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Lime Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Deposits Exposed at El-Kawther Quarter, Sohag Region, Egypt
Lime Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Deposits Exposed at El-Kawther Quarter, Sohag Region, Egypt
DOI: 10.5923/j.geo.20130303.02
1
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
2
Quality Control Sector, Nasr General Contracting Company, Cairo, 2919, Egypt
Abstract This work dealt with chemical stabilizat ion of expansive soils (clayey silts) of Pliocene deposits exposed at El
kawther quarter (Sohag region) using hydrated lime to reduce their swelling, to avoid a road heave and to improve their
geotechnical properties. Several specimens (disturbed and undisturbed) of the studied expansive deposits were collected fro m
El-Kawther sector of the upper Egypt-Red Sea road, east of Sohag city. Chemical analysis (XRF) of both the studied clayey
silt and the used lime was conducted, as well as soluble salts (sulfates and chlorides) were determined. Microstructural
changes were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after the soil treat ment. Geotechnical
properties including p lasticity, co mpaction parameters, unconfined compressive strength (qu), Californ ia bearing ratio (CBR),
swelling percent using CBR-instrument as well as free swelling of the studied soil were measured before and after the
treatment. An optimu m lime content to treat the studied clayey silt was 5% according to pH-test. The results showed that the
addition of lime led to a decrease in maximu m dry density and to an increase in optimu m water content. The addition led also
to a reduction of a liquid limit, p lastic limit and plasticity index. Both qu- and CBR-values were increased fro m 209.00 to
1574.10KN\ m2 and fro m 1.20 to 86.70% respectively, after lime treat ment, especially with increasing curing time fro m 7 to
28 days. Swelling percent using CBR-instru ment and free swelling were reduced fro m 6.10 to 0.36% and fro m 80.00 to 6.70%
respectively.
Keywords Free Swelling, CBR-Swelling, Heave, Californ ia Bearing Rat io, Unconfined Co mpressive Strength
ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, and that the Greek and the area is expansive and may be lead to a heave and it needs to
Ro mans used soil-lime mixtures[1]. The first experiments on treat and reduce its swelling ability using lime chemical
soil stabilizat ion were ach ieved in the USA with sand/clay stabilization.
mixtu res round 1906[2]. In the 20th century, especially in the
thirties, the soil stabilization relevant to road construction 1.1. Previous Works
was applied in Eu rope. Lime, as an additive, has been Many geological investigations were carried out on the
recognized to bring several beneficial changes in the study area like[12],[13],[14],[15],[16] and others. Few
engineering properties of fine grained soils. Treatment with geotechnical investigations for lime chemical stabilizat ion in
lime was observed to decrease the soil plasticity and the studied area and in Egypt were achieved like [8] (at Id ku
shrink-swell potential and improve the strength characteristi city),[17] (at Toshka area) and[18] (at New Valley
cs of the soil[3, 4, 5, 6 & 7]. Governorate).
Lime was used in-situ chemical stabilizat ion of expansive
clay soil brought fro m new valley Governorate (Egypt) by 1.2. Scope of the Present Work
lime additive, the addition of lime slurry (3% lime + 70% This work dealt with an investigation of the geotechnical
water) showed a good success in improving physical properties of a high p lastic expansive clayey silt of Pliocene
swelling and chemical soils properties with respect to deposits exposed at El Kawther quarter (Sohag region) and
heave[8]. A roadway section consists of a co mplete paveme occurring as sub-grade of upper Egypt-Red Sea (Sohag-
nt system[9] as shown in Figure (2). The sub-grade refers to Safaga) road. The main goal of this study was a chemical
the in situ soils on which the stresses fro m the overlying stabilization process of the studied sub-grade soil using
roadway will be d istributed. hydrated lime to reduce its swelling percent, to avoid a road
heave (Figure 3) and to improve its geotechnical properties.
Asphalt (Binding and wearing) layer
Sub-grade layer
The distribution of the sediments is mapped in some and Wadi Dir El-Hadied, which connected with river
details in a geological map as shown in Figure (4). El Maaza Nile[13]. The studied soils (high p lastic expansive clayey
plateau belonging to Eocene age is characterized by low silts) are belonging to Issawia Format ion having Pliocene
relief topography with general inclination towards the west age (Figure 5). Issawia Formation is composed of chocolate-
direction. The h igh of plateau reaches to 560m above sea brown clay and silt. It overlies older strata mostly Eocene
level. and underlies alluvial deposits of Pleistocene age[19].
The major wadis dissecting the limestone plateau (east
Sohag) are summarized as Wadi Abu Nafukh, Wadi Kiman,
92 Hesham A. H. Ismaiel et al.: Lime Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Deposits
Exposed at El-Kawther Quarter, Sohag Region, Egypt
Elements (%)
LOI Na P Fe Ti Ca K Si Al Mg
32.0 0.55 0.01 1.40 0.01 62.60 0.27 1.16 0.10 1.90
LOI= Los of ignition
k-Feldspar
Aragonite
Dolomite
Hematite
Gypsum
Quarte
Calcite
Albite
Hydrated lime is used in most of the lime stabilizat ion
Halite
Clay
Sum
applications. Quicklime represents approximately 10% of
the lime used in lime stabilization process. Other forms of
lime are sometimes used in lime stabilization applications
23.50
27.80
37.70
0.00
0.00
7.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.10
100
such as dehydrated dolomit ic lime, monohydrated dolomit ic
lime and dolo mit ic quicklime[9].
3.2. Methods The results showed also that the soluble salts including
sulfates and chlorides were 0.01 and 0.04% respectively.
Chemical analysis (XRF, X-ray fluorescence) of both the
Figure (6) illustrated the relationship between pH-value
studied clayey silt and the used hydrated lime was carried out.
and hydrated lime content. The results showed that the
Soluble salts (sulfates[20] and chlorides[21]) were
optimu m lime content to stabilize the studied expansive
determined. Mineralog ical analysis of the studied soil using
clayey silt soil was 5% using[22].
XRD, X-ray d iffraction, was conducted. g p
Lime chemical stabilizat ion program (Laboratory program)
pH-values
14
was carried out including four main steps. The first step was
12
a preparation of the soil sample; soil samp le was dried in the
air and then it was put into the oven at 50°C for 24 hours. The 10
dried soil was crushed in crushing-machine. The second step
8
was a determination of the reactiv ity of the studied soil for
lime stabilization. The third step was a determination of 6
optimu m lime content to stabilize the studied soil using
4
pH-test[22].
The fourth step was a preparat ion of the treated lime-stab 2 Mixed soils
ilized co mpacted samples with the optimu m lime content at a (lime&silt)
0
maximu m dry density and optimu m watercontent.Geotechn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ical properties including grain sizeanalysis[23 & 24],
plasticity[25], co mpactionparameters[26], unconfined comp Hydrated lime (%)
ressive strength[27], Californ ia bearing rat io[28], swelling
percent using CBR-instrument as well as free swelling Figure 6. pH-valus curve
percent[29] of the studied soil were measured before and
4.2. Results of Geotechnical Tests
after the lime t reat ment.
Microstructural changes of the studied soil were examined 4.2.1. Grain Size Analysis Test Results
using scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after
the treatment.
4. Results
4.1. Results of Mineralogical and Chemical Anal ysis
Table 2. Chemical composition of the studied expansive soil
clay (25.00%). The Pliocene expansive high plastic clayey 20.00%) and a decrease in the maximu m dry density (fro m
silt was classified as (MH) according to USCS (Un ified soil 1.79 to 1.64g/cm3 ). The bell-shaped compaction curve of the
classification system,[31]) and as A7-5 according to studied soil was converted to flattened-shaped compaction
AASHTO (A merican Association of State Highways and curve (Table 4).
Transportation Officials) and it is poor to very poor as
sub-grade[16]. 4.2.4. Unconfined Co mpressive Strength Test Results
Figure (10) illustrated the stress-strain curves. The results
4.2.2. Plasticity Test Results showed that the unconfined compressive strength of the
Figure (8) and Table (4) illustrated the values of liquid natural co mpacted study soil was 209.00KN/ m2 and its
limit (LL), p lastic limit (PL) and p lasticity index (PI), stress-strain curve had a ductile behavior.
Atterberg limits, of the studied soil before and after the lime 1800
addition. Normal
1600 expansive soils
100
Soil treatment
90
Treated soil 1400 after7days
80 Natural soil 1200 Soils treatment
after30 days
Stress (KN)
70
1000
Water content (%)
60
800
50
40 600
30 400
20
200
10
0 0
PI PL LL 0 1 2 3 4
Atterberge limits Strain (%)
Figure 10. Stress-strain curves
Figure 8. Atterberg limits
The addition of lime led to an increment of the strength
The addition of lime led to a reduction of liquid limit, value fro m 209.00 to 736.00KN/ m2 after 7 day curing.
plastic limit and plasticity index values fro m 91.60, 61.00 Increasing curing time fro m 7 to 28 days led to an increase in
and 30.60 to 36.00, 29.80 and 5.20 respectively. the qu-value to 1547.00KN/ m2 . The stress-strain curves of
the stabilized soil had a brittle behavior.
4.2.3. Co mpaction Test Results
30
Natural soil
Treated soil (7 days curing)
Dry density (gm/cm3 )
1.7 25
Treated soil (28 days curing)
Standard curve
20
Load (KN)
1.5 15
Natural soil
10
Lime-soil mixture
1.3
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
Moisture content (%)
0 2 4 6 8
Figure 9. Compaction curves
soaked in water for 4 days was 1.20%. The addition of lime flocculation and formation of hydration reaction products
led to an increase in this value from 1.20 to 33.30% after 7 coating and cementing the soil and the lime particles together.
day curing. Increment of the curing time fro m 7 to 28 days The pores of the stabilized soil (after 7 days) were reduced
resulted in an increment of the CBR-value to 86.70% (Tab le due to an increase in the curing time (after 28 days).
4).
CBR
Geotechnical CBR-gain Consistency limits Free swelling CBR-
MDD OWC (%) qu
properties qu-gain swelling
(g/cm3 ) (%) (KN/m 2) LL PL PI
Sample type Soaked (%) (%)
(%) (%) (%)
Untreated compacted
1.79 15.10 1.20 0.00 209.00 00.00 91.60 61.00 30.60 80.00 6.10
silt soil
Lime-treated soil
33.30 27.75 736.00 3.52 16.70 0.85
(7 days curing)
1.64 20.00
Lime-treated soil 36.00 29.80 5.20
86.70 72.25 1574.00 7.53 6.70 0.36
(28 days curing)
MDD= Maximum Dry Density OWC= Optimum Water Content
96 Hesham A. H. Ismaiel et al.: Lime Chemical Stabilization of Expansive Deposits
Exposed at El-Kawther Quarter, Sohag Region, Egypt
5. Conclusions and Recommendations activity. During the first stage of lime-clay reaction, excess
of calciu m ions in lime rep lace all other monovalent cations
5.1. Conclusions in the clay and change the electrical charge density around
The studied expansive soil was mainly co mposed of silica, the clay particles. This results in an increase in the
iron, alu minu m and calciu m. It was mainly co mposed of clay, interparticle attraction causing flocculation and aggregation
calcite and quartz. The soluble salts including sulfates and and a consequent decrease in the plasticity of the soil[39].
chlorides were 0.01 and 0.04% respectively. These values Pozzo lanic react ion is time-bound and tempreture depend
are very small and suitable for chemical stabilization. The ent. During this process, the high pH causes silics and
optimu m lime content to stabilize the studied expansive alu mina to be dissolved out of the structure of the clay
clayey silt soil was 5% using[22]. The studied Pliocene minerals and to co mbine with the calciu m to produce the new
clayey silt soil was composed of sand (20.00%), silt (55.00%) cementit ious compounds calciu m silicate hydrates (CSH),
and clay (25.00%). It is an expansive high plastic clayey silt calciu m alu minate hydrates (CAH) and calciu m alu mino-
and is classified as (M H) according to USCS and as A7-5 silicate hydrates (CASH)[39 and others]. Similar results
according to AASHTO and it is poor to very poor as were obtained by[8] (at Idku city),[17] (at Toshka area)
sub-grade[16]. and[18] (at New Valley Governorate).
The addition of lime led to a reduction of the liquid limit, The CBR-values of the natural co mpacted study soil
plastic limit and plasticity index values fro m 91.60, 61.00 soaked in water fo r 4 days was 1.2%. The addit ion of lime
and 30.60 to 36.00, 29.80 and 5.20 respectively. This led to an increment of this value fro m 1.2 to 33.3%after 7 day
reduction was occurred by decreasing the thickness of the curing. Increasing the curing time fro m 7 to 28 days led to an
double layer of the clay particles, as a result of cation increase in the CBR-value to 86.7% and to an increase in
exchange reaction, which causes an increase in the attraction CBR-gain fro m 27.75 to 72.25 that due to a fo rmation of new
force leading to a flocculation of the particles[37]. The cementit ious compounds and mineral crystals as a
maximu m dry density (Proctor density) and the optimu m pozzo lanic reaction product through the long-term curing
water content of the natural studied soil were 1.79g/cm3 and contributed to an increment of the strength gain. The addition
15.10% respectively. In general, the addition of lime to the of lime to the studied expansive high plastic clayey silt soil
studied soil led to an increment of the optimu m mo isture led to a decrement of the swelling percents using the
content (fro m 15.10 to 20.00%) and a decrement of the CBR-instrument and the free swelling method from 6.10 to
maximu m dry density (fro m 1.79 to 1.64g/cm3 ). The bell-s 0.36% and fro m 56.70 to 6.70% respectively.
haped compaction curve of the studied soil was converted to Scanning electron microscope examination of the
flattened-shaped compaction curve.The typical flattening of stabilized soil indicated that the microstructures of the tested
the compaction curve of the studied soil makes it easier to soil changed due to the lime-addit ion. The lime stabilization
achieve the required density over a wider range of possible process caused the format ion of an open fabric structure
mo isture contents[7]. The change in the shape and characterized by a highly porous system. The SEM-microgr
characteristics of the peak of the compaction curves can aphs of natural and treated stabilized soils indicated the
allo w fo r significant savings in time, effort and energy[38]. formation o f new cementitious compounds and mineral
The unconfined compressive strength of the natural crystals as a pozzolan ic react ion product through the
compacted study soil was 209.00KN/ m2 and its stress-strain long-term curing. These cementitious co mpounds join the
curve had a ductile behavior. The addition of lime led to an soil particles together and increase the strength gain[7].
increase in the strength value fro m 209.00 to 736.00KN/ m2
after 7 day curing. Increasing curing time fro m 7 to 28 days 5.2. Recommendations
led to an increase in the strength value to 1547.00KN/ m2 . Cement Kiln Dust (by-product of cement industry) and/or
The strength gain was also increased fro m 3.52 to 7.53. The mixtu re of lime and cement kiln dust were reco mmended to
stress-strain curves of the stabilized soil had a britt le treat and stabilize the expansive high plastic soils as
behavior due to a format ion of cementitious compounds.The economical (cheaper) alternative to hydrated lime, Portland
formed cementit ious compounds (as a result of the chemical cement and other (expensive) chemical stabilizers. Where
reactions between the silica and the alumina and the cement kiln dust is a po zzo lan material (it is a source of silica
additives) reduced the volume of the void spaces and joined and alumina with high surface area), and its composition is
the soil part icles[7]. similar to raw materials of cement, it needs only water to
Ca ++ + 2 (OH) + SiO2 CSH “Calcium silicate hydrate“ react with soil and produce a cementit ious compounds. In
(Silica) (Gel) addition, it is not a hazardous waste material under united
Ca ++ +2 (OH) + Al2 O3 CAH “Calcium aluminum hydrate” State Environ mental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines.
(Alumina) (Fibrous) The use of the cement kiln dust for chemical stabilization
The imp rovements in the engineering properties of the soil applications may be an environmental solution of the
as lime is added can be explained by two basic reactions; problems associated with its disposal process where a very
short-term reactions consisting cation exchange and huge amount of the cement kiln dust as by-product are daily
flocculation and the long-term reaction, the pozzolan ic produced from the cement factories in Egypt.
Geosciences 2013, 3(3): 89-98 97
Greatly thanks to staff members of Qena faculty of [15] F.E. Salwa, B.B. Abdel Aziz, and A.Z El-Sayed, 2011,
Hazards M itigation and Natural Resources Evaluation around
engineering, Al-A zhar University for offering the laboratory Sohag–Safaga Highway, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Egyptian
facility to conduct the geotechnical tests of this work. Also, Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Vol. 14,
special thanks for the staff members of Nasr General 15-28.
Contracting Co mpany, Cairo for valuable cooperation.
[16] H.A.H. Ismaiel , M .M . Askalany, and M .M . Badry, 2011,
Geotechnical Propertied and Classification of both
Non-Expansive and Expansive Soils Exposed along the New
Upper Egypt-Red Sea Road, Eastern Desert, Egypt, Scientific
Journal of Banha University, Vol. 6, 1-18.
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