CONTENTS

Acknowledgements
Preface
1. Atmosphere 1
2. Atmospheric Pressure 12
3. Temperature 26
4. Air Density 36
5. Humidity 40
Winds 44
7.. Visibility and Fog 65
8 Vertical Motion and Clouds 73
9. Stability and Instability of Atmosphere 85
10. Optical Phenomena 93
11. Precipitation 100
12. Ice Accretion 105
13. Thunderstorm 110
14. Air Masses Fronts and Western Disturbances 125
15. Jet Streams 136
16. Clear Air Turbulence 143
17. Mountain Waves 145
18. Tropical Systems 150
19. Climatology of India 164
20. General Circulation 181
21. Meterological Services for Aviation 188
22
22. Weather Radar and Met Satellites 198
23. Met Instruments 204
24 Station Model 206
 CONTENTS

Aviation Weather Reports and Codes of Metar Speci and Trend 217
25.
26. Aviation Weather Forecasts (Codes of Aerodrome Forecast, 231
Area Forecast and Route Forecast)
27.
27. Radar Report, Sigmet Message and Satellite Bulletin 244
28. Flight Forecast (Tabular Form) and Cross Section Forecast 250
of Route Conditions (Samples)

Appendix A
Meteorological Charts 253
Appendix BB
Satellite Imageries 255
Appendix C
Synoptic Chart (Computer Plotted) 257
Appendix D
Clouds 258
AppendixE
Abbreviations in Weather Bulletin;
Rainfall Distribution and Intensity 260
Appendix F
ICAO Abberviations 262
AppendixG
Plotted station models for practice 266
AppendixH-1
Mean Sea Level Pressure Analysis 267
AppendixH-2
850 hPa Winds 268
Appendix H-3
850 hPa Streamline Analysis 269
Appendix H4
500 hPa Contour Chart 270
AppendixH-5
300 hPa Winds 271
Appendix H-6
Prognostic Significant Weather Chart 272
Appendix I
Weather Associated With Fronts 273

vii
 CONTENTS

AppendixJ
274
Synoptic Systems
AppendixxK
Fujita Scale of Tornado, Saffir-Simpson Scale and 276
T Classification of CS
AppendixL
277
International Station Code Names
Appendix M
278
Miscellaneous Terms
Appendix N
Divisions of India 279
Meteorological Scales and Meteorological

281
Index 286
References
 Book Contents

1. THE ATMOSPHERE.. .1

2 PRESSURE. 15
3. DENSITY 29
PRESSURE SYSTEMS 37
5. TEMPERATURE . .. 55
6. HUMIDITY . . 75
7. ADIABATICS AND STABILITY. 87
8. TURBULENCE 103
9 ALTIMETRY. 125
10. WINDS. 145
11. UPPER WINDS. 175
12. CLOUDS. 193
13. CLOUD FORMATION and PRECIPITATION.. 217
14. THUNDERSTORMS 233
15. VISIBILITY 267
16. ICING 285
17. AIR MASSES 301
18. OCCLUSIONS . .
327
19. OTHER DEPRESSIONS 341
20. GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY . . . 365

21. LOCAL WINDS AND WEATHER 403

22. AREA CLIMATOLOGYY 411

23. ROUTE CLIMATOLOGY 435

24. SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS. 461

25. METEOROLOGICAL AERODROME REPORTS. 467

26. TERMINAL AERODROME FORECASTS. 481

27. WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM 491

28. SIGMET 511

29. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT . 531

30. REVISION QUESTIONS 543