ANALISIS DAN PELAPORAN

DATA
Pertemuan I
WHY DO WE ANALYZE DATA

The purpose of analysing data is to obtain usable and useful information.

The analysis, irrespective of whether the data is qualitative or quantitative,
may:
 describe and summarise the data
 identify relationships between variables
 compare variables
 identify the difference between variables
 forecast outcomes
WAYS OF THINKING
ABOUT DATA
DATA IS...

 The 1973 Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary defines data as “factual

information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation.”

 The 1996 Webster’s II New Riverside Dictionary Revised Edition defines

data as “information, especially information organized for analysis.”
Merriam Webster Online Dictionary defines data” as the following
(http://www.m-w.com):
1. Factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculation. E.g., the data is plentiful and easily
available -- H. A. Gleason, Jr., e.g., comprehensive data on economic
growth have been published -- N. H. Jacoby.
2. Information output by a sensing device or organ that includes both
useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to
be meaningful.
3. Information in numerical form that can be digitally transmitted or
processed.
SO....

 Taking from the above definitions, a practical approach to defining data is

that data is numbers, characters, images, or other method of recording, in
a form which can be assessed to make a determination or decision about a
specific action.
 Many believe that data on its own has no meaning, only when interpreted
does it take on meaning and become information.
DATA VS INFORMATION
DATA VS INFORMATION
TYPES OF DATA

 Data qualitative
 Data that is represented either in a verbal or narrative format
 Data quantitative
 data that is expressed in numerical terms, in which the numeric
values could be large or small. Numerical values may correspond to
a specific category or label.
Summary of the difference
TYPES OF DATA
PRIMARY
 Collected by researcher first hand
 Demands efforts and resources
 Depends upon the researcher’s
ability and clarity of purpose
SECONDARY
 Collected by someone else but
used by researcher second hand
 Various sources/forms
 Cheaper and quicker
 Needs lesser resources
 Have to ascertain accuracy of
content/time/sources/purpose/
methods/adequacy/ credibility
WHAT DOES DATA ANALYSIS MEAN?

 Data analysis can refer to a variety of specific procedures and methods.

 Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming,
and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information,
informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
 It is important to see data analysis as part of a process, it means that data
analysis involves goals; relationships; decision making; and ideas, in
addition to working with the actual data itself.
DATA ANALYSIS KEY COMPONENT

• Purpose
• Questions
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis Procedures and Methods
• Interpretation/Identification of Findings
• Writing, Reporting, and Dissemination; and
• Evaluation
DATA ANALYSIS AS A LINEAR PROCESS
DATA ANALYSIS AS A CYCLE
DATA ANALYSIS…..DECISIONS

 Type: Qualitative and/or Quantitative

 Nature/Mode: Manual or Mechanical
 Type of Statistics: Descriptive- Inferential
 Type of Analysis: Univariate- Bivariate-Multivariate- Scores
 Presentation: Textual- Tabular-Graphical
DATA ANALYSIS

 DESCRIPTIVE Statistics
 Frequency and Percentages
 Dispersion: Averages, Range, Standard Deviation,
 Associations: Correlations,
 INFERENTIAL Statistics