 kN
1000 1000
Force (kN)

Ppl,Rd,S700+S275 = 867 kN

Force (kN)
Ppl,Rd,S700+S355 = 895 kN
800 800

600 600

Ppl,Rd,S275 = 401 kN Ppl,Rd,S355 = 512 kN

400 400
S275 S355
S700 S700
200 200
flanges: S700; web: S275 flanges: S700; web: S355
Initial stiffness Initial stiffness
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

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Cross-section classification and type of
analysis

Cross-
Cross-section
Global analysis section/member
class
verifications

Plastic Plastic
Class 1 Elastic Plastic
Elastic Elastic
Elastic Plastic S700
Class 2
Elastic Elastic
Class 3 – Class 4 Elastic Elastic

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- Design of hybrid girders
- Bending resistance

Section 1 &2

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Design of hybrid girders
- Bending resistance
Section 3 &4
Classification acc. to fyf

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Design of hybrid girders
Serviceability requirements
Reversible
behaviour

JCSR paper
2004

±0.92 fyf
ratio 1.67

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- Design of hybrid girders

- Bending resistance

Lateral torsional buckling  the same as for homogenious

girders

Flange induced buckling  The web does not have any

effect

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Flange induced buckling (validation of Basler 1961)

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 Flange induced buckling, homogeneous vs.
hybrid girders
1200

1000

800
Force (kN)

600

400 flanges & web: S255

flanges & web: S460
200 flange: S460; web: S255
Elastic bending stiffnes
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Deflection (mm)

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Flange induced buckling – verification with
Hand calculation
6000

5000
Mpl,Rd,S460 = 4201 kNm
4000
Mpl,Rd,S460+S255 = 3935 kN
Moment (kNm)

3000

2000 Mpl,Rd,S255 = 2365 kN

flange & web: S460
1000 flnge & web: S255
flange: S460; web: S255
0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Curvature (mrad)

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Flange induced buckling – ductility assessment
1.4

1.2
Non Dimensional Moment (M/Mp)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4
flange & web: S460
0.2 flnge & web: S255
flange: S460; web: S255
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Non Dimensional Curvature (/p)

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- Design of hybrid girders

- Shear resistance, patch loading

EC3-1-5  formulae with different yield
strength

- Interaction V-M
Class 3&4 as it is
Class 1&2 neglect  Practice in USA and Sweden

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Hybrid girder – example

- Partial yielding in the web will occur but the

girder will still show a repeatable
behaviour.
- If the yield strength of the flanges is not
more than twice that of the web the yielding
can be neglected in serviceability limit
state.
- “Easy fabrication of hybrid girders is no
problem; matching electrodes can be met
up to S690.
- Hybrid girders are more economical;

Limit fyfl<2 fyw for serviceability reasons, as shown in

experimental verification

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Engineering examples
Composite bridge
in Sweden with
hybrid I-girders.
Flanges S500
Web S355

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 Engineering examples
-cost comparison-

Composite bridge with 23 m With S355 as reference the

simple span, width 7 m,*) . alternative S460+S690 gives:

*)Mittådalen bridge Cost for site welding -15 %

Steel designer: Scandiaconsult Cost for painting -20 %
(Ramböll today), Luleå Total cost -12%

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Engineering examples
-cost comparison-

Web Flanges Costs

S355 S355 1.0

S355 S690 -5%

S355 S690 -6%

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 Engineering examples

“Fast Bridge 48”, patented,

developed in last 1980 and beginning
of 90-ies for the Swedish army*).
Truss girders in 5 mm thick S1100.
Span 48 m, designed for 65 t tank,
deflection 0,65 m.
S1100 has the same weight/strength
ratio as advanced Al-alloys
*)Steel Designer: Kockums AB, Karlskronavarvet and KTH, Stockholm

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 Engineering examples

Launching beam for erecting the bridge in S1100. Cross section of

Carries one man as cantilever and the bridge launching beam.
sections as simply supported beam. The bridge is Note: the folds
erected in 1 h 15 min. used to stiffen the
web.

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Conclusions:
Why High Strength Steel?
Reduced costs due to:
–Less material (but more expensive)
–Less welding (thinner plates)
–Less painting (smaller area)
–Lower transport costs

Reduced weight allows higher payload.

Reduced environmental impact due to
less material for a given performance

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 Conclusions:
Obstacles and possible solutions
•Too high deformations -» precamber, composite action, trusses,…

•Local buckling -» Stiffening by cold formed folds, innovative cross-sections.

•Availability -» Increased use will increase production and availability.

•Fatigue -» Post-weld treatments, improved detailing.

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