2.

Scrotum - A bag of skin that holds and help to protect

THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE the testicles also it provides a proper temperature for
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM the viable sperm

Additional notes:
OUTLINE
➢ When the environment is cold the scrotum
I. Male Reproductive Organ will retreat up towards the body and will
II. Spermatogenesis
constrict however if the environment is hot
III. Female External Reproductive Organ
the scrotum will descend due to the
IV. Oogenesis
V. Menstruation temperature that maintain the viability of
VI. The Menstrual Cycle the sperm.
VII. Pregnancy ➢ Cryptorchidism - Failure of the scrotum to
VIII. Stages of Pregnancy descend. This is one of the most common
endocrine problems in newborn males

B. INTERNAL STRUCTURES
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Testes
2. Epididymis - extend 10-20 ft; 2-4 weeks sperm
maturation
- Temporary site for immature sperm
3. Vas Deferens - 16 inches
• Ampulla of the Vas Deferens
4. Ejaculatory duct
5. Urethra
• Three regions of the urethra:
- Prostatic Urethra
- Membranous Urethra
- Penile Urethra

C. ACCESSORY GLANDS
1. Seminal vesicles - 2 inches; secrete alkaline
fluid and fructose
• Aspermia - Lack or absence of the
reproduction of the sperm
Fig 1. Parts of the Male Reproductive System • Oligospermia - The sperm is fewer
than 20 million per ml
• The male reproductive system produce, nourish and
2. Prostate gland - walnut
transport sperm into the female reproductive system
• Prostatic Urethra - Help to control
for reproduction.
the mixing of the urine into the sperm
• It secretes the male sex hormone called testosterone.
during the sexual intercourse.
3. Cowper’s gland/ Bulbourethral - 2 pea sized
A. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES structure
1. Penis - Transport the semen into the female • secrete an alkaline mucus-like fluid
reproductive tract. that helps to counter act the acidity of
the urethra and ensure the passage of
- Passage of urine the spermatozoa.
• Parts of the Penis:
- Shaft D. MALE BREASTS
- Glands Penis
- Prepuce/ Foreskin

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 SPERMATOGENESIS
• The formation of sperm cell that undergo mitotic and
meiotic divisions

Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Fig 2. Parts of the sperm cell

Anterior Pituitary Gland
FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIV E
FSH (Follicle LH ORGAN
Stimulating (Luteinizing
Hormone) Hormone)

Androgen Binding Protein

Testosterone

SPERMATOGENESIS

SEMEN
• 60%- Prostate gland
• 30%- Seminal Vesicle Fig 3. External parts of the Female Reproductive system
• 5%- Epididymis • Produces the egg cell
• 5%- Bulbourethral gland • Site for fertilization
• 3-5 cc (1tsp) per ejaculation • Nourish, Protect the developing fetus inside the mother’s
womb
SPERMATOZOA • It produces the hormone Estrogen and Progesterone
• Produced by testicles
• 40-80 million per cc of semen A. EXTERNAL STRUCTURE
• 300-500 million per ejaculation 1. Mons Veneris/ Mons Pubis
• 300-500 million per ejaculation 2. Labia Majora - An adipose tissue that helps to protect
• 12-20 days travel mature after 64 days and cover the inner structure of the female genitalia
3. Labia Minora
4. Clitoris
5. Urethral Meatus
6. Perineum

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Fig 4. Internal Parts of the Female Reproductive System
B. INTERNAL STRUCTURES
1. VAGINA
• 3-4 inches long
• Vaginal rugae = become thin because this will be the
passageway of the baby during delivery
• Passageway for sperm and menstrual flow, the
receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse and the
inferior portion of birth canal. It is capable of considerable
distension
2. UTERUS
• “womb”
• “bahay-bata”
• Where the baby develops
• The layers of the uterus are an outer perimetrium,
middle myometrium, inner endometrium
3. FALLOPIAN TUBE
• 4 inches
• Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus
• Has 3 parts:
1. Isthmus = site of fertilization
2. Ampulla
3. Infundibulum
• Some mothers have ectopic pregnancy wherein during
fertilization it is stuck in the tube and not in the uterus.
This will cause rupture of the blood vessel in the tube
resulting bleeding to the pregnant mother
ALCORDO, ALINGASA, BULAWAN, CARPIO, QUIMNO BSN-2D
4. OVARIES
• 2 almond shaped glands
• Female gonads are located in the superior portion of the
pelvic cavity lateral to the uterus
• It produces secondary oocytes, discharge secondary
oocytes (the process of ovulation) and secretes
hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, relaxing
and inhibin
• Oogenesis begins in the ovaries
• Regulate and initiate the menstrual cycle
• Within the ovary, it has tiny sac structures
• Ovarian follicle = consist of immature egg which we
called oocytes
• Cells surrounded by oocytes inside which we call as the
follicular cells in which mature and become the ovarian
follicle
• The mature follicle is called graafian follicle which
discharge mature ovum from the graafian follicle during
the ovulation time (time you are “so” fertile)
5. CERVIX
• Cervical os has internal and external os
6. FIMBRIAE
• Help catch the sperm during penetration
• Is finger-like projection and can be found at the end of
the fallopian tube
• Creates current that acts to carry the oocytes or the
fertilized egg into the uterine tube where it usually begins
its journey towards the uterus
7. BROAD LIGAMENT
• Help the uterus in place, no matter what position you
• will do during sexual intercourse = “locked”
Additional notes:
➢ If the egg during sexual intercourse/excitement is
not fertilized, it will eventually deteriorate and
excreted from the body in the form of
menstruation
➢ The journey from the tube into the uterus of a
fertilized is about 4-5 days; the egg is fertilized in
the tube and implanted in the uterus and fully
developed particularly in the endometrium
➢ If there is tubal ligation, it is the isthmus that is
surgically cut off
9
 C. ACCESSORY GLANDS • Has internal os and external os and is expressed in cm
(dilation of cervix)
1. BREASTS (MAMMARY GLAND) • Vaginal canal is rugated and becoming thin during the
process of delivery or as labor progresses. It is expressed
• Are modified sweat glands lying superficial to the in percentage by the doctor
pectoralis major muscles. Their function is to
synthesize, secrete and eject milk (lactation) after the FEMALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE
birth of the baby SYSTEM: LATERAL VIEW
• Mammary gland development depends on estrogen
and progesterone. The milk production is stimulate by
hormones such as prolactin, estrogens and
progesterone, milk ejection is stimulated by oxytocin

2. BARTHOLIN OR VULVOVAGINAL GLAND

• Produces fluid to the stimulation

3. SKENE OR PARAURETHRAL GLAND

D. PELVIS

• Is NOT an accessory gland

• Part of the skeletal system
• Involved in the process of delivery

INTERNAL PART OF THE UTERU

Fig 6. Internal Part of the Uterus in Lateral view

• Uterus = overlying into the urinary bladder and rectum

• A full bladder and rectum will hinder the passageway of
the baby or paglabas ng baby
• The pelvic bone plays a role in pregnancy

OOGENESIS

• This is the process in which there is formation and

development of the oocyte or the ovum

Fig 5. Internal Part of the Uterus

• The layers of the uterus are an outer perimetrium, middle

myometrium, inner endometrium (site of implantation)

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 Underdeveloped cell
PRIMITIVE OOGANIA
During proliferation
phase, the cells of the
PRIMORDIAL OR generative layer of the
ovary divides to produce
PRIMITIVE FOLLICLE
follicle which is the
(before birth) Undergo secondary oocyte
Meiosis I
Further develop to
become the oocytes or
the haploid of the
SECONDARY OOCYTES chromosomes = 46
Provides for the
maturation as well as the
release of the fertilized
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
oocytes. Forms the
corpus luteum (CL)
which promote and
maintains the implantation
of the embryo. If there is
OVUM no fertilization the CL will
progress its function and
turns into menstrual cycle.
If there is ovum, it is the one If there is fertilization, the
capable of developing a new graafian follicle will
individual with the sperm being maintain the CL in
fertilized preparation for the coming
of fertilized ovum
OOCYTES / FERTILIZED EGG
Fig 7. Oocytes / fertilized egg
CORONA RADIATA
• Is a follicle cell that surrounds the zona pellucida
ALCORDO, ALINGASA, BULAWAN, CARPIO, QUIMNO BSN-2D
• This will provide internal protection for the oocytes
ZONA PELLUCIDA
• The one that supports the communication between the
oocytes and the follicular cells during the oogenesis
• Regulates the ovulated eggs and free-swimming during
and following of fertilization
HYALURENIC ACID
• Important part of the extracellular matrix that function in
cells during signalization
MENSTRUATION
• Shedding of Corpus Luteum
• Periodic discharges of the female which is composed of
blood, mucos, and dead endometrial cells of the uterus
• Blood coming from the ruptured capillaries in the uterus
• Menarch (onset) early as 14 yrs. old some 10,
menopause (termination) 50 years old and above
• 300,000 - 400,000 oozytes per ovary, they are the
immature oozytes that is present at birth. It is formed
during the first month of the intrauterine life. This maybe
degenerate and be atresia
• Average cycle is 28 days but, in some cases, it reaches
up to 31 days. Duration of 3-5 days however in some
books it says up to 7 days
• Unovulatory state after menarch
• Menstrual flow contains 30-80 ml of blood, sometimes
more due to intake, problem in hormone, or not properly
shed off
• Structures involve hypothalamus, APG, ovaries, uterus,
vagina (excretion of the menstrual cycle)
• Hormones that regulate – FSH and LH
• ESTROGEN
• PROGESTERONE
• Mittelschmerz = abdominal cramping pain that occurs
after the time of ovulation. It is different from
dysmenorrhea in which is an abdominal cramping pain
that occurs during the course of menstruation.
ESTROGEN
• Inhibits production of FSH
• Causes hypertrophy of the myometrium
• Stimulates growth of breasts ducts
- Development of the breast is called “Thelarche”
11
• Increases ph of cervical mucus causing it to become thin
and watery (Spinnbarkhelt test), occurs during ovulation
• Proliferates the endometrium
PROGESTERONE
• Inhibits production of LH
• Increases endometrial tortuosity
• Increases endometrial secretions
• Inhibits uterine motility
• Facilitate transport of fertilized ovum through fallopian
tube
• Increases body temperature after ovulation which means
you are fertile
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
A.THE FOUR LEVELS
• 1. CNS RESPONSE- Hypothalamic-pituitary gland
action (FSH and LH)
-stimulation of the hypothalamus
• 2. OVARIAN RESPONSE (2 phases)- Proliferative
phase (1-14 days); Secretory (15-22 days)
• ENDOMETRIAL RESPONSE (4 phases)
o Menstrual phase (1-5 days)
o Proliferative phases (6-14 days)
o Secretory ( 15-26 days)
o Ischemic ( 27-28 days)
• CERVICAL MUCUS RESPONSE (OVULATORY)
15 – 23 days BEFORE OVULATION –
Spinnbarkeit/Spinnbarkheit; mittelschmerts AFTER
OVULATION.
Additional notes:
Body structures involved in menstrual cycle:
➢ Hypothalamus
➢ Anterior Pituitary Gland
➢ Ovary
➢ Uterus
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B. PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
A. Proliferative/ Preovulatory/ Follicular Phase
(16-14 days)
• In a 28 days cycle → begins with the end
of menstruation
Additional notes:
➢ The first day of menstruation is the last day
of menstrual period.
• levels of estrogen and progesterone
• Hypothalamus senses the decrease, thus
stimulates the APG to secrete GnRH
prompting the release of FSH which
stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles
(10-20)
• Follicles ripen but only one will mature
which is known as the Graafian follicle.
B. Ovulatory Phase (14-15) –Peak
• Graafian follicle ruptures and releases the mature
ovum near the fallopian tube.
• 2 ova matures- both fertilized (Fraternal twins)
• 1 fertilized ovum divides into 2 separate zygotes
(Identical twins)
• Hypothalamus senses increase level of estrogen
triggers the APG to release LH which acts with FSH
to cause OVULATION and enhance Corpus
Luteum formation
C. Secretory / Luteal Phase (16-28)
• Corpus luteum secretes Progesterone that
maintains the vascularity (also the thickness) of the
endometrium
• Decrease level of estrogen and increase
progesterone (hormone of pregnancy)
12
 • Cause glands in the endometrium to secrete
nutrients to sustain a fertilized ovum that is implanted
in the uterine wall
• If no implantation- Hypothalamus signal the
Pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and LH
Additional Notes:
• Decrease in FSH and LH causes the Corpus
luteum to decompose in the ovary and nourishment
of the endometrium stops. (THIS WILL HAPPEN 2
DAYS BEFORE MENSTRUATION)
Addition notes:
➢ Corpus luteum become necrotic and
ischemic. After 2 days the necrotic will
separate and degenerate from basal layer
of corpus luteum and it turns another
cycle of menstruation
• Increased in hormones in preparation for the
coming of the fertilized ovum. But if there is no
fertilization the hormones start to decrease
because there is no pregnancy to maintain.
➢ Obstetric nursing defined as the art and
science that would take care of the
childbearing as well child rearing mothers.
Also take care the woman and the unborn
baby.
➢ Maternity nursing this is a practice of
nursing care given to the woman before,
during, and after pregnancy.
➢ Maternal and childcare nursing is branch of
nursing that is family centered and that
would assume responsibility for the whole
cycle of the pregnant mother to include the
family member or the entire family itself.

PREGNANCY
D. Menstrual Phase (1-5): an end and a beginning
• Normal amount of semen/ ejaculation :3.5 cc

• Decrease in estrogen and progesterone

• Number of sperm per cc of semen: 40 -80 million
• Mature ovum is capable of being fertilized for 12 to
• Lining disintegrates and discharges from the body 24 hours after ovulation
• Sperm is capable of fertilizing for 3 to 4 days after
• MENSTRUAL FLOW ejaculation
• Normal lifespan of sperm is 7 days
• Sperm can reach ovum in 1 -5 minutes.
• Fallopian tube will contract due to estrogen
• Sperm must remain in female genital tract for 4 -6
hours before they are capable of fertilizing the ovum
• Sperm have 22 autosomes and 1 X or Y sex
chromosomes
• Ova contains 22 autosomes and 1 X sex
chromosomes.

STAGES OF PREGNANCY
1. Fertilization

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 • The Process in which a sperm penetrates outer
layer of the ovum
Additional Notes:
➢ Fertilization – Union of sperm and
ovum, sperm penetrates layer of
ovum. Which then turns into a
zygote. Then begins a chain of
division that result in the
development of an embryo and
usually occurring at the fallopian
tube. The total time span is about 24
– 48 hr. Mature ovum is surrounded
by 2 plasma which binds together
and where the sperm needs to
penetrate.
➢ another term for fertilization is
Impregnation
➢ Fertilization – occurs during the mid-
cycle of the menstruation, 14th days
after menstruation is the ovulation
process. The woman is Fertile.
2. Implantation
• when the blastocyst attaches the endometrium (7 –
9 days after fertilization)
Additional Notes:
➢ Endometrium – where implantation of
fertilized ovum
➢ Morola – 6 collection of cells coded
that undergone mitotic division, takes
about 3 - 4 days. Continues to undergo
mitosis until the end of the 5th day,
then turn into a blastocyst.
➢ Apposition – when blastocyst
reaches/brushes unto the
endometrium
➢ Adhesion – when blastocyst attaches
to the endometrium
➢ Invasion – when blastocyst settles in
the soft fold of the endometrium
➢ Decidua – thickening of the
➢ endometrium and also vascularity
3 separate areas:
Decidua Basalis – portion where the late trophoblast
cells are establishing communication with
maternal blood vessels which forms maternal
side of the placenta
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Additional Notes:
Decidua Casularis – portion of endometrium that
stretches/encapsulates the trophoblast surface
Decidua Vera – lines the remaining area of the
uterus
1. Amniotic fluid (100 – 2200)
• -serves as a protective mechanism
of growing fetus
• -protects fetus from changes of
temperature
• -aids in muscular development
• -during delivery it will aid in the
descent of the baby
• -serves as a lubricant
• -allows the fetus to move freely
• -protects umbilical cord from
pressure
• -Protects fetus from infection
Polyhydramnios – too much
production of Amniotic fluid
Intervention: Less fluid intake
Oligohydramnios – less
production of Amniotic fluid
Intervention: increase fluid intake
2. Chorionic villi
• -involve in the function the placenta
• -surround trophoblast, and produce
hormones
Hormones:
• - Human gonadotropin
• - (Hpnl) Human placental lactogen
• -Estrogen
• -Progesterone
2. Yolk sac
• -Produce RBC, develops sperm or
egg cells, Becomes a part of the
umbilical cord
3. Allantois
• -Contribute function of urinary
bladder, blood vessels, but become
a part of the umbilical cord
14
 3. Pre-Placental stage
• When the endometrium becomes highly vascular
(week 2)

4. Placental and Fetal development

IMPLANTATION
• 50% of zygote never achieve implantation
• Small amount of vaginal spotting is occasionally
present
• Endometrium turned to decidua: decidua Basalis,
decidua capsularis, decidua vera
• 3 Processes: apposition, adhesion, invasion

REFERENCES

I. Power point presentation

II. Notes from Discussion

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