Quiz 1 Equation Sheet

Transportation Models
See INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING for optimization models and methods, including queueing theory.
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VOLUME q (veh/hr)

SPEED v (mph)
SPEED v (mph)

CAPACITY

CAPACITY
DENSITY k (veh/mi) DENSITY k (veh/mi) VOLUME q (veh/hr)

Vertical Curves: Sight Distance Related to Curve Length

S ≤ L S > L
Crest Vertical Curve AS2 2
General equation:
L =
100( 2h1 + 2h2 ) 2
L = 2S −
200 ( h1 + h2 )
A

Standard Criteria:
AS2 2,158
h 1 = 3.50 ft and h2 = 2.0 ft: L = L = 2S −
2,158 A

Sag Vertical Curve

AS2 400 + 3.5 S
(based on standard headlight
criteria)
L =
400 + 3.5 S
L = 2S − ( A )
Sag Vertical Curve AV 2
L =
(based on riding comfort) 46.5
Sag Vertical Curve AS2
(based on adequate sight distance
under an overhead structure to see an
L =
h +h
800 C − 1 2 ( )
L = 2S −
800
A
(
h +h
C− 1 2
2 )
2
object beyond a sag vertical curve)
C = vertical clearance for overhead structure (overpass) located within 200
feet of the midpoint of the curve

Horizontal Curves

V2
0.01e + f =
Side friction factor (based on superelevation) 15 R

3.15V 3
Ls =
Spiral Transition Length RC
C = rate of increase of lateral acceleration
[use 1 ft/sec3 unless otherwise stated]

Sight Distance (to see around obstruction)

HSO = R [ 1 − cos ( 28.65 S
R
)]
HSO = Horizontal sight line offset

CIVIL ENGINEERING 163

Horizontal Curve Formulas
D = Degree of Curve, Arc ‚
PC = Point of Curve (also called BC)
PT = Point of Tangent (also called EC)
PI = Point of Intersection
I = Intersection Angle (also called Δ)
Angle Between Two Tangents
L = Length of Curve, from PC to PT
T = Tangent Distance
E = External Distance
R = Radius
LC = Length of Long Chord
M = Length of Middle Ordinate
c = Length of Sub-Chord
d = Angle of Sub-Chord
l = Curve Length for Sub-Chord

R = 5729.58
D

R= LC
2 sin _ I 2i

T = R tan _ I 2i = LC
2 cos _ I 2i LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

L = RI r = I 100 + Latitude
180 D

M = R 81 - cos _ I 2iB
– Departure + Departure
R cos _ I 2i
E+R=

R - M = cos _ I 2i
R
– Latitude
c = 2R sin _ d 2i

l = Rd b r l
180

E = R= 1 - 1G
cos _ I 2i

‚€  _”” ^ 

 D 2

164 CIVIL ENGINEERING

Vertical Curve Formulas
TANGENT
OFFSET
L FORWARD
TANGENT
x PVI
BACK
y E
TANGENT PVT g
2
PVC

g 1

YPVC

DATUM

VERTICAL CURVE FORMULAS

NOT TO SCALE

L = Length of Curve (horizontal) g2 = Grade of Forward Tangent

PVC = Point of Vertical Curvature a = Parabola Constant
PVI = Point of Vertical Intersection y = Tangent Offset
PVT = Point of Vertical Tangency E = Tangent Offset at PVI
g1 = Grade of Back Tangent r = Rate of Change of Grade
x = Horizontal Distance from PVC
to Point on Curve
g1 g1L
xm = Horizontal Distance to Min/Max Elevation on Curve = -
2a = g1 - g2
Tangent Elevation = YPVC + g1x and = YPVI + g2 (x – L/2)

Curve Elevation = YPVC + g1x + ax2 = YPVC + g1x + [(g2 – g1)/(2L)]x2

g2 - g1 g2 - g1
E = ab Ll
2
y = ax 2 a= r=
2L 2 L

EARTHWORK FORMULAS
Average End Area Formula, V = L(A1 + A2)/2
Prismoidal Formula, V = L (A1 + 4Am + A2)/6,
where Am = area of mid-section, and
L = distance between A1 and A2

Pyramid or Cone, V = h (Area of Base)/3

AREA FORMULAS
Area by Coordinates: Area = [XA (YB – YN) + XB (YC – YA) + XC (YD – YB) + ... + XN (YA – YN – 1)] / 2

Trapezoidal Rule: Area = w c + h2 + h3 + h4 + f + hn - 1m

h1 + hn
w = common interval
2
n-2 n-1
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule: Area = = w > h1 + 2 e ! hk o + 4 e ! hk o + hn H 3 n must be odd number of measurements
k = 3, 5, f k = 2, 4, f

w = common interval

CIVIL ENGINEERING 165

Vertical Curve Offsets Parabolic Equations

A
Y= x2 y = ax2 + bx +c
200 L

A = ∣ G1 – G2∣ *A is in percent form. Where y = roadway elevation at

distance x from the PVC.
L G − G1
K= a= 2 ; b = G1; c = ELEVPVC
A 2L

x hl = K × G1 *keep in mind that you must use

either station/% or ft/decimal for
x/Gi.
 1. Compatible with ITE
No Land Use Code? Selection of ITE
Yes Rates/Equations,
Collect Local Data or Collection of
2. Size within Data
No Extremes? Local Data
Yes

3. Number of Data
1 or 2 Points?
3-5 6+
3-5
If number of data points Source: ITE Trip Generation
between 3 and 5, analysts 4. Regression Equation? Handbook, 2nd Edition
are encouraged to collect
local data, but can
proceed to Step 4. No Yes
A B

16

Selection of ITE Rates/

Equations, or Collection of Local
Data (cont.)
5. Standard Deviation A
No 110 percent?
Collect Local Data

Yes

6. Data Cluster Okay?

No
Yes
Figure 3.1
Source: ITE Trip Generation
Use Weighted Handbook, 2nd Edition
Average Rate

1
17
 Selection of ITE Rates/ Use Regression
Equations, or Collection Equation

of Local Data (cont.) Yes

7. 20 or More Data
B Points?
Figure 3.1
Source: ITE Trip Generation No
Handbook, 2nd Edition

8a. R2 0.75? And 8B. Std Dev 110%?

Within Cluster? And Within Cluster?

If 8A is yes & 8B is yes Choose Line at Cluster

If 8A is yes & 8B is no Use Regression Equation

If 8A is no & 8B is yes Use Weighted Average Rate

If 8A is no & 8B is no Collect Local Data

18