RESEARCH DESIGN

 A research design is a general plan or EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

strategy for conducting a research study to
 Concerned with cause-and-effect
examine specific testable research
relationships
questions of interest
o One object or event makes some
 A research design is the structure or the
other object or event happen
blueprint, of research that guides the
process of research from the formulation of  Manipulate or control of independent
the research questions and hypotheses to variable
reporting the research findings.  Measure of dependent variable
 Highly respected in scientific world
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (TRUE
1. A detailed explanation of techniques and EXPERIMENT)
procedures for data collection and analysis
(research design);  An inquiry that considers four (4) properties
2. A description of the target population, the of experimental research, namely:
location or setting of the study and the manipulation, control, randomization, and
procedure for choice of samples or validity.
respondents (sampling design or  Requisites: Manipulation, Control,
procedure); Randomization
3. A clear description of tools and instruments
PROPERTIES OF TRUE EXPERIMENT
to be used and the statistical treatment of
data to be applied (instrumentation and 1. Manipulation
statistics). o Think of Intervention or Instrument.
o The researcher subjects the
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
respondents of the study to a particular
 EXPERIMENTAL situation for a specific purpose.
o TRUE EXPERIMENTAL o Instrument/Tool
 Pretest-Posttest Control o Example: Tawa-tawa
Group Design 2. Control
 Posttest-Only Group Design o Think of Comparison
 Solomon Four-Group Design o The researcher imposes certain
o PRE-EXPERIMENTAL conditions over the experimental
 One-Shot Case Study situation such as the use of:
 One-Group Pretest-Posttest o CONTROL GROUP. This group
Design is not subject to any
o QUASI EXPERIMENTAL experimental treatment
 Nonequivalent Control Group o EXPERIMENTAL GROUP. This
Design group is subject to the
 Time Series Design treatment used by the
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL researcher whose performance if
o Survey Studies compared and analyzed
o Comparative Studies according to the performance of
o Correlational Studies the control group
o Methodological Studies 3. Randomization
o Secondary Analysis Studies, etc. o The researcher assigns subject to a
o Evaluation Studies control or experimental group on
o Meta-analysis Studies random basis, which means that every
o Meta-synthesis Studies subject has an equal chance of being
assigned to any group.
 o Random selection of respondents gives best limits bias among the 2 presented
equal chance in order to limit bias design. Because it accounts on all possible
scenarios that might happen in the study
TYPES OF TRUE EXPERIMENT DESIGN o However, the disadvantage of this design
(PRETEST-POSTTEST CONTROL GROUP
are time and resources
DESIGN)
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
LEGEND:
(QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS)
R = Randomization;
o Nonequivalent Control Group Design
O = Observation/Data Collection; o Time Series Design

X = Manipulation TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

(NONEQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN)
R O1 X O2 (Experimental Group)
H O1 X O2 (Experimental Group)
R O1 O2 (Comparison Group)
H O1 O2 (Comparison Group)
o On random selected respondents pretest is
first conducted (O1), then intervention (X) is o The absence of R denotes that the
conducted only on experimental group, after respondents in the study are not randomly
that second observation (O2) was made selected; it can be replaced by H means,
(posttest). handpick
o Pretest is done in order to have comparison
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
after the intervention (X) was done and to
(TIME SERIES DESIGN)
measure the effectiveness of the
intervention (X). O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
o There may be a threat to validity in this
o Think of periods or periodic observation
design because on second observation
there may already an exposure prior to o Before intervention was given on handpick
second observation. respondents, series/periods of observation
was first done prior to intervention (X) then,
TYPES OF TRUE EXPERIMENT DESIGN another periods of observation is conducted
(POSTTEST-ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN) after the intervention (X) was given
R X O1 (Experimental Group) TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (PRE-
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN)
R O1 (Comparison Group)
o The weakest design among the 3
o On random selected respondents’
experimental design because it has only
intervention (X) is given right away on
one group in the design hence there is no
experimental group and then observation
control group. Further, respondents may be
(O1) on the respondents is done.
handpicked or randomly selected
TYPES OF TRUE EXPERIMENT DESIGN
TYPES OF PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (ONE
(SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN)
SHOT CASE STUDY)
R O1 X O2 (Experimental Group 1)
XO
R O1 O2 (Comparison Group 2)
o In this design interventions or manipulation
R X O2 (Experimental Group 1) is given on one group only and followed by
observation after giving the manipulation
R O2 (Comparison Group 2)
o This design is the combination of pretest-
posttest control group design and the
posttest control group design. This design
TYPES OF PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (ONE
GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN)
TWO THINGS THAT ARE CHECK IN THE
O1 X O2 CORRELATIONAL STUDY
o This design is conducted on one group only, 1. If there is a relationship between
prior to giving manipulation to respondents variables
first observation is taken then after giving a. to determine the relationship the p-
the manipulation second observation is value is measured
conducted to the respondents. i. if the p value is less than .05
it means there is a
NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY relationship between the
TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY variables
(SURVEY STUDIES) ii. If the p-value is more than .
05, there is no relationship
o Survey studies are investigations in which between the variables.
self-report data are collected from samples NOTE: If this is the case
with the purpose of describing populations there is no point in
on the variable(s) of interest. determining how strong is the
o The purpose of this, is to describe the relationship between
characteristic of a population variables
o There is no comparison or correlation in this 2. If there’s a relationship, how strong is the
study relationship
o Surveys generally ask subjects to report a. To determine the strength of the
their attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or relationship the R-value is
behaviors measured; it means the correlational
coefficient (Pearson r; spearman
TWO DESIGNS UNDER SURVEY STUDIES rho). NOTE: the r-value only ranges
o Cross-sectional survey subjects are studied -1.00 to + 1.00: The nearer the r-
at one point in time value in 1 the stronger the
o Longitudinal studies follow subjects over an relationship regardless if its negative
or positive
extended period of time
i. +1.00 perfect positive
TOOLS IN SURVEY STUDIES correlation (e.g. If variable A
is high, the variable B is also
o Data Gathering Tool: Questionnaire,
high)
Interview ii. -1.00 perfect negative
o Examples of Statistical Treatment(s): correlation (e.g. If variable A
Frequency and Percentage, Mean is high, the variable B is low)
TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY iii. .00 no correlation or
(CORRELATIONAL STUDIES) relationship

o In correlational studies, the researcher DATA GATHERING TOOL: Questionnaire, Attitude

examines the strength of relationships Scaling (Likert Scale), Etc.
between variables by determining how EXAMPLES OF STATISTICAL TREATMENT(S):
changes in one variable are associated with mean, Pearson Product Moment Correlation,
changes in another variable. Spearman rho
TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY
(COMPARATIVE STUDIES)
 o Comparative studies examine the o LABORATORY STUDIES
differences between intact groups on o Conducted in specially created
some dependent variable of interest. environments
o No manipulation of independent variable o Research environment controlled by
o Retrospective or prospective researcher as much as possible
o Simulation studies
DATA GATHERING TOOL: Questionnaire, Likert
 FIELD STUDIES
Scaling, etc.
o Real-life setting - “in the field”
EXAMPLES OF STATISTICAL TREATMENT(s): o Little control maintained by
Mean, T-test, Z-test, ANOVA researcher
o Very appropriate for nursing
TWO TYPES OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES
research
o RETROSPECTIVE OR EX POST FACTO
QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS
o Dependent variable (effect) is
RESEARCH DESIGNS
identified in the present
o Attempt is made to determine the  Qualitative and mixed methods research are
independent variable (cause) in the increasingly accepted
past.
o Compares what happened in the QUALITATIVE STUDIES
past to what is currently happening  Are particularly well suited for questions
at present about which there is little or no research
o This type will be the one who will  Can often help answer questions about
first finish the study because data processes humans use to avoid, cope with,
are already provided or adjust to illness and disease
o PROSPECTIVE
o Independent variable or presumed QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
cause is identified at the present  PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES
o Subject are followed in the future to  ENTHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
observe the dependent variable  GROUNDED THEORY STUDIES
(effect)  HISTORICAL STUDIES
o Compares what is happening right
 CASE STUDIES
now to what will happen in the future
 ACTION RESEACRH STUDIES
TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES
(METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES)
 Examine human experiences through the
o Methodological studies are concerned with
descriptions provided by the people
the development, testing, and evaluation of
involved
research instruments and methods.
 These experiences are called live
TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDY experiences
(SECONDARY ANALYSIS STUDIES)  GOAL: To describe the meaning that
experiences hold for each subject
o In secondary analysis studies, data are
 Descriptions are provided by people
analyzed that were gathered in a previous
involved
study.
 Information is generally obtained through
o Researchers may test new hypotheses or
interviews; it can be done through in-depth
ask new research questions interview (one-on-one) or focus group
o There is a risk of misinterpretation of the discussion
data and risk for privacy and confidentiality  Ex. “What is it like for a mother to live with a
SETTINGS FOR RESEARCH teenage child who is dying of cancer?”
Bracketing
  Take into account researcher’s own beliefs
and feelings
 Put aside expectations
Reflexivity
 Researcher should attempt to clearly
identify their values and beliefs as they
relate to the topic and how they may
influence the research
Triangulation
 Confirming the data to other sources of data
Research methods are very different form
methods used in quantitative research
EHTNOGRAPHIC STUDIES
 Ethnographic studies involved of collection
and analysis of data about cultural groups
 Way of life of a group of people
According to Leininger, ethnography can be defined
as “the systematic process of observing, detailing,
describing, documenting, and analyzing the
lifeways or particular patterns of a culture (or
subculture) in order to grasp the lifeways or
patterns of the people in their familiar environment”
(p. 35).
Cameron (1990) wrote that ethnography means
“learning from people” (p. 5).
Barton (2208) stated that a well-designed
ethnographic study enables the researcher to
“provide insightful descriptions, test established
social and cultural theories, or develop new theory”
(p.8).
 Researcher frequently spends extended
periods of time with group
o Becomes a part of their culture
o Explores ritual and customs
o Interviews, images, observations or
interactions
GROUNDED THEORY
 Grounded theory studies are studies in
which data are collected and analyzed, and
then a theory is developed that grounded in
the data
 According to Field and Morse (1985),
“constructs and concepts are grounded in
the data and hypotheses are testes as they
arise from the research” (p.23).
 Simultaneous data collection and analysis
o Field setting
o Constant comparison method
 Data are constantly compared to data that
have already been gathered
 Theory developed
 Theory “grounded” in data from which it was
derived.
HISTORICAL STUDIES
 Historical studies concern the identification,
location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
from the past
 Historical research seeks not only to
discover the events of the past, but also to
relate these past happenings to the present
and to the future
 Primary sources provide firsthand
information or direct evidence
 Secondary sources are secondhand
information (or sometimes third or fourth
hand)
CASE STUDIES
 Case studies are in-depth examination of
people or groups of people
 A case study could also examine an
institution, such as hospice care for the
dying
 In nursing, the case study approach might
be used to answer a question such as “How
do the nurse and patient manage nausea
associated with chemotherapy?”
CONTENT ANALYSIS is used in evaluating the
data from case studies; involves the examination of
communication messages
The researches searches for patterns and themes
ACTION RESEARCH STUDIES
 Action research is a type of qualitative
research that seeks action to improve
practice and study the effects of the action
that was taken (Streubert & Carpenter,
2002)
 According to Dampier (2009), action
research brings about change in the clinical
area through an “action-reflection cycle”.
  Identify problem, that will further find
solution to problem and evaluate the
solution to problem.
 GOALS
o Improves practice
o Study effect of action taken
 Actively engages the community of interest
in solving a problem
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH STUDIES
 Special kind of community-based action
research
 Participants and researcher or co-
researchers collaborate throughout study
 Also called community-engaged research
NARRATE INQUIRY
 Seeks to explore experiences of participants
through the stories by participants
 Researcher attends to the story through
attention to verbal and nonverbal elements.
o Pauses, rhythm and pacing, sighs or
smiles, other expressions
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
When the researcher talks about
itself on its own research
MIXED METHODS RESEARCH
 Very practical approach to solving complex
problems of interest to nurse researchers
 Allows researcher to use all of the
qualitative and quantitative data-gathering
and analyzing methods available
 Mixed methods research is complex
Mixed methods research should:
 Consider the underlying philosophical and
theoretical framework
 Resources available to conduct the work
 Research question or problem
 Needs of human subjects
 Plan for data-collection methods that
adequately answer the research question or
address the research problem
Strategies for mixed methods research:
 Sequential explanatory
 Sequential exploratory
 Sequential transformative
 Concurrent triangulation
 Concurrent nested
 Concurrent transformative
QUIZ IN RESEARCH DESIGN (QUIPPER)
1. Which design not only eliminates all internal
validity concerns, but also eliminates the
effect of pretest/posttest scores?
ANS: SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN
2. To establish a cause-and-effect connection,
experimental study is undertaken.
Competing explanations or hypotheses that
might account for the study's findings
suggest that a study is in which situation?
ANS: THREATS TO INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
3. A study has been conducted to assess
whether the introduction of a new schedule
pattern improves staff nurses' work
satisfaction. Nurses are allocated at random
to either the experimental (novel schedule
pattern) or the comparative group ("usual"
scheduling pattern). This is an illustration of
what sort of study?
ANS: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
4. What design follows this form of diagram:
ANS: POSTTEST ONLY CORE GROUP
DESIGN
5. Which sort of study would be undertaken to ANS: TRY TO ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP
determine a cause-and-effect connection WITH THE PARTICIPANTS
between the amount or degree of pain relief
12. Because the nurse researcher feels that
provided by a new approach for babies
random assignment to study groups is
during a procedure and the amount or
impractical, she has chosen to employ
degree of pain relief provided?
already existing groups as study
ANS: EXPLANATORY STUDY participants. Which study designs would this
nurse researcher pick for this study as a
6. A research examined the medical records of
result of this decision? SATA.
nursing home patients to get information on
prior medication usage and its relationship ANS: TIME SERIES DESIGN;
to current cognitive status. This is an NONEQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP
illustration of what sort of study? DESIGN
ANS: RESTROSPECTIVE
7. Which sort of study is used to create,
validate, and test research instruments?
ANS: METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
8. The Gallup Poll employs which research
13. Prior to commencing a class project, the
design to elicit information on a large
nursing research student is examining study
number of individuals by sampling a small
designs. Which remark mentioned by this
percentage of total groups?
research demonstrates a lack of
ANS: SURVEY STUDY DESIGN comprehension of these designs?
9. Which external validity threat is addressed ANS: I THINK THE ONE-SHOT CASE STUDY
in a double-blind experimental study? DESIGN WILL BE BEST FOR MY STUDY
BECAUSE IT CONTROLS THREATS TO
ANS: HAWTHORNE EFFECT
INTERNAL VALIDITY
10. The researcher is now doing research on an
14. The nurse researcher intends to perform a
intervention aimed at reducing occupational
study in a nursing home. Which of the
stress among emergency department
following is the most likely category for this
nurses. Just before to the commencement
research?
of the study's data collection, an emergency
department nurse was killed in the line of ANS: IT IS A FIELD STUDY
duty by a mentally ill patient. What threat
15. A nurse researcher intends to do secondary
does this occurrence represent to the
analysis on data gathered for an earlier
study's internal validity?
study. Which of the following are reasonable
ANS: HISTORY justifications for this plan? SATA.
11. The study design used by the nurse ANS: (1) SO MUCH DATA WAS COLLECTED
researcher includes an experimental group IN THE FIRST STUDY THAT IS WAS NOT
and a control group. Following the start of POSSIBLE TO ANALYZE IT IN ONE STUDY;
the study, the researcher discovers that (2) SECONDARY ANALYSIS STUDIES ARE
60% of the experimental group and 75% of SAFE AS DATA HAS ALREADY BEEN
the control group had dropped out. The VALIDATED
researcher abandons the study due to the
16. The nurse researcher conducting a
internal danger of death. What could the
grounded theory study has used purposive
researcher do in future trials to help prevent
sampling in the selection of informants.
this problem?
Which of the following techniques is the
 nurse permitted to employ in this study?
SATA.
ANS: (1) ASSIGN CODES TO PERTINENT
IDENTIFIED DATA; (2) AS NEW DATA ARE
COLLECTED, COMPARE THEM TO THE
DATA THAT WERE COLLECTED
PREVIOUSLY
17. In a phenomenological study, the nurse
researcher is working through the process
of "bracketing." Which of the following best
describes this step?
ANS: PUTTING ASIDE PERSONAL IDEAS
ABOUT THE PHENOMENON
18. The nurse is reading a qualitative study
report that inquires, "Are post-myocardial
infarction clients more concerned with the
duration or quality of their remaining life?"
What is the most critical question that the
nurse should ask regarding this study?
ANS: ARE DATA PROVIDED TO ANSWER
THE RESEARCH QUESTION?
19. Which event would prompt a nurse
researcher to employ the sequential
explanatory technique associated with
mixed methods research?
ANS: THE QUANTITATIVE DATA
COLLECTED IN A STUDY ARE
UNEXPECTED
20. Why would a nurse researcher consider
doing a study utilizing a mixed-methods
design?
ANS: THE QUESTIONS ASKED BY NURSE
RESEARCHERS ARE OFTEN COMPLEX
21. Which title implies that the nursing research
study is primarily concerned with the
subjective nature of human experience, as
qualitative research techniques do?
ANS: MOBILITY AND PERCEPTION OF
QUALITY OF LIFE IN NURISNG HOME
RESIDENTS
22. Which of the following potential titles for a
nursing research paper would be the most
suited to study quantitatively rather than
qualitatively?
ANS: THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE AMOUNT
OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MEDICATION
ADMINISTERED AND LEVEL OF CARDIAC
REHABILITATION ATTAINED BEFORE
DISCHARGE IN CORONARY ARTERY
BYPASS CLIENTS
23. Which issue best exemplifies a qualitative
study that enables the nurse researcher to
concentrate on the gathering and
interpretation of data from cultural groups?
ANS: LABOR AND DELIVERY PRACTICES
OF ARABIAN WOMEN
24. Choose a subject that is indicative of
qualitative phenomenological research.
ANS: THE LIVED EXPERIENCE OF WOMEN
WHO HAVE MAINTAINED A WEIGHT LOSS
OF 100 POUNDS FOR FIVE YEARS
25. Correlational studies are being reviewed by
the nurse researcher as part of a literature
evaluation. Which correlation coefficients
would the nurse cast doubt on the veracity
of studies that describe them? SATA.
ANS: (1) -2.0; (2) +1.2
26. Research design is a framework of methods
and techniques chosen by a researcher to
combine various components of research in
a reasonably logical manner so that the
research problem is efficiently handled.
Read all about research design definition,
characteristics, and types. True
experimental research designs include:
ANS: (1) POSTTEST-ONLY CONTROL
GROUP DESIGN; (2) PRETEST-POSTTEST
CONTROL GROUP DESIGN; (3) SOLOMON
FOUR GROUP DESIGN
27. Research design is a framework of methods
and techniques chosen by a researcher to
combine various components of research in
a reasonably logical manner so that the
research problem is efficiently handled.
Non-experimental research designs include:
ANS: (1) COMPARATIVE STUDIES; (2)
METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES; (3) META-
SYNTHESIS; (4) META-ANALYSIS; (5)
SURVEVY STUDIES; (6) CORRELATIONAL
STUDIES
28. An experiment is considered TRUE if it
considers which of the following properties
of experimental research? SATA.
ANS: (1) CONTROL; (2) RANDOMIZATION;
(3) VALIDITY; (4) MANIPULATION
29. The research design that uses this
framework is:

ANS: NONEQUVALENT CONTROL GROUP

DESIGN
30. Qualitative research designs are probably
the most flexible of the various experimental
techniques, encompassing a variety of
accepted methods and structures. They
exclude all of the following, except?
ANS: (1) HISTORICAL STUDIES; (2) CASE
STUDIES; (3) GROUNDED THEORY
STUDIES; (4) ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES; (5)
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES; (6)
ACTION RESEARCH STUDIES
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SAMPLING
 POPULATION – is the entire group that
the researcher wants to drop a
conclusion about
 SAMPLE – is the subset of the
population; a specific selected group for
observation
TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
o It is a sampling technique where
every unit in a population has an
equal chance of being selected
o Mainly used in quantitative
research
 NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
o it is a sampling technique where
individual is selected based in a
non-random criterion
o Mainly used in qualitative
research

 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

o Every member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected
STEPS IN DOING SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
1. Assign each member of your population
2. Calculate your sample size
3. Use statistical software or a random digit
table to select numerical labels at random

 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
o It involves dividing the population
into subgroups-strata
o It allows you draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every
subgroup is properly represented in
the sample
STEPS IN DOING A STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
1. Sort the population into a particular stratum
2. Calculate how many people should be
sampled from each stratum
3. Use random sampling to select a sample
from each stratum
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
o Sample members from a population
are selected according to a random
starting point but with a fixed,
periodic interval
STEPS IN DOING SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
1. Define your target population
2. Figure out your ideal sample size
3. Assign a number to every member of the
sample
4. Calculate the sampling interval
a. i=N/n where; N is the population; n is
the sample size
5. Choose a random starting point between 1
and the sampling interval
6. Repeat the sampling interval to choose your
subsequent elements
FORMULA TO CHECK IF IT IS CORRECTLY
PUCKED THE LAST SAMPLE
Random starting point + n-1 (interval)
According to Hayes (2020), systematic sampling is
still thought of as being random if the periodic
interval is determined beforehand and the starting
point is chosen at random
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
o It is a probability sampling technique
that is commonly employed to study
large populations that are
geographically dispersed
o Multiple clusters of people from the
target population are created
o Cluster created must have a similar
distribution of characteristics as the
distribution of the population as a
whole
STEPS IN DOING CLUSTER SAMPLING
(THOMAS, 2020)
1. Define your target population
2. Divide your sample into clusters
a. Clusters created must have a similar
distribution of characteristics as the
distribution of the population as a
whole
3. Randomly select cluster as your samples
4. Collect data from your chosen samples
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 CONVENIENCE (ACCIDENTAL)
SAMPLING
o The sample is selected base on
what is convenient to the researcher
itself
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING
o One study participant then refers its
friends to participate on the study
and so on
 PURPOSIVE (JUDGMENTAL) SAMPLING
o The researcher will select the
sample who will participate in the
research
 VOLUNTARY SAMPLING
o Respondent themselves volunteer to
participate in the research
COMPUTE SAMPLE SIZE
 In a quantitative study, there are
consideration before computing the sample
size; (1) Population Size; (2) Mean of Error;
(3) Degree of Variability; (4) Confidence
Level
POPULATION SIZE
 Researcher need to determine how many
people fit in the identified demographic
MARGIN OF ERROR
  Determines how much higher or lower than SAMPLE SIZE ONLINE CALCULATORS
the population mean you are willing to let
 EPI INFO CALCULATOR (openepi.com)
your sample mean fall
 SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATOR
 Often expressed in +-5% or 0.05
(calculator.net)
e.g. A researcher finds, that 70% of the student  RAOSOFT CALCULATOR (raosoft.com)
selected the modular learning approach with a
margin of error of plus, minus 5%
The researcher can conclude that
between 65% and 75% of the students in the
population have selected modular learning
approach
CONFIDENCE LEVEL OR RISK LEVEL

 How confident do you want to be that

the actual mean falls within your
confidence interval?
 Example: 90%, 95%, 99%
 The key idea for confidence level tells
the researcher that if the population is
repeatedly sampled the average value SAMPLING TECHNIQUE QUIZ (QUIPPER)
of the attribute obtained by those
1. Determine the statement that most
samples is equal to the true population
accurately characterizes a population.
value.
ANS: COVID-19 CLIENTS HOSPITALIZED IN
DEGREE OF VARIABILITY
AN ICU DURING JANUARY AUGUST 2021
 How much variance do you expect in
2. Identify the statement that best
your response?
characterizes network sampling.
 Assumed value p=.5
ANS: MEMBER OF A CULT IDENTIFIED BY
FORMULA IN COMPUTING SAMPLE SIZE
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SAME CULT
(COCHRAN 1963)
3. Identify the statement that describes
n0=Z2 pq/e2
convenience sample.
Where; n0=sample size; z=critical value of the
ANS: PRIMARY CAREGIVERS OF FAMILIES
desired confidence level; e=margin of error;
OF CLIENTS UNDERGOING RADIATION
p=estimated proportion of an attribute that is
THERAPY, SITTHING IN THE WATING ROOM
present in the population; q=1-p
OF MDMRC
Z is 1.96 at 95% Confidence Level
4. Which of the following procedures can
Z is 1.645 at 90% Confidence Level explain probability sampling?

Z is 2.33 at 98% Confidence Level ANS: ESTABLISH A SAMPLE FRAME FOR

AN ACCESSIBLE POPULATION BY WRITING
Z is 2.575 at 99% Confidence Level ELEMENT NAMES ON PAPER, PLACING
FORMULA IN COMPUTING SAMPLE SIZE THEM IN A BOWL, AND PUTTING ELEMENT
(YAMANE 1967) NAMES FROM THE BOWL

n=N/1+N (e)2 5. If a target population contains 4500

elements and the researcher seeks a
where; n=sample size; N=population size; systematic random sample of 45 elements,
e=margin of error the sampling interval would be
ANS: 100 12. When using Slovin's formula, the expected
target samples from a population of 1445 is
6. Which of the following statements about
______. Margin of error = 5%. Round to the
nonprobability sampling is true? SATA.
nearest whole number.
ANS: SNOWBALL SAMPLING IS A FORM OF
ANS: 313
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
13. Using Yamane's formula, the calculated
7. The researcher has chosen to choose
sample size for a population of 5165 is
participants for a study using simple random
____. e = 5%. Round to the nearest whole
sampling and a table of random numbers.
number.
What step must be taken prior to making
this selection? ANS: 371
ANS: LIST ALL OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE
POPULATIONS

8. Which of the following titles more accurately

14. Probability sampling means that every
illustrates the use of a longitudinal
member of the population has a chance of
approach?
being selected. It is mainly used in
ANS: IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP quantitative research. If you want to
BETWEEN FORCEPS DELIVERY AND produce results that are representative of
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS IDENTIFIED the whole population, probability sampling
ANNUALY TO AGE EIGHT? techniques are the most valid choice. All of
the following are probability sampling
9. When is a study with a limited sample size
techniques, except? SATA.
appropriate?
ANS: (1) QOUTA SAMPLING; (2) NETWORK
ANS: THE POPULATION IS VERY
SAMPLING
HOMOGENEOUS
15. In a non-probability sample, individuals are
10. While reading a research paper, the nurse
selected based on non-random criteria, and
notes that the study's reported N value is
not every individual has a chance of being
95. The reports section contains data on 87
included. All of the following are non-
subjects. What is the primary question that
probability sampling techniques, except?
the reader should be asking about this
SATA.
study?
ANS: (1) SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING; (2)
ANS: HOW IS DROPOUT HANDLED IN THE
SYTRATIFIED SAMPLING
STUDY?
16. To limit bias in the selection of samples for
11. A nurse researcher is contemplating the use
a study, which of the following sampling
of convenience sampling to choose study
techniques may be used? SATA.
participants. Which drawbacks of this
sample approach must the researcher be ANS: (1) STRATIFIED SAMPLING; (2)
willing to accept? SATA. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING; (3)
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING; (4) CLUSTER
ANS: (1) THE METHOD USUALLY RESULTS
SAMPLING
IN A BIASED SAMPLE; (2) RESULTS MAY
HAVE LIMITED GENERALIZABILITY 17. When the researcher defines the set of
criteria in selecting samples for a study, this
 is mostly likely using what type of sampling
technique?
ANS: JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING
18. When selecting respondents for a study,
Nurse J wrote all the names that belong to
the population, placed the names in a fish
bowl, and picked up names until the target
sample size was achieved. This sampling
technique is:
ANS: SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
19. When the respondent refuses to cooperate,
he may be replaced by another person who
is ready to furnish information. This is a
technique used in what form of sampling
technique?
ANS: QOUTA SAMPLING
20. When selecting respondents randomly that
are spread out geographically for a study,
such as in the case of conducting a
nationwide survey on the satisfaction of
Filipinos towards the COVID-19 response of
the government, the best sampling
technique to use is:
ANS: CLUSTER SAMPLING