Problem 1 (20 points)

A binary PAM wave is to be transmitted over a basedband channel with an absolute

maximum bandwidth of 75 KHz. The bit duration is 10 μs.
a) Find a raised-cosine spectrum that satisfies the above requirements. Write down the
frequency response of the raised-cosine pulse.
b) Write down the time equation for the raised-cosine pulse.
c) Calculate the roll-off factor. What is the bandwidth increase compared to ideal Nyquist
pulse?

a)

To transmit the binary PAM signal with pulse duration 10 μs a channel bandwidth of
50KHz is required. As the available bandwidth is 75KHz, a raised cosine pulse spectrum
as follows can be used:
W0 = 50KHz and W=75KHz

1 𝑓 < 25𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝜋 𝑓 − 25000
𝐻 𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 25𝐾𝐻𝑧 < 𝑓 < 75𝐾𝐻𝑧
4 25000
0 𝑓 > 75𝐾𝐻𝑧

b)

cos (50000𝜋𝑡)
ℎ 𝑡 = 10! (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐10! 𝑡)
1 − [100000𝑡]!

c)
𝑊 − 𝑊0
𝑟= = 0.5
𝑊0
The bandwidth increase is 25KHz, and compared to ideal Nyquist case (50KHz), it’s a
50% increase in bandwidth.
Problem 2 (20 points)
The result of a single pulse (impulse) transmission is a received sequence of samples
(impulse response), with values 0.1, 0.3, − 0.2, 1.0, 0.4, − 0.1, 0.1, where the leftmost
sample is the earliest. The value 1.0 corresponds to the mainlobe of the pulse, and the
other entries correspond to the adjacent samples.
a) Design a 3-tap transversal equalizer that forces the ISI to be zero at one sampling point
on each side of the mainlobe (ZF equalizer). Write down the equation to calculate the
filter tap values but you do not need to calculate the numerical values of final filter taps.
b) Assuming that the filter taps are C-1 = 0.2593, C0 = 0.8347 and C1 = − 0.3079, calculate
the values of the equalized output samples at times k = ±1, …, ±4. After equalization,
what is the largest amplitude sample contributing to ISI?

a)

𝟎 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑪!𝟏
𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟐 𝑪𝟎
𝟎 −𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟏 𝑪𝟏

b)

Each sample can be calculated from the following equation:

𝑍(−4)
0.1 0 0
𝑍(−3) 0.3 0.1 0
𝑍(−2) −0.2 0.3 0.1
𝑍(−1) 1 −0.2 0.3 0.2593
𝑍(0) = 0.4 1 −0.2 0.8347
𝑍(1) −0.1 0.4 1 −0.3079
𝑍(2) 0.1 −0.1 0.4
𝑍(3) 0 0.1 −0.1
𝑍(4) 0 0 0.1

Obviously, Z(-1)=0, Z(0)=1, and Z(1)=0, and the rest of them can be easily calculated
from the above equation.
Problem 3 (30 points)
Consider a coded differentially coherent PSK (DPSK) system. The channel code used in
the system is a (7,4) code with triple error detection and single error correction capability.
The encoded symbol rate is 10,000 code symbols per second and the pre-detection SNR
spectral ratio is Pr/N0 = 48 dB-Hz.
a) What is the message error probability for both uncoded and coded systems? Use
reasonable approximations to calculate the final result.
b) Calculate the probability of non-detection for the coded system.
c) For the bit sequence ‘10010011’, assuming the initial reference bit is 1, find out the
sequence of differentially encoded binary data and the transmitted phases assuming phase
0 is transmitted for a binary 1 and phase π is transmitted for a binary 0.

a)
First note that SNR is given. To convert it into Eb/N0 one need to multiply by the bit
duration (or equivalently divide by bit rate).

For the uncoded system: Eb/N0 = Pr/N0 * (1/Rb) ~ 6.31

Probability of bit error for the uncoded DPSK system Pu = 0.5 exp(-Eb/N0) ~ 9.1*10-4
The probability of message error for the uncoded system is:
Pe = 1 – (1-Pu)4 = 3.6*10-3
For the coded system: Eb/N0 = 4/7 * 6.31 = 3.66
Probability of bit error for the coded system is Pc = 0.5 exp(-Eb/N0) = 1.3*10-2
The probability of message error for the coded system is the probability that more that
one bit out of 7 bits are in error. Therefore:
7 ! 7 !
𝑃𝑒 = !!!! 𝑃 (1 − 𝑃! )!!! ~ 𝑃 (1 − 𝑃! )! ~3.5*10-3
𝑗 ! 2 !

b) Probability of nondetection is the probability that 4 or more errors happen:

! 7 !
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃 (1 − 𝑃! )!!! ~ 10-6 where Pc = 0.5 exp(-Eb/N0) = 1.3*10-2
!!! 𝑗 !

c) The transmitted bit sequence is 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 and the transmitted phases are Π Π Π 0

0 0 Π 0.