P I E T D E J O NG

East End of South Stoa, Restored

 CORINTH
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICALSTUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME I, PART IV

THE SOUTH STOA

AND

ITS ROMAN SUCCESSORS

BY

OSCAR BRONEER

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
1954
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED BY OFFSET IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED

LONDON, BECCLES AND COLCHESTER
REPRINTED 1971
 PREFACE
From the published records of the exca-
vations conducted by the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens, the history of an-
cient Corinth is gradually being rewritten. As
whole sections of the city have been uncovered
and each monument is made to tell its story,
the recordshanded down by ancient historians
are supplementedand clarified.Political events
assume a new significance as outlined against
the background of the material progress and
decay revealed by the ruins. Incidents barely
mentioned by the historians become important
factors in the city's history because of the im-
print left upon the material remains. The
destruction inflicted by the Herulians upon
Corinth in the year A.D. 267 exemplifies the
contribution of archaeologicalinvestigation to
the history of the city. The extent of the dev-
astation is vividly revealed in the ashes and
tumbled walls of several public buildings gut-
ted by the fire.
The South Stoa throws new light on another
event of far greater significance to the Co-
rinthians and to all the Greeks. This is the
formation of the Hellenic League, following
the defeat of the United Greeks by Philip of
Macedon at the Battle of Chaironeia in 338
B.C. Corinth then became for a brief period
the capital of the Greek world. This event,
which marks the beginning of the transition
from Hellenic to Hellenistic, coincides in time
with the construction of the Stoa. The dom-
inant position within the city, the immense
size and the intricate plan of the building do
much to accentuate the revolutionary changes
of whichCorinthbecamethe center at this time.
The League was short-lived. Sporadic at-
tempts to resurrectit in the decades following
Alexander's death came to no lasting results.
The South Stoa remained unchanged, but it
was made to serve other needs of the city. It
becomes particularlyimportant as a source of
information on the life of Corinth during the
hundred fifty years between the beginning of
the third century and the destruction of the
city by the Romans in 146 B.C.
After the Roman colony was established
underCaesar,the gigantic structure was forced
into a new pattern of city planning. Although
it was partially demolished and rebuilt, its
fundamental character was unaltered, and it
continued to dominate the architecturaldesign
of the city's forum. Through more than six
centuries, its fagade remained virtually un-
changed. The history of Corinth during those
centuries is reflected in the vicissitudes of the
great South Stoa and of the many smaller
buildings which the Roman colonists crowded
into the space occupied by the Stoa shops.
The study of a monument of such magnitude
has been slow and arduous. Although part of
its foundation appeared in the first campaign
of excavation in 1896, the form of the South
Stoa was not revealed until 1904, and then
only half of the building was recognized. The
south half with its shops and storerooms and
its ingenious system of refrigeration became
known for the first time in 1933. Then fol-
lowed six campaigns of excavation in the
course of which the whole vast city square was
uncovered. The clearing of the South Stoa
down to the Roman level had just been com-
pleted when the operations were discontinued
as a result of World War II. Up to that time
very little progress had been made toward a
final study of the Stoa, and much of the deli-
cate digging on which such a study would be
based remained to be done.
vi PREFACE
Work on the final publication began in 1946.
In the excavation of that year, many of the
shop wells were cleared to the bottom and an
immense amount of pottery and of other dis-
carded gear of the shopowners was brought
to light. While these investigations were in
progress, the late Leicester B. Holland began
making the plans and drawings. At the end of
that year, 1946-47, considerableprogress had
been made both on the plans and the man-
uscript, but much of the work still remained
to be done. The tedious task of completing
the drawingslagged behind. GeorgeV. Pesch-
ke continued work on the ground plans at such
times as he was able to be away from his duties
in Athens.
Further delay on the Stoa publication was
caused by my departure from Greece in the
summer of 1948 when I joined the University
of Chicagofaculty. In 1950 I spent the spring
and summer in Corinth, continuing the work
on the Stoa. In a brief campaign of excavation
an immense amount of most valuable material
appeared; at the end of that season the ex-
cavation of the Stoa was completed. Mr.
Peschke, and for a short time Elias Skroubelos,
continued work on the ground plans, which
were finishedin the fall of that year. Finally in
the spring of 1952 I returned to Greecefor the
purpose of starting the excavation at the
Isthmian sanctuary, and to resume work on
the Stoa publication. By good fortune, the
American School was able to obtain the con-
tinued services of Piet de Jong, who com-
pleted all the drawings required for the pub-
lication of the Stoa. The first complete draft
of the text was then written. This was further
revised and partly rewritten in the fall of 1953,
when I was able, as a member of the Institute
for Advanced Study in Princeton, to devote
three months of uninterrupted work to the
completion of the Stoa publication.
Special problems not directly connected
with the study of the ruins arise at the close
of an excavationof such extent. The removal completinghis study of the Stoa well-groups.
of the debris, accumulated throughout more
than two milleniums of almost constant oc-
cupation, resulted in a discouraging and un-
sightly pile of stones covering the ancient
foundations. All the blocks had to be sorted
and examined and the useless stones removed
and eventually built into retaiiningwalls. And
in order to leave the ruins in a shape in-
telligible to the visitors it became necessary to
assemble column drums and other architec-
tural members from every part of the vast
Agora and set them up in a position suggesting
their original place in the building. This time-
consumingtask, which requiredskill and sound
judgment in order to prevent damage to the
antiquities and injury to the workmen, was
entrusted to the foreman of the Corinth ex-
cavations, Eva,ngelos Lekkas, and a small
crew of veteran excavators.
During the years of foreign occupation,when
the battle for survival in Greece left little
time for less immediately pressing needs, the
antiquities of Corinth and elsewhere were in
constant danger from willful depredation and
sheer vandalism. The South Stoa, which had
just been uncovered when the war broke out,
would have sufferedseverely from such causes,
had it not been for the vigilance and exem-
plary devotion to duty on the part of the
Senior Guard of Antiquities, George Kachros.
It was originally planned to include in
volume I, part IV, of the CorinthPublications
a study of the pottery and other objects from
the shop wells which have a very direct
bearing upon the history and use of the South
Stoa. G. Roger Edwards, who was a member
of the American School of Classical Studies
from 1946 to 1950, began work on the second
part of the volume which was to contain this
material. Before he was able to finish this task,
he became a staff member of the Agora Ex-
cavation in Athens and subsequently he ac-
cepted a position in the University of Penn-
sylvania Museum.He was thus prevented from
 PREFACE
In the meantime, my work on the archi-
tecture and history of the building was nearing
its completion. This proved sufficient to fill
one complete volume, and the material from
the wells, vastly increased during the three
campaigns of 1946-47, 1948 and 1950, would
be enough to be published separately. In his
preliminary study of the well-groups, Dr.
Edwards amassed a wealth of data of par-
ticular value for the chronology of the Stoa.
I have drawn freely upon this information, as
will appear in the text. Dr. Edwards' con-
tribution to the present study is of fundamen-
tal importance. Nevertheless, the final study
and publication of all the objects from the
wells will shed much new light on the use of
the Stoa, especially during the period prior to
the destruction of Corinthin 146 B.C.
In the course of my study of the Stoa, I
have enjoyed the continuous support of the
American School of Classical Studies and the
co-operation of the Chairmenof the Managing
Committee and of the successive Directors of
the School. The late Edward Capps and his
successors as Chairman, Louis E. Lord and
Charles H. Morgan, have unstintingly met
every request for funds for excavation, draw-
ings and photographs.To the successive direc-
tors of the School, especially Richard Still-
well, CharlesH. Morgan, GorhamP. Stevens,
and John L. Caskey, I am indebted for co-
operation and advice during every step in the
work. To the University of ChicagoI am under
obligation for granting me time away from
my teaching duties and for contributing to-
ward travel expenses on my trips to Greecein
1950 and 1952.
It goes without saying that the architects,
who have made the plans and drawings, have
contributed much to the understandingof the
ruins and the restorationof the building. In the
early stages of the study I was fortunate in
being able to draw upon Leicester Holland's
intimate knowledge of Greek architecture and
the ingenuity,for whichhe wasjustly famous, channelsconnectedwith the Stoa wells, and
vii
in finding solutions to the most baffling prob-
lems. To George V. Peschke I am deeply in-
debted for interruptinghis other activities and
coming to my aid, on several occasions, when
the work on the plans lagged behind. The final
phase of the work was completed in close co-
operation with Piet de Jong, whose artistic
talents and skill as a draftsman are recogni-
zable in the restored drawings. In every part
of the restorationhis vast experience,his prac-
tical sense and sound judgment contributed
far more to the final result than this in-
adequate acknowledgement can indicate. As
a result of the final revision of the manuscript,
it became necessary to make some last minute
corrections and additions on the plans and
other drawings. I am indebted to Margaret
Surre Wilber for taking the time, often with
great inconvenience to herself, to enter these
changes.
Other architects, not directly engaged in
the work on the Stoa, have assisted with their
advice and encouragement.I have frequently
discussed specific problems with Gorham P.
Stevens, Honorary Architect of the School,
and with the Architect of School Excavations,
John Travlos, and have profited by their co-
operation. Professor Richard Stillwell gave
freely of his time to discussions of Stoa prob-
lems duringhis directorship,1933-35; in 1948,
when he spent several months in Corinth; and
again during my stay in Princeton in the fall
of 1953.
Anyone who has undertaken any extensive
research project in Corinth is aware of the
mutual advantages of association with col-
leagues engaged in related projects. During
the years that I have devoted to the study of
the South Stoa, I have repeatedly drawnupon
the knowledge and experience of other ex-
cavators. The names of some of these deserve
special mention. It was Dr. B. H. Hill, the
Nestor among the Corinth excavators, who
discovered the underground system of water
viii PREFACE
in many other ways he has contributed to the
present study. Among my younger colleagues,
who are the authors of other volumes in the
Corinth series, I would mention especially
Saul S. Weinberg, Robert L. Scranton, and
Carl Roebuck. Their specific contributions to
the study of the Stoa areimperfectlyacknowl-
edged in footnotes. For the section on the
tiled roof, I have been able to use the material
collected by Mary C. Roebuck, who has read
the manuscriptand made some very important
corrections.
While I was a member of the Institute for
Advanced Study, I had the privilege of daily
contact with the members of its distinguished
faculty. To ProfessorB. D. Meritt in particular
I am indebted for taking the initiative in
making my stay in Princeton possible. With
Professor Homer A. Thompson, I discussed
many problems that arose in the course of my
revision of the text, and he always gave freely
of his time and experience. To him and his
research assistant, Mrs. Evelyn Smithson, I
am further indebted for innumerable courte-
sies and assistance in my work. In the pleasant
and stimulating atmosphere of the Institute,
where every facility is offered to make the
members' work productive and easy, I was
able to accomplish in a comparatively short
time what would have required much longer
time under less favorable circumstances.
My stay at the Institute was made par-
ticularly profitable because it enabled me to
discuss with the Editor of the School Pub-
lications, Lucy T. Shoe, all the problems that
arose in connection with the completion of the
manuscript. She made suggestions for the
addition of a clarifying statement where the
sense of a passage seemed obscure, or for the
rearrangementof material in certain sections
of the book, and became responsiblefor many
other improvements. Her contributionsto this
volume go far beyond the services normally
rendered by the editor of a series.
I would like to record also my indebtedness
to several individuals who have performedthe
less interesting, but equally important, jobs
of typing, and proofreading the manuscript
several times, checking references, etc. Those
to whom I am especially obligated for such
assistance are Mrs. R. L. Scranton, Mrs. A.
Dervys, the late Mrs. Hubert Davis, Mrs. A.
B. Mimicopoulos, Miss Chrysoula Kardara,
Mrs.P. de Jong, Elizabeth Horton, Jean Lit-
tlefield and Elizabeth Fletcher. Miss Esther
Smith has rendered invaluable assistance in
the proofreadingand making of the Index.
Most of the photographs including the co-
lored plate were made by Emil Seraph; others
by Demetrios Harisiades and Hermann
Wagner.
The addition of a colored plate (opposite p.
108) was made possible throughthe generosity
of Mrs. William H. Hill of Washington, D. C.
and Mrs. Otto Witman of Toledo, Ohio.
The membersof the Publications Committee,
under constant pressure from contributors to
the School's publications, have devoted much
time and study to the form and appearance of
the present volume. They were able to steer a
wise course between lavish printing with un-
avoidable raising of the price, and a pennywise
economy that would have impairedthe useful-
ness of the book.
The final publication of any archaeological
site cannot and should not attempt to solve all
the problems which the ruins present. Here
too a practical compromise was necessary
between a demand for perfection that would
have postponed the publication still further
and the urge to publish with detrimentalhaste,
merely for the purpose of fulfilling a scholarly
obligation. Such shortcomings as might have
been eliminated by further study I hope will
be balanced by the advantage of making the
material available without further delay.
The Roman buildings within the Stoa com-
plex have been less minutely studied than the
original Greek building. These structures pre-
sent opportunitiesfor further research by
 PREFACE
students of Ancient Architecture. Architec-
tural members both of these and of the Greek
building are likely to come to light when the
area south of the Stoa is excavated. Any ad-
ditional information that such material might
provide would be important as a check on the
restoration presented here. Minor details of
interest to the specialist may well have to be
The University of Chicago
March,1954.
ix
modified as a result of further investigation.
The building as a whole deserves to become
known and to be given a place of importance
in the future handbooks on Ancient Greek
Architecture. Both structurally and histori-
cally the South Stoa at Corinthis a remarkable
creation, an example of Greeksecular architec-
ture at its best.
OSCARBRONEER
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..... ... .. ... . . ........... .. .... . xiii

FIGURES IN THE TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV
PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

II. REMAINS OF TILE PRE-STOA PERIODS .............. ......... 7

BUILDINGS .. . ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
W ATERW ORKS . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

III. THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES ................ ............. 18

FOUNDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
MASONS'MARKS ....... . ...... .................. 26
GUTTERS AND BENCHES ........................... 28
THE NORTH FACADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
THIE REAR ELEVATION ....... . ...... ............... 42
THE INTERIORCOLUMNS ...... ........ ............... 45
THE SHOPSAND REAR ROOMS ........................ 48
THE SHOP WELLS ................ ............... 59
THE GREATDRAIN ....... ...... .................
. 65
THE STAIRWAYS ....... . ...... .................. 68
THE SECONDSTORY ....... . ...... ................ 70
CEILING AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
THE ROOF TILES .............................. 83
THE TERRACE WALL ............................ 88
REFINEMENTS ............................. 91
PRE-ROMAN ALTERATIONS .......................... 93
DATE AND PURPOSE OF THE STOA ........ . ........... 94

IV. THE STOA IN ROMAN TIMES ...........................100

EARLY REPAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
EAST END OF THE STOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
WEST OF THE AGONOTHETEION ........................111
THE FOUNTAIN HOUSE ...........................115
THE KENCHREAN ROAD ...........................128
THE BOULEUTERION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION ................... . 132
AREA NORTHOF SHOPS XX-XXIV .....................144
THE ROMANBATHS. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . ..145
THE ROMANLATRINE ...........................151
THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE ROMANTIMES..............153

...................................156
V. SUMMARY

INDEX ..... ....................................161

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES IN THE TEXT
Fig.
1. Plan of Pre-Stoa Building ........................ 9
2. NorthwestCornerof Shop XXXIII ............................ 12
3. Schematic Plan of East and West Ends of Stoa, Showing Lengths of Building Blocks . .....21
4. Bonding of Courses at Cross Walls .................. .. ......... 25
5. Masons' Marks on Blocks of Stoa Foundation. ...................... 27
6. Field Sketch of Southeast Corner, Showing Seat Block Set against East Wall ......... . 29
7. Profile of Lagynos from Seatt t Southeast Corner of Stoa .................. 29
8. Doric Capital, Details ................................ . 31
9. Doric Column Capital fro Faade .... ................. ............ . 32
10. Architrave Block from Facade, Front Half . ... ............ ..... . 34
11. Details of Entablature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12. Two Fragnlents of Frieze, Showing Front and Backl ..... ...... .... . . 36
13. Doric Order, Restored .................................. 37
14. Horizontal Cornice Block . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . ... . . .. ... . 38
15. Position of Cornice Block at Northeast Corner ....................... 39
16. Anta Capital Found in Well XXII ............................ 40
17. Frieze Block from West Flank ............................. . 41
18. Block with Taenia at the Bottom .. . . . . . .............. .. 41
19. Blocks from Rear Windows . ...... ..................... . . . 43
20. Block from Rear Window . ............. .............. ... . 43
21. Block with Slanting Taenia, Showing Slope of Roof, from East End of Stoa . ...... .. 44
22. Ionic ColumnlCapital, Restored (Face). . . ........... .............. 45
23. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Side View) ....................... 45
21. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Plan) ....... .. . .......46
25. Ionic Column, Base and Beginning of Shaft, Restored . ................... 47
26. Doorway and Sill of Stairway, East End of Stoa ............................. 49
27. Wall Block from Second Course East of Doorway ....... ............ 50
28. Short Blocks from Doorway, and Lintel over Shop Door .................. 51
29. Block from Top of West Door Jamb ................. . . .... .. 52
30. Lintel Block Recut for Later Use .............................. 53
31. T-Shaped Block with Taenia at the Top ......................... 53
32. Block from String Course, Inner Fagade ..................... ..... 53
33. Two Blocks from String Course of Inner Faqade .................. ..54
34. Block with Cutting, Showing Thickness of Flooring of Second Story ............ 55
35. Block fronl Door and Window in Rear Wall of Shop .............. 56
36. Lintel Blocks from Inner Doorway ......................... . . 57
37. Block from Top of Door in Rear Room I . .............. . . . . . 59
38. Upper Part of Well Shaft, Shop XXVII ................ .. ....... 60
39. Well Curb, Plan, Profile and Section ...... . ....... .............. 61
40. Sketch Showing Cooling System in Operation ....................... 61
41. Top of Inscribed Vase from Stoa Well . . . . ............. . .. .. 63
42. Piers with Slots for Parapet ........................ .... .. 71
4'3. Pier Capital, Probably from Window of Second Story .................... 72
44. Anta Capital (Plate 17 3) ......... ..... ............ 72
45. Parapet Slab from Well IX ........ ................... 72
46. Two Pieces of Unfluted Column Shaft ..........................73
47. Piece of Unfiuted Column from Top of Shaft ..... ................. 73
xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig.
48. Small Doric Capital with Fluted Neck ................... ....... 73
49. Buttress Capitals with Sloping Taenia ................... ........ 74
50. Pier Capital (Plate 18 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
51. Block from Cross Wall at East End of Second Story .................... 76
52. Fragment from Stone Parapet (Plate 18 3) ......................... 77
53. Anta Capital (Plate 18 4) ................... ............ 78
54. Piece of Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
55. Part of Pier Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
56. Fragment of Anta Capital ................................ 79
57. Anta Capital of Hellenistic Period. ................... ......... 79
58. Plain Block from Architrave Course of Inner Fa9ade .................... 80
59. Block from Frieze Course of Inner Fagade ......................... 81
60. Block with Sloping Taenia (Plate 18 5) .......................... 82
61. Sketch Showing Conjectural Use of Opaion with Trough Tile Above ............. 87
62. Poros Seat Block from Well XVIII ........................... 94
63. Ionic Column, Drum and Capital ............................. 103
64. Details of Marble Revetment from Fountain ...................... . 116
65. Elevation, Plan and Sections of Fountain ......................... 117
66. Details of Architrave from Fountain ........................... 120
67. Doric Capital from Well XIV .............................. 125
 PLATES

Frontispiece East End of South Stoa, Restored

Color Plate facing p. 108 Athlete Mosaic in Agonotheteion

Plate
1 1 South Stoa from the West, 1952
2 North Foundation of the Stoa, Revealed in the Campaign of 1904

2 1 East End of Stoa, Showing Stylobate Blocks in Place

2 West End of Stoa after Campaign of 1933
3 IUnderground Shrine
2 Floor and Walls of Pre-Stoa Building below West End of Terrace
4 1 Well and Channel in Pre-Stoa Building Close to Inner Column 4
2 Section Through Lower Courses of North Foundation, Showing Clearing Basin in Front of Fifth
Doric Column from East End
3 Descent into Great Reservoir at Foundation for Inner Column 28
4 Stuccoed Piers in Great Reservoir

5 1 West End of Stoa Facade, from the West

2 East Side of Foundation of West Wall
3 Section Through North Foundation, West End of Stoa
4 Northwest Corner of Stoa, Foundation of West Wall, West Face

6 1 Foundation of Inner Column, Showing Notches at Corners

2 Southeast Corner of Stoa from the East, Showing Trench of Removed South Foundation
7 1 East End of Stoa from the South, Showing Large Blocks at Intersections of Walls
2 Foundations in Northeast Corner of Shop I
3 Lagynos from Southeast Corner of Stoa

8 1 Column Drums from Facade of Stoa

2 Doric Column Capital from Fagade
3 Architrave Block, Front Half, Face
4 Architrave Block, Front Half, from Rear
5 Fragment of Regula, and Hawksbeak from Cornice
9 1 Fragment of Frieze, Front
2 Metope from Frieze of Facade
3 Fragment of Doric Frieze, Rear Side
4 Fragment of Horizontal Cornice
5 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Bottom
o Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Top
7 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Top
8 Fragment of Hawksbeak from Cornice and Piece from Top of Shaft of Ionic Column, Showing

Designs in Color
10 1 West End of Stoa from the South, 1933
2 Block from West Wall with Taenia at the Bottom
3 Block from Window, Now Placed in Rear Wall of West Wing

11 1 Block from Rear Window

2 Block with Sloping Taenia from East End
3 Fragment from Face of Ionic Column Capital
4 Fragment from Side of Ionic Column Capital
5 View of Bottom of Ionic Column Capital
6 Base and Lower Part of Shaft of Ionic Column
xvi PLATES

Plate
12 1 Lintel of Shop Door, OuterFace, East End
2 Block from String Courseof Inner Facade
3 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner Face, West End
4 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner 7ace, East End
6 West Door Jamb of Shop XXXIII from the Inside
o T-ShapedBlock with aenia,from Top of Shop Walls
13 1 Cuttingfor Double Door in Toichobate,SouthwestCornerof Shop III
2 Lintel Block from Inner Doorway,East End, North Face
3 West Door Jamb of Rear Door, Rear Room XXV
4 SouthwestCornerof Rear Room XXVII, ShowingCuttingfor Rear Door

14 1 Well Curbin Shop XXXIII

2 Well Curbin Shop VII with TerracottaLid
3 Well Curbin Shop XIV, and Top of Storage Jar
4 Fragmentof Stone Lid
5 InscribedVases from Stoa Well
15 1 GamingBoard from Well V
2 KnuckleBones from Well XX
3 Flute Fragmentsfrom Shop Wells
16 1 Roman Roof Tile with Graffitofrom Inlet into Drain
2 CementFloor of Paved Area behind Rear Room VII
3 LatrinebehindRear Room XVII
4 Latrine behind Rear Room XXVII
5 Water Pipes and Jars behind Rear Room XV
17 1 Fragmentsfrom Top and Bottom of Pier
2 FragmentfromLowerHalf of Pier
3 Anta Capital,Possibly from Windowin Second Story
4 Piers from Windowwith Parapet Slab Insertedin Slot
6 Fragmentof Small Doric Capital
6 Pieces of Unfluted ColumnShaft and Capitalwith Fluted Neck

18 1 Buttress Capitalwith SlopingTaenia

2 Pier Capital,Probablyfrom Screenof Anteroom
3 Fragment from Top of Parapet
4 Anta Capital
6 Block with SlopingTaeniafrom West End of Building
6 Anta Capitalfrom Pre-Stoa Building
7 Two MiniatureIonic Capitals
19 1 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Front
2 ReconstructedSection of Roof, View of Gable
3 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Rear and Flank
20 1 HorizontalSima and Antefix
2 HorizontalSima, ShowingPattern on Overhang
3 Two Pieces of Raking Sima
4 Two Types of Eaves Tiles from South Half of Stoa Roof
6 Design on Eaves Tile of Pre-Stoa Building
21 1 Antefixand Ridge Palmettes,a, b and c
2 Pan Tile with Troughat LowerEnd, and Half Tile
s Two Ridge Palmettes from Repair, One from OriginalConstruction
22 1 Fragmentof OpaionTile
2 Half Tile with Turned-upEdge
3 Fragmentsof Roof Tiles with Stamps
4 Stamped Pan Tile and CoverTile
 PLATES xvii
Plate
23 1 NortheastCornerof Stoa and East End of TerraceWall
2 Cuttingfor Beams in Top of Block from Frieze Course
3 Poros Seat Supportfrom Shop Well
4 Limestone Seat Supportwith Lion's Paw
241 Fourth CenturyVases from Pre-Stoa Well
2 Vases from Habitation Deposit in Shop Wells
3 Vases and Lamps from Great Reservoir
4 Selectionof Lampsfrom Shop Wells
25 1 Fragmentof OriginalIonic ColumnCapital(right) and Roman Replacement(left)
2 Graffitoon Plaster of Shop Wall
26 1 Piece of Sima, Probablyfrom Roman Reconstruction
2 Ionic ColumnDrum and Capitalfrom East End of Stoa
3 Ionic ColumnDrums, East End of Stoa

27 East End of Stoa, ShowingRoman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A"

28 1 Doric Capitalfrom Well II
2 Block from Springof Arches
3 Fragmentof ConcreteVaulting, East End of Stoa
4 AnimalDrawingson Rear Wall of Room "A"
29 East End of Stoa (1933) ShowingMarbleFloor of Room "B"
30 MosaicFloor in Agonotheteion
31 MosaicFloor, CentralPanel
32 1 Room "C"in Courseof Excavation (1933), ShowingColumnDrumsin Late Wall
2 MarbleSeat SupportfromWell VIII
3 Room "D" from the North

33 i Room "D" from the South, Exedra in Foreground

2 MarbleBlock with Cutting for Ceiling
3 InscribedBase in Honor of the ProcuratorCERIALIS
34 Entrance Way to South Basilica, GroundPlan
35 1 Roman Fountain House, as Found
2 Fountain House, Partly Restored

36 1 FountainHouse, Pedestal and PilasterBase, East Side

2 Fountain House, Pedestal and Pilaster Base, West Side
37 1 CrowningMouldingfrom Front of Basin
2 Fragmentsof Large Pilaster Flankingthe Basin
3 Fragmentof Pilaster Capital
4 ArchitraveRevetments of White Marble

38 1 Fragmentsof Cornicefrom Fountain

2 Colonettesof VariegatedMarblefrom Fountain
3 Three-quarter Capital,White Marble
4 TerracottaPipes and Jar South of Fountain

39 1 Entrance to South Basilica, Fountain House on the Right

2 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities

40 1 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities

2 Doric Capitalfrom Well XIV
3 Mouldingfrom Room "F"

41 Bouleuterionfrom the South

42 1 KenchreanRoad from the North
2 Bouleuterionfrom the North
xviii PLATES

Plate
43 1 East Wall of Bouleuterion and Latrine
2 Outline of Fish in Plaster of Late Wall

3 Marble Anta Capital in Doorway into Bouleuterion

4 Capital and Base of Poros

44 1 Area West of Bouleuterion from the Northwest

2 Head of Serapis
3 Spouted Tile from Tank South of Rear Room XXI

45 1 Late Wall in Front of Room "H"

2 Room "H" from Northwest, Frigidarium in Foreground

46 1 Room "H" Showing Marble Floor, and Dais in the Rear

2 Roman Lamps from Room "H", a, b and c

47 Roman Baths from the North

48 1 Baths, Rear Walls of East and Middle Rooms, Showing Stoking Holes
2 Baths from the Southwest

49 Baths, Middle Room from the North

50 1 Baths from the West
2 North Wall With Entrance to Baths

51 1 Small Cold Water Plunge, Showing Steps

2 Cold Water Plunges and Rear of Late North Wall

52 1 Baths from the North, Showing Doorway in North Wall

2 Marble Moulding from Baths

53 1 Roman Latrine from the North

2 Brick-Lined Channel on East Side of Latrine
3 Fragments of Marble Seats from Latrine

54 1 Multicolored Stone Slabs from opus sectile Revetments

2 West End of Stoa,
Shops XXX-XXXIII, from Southeast
 PLANS

I South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops I-IV)

II South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops V-X)
III South Stoa, Plan, Central Section (Shops XII-XIX)
IV South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XX-XXIV)
V South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XXV-XXIX)
VI South Stoa, Plan, West End (Shops XXX-XXXIII)
VII Great Reservoir and Cistern, Plan
VIII Great Reservoir and Cistern, Sections
IX Peirene Channel and Great Drain, Plan
Xa South Stoa, Plan and Elevation
Xb Curvatures of South Stoa
XIa Section, West End, Looking West; Cross Section of Foundation, West Flank
XIb Sections, East End
XII Restored Plan, First and Second Stories
XIIIa Restored Elevation, West Flank
XIIIb Restored Fagade and Shop Fronts
XIVa Restored Rear Elevation, West End; Longitudinal Section, East End
XIVb Restored Cross Section, Looking West
XV East End of Stoa in Roman Times (Restored Plan)
XVI Room "D", Entrance to South Basilica, and Fountain House (Period II) (Restored Plan)
XVII Fountain House (Period I), Kenchrean Road, and Bouleuterion (Restored Plan)
XVIII Area West of Bouleuterion, Room "H" (Restored Plan)
XIX Roman Bath (Ground Floor), Roman Latrine, and West End of Stoa Shops (Restored Plan)
XX Roman Bath (Hypocaust Level), Roman Latrine, and Drainage System (Restored Plan)
XXI South Side of Agora in Late Roman Times (Restored Plan)
XXII Animal Drawings on Roman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A"
 THE SOUTH STOA
AND ITS SUCCESSORS
 CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
The market place of Corinth is a roughly
quadrangular area with the long axis from
east to west. Its length is nearly 200 m.; its
greatest width at the west end is about 100 m.,
but at the east end it is only about 70 m. wide.
As it appears today, it is chiefly a Roman
creation,1 but the orientation and general
shape of this irregular quadrangle was deter-
mined some three hundred years before the
Roman colony was established at Corinth.The
building which more than all the others was
responsible for the reshaping of the public
square at that time was the great South Stoa.
Its orientation is very nearly the same as that
of the Archaic Temple,2which was determined
by religious usage. The buildings south of the
Temple, along the north side of the Agora,
seem to have been laid out in accordancewith
the configuration of the land and the exi-
gencies of space and communications. The
same was probably true of the smaller struc-
tures erected along the southern border of the
early Greek market place. Like the buildings
flanking the Lechaion Road, these differ in
orientation both from each other and from the
later South Stoa; the latter makes a twenty-
two-degree angle with the true east-west line.
1 The dimensions of the Corinthian Agora do not con-
form to the principles laid down by Vitruvius, V, 1, 2, for a
Roman Forum, for which he prefers an area two-thirds as
wide as it is long; they agree even less with his description
of a Greek Agora which he said was laid out on the plan of a
square.
2 This term is here used for the
building more commonly
known as the "Temple of Apollo." The time-honored iden-
tification of this prominent structure, first proposed by
Rufus B. Richardson in 1896 (A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 479), with
the Temple of Apollo casually mentioned by Pausanias, II,
3, 6, can no longer be maintained without reservation. Cf.
Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, The Lower Agora, p. 72.
Until further study of this problem has been made, it seems
preferable to use the equivocal designation "ArchaicTemple."
B
I
After the construction of the Stoa the shape
and size of the Agora remained largely un-
altered throughout Hellenistic and Roman
times.
In view of its long existence, extending over
a period of more than six hundred years, and
in spite of the alterations it underwent in
Roman times, the original building is in
surprisinglygood state of preservation(P1.1 1).
A section of the stylobate for the front col-
onnade is preserved at either end, and one
drum of the corner column at the west end is
left in situ. An interior wall near the west end
is preserved to a height of three wall courses
above the orthostate, with a total height of
over 2.50 m. above the toichobate. The three
westernmost shops and rear compartments
are the best preserved; in the rest of the
building the rooms in the rear half were for
the most part removed in Roman times to
make space for administrative offices and
other public buildings.
The foundations of the South Stoa were
first discovered in a trench (No. VIII) dug
during the initial campaign of excavation in
1896. A large circular base, originally dis-
covered by Mr. Skias in 18923at the east end
of the Agora, and again uncovered in one of
the trial trenches of the first year, is still the
most prominent landmark in the eastern
section of the Agora.4 Trench VIII, starting
25 meters south of this base and extending due
south, revealed the entire width of the Stoa.
3 nlpaKT1Ka, 1892, p. 123.
4 For a
description and possible explanation of this
monument, see Robert L. Scranton, op. cit., pp. 79ff.; cf.
Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 143-145; W. B. Dinsmoor,
Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 314-315.
4 CORINTH
In his report of the discoveries in this trench,
Rufus B. Richardson5 stated: "This trench
revealed a great many walls, most of which
appearto belong to buildings of the Hellenistic
period. - Further excavation here will enable
us to give something connected and intelli-
gible." Although the walls were not identified
as part of any specific building, the results
seemed sufficiently important to warrant the
expropriation of the land for further ex-
cavation. In subsequent campaigns, other
trenches were dug farther west, and in one of
these was exposed a section of the north wall
of the South Basilica, which the excavators
referred to as the "good Greek wall."
The actual discovery and identification of
the South Stoa was made by the former
Director of the American School, TheodoreW.
Heermance, in the campaign of 1904. In an
attempt to determine the western limit of the
Agora, Heermance dug a broad trench from
north to south along a line just east of the
row of archaic columns discovered in the
campaign of 1933 (see below, pp. 155). Here he
found a fragment of the capital of one of these
columns and in his report6he commented on
the similarity of its profile to that of the
columns in the "Apollo Temple" and sug-
gested the possibility that it might be from
one of the interior columns of that building.
The trench dug in 1904 exposed a section of
the foundations for the north colonnade of
the South Stoa (P1. 1 2). At the extreme south
end of the trench the rear wall of the Stoa
proper (i. e. the front wall of the shops)
appeared,but it proved impossible at this time
to extend the trench further south because the
American School had not yet acquired the
land. Heermance, who connected the foun-
dations he had discoveredwith those found by
Richardson in 1896, some 150 m. farther east,
quite naturally assumed that the whole width
of the building had been exposed. Conse-
s A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 471.
6 T. W. Heermance, A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 439.
quently, in his report of the excavations, he
described only the Stoa proper, which he
termed "one of the largest buildings of
Greece," without knowing that only half of
the building had then been discovered. In his
preliminary study he was able to determine
with remarkableexactitude the dimensions of
the Stoa itself, the intercolumniations of the
Doric and Ionic columns, and other features
of the building. He commented on the poor
state of preservation of the ancient structures
in this section of the Agora as compared with
the building remains already then laid bare on
the north side and along the Lechaion Road.
This inequality he ascribedto the comparative
thinness of the covering fill on the south side,
where a mere 3.50 m. of earth lay above the
classical remains. On the north side, near the
temple hill, the fill in places reached a depth
of over six meters. Had he been able to expose
some of the shop walls in the south half of the
Stoa, Heermance might have modified his
opinion about the condition of the building.
Following Heermance the early excavators
held firmly to the view that the monuments
along the south side of the Agora were less well
preserved than those on the north side, and
this may have been the chief reason for aban-
doning for the next thirty years the project of
excavating in that part of the square. To the
excavators of those times, followingthe elusive
trail of Pausanias in pursuit of more glamorous
monuments connected with cult and religion,
a mere stoa was not sufficient to fire the
imagination. Temples, theaters and fountains
seemed more rewarding.
There were, however, more cogent reasons
for delaying clearance of the extensive Co-
rinthian Agora. Three farm houses, each with
its congeries of barns, threshing floors, and
garden enclosures; cultivated fields, belonging
to several owners; and three village roads
occupied the territory above the remains of
the ancient market. To acquire these proper-
ties eitherby directpurchaseor expropriation
 INTRODUCTION
was beyond the then available means of the
American School. During the subsequent
years other sections of Corinthwere excavated,
and extensive investigations in the periphery
of the ancient city were made.
In the spring of 1933, when funds became
available for more extensive operations at
Corinth, it was at last decided to tackle the
arduous task, which at the outset promised to
be somewhat unrewarding, of clearing the
central and southern sections of the Agora.
For purely operational reasons the work was
pushed from the east and west ends of this area
simultaneously. In the first season the digging
was begun near the circular base which had
been the point of departure in the very first
year of the Corinthianexcavations. Extending
southward from there a section of the Agora,
ca. 60 m. long and 45 m. wide, was excavated
in 1933. This area included the original
Trench VIII, in which remains of the South
Stoa had first come to light. During this
season the eastern end of the building was
cleared (P1.2 i), and the plan and vast extent
of the whole structure was revealed. The plan
published in the preliminary report7 showed
for the first time that the South Stoa was
divided into two halves, a double colonnadein
the front half, and two rows of small rooms in
the rear.
In the southwestern section of the Agora
the two westernmost shops were excavated
during the same campaign, together with a
considerable section of the Stoa, which now
had to be re-excavated (P1. 2 2). The area
clearedby Heermancein 1904 lay buriedunder
a meter of mud resulting from repeated in-
undations. During the campaign of 1933 the
system of shop wells connected with the
Peirene water-main was also discovered. The
former Director of the School, Bert Hodge
Hill, pursuing undergroundthe sources of the
Peirene Fountain, discovered the channel ex-
tending in an east to west direction under the
7 Oscar Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 555, fig. 1.
5
Stoa at a depth of 10-12 m. below the floor
level (Plan IX). He also discovered several of
the shop wells, and noted the narrow passage
between these wells and the water channel.
With his customary perspicacityhe postulated
the presence of shops above the channel before
any of the South Stoa shops had been ex-
cavated.
For the next six years the project of clearing
the Corinthian Agora was pushed with re-
lentless determination.8Usually only the spring
season, from March to June, was devoted to
work in the Agora, but frequently a fall cam-
paign was added in order to speed the com-
pletion of the task. In the excavation report
for 1940, Charles H. Morgan, then Director
of the School, could announce that at last the
entire Agora had been excavated from its
eastern to its western extremity. In addition
to this area, the well-preserved ruins of the
South Basilica were uncoveredin 1934 to 1936.
In 1936 the Bema with its adjacent waiting-
rooms and staircaseswas found and identified,9
and the whole line of the Central Shops to the
east and west of the Bema was subsequently
cleared. During the six years from 1933 to 1939
the excavated area in the administrative and
commercial center of Corinth was nearly
doubled.
The South Stoa, one of the largest secular
buildings uncovered in Greece (Plan Xa)1?,
measures nearly 165 meters in length and a
little more than 25 meters in width, and covers
8 For the preliminary reports see Broneer, A.J.A.,
XXXIX, 1935, pp. 53-75; R. Stillwell, A.J.A., XL, 1936,
pp. 21-45; C. H. Morgan, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 466-484;
XLI, 1937, pp. 539-552; XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370; XLIII,
1939, pp. 255-267; S. Weinberg, A.J.A., XLIII, 1939, pp.
592-600. Supplementary work was done in 1946-47; Broneer,
Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 233-247; A.J.A., LI, 1947, pp.
271-273; and Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 291-300.
9 Broneer, 'Apx. 'E9., 1937, A, pp. 125-133.
10The total area occupied by the Leonidaion at Olympia
(Olympia, II, p. 84) is considerably larger, ca. 6000 sq. m.,
including the open court in the center. The Katagogeionat
Epidauros is nearly as large (5822 sq. m.) with four open
courts; Kavvadias,To 'I EpovToi 'ACFKA1ri1TouV'E1TlSatpcp),pp.
162ff. The Stoa at Kameiros, Rhodes, had a length of over
200 meters. Like the South Stoa at Corinth it had shops in
the rear divided into two rows. See below, p. 61, note 25.
6 CORINTH
an area of approximately one acre. The
northern half of the building was a gigantic
one-story colonnade facing north, with sev-
enty-one Doric columns in front and thirty-
four Ionic columns through the middle. In the
rear wall of this colonnade were doors opening
into a series of thirty-three rooms, each with a
compartment in the rear, which together
occupy the southern half of the building. The
rear compartments at the extreme east and
west ends extend ca. 1.75 m. farthersouth than
the rest of the building, thus forming slightly
projectingwings as seen from the back of Stoa.
Over the rear half of the building there was a
second story, reached by stairways at either
end (Plans XI a and XII). The total floorspace
of the two stories amounts to ca. 4615 square
meters, not counting the space occupied by
the partition walls.
The material is the soft gray poros stone
which was quarried extensively within the
walls of the ancient city and elsewhere in the
Corinthiaand used for all the public buildings
of the pre-Roman era. The walls are sur-
prisingly thin, only ca. 0.45 m., but the ortho-
state course is ca. 0.47 m. thick. Clamps,all of
the hook type, were used only at some of the
crucial points in the superstructure. The ex-
posed surfaces, except in the rear and on the
lower part of the east and west end walls, were
finished smoothly and covered with a fine
stucco, varying in thickness from two milli-
meters to practically nothing. The entablature
of the fagade and the Ionic column capitals
were richly decoratedin colors,and the wooden
ceiling over the Stoa proper must have been
similarly painted. In its architectural design
and refinements and in the meticulous care
with which it was constructed the South Stoa
is one of the finest examples of classical Greek
architecture, comparing favorably with the
best of the secularbuildingsfrom the Periklean
era in Athens.
 CHAPTER
REMAINSOF THE PRE-STOAPERIODS
BUILDINGS
Prior to the construction of the South Stoa
the area along the south side of the Agora
seems to have been occupied with a large
number of smaller structures, the nature and
purpose of which cannot readily be determined
at the present time. They do not, strictly
speaking, come within the scope of the present
study, and no systematic effort has been made
to uncover all the earlier foundations within
the area of the Stoa. What has been uncovered
in the study of the Stoa itself is part of a large
complex of houses and public buildings which
will be systematically investigated as a part of
the Early Greek Agora. It is likely that some
of these structures were completely removed
when the foundations for the Stoa were laid.
This is particularly true of the eastern half of
the building, where the ground level in the
pre-Stoa period was higher and had to be cut
down. The opposite condition obtained in the
western half, where the earlier ground level
was considerably below that of the Stoa
stylobate. The orientation of the early walls,
especially those at the east end, is more nearly
according to the cardinal points of the com-
pass than is that of the Stoa, but there is con-
siderable variation in this respect.
A little to the north of the northeast corner
of the Stoa, within the area of the Stoa terrace,
there is a short wall extending almost due
north-south for a distance of nearly 2.85 m.
(P1. 2 i; Plan I). It appears to be a terrace
wall with a straight line toward the east and
irregular on the west side. Since it extends
southward almost to the foundations for the
Stoa facade, its southward extension was
7
I
probably largely removed when these foun-
dations were laid; its north end is interrupted
by the east end of the Stoa terrace, now con-
cealed beneath the foundations for the East
Portico. There are traces within the Portico of
this early terrace wall, which extended toward
the north for a total distance of over ten
meters. The preserved top of the wall in front
of the Stoa is ca. 0.33 m. below the marble
pavement of Roman times.
North of shop IV a small building (Plan I)
of the pre-Stoa period was excavated in 1946
and 1950.1 Traces of two rectangular rooms
were found, with walls of very poor con-
struction, consisting largely of uncut stones
and some squared blocks laid in a mortar of
clay and preservedto a height of only 0.30 m.
The orientation is very nearly north to south.
The north half of the structure consists of a
small room, 1.85 m. wide and ca. 3.50 m. long,
measured on the inside. Within this area were
found several terracotta figurines and a con-
siderable amount of pottery. In the southwest
comer of the area is a well, excavated in 1950,
into which a rock-cut channel leads from the
north (P1.41). The shaft, which has a depth of
only 6 m., probablynever had water of its own
but seems to have been filled from the conduit
at the top and was thus in the nature of a
reservoir. Possibly it was intended as a man-
hole to a cistern, which for some reason never
was completed. Whatever its purpose, it was
abandoned at an early date. Below the first
fifty centimeters of fill the well containedmuch
1 Some of the pottery and other objects from this area
are described in Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 238, and XX, 1951,
pp. 293ff.
8 CORINTH
pottery from the first half of the sixth century
B.C. The pottery from near the top, however,
extends to the middle of the fourth century
B.C. (see below, p. 95). A second room further
south was almost wholly destroyed by the
foundation for the front wall of the shops. Its
east wall has been followed for a short distance
beneath the floor of shop IV, where the marble
flooring of a later Roman structure prevented
further excavations in that direction.
The deposit of terracotta figurines and vases
found within the ruins of the roomsseems more
appropriateto a shrine or public building than
to a private dwelling. Of particular interest
are a figure of Aphrodite riding a swan and a
pregnantwomanseated in a chair.Both of these
would be suitable dedications to Aphrodite,but
they do not offersufficient evidence to identify
the building as a cult place of the goddess.
About four meters west of the northwest
corner of the buildings just described there is
a small foundation 1.65 m. long with the same
orientation. A few early Greek sherds were
found close to it on the west side of the wall.
It may have been part of a larger structure,
which had some relationto the better preserved
buildingto the southeast. No systematic investi-
gation below the Stoa floor was made at this
point, and it is possible that other walls of the
same complex are preservedin the vicinity.
The next building encountered within the
area covered by the Stoa and its terrace is a
small underground shrine which has been
studied and describedelsewhere.2It is located
north of shop XIX (P1.3 i; Plans III, IV) and
ca. 5 m. from the foundations for the fa9ade
of the Stoa. It seems to have been constructed
in the sixth century and was abandoned in
the fourth century B.C. The terrace wall cut
across the shrine so as to cover the greater
part of it beneath its floor. Like the other
buildings of pre-Stoa date, the shrine is
oriented diagonally with referenceto the Stoa
a See Charles H.
Morgan, A.J.A., XLI, 1937, pp. 545ff.,
pl. XIII; and Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 142ff.
but deviates more from the north-south di-
rection than the buildings farther east. It
seems to be closely related to an eighth and
seventh century B.C. cemetery, one tomb of
which was found within the area of the Stoa
north of shop XXIII. The original Greek
ground level in the vicinity of the shrine is
nowhere preservedand all traces of the terrace
wall have been removed in this area.
Almost in line with the rear wall of this
sanctuary and some 17 m. farther south there
is a piece of a wall extending southwestward
from the foundation for the 23rd of the inner
columns of the Stoa, counting from the east
end (Plan IV). It is approximately 4.60 m. in
length, and its width varies from 0.35 m. to
0.50 m. It consists of a row of thin blocks
resting on the stereo, with its northwest face
very nearly straight and the other side quite
irregular. The top of the wall is ca. 0.32 m.
below toichobate level; at one time this seems
to have been the ground level in this area, as
is indicated by well marked wheel ruts in the
top of the wall. The road probably was in use
in Late Roman times after the partial de-
struction of the Stoa (see below, p. 144).
The most extensive of the pre-Stoa struc-
tures revealed within this area was investi-
gated by Charles H. Morgan in the spring of
1953 north of shops XXVII-XXIX (Fig. 1).3
Its orientation is roughly southeast to north-
west. Its walls and floors (P1. 3 2) are suf-
ficiently well preserved to permita restoration
of a large section of the ground plan. As
restored by Morgan the entrance was on the
northwest side. There were several rooms
surroundingan open court within which stood
two tables flanking the approach from the
doorway, and a platform or miniature stage
stood on the northeast side of the court. Facing
the "stage" on the southwest side were two
small cubicles of irregularshape. Of the three
large rooms on the northwest side, one seems
to have been a bath and another may have
3
Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 131ff.
___._-.___.--?.....__ ____ ,
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rm *mi,, w . m,
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SOUTH SToA STEREOBATE

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Fr.1. Pt,AO FPESOABIDN

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10 CORINTH
served as a kitchen. A small niche within the
entrance way, now largely concealed beneath
the Stoa terrace wall, may have contained a
statue. The southeast half of the building
complex was probably removed when the
front foundation of the South Stoa was laid;
medieval storage pits, Byzantine graves, and
other late intrusions have caused further de-
struction to the ruins.
The earliest of the walls were constructed in
the sixth century B.C., but the buildingseems
to have received its final shape in the course of
the fifth century or possibly as late as the
fourth. At the time of construction of the
terrace wall, subsequent to the erection of the
South Stoa, most of the building was de-
molished and its material re-used for the
terrace foundation which extends diagonally
across the court. The top of the terrace was
slightly over one meter above the floor level
of the building (P1. 3 2), and since the area to
the north of the terrace wall seems to have
been filled up about the same time, it is un-
likely that any part of the building continued
to be exposed. Some patches made in the floor
of the entrance way, subsequent to the de-
struction of the building, probably date from
the time of construction of the Stoa and the
terrace. Although most of the building must
have been demolished, parts of it may have
been left standing for a time to serve as a
construction shed.
Within the building Morgan found a large
number of drinkingvessels and many types of
figurines, including snakes, doves, and female
figures holding doves. These objects and the
peculiar plan of the surviving part of the
structureled Morganto the conclusionthat the
building had served as a tavern and house of
entertainment in association with the cult of
Aphrodite. This conclusion receives further
confirmation from the deposit of somewhat
similar significancein the building at the east
end of the Stoa (see above, pp. 7 f.). Other ob-
jects which apparently served some cult pur-
pose have been found in the Stoa, not far
from the building investigated by Professor
Morgan.4
Within the area covered by the Stoa and the
shops, south of the building investigated by
Morgan,there are many traces of earlier occu-
pation. The fill is here fairly deep and wher-
ever investigated it contained early pottery
beginning with Early Helladic times and ex-
tending into the sixth century.5 Within the
area covered by the Late Roman baths, over
shops and rearcompartmentsXXV to XXVII,
several pits dug below the Roman floor level
revealed foundations and cuttings in stereo,
which by their orientation and character in-
dicate that they antedate the Stoa. In the
southwest corner of shop XXVI are remains
of an ancient structure, the floor of which is
1.85 m. below the Stoa toichobate level
(Plan V). At this depth there was a small
channel, 0.12 m. wide and 0.14 m. deep, ex-
tending diagonally from the southwest corner
of the room toward the northeast. A wall of
poros blocks resting on a foundation of smaller
stones runs diagonally across the corner of the
shop at right angles to the channel. The ground
level indicated by this wall was only ca.
0.50 m. below Stoa toichobate level. From here
the ground descended by step-like jogs to the
southeast corner of the shop, where it was ca.
0.95 m. below the shop floor. The foundation
of the Stoa wall here consists of only two
courses with a combined depth of -0.87 m.
(see below, p. 18, note 3), but growing deeper
toward the west until it reaches a depth of
4 Of
special significance in this connection is the terra-
cotta altar found in shop XXX (Broneer, Hesperia, XVI,
1947, pp. 214ff.) and the terracotta tetrapod found in the
Stoa in 1950 (Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 296, and pl. 94a; and
Robert E. Carter, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 209-214). Pro-
fessor Martin P. Nilsson has suggested, in a private letter,
that the terracotta altar may have been used in a house cult,
and perhaps some of the other dedications were similarly
employed. If this interpretation is correct, the building
studied by Morgan and other less well preserved structures
may have been private dwellings. The prevalence of objects
associated with Aphrodite is not necessarily incompatible
with such a view.
5 0.
Broneer, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 293ff.
 REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS
-1.85 m. and consists of four courses close to
the corner. This uneven depth of the foun-
dations was caused by the earlier buildings at
a level below the floor of the Stoa.
A piece of an early foundation, ca. 0.60 m. in
width and preserved to a length of 2.50 m.,
was found in the northwest cornerof rear room
XXVII (Plan V). Its top is 0.25 m. below
toichobate level. It is made of uncut field
stones of about the size of a man's head with
smaller stones and clay filling the interstices.
In a small pit dug north of the northwest
corner of shop XXVII for the purpose of
laying bare the full depth of the Stoa foun-
dation at this point, insignificant traces of a
similar wall were uncovered running ap-
proximately parallel to the wall in rear room
XXVII.
In the north half of shop XXX there is an
L-shaped foundation, poorly built of small
field stones laid in clay (Plan VI). Its preserved
top is 0.65 m. below the toichobate. In the fill
above this foundation was found some pottery
extending into the fourth century B.C., but
most of it was of earlier date6. A cutting in
stereo with approximately the same orien-
tation as that of the L-shaped wall within the
shop is found in rear room XXX, and in the
northwest corner of this room is a well which
has yielded pottery of the sixth century B.C.
It has not been fully excavated because a later
wall overlies its mouth. In rear room XXXI
part of the flooring and an L-shaped cutting
for the foundation of some structure were un-
covered, but no stones from the building were
found in situ.
The area covered by shops XXXI and
XXXII contains considerable remains of
earlieroccupation. In the center of shop XXXI
there is a manhole which now opens into the
large pre-Stoa reservoir described below. Be-
cause this early manhole existed in the very
center of the shop, the shop well was moved
more than 1 m. off center to the north (Plans
6 See references in note 4.
11
VI, IX). From the manhole a wall, preserved
for a length of 1.50 m. and built very largely
of re-used stones and pieces of tiles laid in clay
mortar, extends diagonally toward the south-
east cornerof the shop. At the south end of the
wall is a large stone, the width of which is
greater than the full thickness of the wall. The
west face of the wall is smooth, but on the east
side, where the pre-Stoa ground level was
higher, the wall is rough and irregular. Its
highest preservedpoint is about level with the
Stoa toichobate. At the north end of the wall is
the manhole, which seems to have caused de-
struction of the wall, hence the manhole and
the reservoirbelong to a period later than that
of the wall. On the west side of the wall, in the
northwest corner of the shop, there is a floor
made of fist-size stones laid in hard cement.
This floor, which belongs to the same building
as the wall just described,is 1.75 m. below the
Stoa toichobate. On the west side of the par-
tition wall between shops XXXI and XXXII,
in the northeast corner of shop XXXII, one
large stone is preserved from a wall running
parallel to the early wall in shop XXXI. The
face of the stone was partly cut away when the
foundation was laid for the partition. The
stone is all that remains of the wall along the
west side of the room with fist-size stones in
the flooring. Within shop XXXII there are
three rectangular cuttings in the stereo, two
oriented southeast to northwest,the third one,
in the northwestcorner, southwest to northeast
(Plan VI). The two parallel cuttings measure
1.15 m. and 1.49 m. in width respectively, and
are preserved to a length of ca. 1.75 m., but
their southeast ends were cut off when the
large cistern was constructed. The floor of the
larger of the two cuttings is ca. 2.50 m. below
Stoa toichobate level. A great deal of pottery
and some terracotta figurines of the fifth
century B.C. were found in the fill of these
cuttings.7 The presence of the cuttings and of
7 0. Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566; and Gladys
R. Davidson, Corinth,XII, The Minor Objects,p. 17.
12 CORINTH

the cistern underneath, which here had to be
roofed by stone slabs because of the deep
cuttings, necessitated the construction of
especially deep and heavy foundations for the
Stoa (see Plan VIII, Section E2-W2). What
purpose these cuttings served cannot now be
determined,but their orientation and nearness
to the building whose floor is preserved in
shop XXXI, would indicate that they were
part of the same structure. Along the west edge
of shop XXXIII the stereo has been cut down
along a line roughly parallel to the cuttings in
shop XXXII, and close to the wall is preserved
a stele base, the west edge of which is cut off
by the Stoa foundation (Fig. 2; Plan VI). Part
early structures are preserved here. In a pit
dug close to the west wall in 1952 the edge of a
floor paved with Greek pebble cement was
found in situ, and fragments of broken flooring
of the same type came from the fill against the
foundation. The floor level is here at a depth
of -1.32 m., ca. 0.43 m. higher than the floor
preserved in shop XXXI.
From this cursory description of the ruins
of earlier buildings it becomes clear that the
whole area was thickly occupied before the
Stoa was constructed. It is not possible at this
stage of our study of the classical city to deter-
mine the nature of any of these buildings with
the exception of the undergroundshrine and
the tavern described above. Further investi-
gation of the fill beneath the Stoa floor and to
the north may elucidate this problem; such a
study can be made only as part of a general
investigation of all the pre-Roman remains.

WATER WORKS
In addition to the buildings whose remains
can be traced within the Stoa complex, and
doubtless connected with them, there are two
undergroundwater works antedating the con-
struction of the Stoa. The largest of these,
which extends from the southwest comer of
the building for some 40 m. toward the north-
east (PlansVII, VIII), consists of severalinter-
connected galleries and of one smaller channel
extending toward the east. At the foundation
of thestele, which like the base was made of for the
twenty-eighth inner column and di-
rectly north of shop XXVII, a vertical shaft
was found with toe holds in the side for descent
into the reservoir (P1. 4 3; Plan V). Only one
FIG. 2. NORTHWEST CORNER OFSHOPXXXIII side of the shaft, to a depth of 1.36 m., is now
preserved, but originally it probably extended
to a higher level. The shaft, constructed out of
poros,is still left in the sinkageat the top of poros slabs, ca. 0.18 m. in thickness, had a
the base. The west end of the Stoa proper, width at the top of 0.98 m. but was somewhat
north of shops XXX to XXXIII, has not been wider at the bottom. From the shaft a stair-
way with ten steps and one half step at the top
pits, and it is likely that other remains of led down to the east gallery of the reservoir
 REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS
(Plan VIII, Section El-W1). The steps at the
top have a tread of ca. 0.27 m. and a rise of
0.22 m., but the two bottom steps are less high.
The shaft and the stairway, like the rest of the
reservoir, are covered with a heavy coat of
water-tight stucco, ca. 0.03 m. thick. It is ex-
tremely hard and durable; the core contains
fine gravel, and on the surface is a smoothly
finished layer, ca. 0.002 m. in thickness. The
sloping arched roof over the stair shaft is
2.75 m. high above the steps at the bottom of
the shaft. The whole stairway and the shaft,
except at the upper end, seem to have been
cut out of virgin soil, which is rather crumbly
and flakes off wherever the stucco is damaged.
All the steps are beveled at the edge to prevent
damage to the stucco and resulting leakage
of water. At the foot of the stairs the stair shaft
continues at the same width as above for a
distance of 0.88 m., then enters the eastern
gallery of the reservoirat the northeast corner
of the latter. The vertical comer at the junc-
ture between the shaft and the reservoiris bev-
eled like the edges of the steps.
From the south side of the stair shaft, at a
height of 0.56 m. above the floor of the
reservoir, a smaller channel extends eastward
for a distance of 6.50 m. (Plans VII; VIII,
Section E1-W1, left end). It is not entirely
clear how this connected with the stairway,
because at that point the heavy foundation
for the Stoa column cuts through both the
channel and the stair shaft. The channel has a
width at the bottom of 0.90 m. and a clear
height of 1.62 m.; like the stair shaft and all
the galleries of the reservoir,it is arched at the
top. It terminates at the east in a circularwell,
which extends up to the floor level of the Stoa
and continues down below water level, here
ca. 4.50 m. below the floor of the channel, and
8.785 m. below the Stoa stylobate. On either
side of the well are toe holds spaced 0.45-
0.55 m. one above the other. The whole well
shaft both above and below the tunnel is
coveredwith stucco.
13
The eastern gallery extends from the stair
shaft in a nearly straight line for a distance of
5.75 m. toward the west. At the east end,
where it has been cleared to the bottom, it has
a width of 1.67 m. and a height of 1.83 m. The
central section is filled to a height of over one
meter with earth and debris, most of which
was probably thrown in when the foundation
for the Stoa column was laid. At the very
bottom, however, there is a fill, ca. 0.12 m.
thick, of accumulated mud and silt from the
time that the reservoir was in use. At a
distance of 1.35 m. from the west end of the
gallery a short connecting branch takes off at
right angles toward the south. It is ca. 1.40 m.
wide at a depth of one meter below the top;
its length is only 2.70 m. At its south end it
connects with the central east-west gallery,
which runs roughly parallel to the east gallery
and extends from the connecting branch
toward the west for a distance of 14.25 m.
It measures 1.46 m. in width at the bottom,
and the ceiling is ca. 1.90 m. high above the
floor. At its west end it opens into the some-
what irregular north-south gallery, which at
the point of juncture has a width of 1.65 m.
and a height of 1.90 m. This continues south-
ward from the central east-west gallery for
a distance of 5.50 m. At two meters from the
south end there is a catch basin across the
reservoir, 0.60 m. wide and 0.63 m. deep. At
the very south end the floor drops to a level
of 0.30 m. below that of the rest of the gallery,
and here an oval manhole, 1.10x0.70 m. in
plan, extends toward the top. It has the usual
toe holds in the sides and is stuccoed all
around. It has been cleared from below to a
height of 2.70 m. above the floor; the rest is
filled with stones and earth (Plan VIII, Sec-
tion S'-N1). As shown in the plan, Plan VII,
it was entered ca. 3.50 m. south of rear room
XXIX in the area still unexcavated.8Thenorth
8 On the floor of the manhole was found a small deposit of
pottery and lamps (see below, p. 95, P1. 243), which has an
important bearing on the date of the Stoa.
14 CORINTH
end of this gallery curves and bulgesirregularly
and finally narrows down to a passage only
0.88 m. in width and 1.83 m. in height. Beyond
this narrow point it widens again and the
ceiling rises to a maximum height of 2.55 m.
Here it connects with the east end of the long
west gallery, which extends for a distance of
16.70 m. toward the southwest corner of the
Stoa. At a point where the two galleries join
there are two piers built of stone and covered
with stucco (P1. 44; Plans VII and VIII, Sec-
tions E2-W2 and S1-N1). The eastern pier,
oriented diagonallywith referenceto the galle-
ries, is 0.47 m. wide and 0.305 m. thick below
the capital. The four corners,except at the top
for a height of 0.26 m., are beveled. The shaft
has a height of 2.175 m. above the floor, and at
the top is a plain capital 0.82 m. long, 0.605 m.
wide and ca. 0.87 m. high, with the horizontal
edges beveled. The second pier, 0.61 m. further
west, is almost identical with the one de-
scribed, but its dimensions are slightly larger.
Both piers are finished with an accuracy and
smoothness rather remarkable in a work of
this kind, which was never intended to be seen
by the public. These two piers, the only free-
standing supports of the reservoir, may have
been inserted because of the width of the span
at the junction of the two galleries, and also
because the wall described above, page 11,
rests directly over the larger of the two piers.
West of the second pier the long western
gallery becomes more irregular in its con-
struction. The pre-Stoa structures in the area
covered by shops and rear rooms XXXI-
XXXIII extend almost to the ceiling of the
reservoir, and the weight imposed by the
foundations of the Stoa has caused the hard-
pan to crumblein many places. For this reason
the fill in the reservoir,which reaches a depth
of over two meters, has been left unexcavated
so as not to endanger the reservoir itself or the
foundations of the Stoa. At a distance of
1.80 m. west of the second pier there is a
recess at the top of the south wall of the the reservoir.The pot sherdsfoundin the fill
gallery and there must have been a corre-
sponding jog in the line of the wall at a lower
level. About 1.50 m. farther west, near the
southeast corner of shop XXXII, the ceiling
along the south side of the reservoirhas been
cut through by the foundations for the wall
between the shop and its rear room. Beginning
at this point and extending westward for a
distance of 3.05 m., the gallery has a hip roof
consisting of two rows of poros slabs leaning
against each other at the top. The foundations
of the Stoa run diagonally through the re-
servoir, and beneath the southwest corner of
shop XXXII a heavy pier was constructed to
support the roof slabs of the reservoirand the
foundations of the Stoa (Plans VII and VIII,
Section E2-W2). The pier, which rests on the
floor of the reservoir,consists of five courses of
large blocks, ca. 1.25 m. long, 0.67 m. wide,
and 0.50 m. high. Since these blocks have the
same dimensions as those used for the toicho-
bate of the Stoa wall, there can be no doubt
that the heavy pier was constructedas support
for the Stoa foundation. The pier almost
blocks the passage at this point, and the north
wall of the gallery has been roughly hacked
away where the corner of the pier comes
closest to the wall. In the short stretch of the
west gallery over which the ceiling is con-
structed out of slabs, the total height above
the floor is only 2.66 m., but slightly to the
west of the heavy supporting pier its height is
2.86 m. At 1.20 m. west of this point there is a
wall across the reservoir, extending at one
point to a height of 1.67 m. above the floor
(Plan VIII, Sections E2-W2 and A-A). When
this wall was constructed out of re-used poros
blocks, with tiles and smaller stones filling
interstices, the reservoir was already in ruins.
The wall reaches down to within 0.39 m. above
the floor of the gallery, and the earth on which
it rests consists largely of hardened mud and
silt. The wall is well constructed, and at one
time it probably reached almost to the top of
 REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS
at this point indicate that the wall was con-
structed in Roman times, most likely in the
first century after Christ.
A half meter to the west of the cross wall
there is an opening in the north side of the
gallery, 1.72 m. high and ca. 0.43 m. wide
(Plan VIII, Section A-A, and Elevation). It is
lined with poros blocks on the sides, and at the
top is a heavy block serving as lintel. This
doorway opens into a well shaft, ca. 0.90 m. in
diameter, cut through the Stoa foundations at
the southeast comer of shop XXXIII (Plans
VI, VII). The well is roughly cut, first through
stone and then through stereo, and on the
north side is a row of toe holds, but the south
half of the well is lined with stones. The shaft
communicated with the Stoa channel of the
Peirene system (see Plan IX), but a modem
concrete slab has been inserted at a depth of
6.68 m. below the Stoa toichobate, closing the
well to prevent contamination of the village
water supply.
The stones of the wall in the south side of
the well are deeply worn and smoothed by the
jars pulled up into the doorway leading to the
reservoir. The wall seems to have been con-
structed only to fill the shaft of another well
dug in the very northeast comer of rear room
XXXIII. It is not apparent why the first well
was abandoned and the second shaft cut so
close to it, leaving an opening communicating
with the pre-Stoa reservoir. The finished well
is certainly later than the Stoa and both are
probably of Roman date.
The wall across the reservoir, which is
smoother on the west side than on the east,
seems to have been constructed as a barrier,
closing off the west end of the gallery. At a
little more than 2 m. west of the cross wall a
roughly rectangular chamber, ca. 2 m. wide
at the opening and 1.35 m. deep, opens out
from the north wall of the gallery. A brick-
lined shaft, with a diameter of 0.90 m., gave
access to the reservoir from the rear room
XXXIII throughthe roof of the rectangular (PlanVIII, SectionB-B). A stairway,0.61 m.
15
chamber. From the north wall of the chamber
there is an opening into another well shaft,
which also seems to be later than the original
constructionof the Stoa, but is very carefully
and smoothly cut. It has a diameter of 0.88 m.
and the usual toe holds in the sides. At the
depth of 3.25 m. below the Stoa toichobate
there is an oval niche in the north side of the
well, 0.95 m. X 0.40 m. in plan and ca. 0.62 m.
high. The upper part of the shaft cuts into the
foundation for the wall between shop and rear
room XXXIII, and a wall of rough masonry
lines the mouth of the well. It is clearfrom their
construction and from their relation to the
Stoa foundations, on the one hand, and to the
reservoir on the other, that all three wells just
described, as well as the wall across the re-
servoir and the rectangularchamber,are later
than the Stoa. From the heavy wear in the
side of the Roman well west of the cross wall
it becomes obvious that this end of the re-
servoirwas occupied for a long time during the
Roman period; and since the water from the
well was not raised to the floorlevel of the shop
but only to the old reservoir,it must have been
intended for use within the reservoir. Some of
the wear on the side of the well may have
resulted from the removal of the earth when
the well shaft was dug, but the other signs of
occupation in the west end of the reservoir
prove that the doorway opening on to the well
was intended for more permanent use. The
suggestion comes close to hand that the old
undergroundwater works west of the Roman
cross wall were used in Roman times as a
dungeon. The floor level at that time was
probably ca. 0.80 m. above the stuccoed floor
of the Greek period.
At the west end the west gallery had a width
of 1.63 m. and the height of the ceiling above
the floor was 2.75 m. The end of the reservoir,
as shown in the plan, Plan VII, comes directly
under the west wall of the Stoa, which here
rests on a comparatively thin layer of stereo
16 CORINTH
wide at the bottom and 0.74 m. wide above
the fourth step, leads into the west end of the
reservoir from the south. Six complete steps
are preserved.At a height of 1.40 m. above the
reservoir floor the stairway is interrupted and
broken up, and two large poros blocks have
been inserted upon which rests the foundation
for the south wall of the Stoa. There is no
indication of heavy wear in the steps, which,
like those at the east end, are covered with
water-tight cement and are beveled at the
corners. Both stairs were apparently used for
cleaning the reservoir rather than for drawing
water. The water must have been drawn by
buckets through the wells and perhaps also at
the stair shafts at either end, not by direct
descent into the galleries.
The reservoir probably received its water
supply from some source higher up the slope
of Acrocorinth,perhaps from the source of the
present Hadji-Mustapha Fountain; it is pos-
sible, however, that it took the rain waters
from the roofs of the surrounding buildings.
Unless it was rain water, it must have come
from a considerable distance, since the water
level in the area of the reservoirat the present
time is ca. 4.50 m. below the floors of the gal-
leries. Only at one point, in the well at the east
end of the small channel, does the reservoir
connect directly with any natural source of
water, and it is unlikely that the galleries were
filled with water from this well. It may,
however, have served as an emergency supply.
The winding course of the reservoir with its
channel and several galleries is probably to be
explained on the theory that the water supply
served several establishments in the vicinity,
each ownerwishing to have water near at hand.
The floors of all the galleries have a gentle
slope toward the south center, the low point
being at the oval manhole south of the Stoa.
The differencein level between this point and
the two extreme ends, slightly more than one-
half meter (see levels in Plan VII), is not due
to accident or settling of the ground. The funnel-shapedextensionis coveredall around
manhole itself extends to a depth of ca.
0.30 m. below the floor of the reservoir, and a
catch basin, the floor of which constitutes the
lowest level of the whole reservoir,cuts across
the gallery a short distance to the north of the
manhole. The purpose of these arrangements
was probably to make it possible to draw from
the manhole even at very low water level, and
the catch basin would prevent silt from
reachingthe point where the water was drawn.
A smaller cistern, unconnected with the
great reservoirbut perhaps planned as part of
the same water works, is reached from an oval
manhole in the Stoa, 2.50 m. to the north of
the doorway into shop XXXIII (Plans VII
and VIII, Section S2-N2). The manhole meas-
ures 0.97 x 0.56 m. at the top, and in the sides
are the usual toe holds, ca. 0.50 m. apart. Its
total depth below the Stoa toichobate is
5.52 m. From it a narrow channel, the bottom
of which is 0.55 m. above the bottom of the
manhole, extends southward in a straight line
for a distance of 7.85 m. At the north end the
channel measures0.51 m. in width and 1.72 m.
in height. Both the manhole with its cuttings
for steps and the channel are cut in stereo and
covered on all sides with water-tight cement
of the same type as that used in the great
reservoir.At a distance of 3.70 m. south of the
manhole there is now an opening in the west
wall of the channel connecting with a circular
well shaft in the northeast corner of shop
XXXIII. The connection between the chan-
nel and this well is probably accidental, but it
is not entirely clear which of the two is the
earlier. Presumably the well was there, un-
known to the makers of the cistern, and the
wall between the two, only 0.25 m. thick, broke
through at a later period. The channel con-
tinues 4.20 m. beyond the well. At the end,
where it measures only 1.52 m. in height and
ca. 0.42 m. in width, there is a triangular ex-
tension with a sloping roof, projecting 0.44 m.
beyond the end of the channel. Since this
 REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS
with cement, it is obviously a part of the
original cistern, but it is not clear what pur-
pose it was intended to serve. As shown in the
plan (Plan VII) the south end of the cistern
comes within 0.55 m. of the north wall of the
western gallery of the great reservoir, and the
floor of the cistern, which slopes perceptibly
toward the north (Plan VIII, Section S2-N2),
is about level with the floor of the reservoir.
Perhaps the funnel at the end of the cistern is
nothing more than the first impression from
the pick for a further extension toward the
south. It may have been the intention to join
the cistern with the western gallery of the
reservoir, but for some reason this plan was
never carriedout, and the narrowchannelwith
its single opening at the north end remainedas
a separate cistern. It looks very much like the
result of a disagreement between two owners
unwilling to share the available water supply.
Since there is no other opening in the roof,
the cistern must have received its water
through the manhole at the north end, which
would have been used also for drawing the
water. The slope of the floor toward the north
and the depression at the bottom of the man-
hole, like that in the south manhole of the
great reservoir,were intended to facilitate the
drawing of water at low level. The cistern is so
narrow that it is difficult for a man of average
size even to turn about in it, and it is rather
remarkable, a telling testimony to the high
17
standard of technical skill, that the makers
were able to apply the water-tight cement with
such care and accuracy in this narrow space.
The orientation of the cistern and of the great
reservoir is approximately the same as the
orientation of the pre-Stoa remains at the west
end.9
The great reservoir and the cistern are so
similar in construction that they were prob-
ably made about the same time. The reservoir
was in use until near the middle of the fourth
century, and presumably the same is true of
the cistern; both seem to have been discarded
and partly destroyed when the South Stoa
foundations were laid. For the date of their
construction immediate evidence is lacking.
Their excellent state of preservation and the
lack of wear on the steps are indications that
their time of use was comparatively short.
Since they were obviously constructed for the
convenience of the occupants of the buildings,
the floors and foundations of which are still
partly concealed beneath the Stoa floor, they
may belong to the same period as the pre-Stoa
tavern, whose constructionseems to date from
the end of the fifth century B.C., or from the
early decades of the fourth century.
9 There are several reservoirs of
analogous construction
at Perachora, one of which is published by T. J. Dunbabin in
Perachora,pp. 11-12, fig. 5. The reservoirs at the Asklepieion
in Corinth (Carl Roebuck, Corinth,XIV, pp. 96-110) are of
a different type, with draw basins in front approached from
the ground level of Lerna, in a manner similar to the Co-
rinthian Fountains of Peirene and Glauke.
 CHAPTER
THE SOUTH STOAIN GREEK TIMES
FOUNDATIONS
The original ground level of the area oc-
cupied by the Stoa rose gently from north-
west to southeast. At the western end it was
about 1.50 m. below the Stoa stylobate; at the
southeast corner, behind the Stoa, it rose con-
siderably above the floor level of the building.
The trench for the foundation of the fagade
varies in depth according to the level of the
ground before the construction of the building.
It is approximately two meters wide, and at
the east end it is two meters deep, increasing
in depth at the west end.1 It is extremely well
cut with vertical sides and smooth bottom.
The virgin soil2 through which the trench was
cut consists of a hard red, sandy soil, which in
places has the firmness of rock. The trench is
0.30 m. to 0.40 m. wider than the foundation,
leaving room for a narrow footing trench on
either side.
The foundations like the superstructureare
made of the local poros stone and constructed
in regular courses of headers and stretchers.
At the east end the lowest course, sixth below
the stylobate (P1. 4 2; Plan XIb),3 consists of
headers, measuring approximately 1.60 m. in
1 Plan
XIb, Section D, shows the depth of the foundation
at the southeast corner, here only two courses below the
euthynteria. Comparewith this Plan XIa, Section A, where
the foundation for the west flank is nine courses deep.
2 In excavators'
parlance this has become known as
stereo,which in Greek means merely firm or hard.
3 The courses and levels, unless otherwise stated, will be
referred to as plus, or minus, the stylobate-toichobate level
which is numbered -1. Thus the lowest course of the foun-
dation at the east end is designated by -6; the first course of
wall blocks above the orthostates as +2. Whenever the
phrase "below the toichobate or stylobate" is used, the
count includes that course. Levels in the stoa area will also
be given as plus or minus stylobate level at the southeast
corner of the Stoa, which is 3.31 m. below the stylobate of
the Archaic Temple and 81.55 m. above sea level.
18
II
length, 0.585 m. in width, and 0.47 m. in
height, but there is some variation in their
dimensions. The average width of the blocks,
one-half the length of the stretchers, is equal
to one-fourth the axial distance of the Doric
colonnade. The stretchersin course-5 measure
ca. 1.17 m. in length, 0.80-0.82 m. in width,
and 0.43 m. in height. The headers of course
-4 are here 0.435 m. high, their other dimen-
sions corresponding to those of the lowest
course. The blocks of course-3 measure1.17 m.
in length, 0.79-0.80 m. in width, and 0.445 m.
in height. This is the topmost course of the
foundation proper, which forms the euthyn-
teria. In one of the Roman reconstructionsits
north edge was cut back 0.31 m. to a depth of
ca. 0.26 m., or somewhat more than half its
thickness (P1. 42 ). In the better preserved
foundations for the east and west walls the
euthynteria projects ca. 0.12 m. in front of the
line of the surmounting step (Plans XIb,
Sections A-D, and XIa, Section A). From the
wear and tear and the splash qf water from the
gutter in front of the Stoa, the exposed north
edges of courses -1 to -3 were damaged and
had to be repaired from time to time. At the
west end, for a distance of five axial distances,
other poros blocks were inserted (Plan VI), but
along the rest of the front, where the original
gutter was replaced by one of marble, the step
in course-2 and the front part of the stylobate
were cut away and restored in marble (see
Plan XIb and P1. 51, showing beginning of
poros step and west end of marble step at west
end of Stoa). The extant blocks of course -2
now measure ca. 1.17 m. in length, 1.05 m. in
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
width, and 0.27 m. in height, but before the
north edge had been cut away the width of this
course was approximately 1.40 m. It formed a
step with a tread of 0.325 m., which was carried
around the corner at the two ends of the
building, where it has a tread of 0.355 m.4
The stylobate course originally consisted of
blocks measuring 1.055m.x 1.17 m. x 0.265 m.
When the front steps of the Stoa were restored
in marble in Roman times, some of the single
blocks of the stylobate between the columns
were removed and replaced with marble
blocks, one of which still remains in the first
intercolumniation at the east end (visible in
Pls. 2 1, 23 1). Since the blocks on which the
columns rested could not be removed without
demolishing the fagade, only the front part
was cut away and strips of marble inserted
beneath the outer edge of each column (Plan
XIb).
The above description of the foundations at
the east end applies to all but the last 20 m. at
the west end. Here, because of the low ground
level and the softness of the virgin soil, the
foundation was made deeper by one course
(P1. 5 3), and at the very west end there are
in all ten courses below the stylobate level.
The system of headers and stretchers described
above was followed to the lowest course of the
foundation throughout. All the blocks are
fitted together with meticulous care, and ana-
thyrosis, with a contact surface 0.15-0.18 m.
wide, appearsin the joints of all the courses to
the very bottom of the foundations.
After the destruction of the Stoa in early
Christiantimes, much of the front foundation
was removed to be used for building material.
For approximately one-third of the total
length of the faqade all the courses were re-
moved and the bottom of the trench exposed.
4 The outer
edge, both of the toichobate and of the step
below, is left rough and unfinished. From the drafted edge of
the toichobate to the outer edge of the step the tread is
0.355 m., but the toichobate projects 0.05 m. beyond the
drafting, making the tread 0.305 m. wide as measured from
the vertical edge of the toichobate. These measurementsvary
slightly between the east and west ends of the stoa.
19
In the northeast corner of the building,
where the inner face of the foundation for the
east wall has been exposed, there are six
courses below toichobate level (Plan XIb).
The lower four courseshave a normalheight of
about 0.45 m. each, except the bottom course,
which measures 0.58 m. in height. They are
laid in a regularsystem of headersand stretch-
ers; the length of the stretchers is ca. 1.17 m.,
the same as that of the correspondingblocks
in the north foundation. The upper courses are
keyed into the foundationsfor the north fagade
at the inside corner; the exact nature of the
construction at the outer corner is hidden
behind the foundation for the East Portico.
The lowest course (-6) of the east foundation,
which consists of headers, continues south-
ward for a distance of only 1.85 m., and course
-5 only a little farther. Courses -4 and -3
extend all along the wall to the southeast cor-
ner of the building, and somewhere south of
the shop fronts a fifth course was added for a
short stretch (Plan XIb, Section C). The north
end of the foundation for the east wall, for a
distance of 3.50 m. from the corner, has the
same thickness as the north foundation, or ca.
1.60 m.; farther south it is decreased to about
1.30 m. The reason for this differenceis that
the anta with which the wall terminates had
approximately the same width as the lower
diameter of the Doric columns and the en-
tablature between the anta and the corner
column had the full thickness.
At a point opposite the intersection of the
east wall and the wall between the shops and
the rear rooms the outer face of the east
foundation has been laid bare (Plan XIb,
Section C).5 Here the lowest course, -5,
consists of stretchers, one of which measures
1.23 m. in length and 0.40 m. in height;
above lies a course of headers, 0.435 m. high.
5 Because of a modern road above the east end of the
Stoa it proved impossible to leave the whole foundation for
the east wall exposed. Three arched niches (P1.71) were made
in the retaining wall built along the road in order to show the
well preserved construction of the Stoa foundation at this
point. The southeast corner has been left similarly exposed.
20 CORINTH
The stretchers of the euthynteria course, -3,
have the normal length of 1.16 m. - 1.18 m.,
and a height of 0.445 m. The vertical edge on
the north side of a joint and the horizontal
edge at the bottom of each block are deeply
beveled, and the face of the block is rough.
Course-3 projectsbeyond the two faces of the
course above, 0.10 m. on the outside and
0.30 m. on the inside of the building. As
shown in Section C, Plan XIb, the lower two
courses project toward the inside, and on the
outside they are set back so that the euthyn-
teria course overhangs.This irregularityin the
foundation may be accounted for by the fact
that the east wing of the Stoa is 0.10 m. wider
than the west wing. Whether this difference
was madeonpurposeorresultedfrominaccuracy
on the partof the architect,it affectedthe lengths
of some of the wall blocks in the three east-west
walls of shop and rear room I (Fig. 3). Course
-2 is the step, the tread of which is 0.355 m.
(see above, note 4) and the riser 0.27 m. Upon
this course rests the toichobate, which meas-
ures 0.267 m. in height and 0.61-0.70 m. in
width. The blocks, like those of the north
foundation, have a length of ca. 1.17 m. At the
lower edge is a triple drafting, the lower band
of which is 0.056 m. high, and set back 0.026
m.; the second band, 0.02 m. high and only
0.005 m. deep; and the third 0.015 m. high.
Above this band the edge is beveled off, and
the upper part left roughly finished.
At the southeast corner of the building the
foundation has been exposed to a depth of
three courses below the toichobate (Plan XIb,
Section D). In course -3 the corner block
measures1.02 m. in length on the east side and
1.08 m. on the south side. The greater dimen-
sion on the south side is due to the differencein
the length of the blocks in the walls of the
shops and storerooms. The normal blocks
measure approximately 1.24 m. in length in
the east-west walls, and 1.20 m. in the north-
south walls, as compared with a length of ca.
1.17m. in the north,east andwestfoundations
of the building (Fig. 3).6 Course -2 is beveled
at the lower edge, as it is further north, but the
block adjoining the comer block toward the
north is not beveled. The step course and the
toichobate at the corner are cut out of one
large L-shaped block having the combined
height of the two courses, or ca. 0.54 m. (Plan
XIb). The drafting along the bottom of the
toichobate is not carried to the corner, but
stops short with the block next to the corner
block. The ground level east of the Stoa seems
to have been considerably higher here than
the level of the toichobate, and consequently
the irregularities in the treatment of the
blocks were not visible.
The foundation for the west wall (Plan XI a)
correspondsin the main with that of the east
wall but extends down to a far greater depth
at its north end. It proved impractical to ex-
pose the outer face at the northwest corner,
because foundations of two ancient buildings
not yet investigated adjoin the Stoa at this
point. About two meters farther south, how-
ever, the west face of the west foundation has
been exposed to the top of the lowest course.
The foundation here consists of eleven courses
below the toichobate, with a total depth of
4.50 m. On the inside, a little to the south of
this cutting, as shown in Plate 5 2 and Plan
XI a, the same foundation is only nine courses
deep. The coursing is perfectly regular, but
the surface treatment of the three upper
courses differs somewhat from that of the cor-
responding courses at the east end of the
building. The ground level was so much lower
on the west side than on the east that courses
-1 and -2 were entirely exposed when the
building was constructed. The euthynteria
course,-3, is somewhat more smoothly finished
6 The
discrepancies in the normal length of wall blocks
between the east and west wings, as seen in Figure 3, is due
to the difference of ca. 0.10 m. in width between the two
wings. The length 1.17 m. in the north, east and west
foundations is used for convenience, instead of the theoreti-
cally correct measurement of 1.1696 m. (see below, p. 33),
obtained by dividing the length of the fa9ade into the requi-
site number of axial distances.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 21

? -_ 4_?- -- K -
f/'S 1223 -^+ w/f -^ /f228 (22 ^
*
W%
^ 46;
/,_
'</2;w
'^ :. \ ' I \ I i I
. jI | F I-!

- ---- e N

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-z - - -T- **
- 1 ,1 !
| ---_-

I~
4 o
N

- -
- . . .
'- -..?- --^-4

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3S P Bo 0W ,E OC

FIG. 3. SCHEMATIC PLAN OF EAST AND WEST ENDs OF STOA, SHOWING LENGTIS OF- B II)ING BLOCES
22 CORINTH
than at the east end. At the vertical joints the
south end of each block is beveled, but this is
not carriedthrough with the same consistency
as at the east end of the Stoa. The step at the
west end has the same triple drafting as the
toichobate course, which is similarin profileto
that at the east end (P1. 5 4). The outer edge
both of the step and of the toichobate are left
unsmoothed above the drafting, although ex-
posed above ground. Apparently the topmost
of the existing three fasciae was to be carried
to the top to form the finished edge of the
course, but this final dressing was not carried
out. Probably the road level west of the Stoa
was raised before the building was finished, so
as partly to cover the face of the step and the
euthynteria. This was certainly the case when
the poros bench (see below p. 30) was added to
the outer face of the wall. The west wall ends
toward the north in a broad anta correspond-
ing in width to the column at the corner; con-
sequently the foundations at the corner have
the same thickness as that of the north fagade,
approximately 1.60 m. The anta, as indicated
by the weathered surface, measured ap-
proximately one meter on the face,7 or more
than twice the thickness of the wall, which is
only 0.475 m. at orthostate level. The foun-
dation for the wall itself south of the anta has
a thickness of ca. 1.30 m.
The foundations for the interior Ionic col-
onnade are as a rule less deep than those for
the outer walls. A few of the foundations have
been entirely removed, leaving only a square
cutting in stereo. Since the columns are widely
spaced, the axial distance being twice that of
the outer colonnade, each column had a
separate foundation. In some cases it con-
sisted of only two courses, the upper of which
was always a single block; but at the west end,
where the original ground level is lower, the
7 The total width of the anta sill
(toichobate) is 1.12 m.
Along the rest of the wall the toichobate projects ca. 0.09 m.
on either side. If the projection was the same at the anta,
this would leave a net width of 1.12-(0.09 x2) = 0.94 m.,
which is nearly the same as the lower diameter (0.96 m.) of
the corner column.
foundation for one of the inner columns was
as much as five courses deep (Plan XIVb).8
The 28th inner column from the east end had
the exceptional depth of ten courses (only six
preserved in situ), extending to the bottom of
the east channel of the great reservoir (see
above p. 12 and Plan VIII, Section El-W'). In
each of the lower courses there were two
blocks, approximatelytwice as long as they are
wide, arranged so as to break joints regularly
in alternate courses (P1. 4 3; Plan VIII, Sec-
tion El-W1). The blocks vary between 1.83 m.
and 1.40 m. in length, but as a rule the length
in any one of the foundationsis very nearly the
same in all the courses. The stylobate, con-
sisting of a single square block at the top of
each base, measuresca. 1.13 m. on the side, and
0.42 to 0.46 m. in height, and its top is ca.
0.10 m. above the stylobate of the facade. The
other courses vary considerably in height; as
a rule they are somewhat higher than the top
block. Like the blocks of the outer foundations
they are cut with great care, and with
anathyrosis at the joints. The blocks in the
lower courses were let down in the square cut-
ting by means of a rope held in place by
notches in the cornersof the blocks (see PI.61).
Between the interior columns and in line
with them was constructed a row of foun-
dations for monuments of various kinds and
sizes, most of which are approximately at the
same level as the top block of the foundations
for the columns. They are particularly numer-
ous in the east half of the Stoa. It is not clear
from the construction whether the bases are
contemporary with the first period of the
Stoa, but it seems likely that most of them
are later, and some are probably of Roman
date. In front of shops V-VIII foundations
for bases occupy the entire space between two
columns (Plan II); when the monuments sup-
8 Heermance (A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p.
434) dug to the
bottom of the foundation for one inner column, which had
six courses, with a total depth of 2.73 m. He did not specify
which column foundation he had cleared; in our excavations
only a few of the foundations at the west end were exposed
to the bottom.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
ported by these substructures were standing
the area north of the interior columns was
effectively shut off from the space immediately
in front of the shops. It seems unlikely that
such a division of the space was intended when
the Stoa was built.
For the rear wall of the Stoa a foundation
trench was cut, ca. 1.40 m. wide. Near the east
end, behind rear rooms III to VI, where the
whole foundation has been removed (P1. 62)
and the construction at the ends of the extant
portions can be clearly observed, the foun-
dation consists of three courses with a total
depth of 1.40 m. In the southeast corner of
rear room II there is one more course in the
rear foundation, but the total height of the
lowest course has not been exposed. Here the
foundation is constructed as follows: Course
-3 consists of a double row of stretchers,
measuringapproximately1.24 m. in length and
0.60 to 0.65 m. in width. The total thickness
of the foundation at this level is ca. 1.25 m.
Course-2, which consists of headers, 1.00 m.
long, 0.455 m. high, and 0.60 m. wide, pro-
jects 0.25 to 0.35 m. from the line of the wall
on the inside, and ca. 0.10 m. on the outside.
Course-1, the toichobate, consists of a single
row of stretchers, 1.20 to 1.27 m. long, 0.70 m.
wide, and 0.43 m. high. At the southwest cor-
ner of rear room I the corner block projects
0.62 mi. toward the east, and 0.52 m. toward
the north, beyond the line of the toichobate
course. In the cornerformed by the southward
extension of rear room I and the rear wall
of the Stoa, behind rear room II, there is a
similar block extending to the west and south
of the two foundations, but smaller than the
block just described. These blocks with pro-
jecting corners, as will appear later, are a
characteristic feature of the foundations for
the south half of the Stoa.
The toichobate course in the rear of rear
room I is higher than the normal courses of
the foundation, having the combined height
of the step and the toichobate course of the
23
east foundation, a total of ca. 0.535 m. At the
southeast corner of the building the large
L-shaped block described above is cut down
on top in its northward extension and the
toichobate course of the east wall is fitted into
the cutting (Plan XIb, Section at top). At the
very corner, however, where it measures
0.54 m. in height, this L-shaped block has the
height of the two courses. Apparently the
builders considered this height undesirably
great, because the course decreases in height
toward the west. Thus at the southwest corner
of rear room I it is only 0.50 m. high, four
centimeters less than at the southeast corner
(Plan XIb, Section D). The differenceis made
up, not by an abrupt jog but by a gradual in-
crease in the height of the course below, from
0.39 m. at the southeast corner to 0.43 m. at
the southwest corner. Since a single row of
blocks make up the total thickness of the south
foundation at this height, the toichobate,
course-1, like course-2 on which it rests, con-
sists of stretchers, measuring approximately
1.24 m. in length and 0.63 m. in width, and
decreasingin height toward the west as stated
above. Thirty meters west of the east end of
the Stoa, where the rear foundation is again
preserved to its full height behind rear room
VII, the toichobate measures 0.505 m. in
height. Thus the gradual decrease is not car-
ried beyond the west wall of the projecting
rear room I.
In the central section of the Stoa, where
a series of Roman administrative buildings
were constructed above the shops, the foun-
dation for the rear wall exists in most places
beneath the floor level of these structures, but
has been exposed only in a few places. The
construction appearsto be consistent through-
out, but the depth of the foundation varies (see
Section in rear of rear room XXVII, Plan
XIVb).
At the west end of the Stoa, where the
original arrangement of the shops and rear
roomsremainedmore or less unaltereduntil
24 CORINTH
Byzantine times, the foundation for the rear
wall, wherever exposed, corresponds in the
main to that at the east end which has just
been described. Beneath the western part of
the building, however, the great reservoir
existed before the construction of the Stoa,
and in certain places the foundations had to
be made exceptionally deep in order to reach
firm ground. Furthermore, the virgin soil is
here very crumbly and the original ground
level was much lower than at the east end.
These factors explain the exceptionally deep
foundations at the northwest corner of the
building (Plan XI a).
At the southwest comer the foundations for
the rear wall have been laid bare only on the
inside, wherean early manholeand staircaseled
into the great reservoir (Plan VIII, Section
B-B). There are only three courses below the
toichobate at this point. The lowest course,
-3, is constructed of headers, 0.58-0.63 m.
wide and 0.45 m. high. The length, which is
nowhere revealed, is probably the same as at
the east end, or ca. 1.25 m. Above this is the
euthynteria course, consisting of stretchers,
ca. 1.24 m. long and 0.47 m. high. At the south-
east corer of rear room XXXIII is a large
block, projecting 0.71 and 0.61 m. toward the
west and north respectively. There is a similar
but smaller projection in the southwest corner
of rear room XXXII and another one in the
corner formed by the southward extension of
rear room XXXIII and the rear wall of rear
room XXXII. These details are carried
through with remarkable consistency at the
east and west ends of the building. In the
toichobate course at the southwest corner of
rear room XXXIII there is an L-shaped block
with the combined height, here 0.54 m., of the
step and euthynteria courses of the west wall.
As in the correspondingfoundation at the east
end, the height of this course decreasestoward
the opposite (southeast) corner of the room,
where it is only 0.505 m. high. This difference
of 0.035 m. is made up, partly by a gradual 1.24 m. each, and the depth by four blocks,
decreasein the height of the course and partly
by a jog, one and one-half centimeters high,
at the east end of the L-shaped corer block.
Throughout the building the joints in the
toichobate course have one beveled edge.
This feature, obviously designed to facilitate
the setting of the blocks, is also found, though
with less regularity, in some of the lower
courses.
As has already been observed, the length
unit of blocks in the foundations for the north
colonnadeis 1.17 m., and the same unit is used
for the foundations of the east and west walls.
This measurement is dependent upon the
interaxial distance of the columns in the north
facade, and since the frieze seems to have been
carried around the corners and continued
along the east and west walls, the length of the
blocks both in the foundations and in the
walls is determined by the same factor. The
shops and rear compartments, however, were
laid out without reference to the columnar
divisions of the building. The width of each
shop is very nearly five meters, lacking only
0.035 . (164.47-[2x .315] 496
0.035m.-- 4.965m.. ) This
figure is arrived at as follows: the total
length of the building on the toichobate is
164.47 m., from which is subtracted two times
the distance from the center of the end walls
to the edge of the toichobate, or 2x.315,
leaving a net length of 163.84 m. to be divided
by 33, the number of shops in each row. The
measurementsare taken from center to center
of the walls. In order to fit the blocks into this
system differentlength units were used for the
interior walls and for the rear wall. In the
east-west walls the blocks have a length of
ca. 1.24 m., as compared with 1.20 m. in the
north-south walls. The length of the blocks
was determinedby the dimensionsof the shops,
which measure 4.965 m. in width and ca.
5.27 m. in depth, including the wall thickness.
The width is made up of four blocks of ca.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 25

plus the thickness of a wall of 0.45-0.47 m. course was made approximately as high as the
The inner depth, 4.80 m., of each shop and rear combined height of the step and toichobate
room is divided into four lengths of 1.20 m. courses of the east wall. As in the case of the
each. The varying units of length in the
building are indicated in Figure 3, but it must
be borne in mind that slight variations occur
throughout. The most striking differenceis in
the east-west rear walls of the two wings, both
of which are preserved above the orthostate
(see above p. 20). The differencein the length
of the blocks in the north-south and east-west
walls is convincing proof that the size of the
blocks was determined, not by the length of
the foot used by the builders but by the over-
all measurements of the Stoa and its exterior
and interior divisions.9
The interior foundations at the east end of
the Stoa are only two courses deep. The blocks
of the lower course in the east-west foun-
dations measure approximately 1.24 m. in
length, 0.68 to 0.72 m. in width, and 0.42 m. in
height. At the intersections of the east-west
wall which separates the shops from the rear
rooms and the north-south partition walls
there is a large block, measuring ca. 1.64 m.
from north to south and 1.30 m. east to west.
It is so much wider than the adjoining foun-
dations on either side that all four corners
project beyond the lines of the foundations
(Fig. 4; P1. 7 1). A similar but smaller block
forms the junction between the front wall of
the shops and the partition walls, where there
is no projection into the Stoa proper but only
into the shops. Likewise in the back, where the
partition walls tie into the rear wall of the
building, there is a similar projection at the
inside corners. The course with projecting cor-
ners is the euthynteria course proper,on which
rests the toichobate course. In order to bring
the toichobate of the inner foundations level FIG. 4. BONDING OF COURSES AT CROSS WALLS

with that of the east wall, the toichobate
9 Heermance, A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 437, commenting on
the axial distances, which on the basis of a foot of 0.328 m.
would come to 7 podes, 2 daktyloi, makes this observation:
This measure "seems so little a natural round number to be
employed that it is more likely to be the natural subdivision
of a total length fixed by the circumstances of the site."
rear wall of the Stoa, however, this height was
gradually decreasedso that the normal toicho-
bate course has a height of 0.50 to 0.51 m.
At the juncture between the east wall of the
Stoa and the two interior east-west walls,
26 CORINTH
the transition from the two low courses to a
single high course was achieved by means of a
short thin block, measuring in one instance
1.11 m., in the other, 1.14 m. in length, 0.60 to
0.65 m. in width, and 0.27 m. in height. Its
east end was miteredinto the toichobate course
of the east foundation. In the course below,
i.e. the euthynteria course, a wide block ex-
tends from the east foundation into the shop,
with the cornerprojecting toward the interior.
The next blocks to the west in the two walls
have the unusual lengths of 1.82 m. and
1.88 m. respectively. The small block described
above is set down into this large block as
shown in Figure 26 and Plate 7 2. Beyond
these two long blocks the toichobate consists
of blocks of regular length, approximately
1.24 m., ca. 0.60 m. in width, and 0.51 m. in
height. At the intersection of the walls the
four adjoining blocks are notched together in
the manner shown in Figure 4 (second course
from bottom).
In shop XXXII, which was constructed
partly over the great reservoir, the founda-
tions for the walls are exceptionally deep. The
rear wall of the shop consists of four normal
courses below the toichobate. Course -4,
which is quite irregular, consists of headers
laid across the cover of the reservoir,to which
the blocks are fitted in as the bedding for the
course above. Course -3 is also made of
headers, 0.60 to 0.64 m. wide, and ca. 0.43 m.
high. The use of headers in both these courses
is to be explained by the presence of the
reservoir which required a broadening of the
foundation. The euthynteria course, -2, which
rests on the second course of headers, is more
regular in construction. The blocks are 1.20
to 1.26 m. long and 0.43 to 0.46 m. high. The
corresponding course at the east end of the
building lies on the stereo. Although at the
west end the foundations go down much
deeper, the large block at the corner pro-
jecting toward the rooms is an invariable
feature of the euthynteria course, but the same courseare preservednear the middleof
extent of the projection varies. The purpose
of these large blocks is apparent at the east
end of the building, where they rest on stereo
and thus provide a firmer bedding at the in-
tersections of the walls. At the west end,
however, where the foundations extend to
greater depths, the large corner blocks can
have served no such purpose,but were inserted
at the same depth in the foundation for
reasons of consistency. The toichobate course
is of regular construction, but in shop XXXII
it is ca. 0.52 m. high, slightly higher than in
the shops at the east end.
MASONS' MARKS
Many of the foundation blocks have masons'
marks, some of which recur many times. No
effort has been made to find all the preserved
marks; those that appear in Figure 5 have
been copied from exposed parts of the foun-
dations throughout the building. Sixty-three
marks of thirteen distinct types have been
observed, a few of which appear with slight
variations. These thirteen kinds fall into five
groups, divided according to the place in the
building where they appear. The first group,
Nos. 1 and 2, appears only on the stylobate of
the north fa9ade; No. 1, which occurs only
once, below the second column from the west
end, might be regarded as a fourth variety of
No. 12. Number 2, found on two blocks near
the east end of the building, may be a setting
mark for the columns, since it appears in the
rear of the stylobate directly behind the center
of a column. Only a few stylobate blocks re-
main, and it is quite possible that many of the
others carried marks of some kind.
The second group occurs on the rear edge
of the first step in the north fagade. Number
3a is found on this course four times at the
west end, two times right side up, two times
upside down. Number 3b, a variation of 3a, is
also found at the west end. A few blocks of the
 TIIE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 27

41a0 o 0

3FI. 5. SO 5AR

II0 W 1

FIC. 5. MASONS' MARKSON BLOCKSOF STOAFOUNDATION

the fagade in front of shops XXIV and XXV,
and here No. 4 occurs three times, in each case
right side up as shown in Figure 5. There is a
similar mark, but turned upside down, on the
step course opposite shop II, and again it
occurs on the same course in the east foun-
dation, on the second block from the corner.It
is possible that the preserved examples of
No. 4 are of two kinds, one a lambda,found
only at the east end of the building, the other
an upsilon, used on the same course near the
center. Numbers 5a and 5b are both found at
the east end, on the rear edge of the first step;
No. 6 occurs only once, upside down, also at
the east end of the building. Except for No. 4,
which occurs once on the corresponding
course of the east wall and once on the same
course of the west wall, the second group,
Nos. 3-6, is found only on the first step of the
facade. Only twenty-one blocks are preserved
of this course and of these five at the west end
are markedwith the A (P1.1 2), three near the
middle have the V, and six of the ten pre-
served blocks at the east end are marked, four
with No. 5, one with No. 4, upside down, and
one with No. 6. Since fourteen out of the pre-
served twenty-one blocks carry one of the six
marks of group 2, it is possible that some of the
other blocks were originally marked on the
front edge, where the final dressingwould have
resulted in their removal.
The third group, comprising only two
distinct marks, is found only on the toicho-
bate of the shop fa9ade, in most cases on the
north face. Numbers 7a and 7b are variations
of the same mark, since in most cases a letter
or group of letters may be written either from
left to right or from right to left. The two
varities of No. 7 occur in differentparts of the
building along the entire wall, mostly on the
28 CORINTH

north face but twice on the rear side of the GUTTERS AND BENCHES
foundation. Number 8 is found four times, In front of the Doric colonnade of the Stoa
near the western end of the building, in front
ran a gutter cut in poros blocks and lined with
of shops XXVII, XXVIII and XXXII.
water-tight stucco. A section of the gutter
The fourth group, consisting of three va-
would roughly form the arc of a circle. It may
rieties of the same mark, No. 9, occurs twice on
have had approximately the same depth as
the rear of the step course in the east foun-
the later poros gutter at the west end, which
dation and once on course -3 in shop XXXII.
is 0.15 m. deep, and ca. 0.30 m. wide at the top
The fifth and most common group, which
(seen in section in Plan XIa; cf. Pls. 22, 5 i).
consists of four distinct marks, one with three
Of the original stuccoed gutter only a few
variants, is found on blocks of the foundations small sections from the bottom are still in situ
anywhere throughout the building. Number 10 in the eastern half of the building (P1. 2 i;
occurs eight times, No. 11 eight times, No.
Plan XIb, top, left; the later marble gutter
12a six times, and Nos. 12b and 12c one time
appears above the stuccoed Greek gutter),
each. Number 13, which, unlike the others,
where the greatest preserved depth is 0.10 m.
does not seem to be a combination of letters,
At regular intervals along the front were
occurs four times.10Number 10, though usually
square clearing basins with an inside measure-
found on the side, is probably the letter xi.
ment of approximately 0.40 m. on the side and
Number 11, like the first part of 7a, is prob-
more than 0.30 m. in depth (P1. 42; Plans
ably the letter chi but it is usually written as XIa and b, XIVb). There was one basin in
a cross. Numbers 12a and 12b, like No. 1,
front of the second column from each end, and
usually have the three short bars in a vertical
along the rest of the colonnade they were
position and the long barhorizontallyat the top,
but sometimes turned the other way. spaced regularly opposite every fourth col-
umn, making a total of eighteen basins along
In the South Stoa, as in most classical
the entire front (Plan Xa). Eight of these are
buildings, marks cut on the blocks of the foun-
preserved in whole or in part and the cutting
dations occur very frequently. All but the last
for a ninth can be traced in the earth. The
group, Numbers 10-13, are distributed ac-
clearing basins seem to indicate that the water
cording to a definite scheme. These may have was led off into cisterns and used in the city.
been used to designate which lot of blocks
So far as can now be determined, the gutter
would go into a specific course in one of the
foundations. It is probable, however, that sloped toward the nearest basin with a slight
rise midway between two basins. Presumably
they did not all serve the same purpose. The each basin had an outlet at the top, but none
blocks of group 5, scattered throughout the
is preserved,nor have any conduits been found
building, may have been marks of the con-
tractors who delivered the rough-hewn ma- through which the water was brought from
the basins to larger containers. The best pre-
terial to the site.ll
served portion of the gutter at the east end has
10 A somewhat similar mark but more
carefully cut ap- a perceptible eastward slope, and the water at
pears on seat foundations in the theater at Corinth; see
Richard Stillwell, Corinth,II, The Theatre,p. 22. that point probably poured into a deep drain
11There is an urgent need for a general study of "masons'
marks" in all their uses and at all periods of Classical ar- (P1. 2 l; Plan I). This seems also to have been
chitecture. A beginning of such a study has been made by the arrangement in Roman times, when a
Marian Holland in connection with an article, as yet un-
published, on the marks on the foundation of the Temple of
Ares in Athens. Miss Holland has kindly shown me an ex- nature from the marks on the Stoa foundations. Scattered
cerpt of her article. The marks on the blocks from the Ares references to masons' marks are found in many publications,
Temple, having been made to assist in refitting the blocks but the exact meaning of many different categories of
after the temple had been dismantled, are of a different masons' marks requires special treatment.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 29

marble gutter without catch basins replaced the rear wall and on the east flank is very
the original one of the stuccoed poros. rough, and a poros seat block with profiled
Along the east and west flanks of the front and a roughly circular, vertical cutting
building ran gutters of poros stone and lined near one end (Fig. 6) was found in situ, set
with stucco. They differ from the gutter on against the face of the east wall at the very
the fa9ade by being triangular in section corner of the Stoa. The two ends of the seat
block were supported on stones resting on
earth close to the wall. The top of the seat was
1.05 m. above the toichobate. Within the
circular cutting, which extends through the
thickness of the block, were found the frag-
ments of a lagynos of peculiar shape dating
1:T? :;, ":> from the late third or the early second century
1---^^^^ - ^ !|
B.C. (Fig. 7; P1.7 3).12 It is difficult to see what
connection there is between the seat and the
lagynos, but the latter furnishes the evidence
-- Xl for the date of the seat and for the level of the
-
ground at the corner of the building in the
i1 -/ :* V,,:- , rJ Hellenistic period.
At the west flank a short section of the
gutter has been laid bare at seven meters to

FIG. 6. FIELD SKETCH OF SOUTHEAST CORNER, SHOWING

SEAT BLOCK SET AGAINST EAST WALL
?:?':__:)____':-

(Plans XIb, A; XIIIb), and the slope was

toward the north. The gutter at the west end
has a width at the top of 0.31 m. and a depth
of ca. 0.17 m. Only short sections at either end
are preserved,and it is not clear what disposal
was made of the water. Probably the two gut-
ters on the flanks made junctions with the
north gutter at the northeast and northwest
corners of the building respectively.
The top of the gutter at the east flank is
level with the top of the step course, and this
must represent the ground level at the point
where the gutter is preserved near the north-
east corner. No trace of a gutter has been
found along the south half of the east wall,
although the foundations have been laid bare FIG. 7. PROFILE OF LAGYNOS FROM SEAT AT SOUTHEAST
CORNER OF STOA
here in several places. In Hellenistic times the
ground level at the southeast corner was ca. 12 Its
peculiar feature is a tube projecting from the neck
0.60 m. above the toichobate level. The out- into the body in such a way as to make it impossible to
empty the vessel except with the use of a siphon. See A.J.A.,
side surfaceof the blocksat the cornerboth on XXXIX, 1935, pp. 71 f.
30 CORINTH

the south of the northwest corner(PlanXIIIb). step at the east and west flanks of the building.
The top of the gutter is here at a lower level,On the front both the euthynteria and the two
only slightly above the euthynteria course. steps were partly cut away and other blocks
At the same distance from the corner were inserted after the original stones had become
found in situ two blocks of a stone bench with damaged by wear and tear. One block of the
a total length of 2.085 m. (seen in section, Plan
stylobate, however, is preserved in its entire
XIIIb). The seat rests on three stones set on dimensions at the west end of the Stoa. It
top of the projecting step course, their tops measures1.055 m. in width, 0.263 m. in height,
level with the toichobate. The bench is only and because of the corner contraction its
0.32 m. high and 0.41 m. wide at the top. It islength is only 1.08 m. instead of the normal
not carefully finished, and the rough pro- 1.17 m.
jection of the three stones on which it rests in- No part of the Doric columns on the fagade
dicates that the bench is an addition, prob- is preserved in situ, except one bottom drum
ably not intended from the beginning. The of the corner column at the west end (Pls. 2 2,
original ground level would have been ap- 5 4), which has a diameter of 0.906 m. at the
proximately at the top of the gutter, and in bottom, measured in the flutes; the diameter
the first period of the Stoa the step course may
on the arrises would be ca. 0.96 m. The dia-
have served as a seat for loiterers and casual meter at the fluted neck of the capital measures
passers-by. When the ground level rose in the 0.748 m. in the fluting, and 0.794 m. on the
course of the two centuries before Mummius arrises (Fig. 8). Thus the total diminution is
the bench was inserted at the higher level. only 0.166 m. on the arrises, 0.158 m. in the
The original gutter must have been buried by flutes. The rate of diminution, however, in-
that time, and no trace of a successorhas been creases perceptibly above the middle of the
found. shaft. The lower four drums diminish at an
A gutter along the flanks of the building isapproximately even rate, ten millimeters to
not a necessity, since no water was here shed each drum (ca. 0.62 m. high); the diminutionin
from the roof. There were roads, however, the drums from the upper part of the shaft
along the flanks of the Stoa, leading into the amounts to about twice as much. Although
Agora at the east and west ends, and the the diameters can be measured only in the
gutters were probably intended to keep the flutes and absolutely accurate measurements
rainwater that collected in the roads away to within a millimeter are in most cases im-
from the walls and foundations of the building.possible, this variation in the rate of diminu-
Since the area at either end is still unexca- tion between the lower and upper parts of the
vated, except for a narrow strip along the shaft proves beyond a doubt that the columns
walls, the relation of the two roads to the Stoa
had entasis. The corner drum at the west end
and the level of the ground at the time of con-shows no inclination toward the interior of the
struction cannot be established with perfect building.
certainty. In the calculations given above the lower
diameter is that of the corner column, which
has the only bottom drum sufficiently well
THE NORTH FACADE
preservedto be accurately measured. It might
The step and the stylobate of the fa9ade had be supposed that the corner column was
a combined height of 0.53 m. The euthynteria slightly greater in diameter than the others,
on which the step rested projected rather ir- but this seems not to have been the case, as
regularly,0.12-0.17 m., from the edge of the shown by the following observations. Upon
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 31

- .os -

,,i 'Ii
I'

ece ,a sd

I/ | Pi_AN OF CAPITAL

/t > I '

I \

/ l

/
'I \
/
/I \ \
/ I1 /JI \ \

' / I \ x
/ -

w/ I l
- . I-
____ ___^
---
1--_/- . X

X \" , I
jI
II
i
L

_AIT_
Im~~~F.8DocC_ FI. '. IEA
-'PL t
o 2 r d cm. ^ .. /
( *^ i

the bottom drum of the westernmost column, from the west end stands another drum (also
which is in situ, rests a second drum, slightly seen in P1. 2 2) with almost exactly the same
displaced (Pls. 2 2, right, 5 4). Its lower dia- measurements as the second drum at the
meter is exactly the same as the upper dia- corner. Consequently this must belong to one
meter of the bottom drum; there can be no of the other columns near by, but since it has
doubt that it is the second drum of the corner an empolion in the bottom it cannot be the
column. In the space for the second column lowest drum, and it is too large to belong
32
higher up in the shaft. It differs only four
millimeters in height from the second drum of
the corner column, and the diameters of the
two drums are almost exactly the same both
at the top and at the bottom. In view of the
close correspondence in dimensions between
these two second drums, it seems safe to con-
clude that the corner columns had the same
diameter as all the rest.
The abacus measures 1.03 m. on the side,
only 0.07 m. more than the lower diameter of
the column, and 0.168-0.17 m. in height (cf.
Fig. 8, where the dimensions are slightly dif-
ferent). The echinus has no perceptible curve.
There are four annulets at the base of the echi-
nus and the usual relieving surface on the bot-
tom of the capital. The column drums, in-
cluding the capital, have cuttings for empolia
.0.6
^^o*'s
1 1 1 1%
'tqT
_--. 0.514 ----.
FIG. 9. DORIC COLUMN CAPITAL FROM FACADE
at either end (visible in Figures 8, 9; P1. 8 2),
measuring ca. 0.08-0.14 m. on the side and ca.
0.08 m. in depth. At the bottom of this larger
cutting is a smaller hole, ca. 0.045 m. square,
and 0.05 m. deep, making the total depth ca.
0.13 m. The smaller cutting is not always in
the center of the larger one (Fig. 9). Of the
drums whose ends are exposed only a single
example is without empolion at the lower end.
This was obviously a bottom drum, but its
sides have been trimmed off so as to make it
difficult to calculate its diameter with ac-
curacy.
CORINTH
The Doric colonnade had a height of ap-
proximately 5.70 m. About fifty column drums
have been found scattered about in various
parts of the building and throughout the Agora
(Pls. 5 i, 8 i). They vary in height as much as
0.15 m., and there is no apparent regularity in
the order of high and low drums, except per-
haps in the topmost drum which may have
been somewhat shorter than the others. The
only two drums preserved from the top of the
shaft measure 0.552 m. and 0.565 m. respec-
tively; the average height of the others is ca.
0.62 m. Four capitals are preserved, all having
the same height of 0.395 m. (Figs. 8, 9; P1. 8 2).
Thus the total height of the column calculated
on the basis of the drums, with nine drums and
the capital, would amount to (8 x0.62) +
0.560+0.395 - 5.915 m. But this does not
correspond to the height of the wall of the
inner facade to be restored with the existing
blocks. Unless we postulate the existence
somewherein this wall of a course of less than
half the normal height-and no fragments of
such a course have been found-it becomes
o
. 1 necessary, on the evidence of the wall blocks,
to restore the Doric columns to a height of
5.705 m. In view of the wide variation in height
of the existing drums and the comparatively
small number preserved-less than one hun-
dredth of the total number-such a height
comes well within the possible range.13This is
the column height used in the restored draw-
ings, Plans XI-XIV and Frontispiece(Plan X a
was made at an earlier stage of the investiga-
tion on the basis of a slightly different cal-
culation). The ratio of the lower diameter to
the height is 1:5.94, that of the diameter to the
13Apparently some of the columns were made up of nine
short drums plus the capital; in others only eight drums made
up the shaft. Thus eight drums with an average height of
0.595 m., plus one of 0.55 m., plus the capital of 0.395 m.
would make up the required height of 5.705 m. If the taller
type of drum was used the same result would be obtained
with seven drums having an average height of 0.68 m., plus
one of 0.55 m., plus the capital. Since the tallest preserved
drum is 0.706 m., and the shortest, not counting the two top
drums, is 0.59 m., either of these alternatives is possible.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
axial spacing is 1:2.327.14 If such a column
seems squat for the fourth century B.C. (for
the date see below p. 96), it is necessary to bear
in mind that the Ionic columns in the same
restoration become rather slender, and since
the height of the latter depends on the height
of the columns in the fagade, it is essential to
keep the Doric orderas low as possible. To add
one more drum to the outer columns would
create insuperableproblemsin the restoration
of the Ionic order and of the inner fagade.
The interaxial distances may be calculated
in three ways: a) by an over-all measurement
of the length of the stylobate (with allowance
for corner contraction), b) by the dimensions
of the step blocks of the fagade, and c) by the
dimensions of the architrave, frieze, and cor-
nice.
The total length of the Stoa, measured on
the stylobate, is 164.47 m. By subtracting
from this measure the length of two half cor-
ner stylobate blocks, or 1.08 m., the total
distance from axis to axis between the two
corner columns is 163.41 m., to be divided into
sixty-eight normal axial units and two shorter
ones at the two ends of the building. The in-
teraxial distance at the two corners was re-
duced to 2.16 m. and the normal unit will be
164.47- (2 x0.54+ 2 x2.16) . only 0.90 m. long. The maximum preserved
= 2.3392. This is
68
so close to 2.34 m. that for practical purposes
this dimension may be used and appears thus
on the plans. The blocks in the foundation
vary slightly in length, but the average block
measures ca. 1.17 m., one-half of one axial
distance.
The architrave consisted of double blocks
joined with hook clamps to each other at the
back and to their neighbors at the ends. No
backers from the faQade have been found
14 The nearest
parallel among the dated Doric temples is
the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, built between 366 and 326
B.C., approximately contemporary with the South Stoa.
The corresponding ratios of this temple are ca. 1:5.86 and
1:2.29 (front), 1:2.26 (flanks). See W. B. Dinsmoor, The
Architecture of Ancient Greece, ChronologicalList, opposite
p. 340.
33
and only two incomplete blocks and some
smaller fragments of the front half are pre-
served. The largest piece (visible in the upper
left corner, P1. 8 3), now resting on a late wall
in front of Shop XXII, has a length of 2.14 m.
The taenia and regulae have been cut away,
but faint traces remainwhich cannot, however,
be measured with absolute accuracy. The pre-
served right end has anathyrosis, a dowel hole
at the bottom, the cutting for a clamp at the
top, and cuttings for two clamps, 1.07 m. apart,
in the rear. The cutting nearest the preserved
end is 0.70 m. from the end. If the two cut-
tings were symmetrically placed, a distance
of ca. 0.25 m. would have to be restored at the
left end of the block, making a total of 2.89 m.
or about five centimeters more than the re-
quired length of 2.34 for the interaxial
distance. The block is 0.45 m. thick, and since
the backers probably had the same thickness,
the total thickness of the architrave would
be 0.90 m., which would leave 0.065 m. for the
projection of the abacus on either side. Two
adjoining fragments from the front half of an
architrave were found built into a late wall
north of shop XXIV (Fig. 10; P1. 8 3-4). One
piece preserves a little more than half the
total length of the block, the second piece is
length at the back is 2.29 m., only 0.05 m. short
of the original length. The taenia and regulae
have been cut away, but enough remains to
admit fairly accurate measurements. They in-
dicate a triglyph-metope unit of ca. 1.173 m.,
the regula having a length of ca. 0.468 m. and
the space between the regulae ca. 0.705 m.
A small fragment (P1. 8 5, right) preserving
part of a regula with the comer gutta, found
in one of the wells near the east end of the Stoa,
supplies the missing dimensions. On this frag-
ment the taenia at the top of the architrave
measures0.062 m. in height. The height of the
regula, exclusive of the taenia, is 0.04 m., the
length of the gutta is 0.023 m., and the dia-
meter0.042 m. (The dimensionsin Figure11
 34 CORINTH

V' Ii ' '

?
-'- .- - - -. .. . !
tV'_ .* t' ; / -'V^ ' * *, ' *N ,' ';;-*'I

..,

F----
/^ax/FIiG.m urnzfhprcjerAed 229 FM A FO L

P---- lva~/mum
/eInG h pre3erved 2fCS
FN'S ,

FIG. 10. ARCHITRAVE BLOCK FROM FACADE, FRONT HALF

vary slightly from those given here). The taenia of the front face of all three blocks have
small fragment from the well has traces of been chiseled away, but in the proper light it
color on a thick coat of stucco, which was is possible to distinguish the slightly smoother
probably applied in Roman times. The taenia surface of the metopes. The height of the blocks
was painted red; the regula, gutta and the is 0.745 m.; the total width is not preserved.
face of the architrave are now white. If the Near the east end of the Stoa have been
regula was originally painted blue, as would found five large fragments from the frieze
normally be the case, the color has completely (Fig. 12; P1. 9 1-3), and one piece, preserving
disappeared. The height of the architrave is an almost complete triglyph, was found lying
0.634 m., slightly more than one-tenth the in a drain north of the Bema. The triglyph has
calculated height of the column. a width of 0.45 m. (for profile and measure-
Of the frieze several blocks are preserved, ments, see Figure 11, bottom), and the metope,
three of them (one visible in P1. 8 3, upper measuredfrom the end of the block to the edge
right) now built into the late wall in front of of the triglyph, measures 0.728 m. This gives
shops XXII-XXIV, in their entire length. a total of 1.178 m., 8 mm. more than the re-
They measure 2.33 m., 2.34 m., and 2.343 m. quired length of the unit. The discrepancywas
respectively in length. The triglyphs and the made up by a very slight overlap of the tri-
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 35

~~~?? ~ ~ ~ /
~~~~~~<

1
"0,

//~ / /?if/

,G 113EAL?FNALTR,

FIG. 11. DETAILS OF ENTABLATURE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

,
G,55 .. S "

glyph at the end of the block. The taenia
above the frieze is 0.083 m. wide, and the pro-
jection is approximately 0.01 m. The total
thickness of the frieze blocks is in no case
preserved, but the existing blocks show that
the frieze, unlike the architrave, consisted of
single blocks, the thickness of which cor-
responds to the combined thickness of the
two blocks of the architrave. One fragment has
a total preserved thickness of 0.80 m., the
others are approximately 0.65 m. Since the
total required thickness through the triglyph
is only ca. 0.90 m., and all the blocks show
rough cuttings on one side, it is clear that
single blocks made up the total thickness. One
fragment (Fig. 12, bottom; P1. 9 ), only a
meter in length, preserves on the back a very
flat taenia, the lower edge of which comes ca.
0.50 m. above the bottom of the block. If the
taenia had extended to the top, its total
height would have been ca. 0.25 m., but the
edge of the block is rabbeted for the insertion
of a thin strip of wood beneath the ceiling
beams (see Frontispieceand Plans XI a, XIVb).
The unusual length of the frieze blocks may
be accounted for by the desire on the part of
the architect to lessen the load carried by the
architrave which was weaker than the frieze
because of its smaller height and was further-
more divided into two halves. The frieze
36 CORINTH

'-
cu!.~~~~~~~~~~ru
a", '

r^ - ,
.?, . x, /

"* s^ uAld
V^0^Uf^d

^^ ~ ~ ho/e inrbetw^^^^^T^y'
Dovvef ~ ~ ~ hid

F I. 12. Two FRE, SH G F T AD

\\~~~~~~~~~~~~^
for wooden strip -^

FIG 1. TO RAGENS O FIEZ, HOWNGFROT ND AC

blocks, though placed with the middle slightly
(0.227 m.) off center of each column, would act
as cantilevers and would thus carry nearly the
whole weight of the roof.15 It may have
seemed convenient to make the architrave as
light as possible to facilitate the lifting and
placing of the blocks on the columns. After
the architrave blocks had been put in place,
tied together with metal clamps and doweled
15 I have been unable to detect
any cutting on top of the
architrave or any undercutting on the frieze blocks to remove
the weight from the architrave at the middle of the span. If
such cuttings existed they must have been very slight.
to the column capitals, the whole structure of
the facade would have become comparatively
rigid, and the much heavier blocks of the frieze
could thus have been handled more easily.
Neither clamps nor dowels were used for the
frieze, but the blocks have dowel holes in the
top for the fastening of the cornice (Fig. 12).
There is no complete cornice block in ex-
istence, but numerous fragments (Figs. 14, 15;
Pls. 9 4-8) have been combined to give all the
pertinent details, as shown in Figures 11 and
13. The via, 0.131 m. wide, and the mutule,
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 37

.. ..._ / _,

I " - - - - - .- ----
-..e
-wf';'<* -,--- ---- --^t- -

^o/--

4 -!lF ,9o , 1

1 k, ~~--~
-~~~~- ,7J--

,96

__L
-, __

|o t ,o ,o 4o , . 6o, ,9 o to to
,90
o ,o

FIG. 13. DORIC ORDER, RESTORED

38 CORINTH

0.455 m. wide, together measure 0.586 m. in reversa have been cut away, but what remains
width, one millimeter more than is required to shows that the bearing surface resting on the
make up an intercolumniation of 2.34 m. The frieze was ca. 0.67 m. wide. If its outer edge
68
projected ca. 0.045 m. beyond the edge of the
frieze, as indicated in Figure 13, the bearing
___________
i_______

surface was reduced to a width of 0.625 m. On

the inner edge (0.275 m. wide) of the frieze,
the wooden ceiling beams and rafters must
W.[i have rested, but this margin was reduced by
the rabbet for a wooden strip to only 0.20 m.
There are no cuttings in the back of the cor-
nice block for these beams, and the block is in
any case too thin to have the beams sunk into
its thickness. The shallow depressions in the
A 0 - 035 top (Fig. 14) must have been made when the
WB O
terracotta sima was laid. There is a clamp cut-
035""^^^^^^0060
ting at the preserved joint and the other end
: AY .... ....... r.1 must have been fastened to the top of the
frieze with a dowel. Some of the frieze blocks
(Fig. 12), however, have dowel holes both near
the front and the rear, as if the cornice blocks
extended clear across. Where that was the case
the ceiling beams and rafters must have been
" :
fitted into cuttings at the rear edge of the cor-
,^^^ ^-^ ^\ -^-^77>-
. nice blocks. One of the frieze blocks (Fig. 12,
bottom) has a rough cutting in the top, ca.
r.88 0.18 m. wide and 0.04 m. deep, which must
have been made for one of the wooden ceiling
beams, perhaps at the time of repairs. The
rafters were probably notched into the ends of
the ceiling beams (as shown in Plan XIVb and
Frontispiece), to remove any thrust from the
walls of the building.
The entablature of the fa9ade as well as the
-
- 0^67
,i
d
capitals of the interior columns and, pre-
lt o 5o oo sumably, architectural details of the shop
IeM ^"4 1 ..I I I6 Ei fronts were decorated with conventional de-
FIG. 14. HORIZONTAL CORNICE BLOCK signs, but only on a few small fragments are
the colors preserved. Two of these are shown
differenceis too slight to be of significance.One in Plate 9 s. The hawksbeak moulding at the
mutilated block (Fig. 14) from the cornice of top of the cornice has the usual Doric tongue
the fagade was found in the foundation for a pattern, and a fragment from the astragal at
Roman water tank at the west end of the the base of one of the Ionic capitals has a
Agora. Its under side and part of the cyma design of chevrons in red and white.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 39

PLAN- -- Kos
y-

ii

E LE V T ON S: CT I ON -A-

.. .
............ ... ... . . ....
,.....

0 0 O 0 0 O 0 O:.'' -0 ::;/

000 0o 0l)00
^o c
S O F F IT P L A N
O 0 C
0 40 30 4o 50 6o ,
70 o 90 o
C_o
tL::1F. P* TI! OSI
I OR. ,. * C !I t...CMS.O

FIG. 15. POSITION OF CORNICE BLOCK AT NORTHEAST CORNER

feature clearly. At the west end the broad

THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS
section of the toichobate continues ca. 0.50 m.
The two steps of the facade return along the beyond the return of the wall, but the tooling
east and west flanks of the building, where and weathering seem to indicate that the east-
they continue with approximately the same ward bend forming the anta was only ca.
projection as they had in front (Plans XIIIa 0.47 m. thick (Plans VI, XII).
and b). At the northeast and northwest cor- Most of the east wall is missing except at the
ners the stylobate for a distance of ca. 4.40 m. southeast corner, where two wall blocks are in
had the same width as on the fagade. The two place above the orthostates (Plan XIb, top).
walls terminated toward the north in a broad The orthostate blocks are ca. 1.05 m. high (but
anta, the width of which correspondedto the see below p. 92 on refinements), ca. 1.17 m.
diameter of the column, and the L-shaped pro- long, and ca. 0.465 m. thick. The height is very
jections forming the antae probably had the nearly the same as the combined height of two
same thickness as the walls. At the east end normal wall blocks; the length, as has been
the top of the toichobate at this point is not pointed out above, is determined by the di-
sufficiently well preserved to indicate this mensions of the Doric order of the fa9ade; and
40 CORINTH
',
XD s Jta
'_H
. 16. ANTA CAPITALFOUND IN WELL XXII
FIG
the thickness is slightly larger than that of the
normal wall blocks (0.45 m.) to allow for a
projection of ca. 0.008 m. on either side. On
the west flank (P1. 10 i) all but three of the
orthostates are preserved in their original po-
sition. The existing portions of the walls are
smoothly finished and stuccoed on the inside,
but on the outside they are left comparatively
rough, and the joints are beveled on one side
as in the foundations. On the walls the outer
surface to the thickness of the beveling was
probably intended to be removed, but for
some reason this was never accomplished.This
unfinished surface may have extended as far
up as the architrave, but could not have con-
tinued higher.
The blocks from the two L-shaped antae are
all lost with one possible exception. In one of
the wells near the middle of the building were
found two adjoining pieces of a poros slab that
may be from one of the anta capitals. At the
top is a hawksbeak moulding above a plain
taenia (Fig. 16). The moulding turns the corner
at one end and the other end is broken away.
The block is only 0.457 m. high, too low to fit
the regular coursing of wall blocks, and the
moulding at the top seems rather small for an
anta of such width, but it is difficult to think of
-<' .?4..
:-ss 20 10 <
1 50 vr.
M
any other suitable place for the fragment. In
the restorations this capital has been used for
the antae and a course of that height has been
restored in the wall. The combined height of
this course and of the architrave, the next
course above, is 1.091 m., only 0.031 m. more
than the height of two normal wall blocks of
0.53 m. each.16The low course was presumably
introduced on the two flanks in order to make
up for two courses in the rest of the building
(see restored cross section, Plan XIVb).
The Doric entablature was carried round
the corners and along the flank walls to the
southeast and southwest corners of the build-
ing (Plan XIIIa). This is indicated by the
length of the blocks in the east and west walls,
which is the same as that required by the
axial spacing of the Doric colonnade. Of the
architrave course over the east and west walls
no blocks have been found, but a small frag-
ment from one of the metopes of the frieze in
the west wall (Fig. 17) is preserved. It has the
normal taenia, 0.083 m. high, at the top, and
at the left edge a vertical band, 0.011 m. wide,
is left without stucco where the edge of the
16
There are slight variations, usually only a few milli-
meters, sometimes as much as 0.014 m., in the height of or-
dinary wall blocks (cf. Figs. 19, 20, 27, 28, 29).
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 41

-
.07" --

N.

TTO

FIG. 17. FRIEZE BLOCK FROM WEST FLANK

1 ...

triglyph from the adjoining block overlapped. and place of finding show that it belongs in the
The other side of the fragment preserves a west wall, and since it had cuttings for clamps
section of the cutting for the wooden strip at both ends it must be placed high up near
which existed on the back of the frieze course
on all four sides of the Stoa proper. The block
cannot belong to the fagade because of its
thickness, nor can it have come from the
middle wall of the building because of the
taenia on the front. The thickness is 0.445 m.,
approximately that of a normal wall block.
But, since the face of the metope is set back 4'
0.0435 m. from the face of the triglyph (Fig.
11), which would be flush with the architrave
and wall face, the thickness of the metope block
ought to be only 0.45-0.0485 - 0.4065 m.
With its present dimensions it represents a
wall thickness of 0.445+0.0435 = 0.4885 m.
In order to allow for this discrepancy it is FIG. 18. BLOCK WITH TAENIA AT THE BOTTOM

necessary to assume that the wall was thicker

at the level of the entablature than lower
down. One other block from the west flank
(Fig. 18; P1. 10 2) with a taenia at the bottom
is likewise finished and stuccoed on both sides,
which would indicate that it belongs some-
where above the architrave level. Its length
the roof. Ordinary wall blocks, even from the
corners, never have clamps, and even the
lintels over the shopdoors were not fastened
by clamps to the adjoining wall blocks. The
only logical place for the block in Figure 18
42 CORINTH
seems to be in the tympanum, in the first
course above the horizontal cornice. The taenia
at the bottom, though wider, would in a sense
continue the plain band beneath the cyma
reversa of the raking cornice (cf. Figs. 11, 13).
The thickness of the tympanum block, 0.485
m., is significant. Its finished inner face must
have been flush with the wall surface of the
second story and with the back of the block
from the frieze course (Fig. 17). The difference
between the two (0.485-0.445 = 0.04 m.) is
very nearly the same as the projection of the
triglyphs beyond the face of the metope. The
increase in thickness in the west wall from the
normal 0.45 m. above the orthostate to
0.488 m. at frieze level presupposes a pro-
jection of ca. four centimeters, either on the
outside at architrave level - a very unlikely
anomaly - or on the inside, probably at the
floor level of the second story where the floor
masked the jog between the lower and upper
parts of the wall.
Several pieces of the cornices were found in
the shop wells toward the east end of the Stoa.
Most of the existing fragments of the horizon-
tal cornice are too small to show whether they
come from the front or from the flanks of the
building, but one fragment of crucial im-
portance (Fig. 15; P1. 95-7) can be placed
exactly on the east fagade at the point where
the raking cornice came down onto the hori-
zontal at the northeast corner (Fig. 15). The
top of the block slopes in two directions, to-
ward the north following the slope of the roof
and toward the east according to the slope of
the overhang. The horizontal band across the
top probably marks the lower end of the
superposed block of the raking cornice, but
the meaning of a clearly marked setting line
is obscure. The raking cornice (Figs. 11, 15)
has a hawksbeak at the top like that of the
horizontal cornice, but the cyma reversa at
the base of the soffit curves less sharply than
the correspondingmoulding on the horizontal
cornice.The differenceis conditionedby the
different sharpness of the angle made by the
soffit with the vertical line, which on the
raking cornice is very nearly a right angle.
THE REAR ELEVATION
The South Stoa was designedto be seen only
from the front and from the two ends. The rear
wall was apparently unfinished to the very
top, and it is clear from the use made of the
spacebehindthe Stoa that it was not intendedto
be viewed from that side. The ground level to
the south along the two ends of the building
was considerably higher than the floor of the
building. Although each of the rear compart-
ments, except the two at the ends, had a door
in the rear wall, it is unlikely that these doors
were intended to be used for entrance into the
building from the outside. They led into
rectangular areas paved with pebble cement,
each one sloping toward the southeast comer
where there was an outlet into a large drain
that extended from one end of the building to
the other (see Plans IX and XIVb, left). These
paved areas were separated from each other
and from the space to the south by roughly
built walls which nowhere tie in with the walls
of the building.
The projectingwings at the two ends had no
door in the rear, but a door at one time ex-
isted in the short north-south wall at the
southwest cornerof the east wing (Plan XIVb,
see below p. 58).
Among the building blocks from the Stoa
are a number of pieces with beveled edges
(Fig. 19, lower right); other blocks have a cor-
responding beveling in the top (Figs. 19, 20;
P1. 10 3). These are from slit windows of the
type found in commercial buildings like the
South Stoa.17The spacing and size of windows
in the rear walls is largely a matter of con-
jecture. One block (Fig. 20) has a cutting very
close to the lower edge, and if the slanting sur-
17 There were similar
windows, 0.60 m. high, in the rear
of the shops behind the Stoa of Attalos; W. Judeich, Topo-
graphie von Athen, pp. 355-356.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 43

'
X' '' \
q9 ',
'",10 r?, i1 --3 1
21-*22 fO]-0 0 rF06'; N T
>
, *,9 l:,/ r. 0.

,.,f- H. 48 -'1 K* .76

\. * _\ (?j
(Irl /
00 40

/
~' ' '"" o
<.-q' - \.. *. ^ ','

FIG. 19. BLOCKS FROM REAR WINDOWS

face at the bottom be continued to the rear

surface of the block it reaches to the middle
of the block, leaving only ca. 0.25 m. of open
o.i o565 1
window space. Another block (Fig. 19) is bev-
eled at one end. From these two blocks the
normal windows have been restored with a
^^^.fIJf >1 -i,
t~~
1 ,SC
height of ca. 0.80 m. on the outside, and these
r,f t' \\

'i
X{ have been placed in the second and third wall
course above the orthostates. There is space
0
FIGE IOKFRMR,RWNO for two windows in the rear wall of each com-
IG 20 BO FO EA ID
partment in the first story; and in the second
story, where there are no doors, three windows
F2-t 0 B F similarly spaced have been restored.18In the
18 The block shown in
Figure 19, lower left, and Plate 103,
which is the only window block completely preserved, now
44
projecting wings at the two ends of the build-
ing, which have no doors in the rear wall,
there may have been three windows in the
first story also.
It is not entirely clear whether the entabla-
ture turned the cornerand extended along the
entire rear of the wings or stopped at the
outer corners. In the restored drawings, Plans
XIV a and b, it has been assumed that the ar-
chitrave and the frieze stopped at the outer
corner, but that a cornice similar to that of the
fagade continued to the inner corner of each
wing and stopped along the vertical line of the
wall. There seems to have been no horizontal
sima, however, in the rear either of the wings
or the central section but a special type of
eaves tile continued the painted design of the
raking sima (see p. 86).
That the west wall of the projecting east
wing was left unfinishedall the way to the top
is indicated by a block (Fig. 21; P1. 11 2) that
belongs to the very top of the wall at the
southwest cornerof the wing. The inner corer
of an L-shaped block is preserved, on the back
of which there is a drafting at the top while
,5ection ,h r ear
ca -orer
FIG. 21. BLOCK WITH SLANTING TAENIA, SHOWING
OF ROOF, FROM EAST END OF STOA.
lies on the south wall of rear room XXXIII. It is different
from the other blocks of the windows, and in the restoration
of the rear elevation on Plan XIV a there is no place for this
block. Possibly the windows in the lower story should be
placed so that the bottom of the slit comes at the joint
between two courses. The evidence for the dispositions of
the windows is not sufficient, however, to restore this feature
of the rear elevation with any degree of certainty.
CORINTH
the rest of the surface is left rough (Fig. 21,
Section). The treatment is rather similar to
that of the blocks still existing in situ at the
southeast comer of the same wing. The height
of the block is only 0.353 m., which is ap-
proximately the height of the cornice course,
and the slanting taenia on the inside indicates
that it must be placed somewhere just below
the ceiling in one of the rear compartments.
(see below p. 82). Consequently, its position in
the comer at cornice height is practically cer-
tain. The broken left end, as seen in Figure 21
and Plate 11 2, would have consisted of the
cornice on the south side of the wing, and the
preservedrear side with the drafting at the top
would have faced the west. If the block is cor-
rectly placed, and of this there can be little
doubt, the cornice did not turn the corer but
came to an end directly above the southwest
corner of the wall. There is good reason,
however, for restoring a cornice with normal
projection above the south wall of the two
wings. In order to achieve symmetry in the
two gables the last triglyph and the cornice
would have to turn the cornerat the outer cor-
ners of the wings, and to avoid an unnecessary
jog in the eaves the full projection of the cor-
nice was doubtless carried over to the opposite
corner. If the frieze and the architrave had
extended clear across the south wall they
would probably have turned the corner again,
and in that case the corer block at cornice
height would not have had the rough surface
now preserved on its west face. The block in
Figure 21 and Plate 11 2 shows that the wall
was not finished, and on this basis the resto-
ration shown in Plan XIVa was made.
SLOPE
No pieces have been identified as belonging
to the two cornices over the central section in
the rear of the Stoa; in view of the demolition
of this part of the building in Roman times the
disappearance of all the cornice blocks is not
remarkable. In the restorations (Plan XIVb
and Frontispiece) these cornices project less
than the horizontal cornice on the fa9ade.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 45

A\ C|~~ ASECTION ~ ~ T NTHROUGH

EY

5ECTION
ON
CCNTER LINE

SCALE IN CENTIMETER3

FIG. 22.22. IONIC COLUMN CAPITAL, RESTORED (FACE)

A I)

B C D

**SfCTION THROUGH 5BOLT ON

5CALE IN CE NTIMETEKR

FIG. 23. IONIC COLUMN CAPITAL, RESTORED (SIDE VIEW)

THE INTERIOR COLUMNS palmettes or other filling ornament at the cor-

Through the axis of the front half of the
building ran a colonnade of 34 Ionic columns
of poros. Many fragments from capitals have
been found (P1. 11 3-5), one of which preserves
the complete height. By a combination of these
fragments it has been possible to make the
restoration shown in Figures 22-24. Between
the volutes is an egg and dart design with five
complete eggs and six darts, but there are no
ners. In the center of the volute is a square
plug, ca. 0.028 m. on the side and 0.035 m.
deep, of the same material as the capital; in
all existing cases it has been broken off level
with the face of the volute. Presumably there
was a circularhead concealing the square plug.
The abacus, which is very low, consists of a
plain taenia above a cyma reversa. There is a
relieving surface around the edges at the top,
measuring ca. 0.05 m. in width and ca. 0.01 m.
46 CORINTH
CLUM CAIT
FX:X24.IoNC
| QUARTER PLAN
\\ \i_
FIG. 24. IONIC COLUMN CAPITAL, RESTORED(PLAN)
in depth. The capital was stuccoed and richly
decoratedin colorbut only on a few smallpieces
are traces of the colors preserved (P1. 9 s).
Of the shafts only one lower drum and a few
small fragments are preserved. The lower
drum (Fig. 25; P1. 11 6), measuring 0.633 m. in
height, consists of the base, 0.22 m. high, and
the lower part of the shaft, all cut in one piece.
The base has two toruses separated by a scotia,
and at the bottom is a relieving surface,
0.005 m. in height. In the top of the drum is a
square empolion, 0.084 m. on the side and
0.06 m. deep, and within this large hole is
another square cutting arranged diagonally
with reference to the larger one. It measures
0.044 m. on the side and 0.034 m. in depth
below the bottom of the larger cutting. There
are twenty flutes, 0.096 m. wide at the bottom;
the arrises are 0.01 m. wide. Both at the top
and at the bottom the flutes end in deep
pockets, a rather inconvenient feature, es-
FROM ABOVE
pecially at the base, where they would be
certain to catch dirt and be difficult to clean
out.
The shaft, which seems too slenderand deli-
cate for the size of the building, has a lower
diameter of 0.66 m. and an upper diameter of
0.562 m. The reconstruction,as shown in Plans
XIIIb, XIVb and Frontispiece, requires that
the Ionic columns extend to the top of the ar-
chitrave, making a total height of 6.24 m., or
9.45 times the lower diameter of the shaft.19
The weight carriedby the columns in the Stoa
is comparatively light, yet in view of the soft-
ness of the stone and the prevalence of earth-
quakes at Corinth, it seems remarkable that
the shafts were made so slender. The columns
that replaced them at the east end in the
Roman period had a diameter one-fourth
19The proportion is not very different from that of the
East Portico columns of the Erechtheion which have a
ratio of 1:9.52; Paton and Stevens, The Erechtheum,p. 20,
pl. XVI.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 47

! i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
o . I.

~ ~
f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
fdJ5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9 iav~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\
. . . . . ..*@~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/

K _ =_ =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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25. IONIC COLUMN, BASE AND BEGINNING OF SHAFT, RESTORED

48 CORINTH

greater than that of the original columns (cf. the pivot shoe on the east side of the same
Fig. 68). doorway seems to have been somewhat smal-
ler, but the sill is here less well preserved. The
cutting at the middle for the fastening of the
THE SHOPS AND REAR ROOMS
doors has been enlarged and deepened and is
In the rear wall of the Stoa proper are the off center to the east side, an indication that
doorways leading into 33 rooms, which in our only the west half of the doorway was com-
text are referred to as shops, numbered I to monly in use while the east valve normally
XXXIII from east to west (Plans I-VI, Xa). remainedclosed.
They have an inside measurement of ca. The distance from the northwest corner of
4.80 m. from north to south and 4.48 m. from the shop to the east face of the west doorjamb
east to west. With the exception of the door in is 0.95 m. at the level of the toichobate. The
the easternmost shop the doorways are placed inner door trim on the west side of the door is
near the northwest corer of each shop. The 0.30 m. wide and projects 0.045 m. from the
doors and the shops are spaced without ref- face of the wall at the bottom. The distance
erence to the intercolumniations of the facade from the corner of the room to the west edge
or of the interior columns,20and in some in- of the door trim is 0.56 m. at the bottom and
stances, one of the interior columns comes 0.568 m. at the height of one meter. The door
directly in front of one of the doorways. This trim on the north face is less well preserved.
is somewhat surprisingfrom the point of view At the bottom it had a width of 0.305 m. and
of modern architectural design, which would projected only about one centimeter from the
hardly tolerate such an arrangement.The rear face of the wall. At a height of 0.70 m. above
half was apparently regardedas a unit, distinct the sill there was a dowel cutting in the face
from that of the colonnade, although the Stoa of the jamb for the fastening of the wooden
was obviously designedas a single building and door frame.
constructed at one time. On the east side of the door the inside trim
The doorways in shops I and XXXIII at measures ca. 0.303 m. in width and its pro-
the two extreme end4 differ somewhat from jection from the wall is 0.05 m. On the north
the others and thus require a separate de- face the trim is 0.30 m. wide and projects ca.
scription. The best preserved is the doorway 0.013m. fromthe face of the wall. The doorjamb
in shop XXXIII (Fig. 2; P1. 12 5), the opening is preserved to a height of only 0.66 m. above
of which measures 1.515 m. at the bottom. In the sill, slightly below the point where the
the threshold are three cuttings, two for the dowel hole for the wooden frame would nor-
pivot shoes at the inner corers and one near mally come. The stone sill shows heavy wear
the middle for the fastening of the doors by and has once been renewed by the insertion of
means of a vertical bar. The pivot shoe on the a poros slab, 0.15 m. in thickness. This pos-
west side measures0.205 m. in length, 0.115 m. sibly represents the thickness of the original
in width and 0.05 m. in depth. It projected ca. wooden threshold which is to be restored in
0.035 m. above the level of the door sill, as all the shops.
shown by the cutting in the jamb, which ex- The doorway of shop I (Fig. 26; P1. 7 2) cor-
tends 0.05 m. into the stone. The cutting for responds in most particulars to that of shop
20 This is a common feature in commercial
buildings both XXXIII; contrary to the rule in all the other
of Greekand Roman times. Cf. the Stoa of Attalos at Athens,
W. Judeich, Topographievon Athen,2 p. 355, fig. 44 (this shops, however, this doorway is located to the
building is now to be published by Homer A. Thompson); the east of center because it opened on the stair-
Sacred Colonnade at Priene, Martin Schede, Die Ruinen von
Priene, p. 50, fig. 56. way that occupiedthe east half of shopI. Only
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 49

.t% '-
~~t"
~~f~~~:ii:i:
CI~~~~~~~~~~~x
. ,t
FIG!2.o W AST

b9 I !lj11~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?t;1
-~-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

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5

N OF ED OF
FIG.~~~~~~~t~
26 I)OtWA SI . STIt~WAY~EAST TOA

the east jamb of the doorway is preserved,
apparently in its original position, but the
trim on the inside has been entirely chiseled
away. The trim on the north face was 0.305 m.
wide at the bottom. In the face of the jamb,
0.70 m. above the level of the sill, there is a
dowel hole, ca. 0.10 m. high, 0.025 m. wide,
and 0.09 m. deep. At the bottom it slopes down
so that the height is greater at the inner end
than at the face of the block. It was obviously
intended to hold a wooden dowel by which the
door frame was fastened to the stone jamb. A
building block from the Stoa, re-used in Ro-
man times, now fills the opening of the door
and conceals the cuttings in the threshold (P1.
27). In the course of our investigation this was
tilted back so as to make it possible to obtain
the measurements for the drawing in Figure
4 Broneer Corinth
26.21 The clear width of the door opening
seems to have been ca. 1.48 m., slightly less
than that of the corresponding doorway in
shop XXXIII. The two cuttings for the pivot
shoes are similar to those in XXXIII, but the
cutting in the middle for the bolting of the
door is here off center to the east, showing that
is was the east valve of the door that normally
remained closed. This is also shown by the
heavier wear in the west half of the doorway.
(For further description of the two stairs and
of the disposition of the rooms at the two ends
of the Stoa, see below under Stairways and
Second Story, pp. 68-79).
The best preserved of the normal doorways
is in shop XIV, the opening of which measures
21 In Plate 27 the block is shown in
place as found, but in
Plate 7 2 it has been tilted back so as to reveal the cuttings for
the doors.
50 CORINTH

1.57 m. at the height of 0.80 m. above the sill. stantially from those in the original doorways.
The face of the west doorjamb is 0.835 m. from On the east side of the door only a small piece
the northwest corner of the shop. The inner of the door jamb is preserved much weathered
door trim on the west side, which is poorly pre- all around. The distance from the east edge of
served, measures ca. 0.33 m. in width and pro- the inner door trim to the northeast corner of
jects ca. 0.045 m. from the face of the wall, and the room is 1.745 m. So far as we may judge
the dimensionsof the inner trim of the east side from these measurements, the doorways in
are about the same. From the east edge of the shops XIV and XXXI were almost identical,
door trim to the northeast corner of the room and some of the other less well preserved door-
the distance is 1.75 m. The door sill has been ways indicate a high degree of uniformity.

". !l.: - ' - '"

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ifo. I,'- L O

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>- I
FI.27 AI LOKFRMSCODCORE AT TDORA

partly cut away, obliterating the original cut- Several blocks from the upper part of door
tings. The dowel hole in the eastern door jamb jambs and from lintel blocks have been pre-
is preservedat the normal height, 0.70 m., but served, making it possible to restore the door-
the stone has been cracked and a block in- ways with perfect certainty. The orthostates
serted which hides the west face of the jamb. on either side of the door are short blocks,
The only other normal doorway sufficiently slightly less than half the length of the normal
well preserved to furnish accurate measure- blocks of the inner facade (Plan XIII b). Above
ments is that in shop XXXI. The width of the the orthostate on either side is a long block
opening here is 1.59 m., but the face of the extending on the right side as one enters, to
western jamb is badly weathered and it may the partition wall and on the other to the
be that the original width was the same as in middle of the next orthostate block. One
shop XIV. The inner trim on the west side complete example of this type was found in
seems to have been 0.31 m. wide, and the the fill of the cryptoporticus of the South
distance from the face of the jamb to the Basilica and is now lying in shop XIV (Fig. 27).
northwest corer of the shop is 0.83 m. In the The short blocks shown in Figure 28, top row,
east face of the jamb is the usual dowel hole rested on blocks like that just described.These
through which the wooden frame was fastened. short blocks also have the dowel hole for
The original door sill is badly worn and a fastening the wooden door frame, similar to
new sill in two pieces has been inserted which those in the orthostate blocks. The topmost
shows a variety of cuttings differing sub- block of the doorway carried a plain taenia at
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 51

V-
\_

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F IG.2 . S O T B O K R M: OPDB
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52
Aou/d//f, lestored fp?ro%/ fe/y
..
eo6?
JiZle.(-
fS
J~ ~~FG Fa 29.;r
29
Fo. 2. B,o
the top surmountedby a hawksbeakmoulding.
A single block of this type has been preserved,
the moulding of which has been restored with
a cavetto crown as shown in Figure 29. Much
of the moulding has been trimmed away, and
the whole block has been covered with a heavy
coat of lime mortar, beneath which the hard
Greek plaster is partly preserved. On the end
of this block, facing the doorway, are clear
traces of the unplastered band, ca. 0.175 m.
wide, corresponding to the width of the
wooden door frame. It probably became nec-
essary from time to time to renew the wood,
as it became damaged by wear and weather,
and this may account for the complete re-
moval of the moulding on the inner portion
of the stone. The block in Figure 29 comes
from the west side of the doorway, as is shown
by the setting line and absence of stucco at
the inner end, where the partition wall be-
tween the two shops abutted against it. In the
top of the block is a pry hole, which indicates
how far the lintel block overlapped the two
blocks at the top of the doorways.
The inner door trim diminishes in width
CORINTH
X )-
F 1~ -
'
'
r
BLC
BLC BMTPO
FRMTPO
ETD
ES ORJM
,JM
FaM P O wEST D A
from ca. 0.33 m. at the bottom to 0.28 m. at the
top of the doorway, and the outer trim has
about the same taper, ca. 0.05 m. on a height
of 2.64 m. The two jambs converge toward the
top at about the same rate, making the door-
way 0.10-0.12 m. wider at the bottom than at
the top.
Of the lintel course, two large fragments
preserving the profile, one from either end of
the block, and several other pieces are pre-
served (Figs. 28, bottom, 30; P1. 12 1, 3, 4).
On the front face a horizontal band above the
door projects beyond the line of the wall to
the same extent as the trim on either side. At
the top of this band there is a plain taenia
surmounted by a cavetto-crowned hawksbeak
moulding, above which the face of the block
is cut back to the line of the wall. In the rear
there is a similar projection, correspondingto
the thickness of the door trim, and since these
are thicker on the inside than on the fagade,
this projection of the lintel block is correspond-
ingly greater.
The block in Figure 30, which at first view
seems very puzzling, is a lintel block from the
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 53

shop doors, but the whole face and most of
the back has been shaved off and two beam
cuttings have been made in the front face,
presumably for a later use. The rough cutting
? ~ . ~ c .s
/ , -' -:
' V
into a late (probably fourth century after
Christ) wall at the east end of the Stoa into
which several other blocks of vital form (Figs.
34, 37, 51) had been built.
At the very top of the lintel on the rear side
tV \ , .'., is a plain taenia, ca. 0.11 m. high and pro-

*\?
! "
e"
.:
' tr: jecting only ca. 0.006 m. from the face of the
~"-('~'~ 't
' r ^ .:
:'tfX ^ I block. It does not stop at the ends of the lintel
proper, but continues where the block is cut
back to the normal thickness of the wall.
Other blocks (Fig. 31; P1. 12 6) from the in-
terior walls show that the taenia extended all
around the shop. The fact that this taenia is
I iX I i; i cut on the same block as the lintel gives the
~ ! '
.i'"; ,.i: .':!1 : *. 'i height to the ceiling in the shops, since the
ceiling beams must have rested on the course
lo Y 50 io

FIG. 30. LINTEL BLOCK RECUT FOR LATER USE

at the preserved end resulted from the use of

an iron crowbar when the block was removed
from the wall. The preserved end with the
taenia at the top has the unmistakable
features of the inner south face of a lintel
block (cf. Fig. 28 B). The block was found built

/" 7 Kx
-
I---
FIG.132.BLOCFRO STBNG CURSE IN1

D/asfered
FIG. 31. T-SHAPED BLOCK WITH TAENIA AT THE TOP
54 CORINTH

X,/'"'-. '"'-. .

'
'3 ''** ***

il l A ' " -.

1.i~_ 1?41_ ._ 1
IL

.3'
FI 3 B SO
O INE
FIG33 TI BLC,
.I F - .

A C ,
f. -^
'Two.

1'~-~"~-" (T-
FRO,.

with the interior taenia. The depth of the
shops from front to back is greater than the
width; the ceiling beams, therefore, have been
restored to run from east to west, resting on
the partition walls between the shops.
One other type of wall block from the inner
facade has been found in considerable num-
bers (Figs. 32-33; P1. 12 2). On the front is a
projecting member, having the profile of a
Doric cornice with a cavetto-crowned hawks-
beak moulding at the top of the face and a
cyma reversa at the base. The total projection
at the top, exclusive of the moulding which is
nowhere completely preserved,is 0.221 m. The
face of the block below the cornice is not on
line with the face above, but is set back so as
to make the block 0.016-0.02 m. thinner at
the bottom than at the top, where it is ca.
0.52 m. thick. The slight projection was on the
outside, where the face of the next course
above is set back from the face of the string
course as shown in the sections on Plans XI a
and XIVb, so as to bring the face of the wall
back into line with the wall below. At the
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
lower edge in the rear of the blocks from the
string course is a rabbet, 0.09 m. deep and
ca. 0.16 m. high, which on one of the blocks
(Fig. 33A) stops short, 0.15 m. from the end.
This unrabbeted end must have come at the
northeast corer of the shop, and the block
adjoiningit at right angles presumably carried
a similar,though perhaps somewhat shallower,
rabbet along the partition wall. We may
assume that it continued on all four walls of
each shop. These cuttings seem too small to
hold the ceiling beams; they probably held a
wooden strip with a moulding below the
beams. The rear face of the string course above
the rabbet is rough, and the blocks vary con-
siderably in thickness, but all such unevenness
would have been hidden from below by the
ceiling beam and the wooden moulding and
from above by the flooring which would have
extended above the level of the string course.
A block (Fig. 34) found in the same late wall
as that in Figure 30 has on one side a larger
rabbet, 0.192 m. high and 0.07 m. deep; the
face of the block above this cutting was
finished and stuccoed. The cutting presumably
o4414
FIG. 34. BLOCK WITH CUTTING, SHOWING THICKNESS OF
FLOORING OF SECOND STORY
represents the thickness of the flooring, and in the bottom and 0.025 m. at the top of the
our restorations this block has been placed course. The gradual narrowing of the trim
upon the string course at the level of the floor
in the second story. Since the lintel course used in the floor
with its taenia marks the top of the walls, the which seems to date from about 100 B.C.; Kunze and Schleif,
string course with cuttings for a moulding
55
below the ceiling beam would thus be placed
directly on the lintel course (Plans XIa and
XIVb). Above the ceiling beams there would
be wooden planks, then a layer of clay and
finally a surfacing of cement.
No stone slabs have been found suitable for
flooring,either of the first or second story; and
it is unlikely that the floorsof the shopsand rear
compartments were finished in such material.
In the well of shop XV were found some small
bricks of two sizes, ca. 0.15 x0.057 X0.042 m.,
and 0.094x0.05x0.03 m., with mortar ad-
hering to the edges. These were probably used
for flooringin some part of the building,22but
the number of bricks found is so small that it
does not seem likely that they were used ex-
tensively.
From the shops there was access to the rear
compartments through a double door in the
southwest corner of the shops (P1. 13 1). The
total width, preservedin shop XXI, is 1.395 m.
at the height of 1 m. above the toichobate. At
the same level the distance from the face of
the west door jamb to the face of the west wall
is 0.225 m., exactly the width of the trim on
the east side of the door. The face of the door
jamb is 0.48 m. wide, or ca. one centimeter
more than the normal thickness of the wall at
orthostate height. Since the jamb is so close
to the corner of the shop, the door trim is not
apparent at this level; the width of the jamb,
however, includes the thickness of the door
trim. At the height of the first course of normal
wall blocks the distance from the corner of the
shop to the door jamb is greater than the
width of the trim, which is here indicated in
the normal way. Thus between the comer of
the shop and the west edge of the door trim
there is a narrow channel, ca. 0.02 m. wide at
22 Similar
bricks, measuring 0.10 x0.035 x0.03 m., were
of the "Greek hypocaust bath" at Olympia,
IV, Bericht iiber die Ausgrabungenin Olympia, pp. 53, 80,
pl. 10.
56
r^^itr F-r. 35. BLOCK
FROM
\-[ DOOR
/\\A
AND
^ WINDOW
IN
'a
[jjJ
^ '"""
'
i 4. 52.4
^| 01:^5
t ^.i
FIG. 35. BLOCK FROM DOOR AND WINDOW IN REAR WALL OF SHOP
toward the top and the batter of the door
jamb account for the separation of the west
edge of the door trim from the wall surface
above the orthostate level. At the height of
0.71 m. above the toichobate there is a dowel
hole in the face of the jamb of the type found
in the front doors of the shops. The block on
the east side of the inner door is preserved to
a height of only 0.63 m. On its north face, i. e.
toward the shop, there is a door trim 0.225 m.
wide and projecting less than a centimeter,
but there was no corresponding trim on the
south face.
A block probably from the second course,
likewise found in rear room XXI, gives ad-
ditional proof that the trim existed only on
the north face (Fig. 35). The block has a
length of 0.58 m. and a preserved height of
ca. 0.541 m., but it was probably higher, since
the original top is broken off. On one side is a
door trim, 0.227 m. in width and projecting
0.014 m. from the face of the block; the op-
posite face is stuccoed but shows no trace of a
corresponding trim. The profile, as seen in
horizontal section, being similar to that of the
orthostate in situ on the east side of the door,
the block must be placed at a higher level on
the same side of the door, probably in the
first course above the orthostate. It has traces
CORINTH
REAR WALL
'-'^*-*-''^^t'-^ OF
SHOP
/ '
!11~~~~~~~~! ."*
K1 ^ -'' /
^ ^ ^T^''
V 'V
>^".'*i''*':.
of stucco on the west end, facing the door, as
on the north and south sides; but the east end
also carries clear traces of original Greek
stucco. This block offers clear evidence for the
presence of windows without frames in the
wall between the shops and rear rooms at a
level just above the orthostates (Plans XII
and XIVa). In the east face of the block is a
small cutting, 0.04 x0.03 m. and 0.03 m. in
depth, which may have been made for the
fastening of a grill or wooden shutter. Further
proof for the existence of the window23is fur-
nished by one of the orthostate blocks in situ
in the wall between shop XXV and its rear
room. It is slightly higher than the normal
orthostates of the same wall (see p. 92), in-
dicating that the window sill in this instance
was raised ca. 0.02 m. above the top of the
orthostate course.
The lintel over the inner door leading from
the shop to the rear room (Fig. 36; P1. 13 2)
has a plain band surmounted by a taenia, the
total height of which is 0.195 m., slightly less
23 For the existence of
windows, similarly placed next to
the door in interior shop-walls, see Richard Bohn, Altertiimer
von Aegae, Jahrb., ErgdnzungsheftII, 1889, figs. 16, 24, and
p. 16. At Aegae, however, there were similar windows in the
outer wall. Cf. the Bazaar at Assos, in which there was one
window on either side of the door; the door and the two
windows occupied the whole front of the shops; F. H.
Bacon, Investigationsat Assos, p. 77, fig. 3, pp. 103ff., fig. 1.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
than the width of the door trim. The rear side
of the block is plain to correspond with the
absence of trim on the side of the rear room.
Since it has no plain, broad taenia at the top
on either side, such as is found on the rear of
the lintel over the front doors, the lintel for
the inner door must be placed a course lower
r q P-jG , se
_ ,.'
I~ r
,4.
LI. FOINEDOBA
36-INTE
FIG._h
FIG. 36. LINTEL BLOCKS
in the wall than that over the front doors, and
the width of the inner doorway is correspond-
ingly smaller than that of the doors into the
shops from the Stoa.
For the height of the ceiling over the rear
compartment there is no direct evidence, and
it is uncertain whether the walls, like those of
the shops, had a taenia below the ceiling. The
architecture of the rear rooms was certainly
much plainer than that of the shops, as shown
by the omission of door trims and mouldings
on the lintels. That the door in the rear wall
of the Stoa and the door from the shop into
the rear compartment were both lower than
the main doorway into the shops may be con-
sidered an indication that the ceiling was at
a lower level. Furthermore,in order to obtain
57
sufficient space for the windows in the clere-
story without lowering the ceiling unduly over
the corridor on the second floor, we have
restored the ceiling over the rear rooms at a
lower level than the ceiling over the shops (see
below, p. 82, and Plans XIa and XIVb).
The rear rooms were normally entered only
,f.
..
/' ~,
/. : //crj,'^^-I
14 ,1 65
'
FROM INNER DOORWAY
from the north, i. e. from the shops, and it is
obvious that the two formed single units. This
is further indicated by the window in the
partition wall, which in the restored drawings
has been given a width of 1.20 m., equal to the
length of one normal wall block. The window
was probably designed primarilyto bring light
from the rear of the building into the shop,
which would have been very dark when the
door leading to the rear room was closed. It
may be assumed that it also functioned as a
service window to facilitate passing of foods
and drinks from the storeroomin the rear into
the shop. The front wall of the shop had no
windows; all the light it received from the
north had to come through the door, one valve
of which would normally be closed. In post-
58 CORINTH
classical times, when the windows in the wall
between shops and rear rooms may have been
walled up, a small opening was in some cases
cut in the front wall on the east side of the
door.
The rear compartments were comparatively
well illuminated, since they received their light
direct from the outside through a rear door
and, if our restoration is correct, through two
slit windows to the east of the door. The door-
way in the rear (P1.13 s) was made for a single
door, the opening being only ca. 0.82 m. wide
at the bottom and 2.135 m. high. The total
height is preserved in rear room XXVII
(P1. 13 4, left center, and Plan XIVb). The
west side of the doorway is flush with the sur-
face of the partition wall, and on the east side
the jamb has the normal thickness of the wall
without trim either in front or in the rear. This
small opening was further reduced both in
height and in width by the insertion of a door
frame, the horizontal members of which at the
top and the bottom had a thickness of ca.
0.14 m. and a width of 0.215 m. (presumably
the upright posts had the same width and
thickness), leaving a clear door opening of
only ca. 0.72 m. X1.855 m. It was at first
thought that the door in the rearwall had been
added after the original construction of the
building, but the abnormallengths of the wall
blocks in the first course above the orthostates
show clearly that these doors were part of the
originaldesign (Plan XIV a). The block on the
east side of the door has a length of 1.385 m.,
that on the west ca. 1.46 m.
There were no doors in the south walls of
the two projecting wings, but a door in the
west wall of rear room I communicated with
the paved area behind rear room II, and a
similar exit from rear room XXXIII led to the
adjoining area behind rear room XXXII. The
arrangement for the door in the east wing is
the better preserved. In the toichobate of the
short southward projection of the west wall
are cuttingsfor a doorway.Thedoorwasprob-
ably part of the original design but the
existing cuttings seem to be of later date. On
the south side of the door the lower part of the
door jamb is preserved;where the correspond-
ing jamb on the north side existed the toicho-
bate shows no sign of wear, as it does in the
door opening. The dimensionsof the door seem
to have been about the same as those of the
rear doors in the other compartments.
A block (Fig. 37) of peculiar shape and di-
mensions can be assigned to the lintel course
above this door. One end has anathyrosis, the
other is smoothly finished; and at one corer
a poros slab, ca. 0.11 m. thick, has been in-
serted in a deep slot. Originallyit must have
extended horizontally from the face of the
block, but was cut away when the block was
re-used in a late Roman wall. The block seems
to preserve its full height, which is slightly
greater than the height of a normal wall
course, but as it measures only 0.40 m. from
front to back, its thickness has been reduced
by 0.05-0.07 m. This seems to have been done
at the time that the poros slab was trimmed
off. The length of the block, 1.06 m., is signi-
ficant. As shown in Figure 37 the back fits into
the south wall of rear room II, at the very
southeast corner, where it is to be placed in
such a way that the finished end of the blocl
becomes part of the wall surface of the west
wall of rear room I. Originally the block was
probably L-shaped; from the short, preserved
piece a longer section would have extended
across the short wall in the southwest corner
of rear room I, where the east wing projects
beyond the south wall of the central section
of the Stoa. The poros slab, inserted into the
slot in the rear of the block, probablyextended
clear across the wall slightly above the door,
where it would serve as a projecting cornice to
protect against the rain pouringdown from the
roof at this corer (see restoration, Fig. 37,
and Plan XIVa).24 If this block is correctly
24 A similar
plain cornice slab is found in the Erechtheion,
over the small door leading from the North Porch to the
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
,jI
I Q'Z
FIG. 37. BLOCK FROM TOP OF DOOR IN REAR ROOM I
placed, the two doors in rear rooms I and
XXXIII, were designed as part of the original
construction; a block of such dimensionswould
not otherwise have been made to span the
opening for the door. It is not unlikely, how-
ever, that the cornice slab above the door was
inserted at a later period. If such cornices had
been intended from the beginning, they would
probably have been cut from the same stone
as the wall blocks. No traces have been found
of similar cornices over the rear doors in the
rest of the building.
THE SHOP WELLS
Before proceeding to a discussion of the
second story it is necessary to describe certain
undergroundfeatures which have vital bearing
on the structure and purpose of the building.
An elaborate system of thirty-one shop wells,
each connecting with an underground fresh
water channel, and a highly satisfactory ar-
rangement for the disposal of sewage lend a
Pandroseion. See GorhamP. Stevens, The Erechtheum,pp. 97,
120, figs. 36, 37, 39 and pls. XIII, XV. In the Market
Building at Aegae such slabs occur above the windows in the
third and second stories. See Richard Bohn, Altertiimervon
Aegae, Jahrb., ErgdnzungsheftII, 1889, figs. 15, 24.
59
truly modernistic touch to the great South
Stoa.
All but two of the shops, I and XXXII, have
in the approximatecenter a well which extends
to a depth of ca. 12 m. and there connects
with a channel carrying fresh running water
(Plan IX). At the west end the South Stoa
channel joins the west supply channel of the
Peirene system, and at shop XXI another
branch takes off toward the north and con-
nects with the same fountain. The openings
from the wells into the channel are too narrow
to allow a man to crawl through, and when the
water is dammed up to its normal level, they
are entirely under water. This arrangement
seems to be a deliberate device to prevent
subterranean communication between the
shops which would have made pilfering easy.
From the point of view of construction it
would have been far more convenient to dig
the channel directly in line with the shop wells
so as to make each well a manhole for removal
of the earth. Instead of this simple procedure,
the channel and the wells were dug indepen-
dently and when the properdepth was reached
in each well a small hole was punched con-
necting the spur channel with the well shaft.
60 CORINTH

~ ,
? ~. ., ~.~,~~~~~~~~~~~.
.... - --.
' !
~
/-'1 '" *" "":

i? ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ? ~,',
,
'..
,?~~~~~~~~~ . q,
'

I.I
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,o.,?
a
'
Fi- 3 UP P OF, W A H

r?~~~~~~~~~~~~- ' ??
,--.
?L1 '/'r
J~~~~~~~~~~'it
"r?~~~~~~~~~~~~
r~~~~~~~ "~~'_.

'' I ~~~I ~
r . 38 O)): P)m oF ;ELI]', O ~ Z

In some instances, when the well was used as a
manhole connecting with the tunnel, the large
opening was walled up later except for a small
hole through which the water could circulate.
The well shafts are as a rule circular in
section but one, in shop IX, is circular at the
mouth but gradually turns elliptical. Neither
the wells nor the channel are stuccoed, but the
clay and rock through which they were dug
are sufficiently hard, except at the top, to
render this unnecessary. It would have been
difficult, if not impossible, with the type of
cement then available to stucco the channel,
which was doubtless excavated partly under
water. The usual toe holds are found in the
sides of the wells.
Whereverthe soil at the top was too soft the
upper part of the shaft was lined with stones.
The best preserved example of this kind is in
shop XXVII (Fig. 38), where a late drain from
the Roman Bath has caused some destruction
on one side of the shaft. The upper part to a
depth of 1.13 m. is made of carefully fitted
stones, and at the top is a rectangularsinkage
into which the well curb was fitted. The shaft
narrowsfrom ca. 0.80 m. below the stone lining
to 0.60 m. at the top. The cutting for the
square plinth of the well curb measures ca.
0.80 m. on the side, but some of the preserved
well curbs are slightly larger (Fig. 39).
The square plinth was set down approxi-
mately level with the floor of the shop, and on
many of the fragments some of the cement
flooring still adheres to the corners. The cir-
cular drum of the curb is ca. 0.65 m. high, ca.
0.80 m. in diameter at the top and ca. 0.70 m.
below the moulding. At the top is a cyma
reversa with a correspondingmoulding at the
base (P1. 14 1-3). The circular shaft through
the curb is only ca. 0.41 m. in diameter at the
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 61

top, but there is considerable variation in the harder material, able to withstand the wear
extant examples. None of the preserved curbs caused by the rope as the water jars were
show any of the usual rope marks at the inner pulled up. Consequently,we must picture these
edge, all have rough cuttings through the shop wells as the ancient equivalent of re-
frigeratorsfor keeping wine and victuals cold.25
The South Stoa at Corinth offers the best
known example of this practical invention
(<--- -E/ ---r-'f9^ -t (Fig. 40).
In several of the wells were found fragments
'--
of circular terracotta plaques with a hole in
the center, which were probably used as lids
over the wells. One complete example from
'--" T *683

'
-.70 7
*O.

$ -F ----- .1: --- :.-o 1

..90

FIG. 40. SKETCH SHOWING COOLING SYSTEM IN OPERATION

FIG. 39. WELL CURB, PLAN, PROFILE
mouldings,the cutting at the top being directly
above the one at the bottom. This was made to
hold a wooden upright with a horizontal mem-
ber at the top for the attachment of some
device for lowering and raising objects kept in
the well. If the wells had been intended chiefly
to supply water for the shops they would prob-
ably have been providedwith well curbsof
25 The
practice of cooling wine in wells is familiar from
ancient literature. It may be referred to in Aristophanes,
Ekkl., lines 1002-4, where the old woman is compared to a
KpEcypa,by which jars are raised K T-rv ppErrcov, as if they
were already in the wells. The practice is specifically alluded
to in a fragment from the comic poet Strattis: olvov .......
uX6pVEvov &vT-r9pacrn(Athenaios, Deipnos., III, 124 d). The
AND SECTION gigantic Stoa at Kameiros, Rhodes, more than 180 m. long,
offers the best parallel to the system of shops and shop wells;
Clara Rhodos, VI-VII, pp. 241-246, pls. VIII, IX. Here,
however, the wells were really manholes into an intricate
system of reservoirs and channels for collecting rainwater.
This hydraulic installation is called Avrrpain an inscription
recording donations for repairs to the building, Clara Rhodos,
II, p. 183, No. 8. There is no evidence, either in the in-
scription or in the published material from the stoa, to
indicate that the wells may have been used as coolers. At
Eleusis there were shop wells of Roman times (cf. K. Kourou-
niotes, A Guide to the Excavations and The Museum, English
edition, pp. 68ff.), which the excavator, the late Professor K.
Kourouniotes, suggested (orally) may have served the same
purpose as the shop wells in the South Stoa at Corinth.
62
well XV (P1. 14 2) is 0.025 m. thick and has a
diameter of 0.65 m. The hole, which is 0.05 m.
in diameter and has a raised edge around it,
provided a convenient means of lifting and re-
placing the lid. Fragments of circular stone
slabs of a suitable diameter and with a central
hole for lifting have been found in some of the
shops (P1.14 4).
The stone well curbs described above were
found in the shop wells, where they had been
thrown down after being broken up and dis-
carded. Most of them belong to the debrisfrom
the destruction by Mummius. Others had
doubtless been in use during the first Roman
period and were discardedas late as the middle
of the first century after Christ, when many
of the shops were demolished and the area
occupied with other buildings. In addition to
the stone curbs several of the wells contained
rims of large terracotta storage jars (pithoi) of
a type frequently employed as well curbs26
(P1. 14 3). Several of these rims, together with
the upper part of the jar, though brokenbefore
being thrown into the well, were complete and
could be restored,although no fragmentsof the
lower parts of the jar were found with them.
The conclusion that these were at one time
used as makeshift well curbs seems inescapable.
Possibly the wells were not immediately pro-
vided with permanent stone curbs and the
pithos rims might have been used for a time
until the permanent curbs were installed. A
more likely explanation would be that the
stone curbs over some of the wells were
damaged during the hundred years between
Mummiusand Caesarand had to be discarded
when the Stoa was first reconditioned after
the founding of the Roman colony. Whatever
their period of use may be, the presence of
these pithos tops in several of the wells can
best be explained on the assumption that they
served such a purpose.
Among the debris from the Mummian de-
struction thrown into the shop wells at various
26 See Mabel
Lang, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 114ff.
CORINTH
times during the first hundred years after the
founding of the colony an immense amount of
material was found which throws much light
on the chronology and purpose of the South
Stoa. Most of the architecturalfragments used
for the reconstruction of the building, es-
pecially fragments of the cornice, architectural
membersfrom the second story, and nearly all
the immense amount of roof tiles and decorated
building terracottas found within the Stoa
came from the shop wells. In addition to this
architectural material a vast amount of pot-
tery was found, which had certainly been used
in the shops before it was discarded. Both the
pottery and the other objects, except the ar-
chitectural fragments,found in the wells have
been studied by Roger Edwards and will be
published in a separate volume of the Corinth
series, but their relation to the building itself
is so intimate that a brief mention of the
material must be given here.
In most of the wells two, sometimes three or
more, distinct forms of deposit were found. At
the bottom of each shaft, mostly below the
water level, was found a habitational deposit
consisting chiefly of pottery from the period
prior to the destruction by Mummius. Since
much of this pottery had doubtless been
broken and lost accidentally in the wells while
the shops were in use, the types of pottery
represented are of special importance for the
study of the building. Some of the vases were
coarse household pots and kitchen ware, but
most of them seem to have been used for the
transportation, mixing and serving of wine.
Among them are wine jars, many of them with
well known stamps on the handles, in which
wine from various parts of the Greek world
had been brought to Corinth for sale and
distribution. There are large bowls, some with
floral decorations, of a type suitable for the
mixing of wine with water. A large variety of
pitchers of various shapes and sizes, including
the lagynos, was among the debris. But by
far the most common type of vessel is the
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
FIG. 41. TOP OF INSCRIBED
drinking cup, a wide variety of which was
found, many of them decorated with floral
designs in opaque colors and inscribed below
the rim with names of deities, personifications
of abstract ideas, and sentiments appropriate
to the drinking party. On a few fragments the
inscriptions were painted; in most cases they
were incised in the clay after the vessels had
been painted and fired. The decoration, as a
rule, takes account of the inscriptions, as if
63
VASE FROM STOA WELL
these had been intended from the beginning
(Fig. 41; P1. 14 5). The names are all in the
genitive case. Besides a few small fragments
preserving only one or two letters, the fol-
lowing inscriptionsoccur,some of them several
times :27
27 Broneer,
Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 240f.; Saul Wein-
berg, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 150f. No. 11 is probably to
be explained as a Boeotian form for HacvalKpaTrri&Aov,
an other-
wise unknown word. For the significanceof these inscriptions,
see Martin P. Nilsson, GeschichtederGr. Religion, II, p. 177;
and Eranos, L, 1952, p. 39.
64 CORINTH

1. 'AAu[Tri{aS] well, in shop XX, contained no less than 60

2. 'AVrpCOTO S knuckle bones and three bone counters.Among
3. 'Aaoa?Eioas the paraphernalia of the entertainment pro-
4. AIovUoou
5.
vided in the South Stoa shops are many frag-
Ai6S ZcoT-rpoS
6. Eip&vas
ments of flutes of bone and ivory (P1. 15 3).
7. "EpcoTos The bulk of the pottery from this lowest
8. 'H[sov]fis deposit belongs to the third century B.C. and
9. ' HSu[rrorias] the first half of the second century, but the
10. [0]tvcoTr[os](?) earliest vases in a few of the wells go back to
11. TcauItKprir&[,Aou]
the end of the fourth century (see below, p. 95
12. nwov .. .uS
13. ni[a-co s](?)
and P1. 24 2). The coins, in so far as they can
14. 'Yylrias be dated, agree with these dates.30
15. (LitAas Above this habitational debris, which was
16. 'Q -rap' Xn7ri6Sas
(pavLs (Fig. 41) usually less than one meter deep and below
All but the last consist of a name of some the water level, there was a destruction de-
deities or personified abstract ideas invoked posit of varying depth, sometimes reaching to
at drinking parties; in most cases the ideas the top of the well. This too contained much
conveyed by the names are appropriate to pottery, including cooking vessels and other
such occasions. nlaualKpiaXrros seems to be household ware, but was characterizedchiefly
a new word, doubtless the name of a daimon by quantities of roof tiles and pieces from the
whose function it was to cure the effects of cornice, inner columns, and second story ar-
overindulgence. The last in the series, which chitecture of the Stoa. This material was so
seems to be metrical, is probably a quotation abundant in many of the wells that it is ob-
from a play. It is not clear whether this was vious that many parts of the building were in
addressed to a deity or to some human friend ruins before the wells fell into disuse and were
whose arrival had long been awaited. filled up. When the shops and rear rooms were
Several of the wells also contained frag- cleaned out, all the accumulation of broken
mentary marble tables, one of which (P1. 15 1) pottery and discardedgear, including the stone
has five vertical lines incised, doubtless for the curbs, was used to fill up the well shafts which
game of TEVT?E ypaipial, a favorite pastime now became convenient receptacles for trash.
among the ancients.28 Below these lines is the Since most of the debris collected in the shops
name Aios BoX?Eos and three letters of a name had accumulated during the period of use
beginningwith the letters AAM,probably from prior to Mummius, the line of demarkation
the Doric form of Demeter, below which ap- between the first and second deposits is not
pear two letters MN29. Such names for deities always easy to establish. In some of the wells
seem to have been used to designate a spe- 30 In well I were found a coin of
Thyrreion, Akamania,
cific throw of dice or astragals. That the shop from the end of the fourth century B.C. and one plate dated
by Edwards to the same period. Well III had several fourth
units were used for games and gambling as century coins, including one of Cassander (316-297) and one
well as for serving of refreshmentsis indicated of Demetrios Poliorketes (306-283), and vases from the early
part of the third century. Well IX produced no less than 15
by the discovery in many of the wells of coins dated in the fourth century together with a lamp of
knuckle bones (P1. 15 2) and counters, many Type VII. In well XIV was found a coin of Demetrios
Poliorketes, a lamp of Type VII, and pottery from the very
of them smoothly polished from long use. One beginning of the third century. Well XVIII contained
pottery from the fourth century and a silver coin of Corinth
28
A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 563f., note 2. from 400-338 B.C. Several of the other wells contained coins
29 Two letters M N ..., the beginning of the second line, from the fourth and early third centuries, but they have not
may be from some epithet of the goddess, or from the name all been studied, and only a preliminary study of the lamps
of another deity, perhaps MvoaiooSvis. and pottery has been made.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
which had been sealed at the top the upper
part of the shaft was found empty; in others a
third deposit containing pottery and coins of
Roman date was found above the Greek fill.
THE GREAT DRAIN
A large drain (Plan IX), partly cut in rock
and partly built with stones, runs along the
rear side of the Stoa at approximately 2.20 m.
south of the rear wall and at a depth of 1.59
to 3.16 m. below the toichobate. Near the east
end, where it is cut in stereo entirely, the
channel is ca. 0.64 m. wide at the bottom and
ca. 1.75 m. high. The stereo here consists of a
comparatively soft, friable red soil; the sides
and roof of the drain cave in rather easily, and
would frequently have blocked the passage in
ancient times. Because of this condition and
because the drain is in several places inter-
rupted by later constructions, it has not been
possible to excavate the channel throughout
its length. From the southeast corner of the
Stoa it has been cleared at intervals for most
of its course along the building for a total
distance of ca. 140 m. (see Plan IX). At the
southeast corner where its floor reaches its
lowest level, 3.16 m. below the toichobate, it
runs undergroundjust south of the east wing
of the Stoa, and as soon as it has cleared the
cornerit turns toward the northeast at an angle
of ca. 450to the short axis of the Stoa. Beyond
this point it has not been possible to clear its
outlet. At the junction of the two channels
another drain, at a level 0.78 m. above the floor
of the great drain, extends southward in very
nearly a straight line with the east wall of the
Stoa, but it has been followed for a stretch of
only about six meters. At a distance of 3m. from
its north end it is joined by a second branch
which extends toward the east; this too is still
unexcavated. A third channel at a higher level,
ca. 1.80 m. above the floor of the great drain,
also takes off in an easterly direction near the
corner of the building, and several other
5 Broneer Corinth
65
branches extend from it toward the north and
south. This intricate system of underground
channels branching out in various directions
toward the south and east has not been in-
vestigated, in as much as the area above,
covered with modem roads and houses, re-
mains unexcavated. All these channels poured
their water into the great drain, the floor of
which is considerably lower than that of any
of the channels.
Behind rear room II there is a large opening
into the drain, lined on all sides with stones;
the whole drain is here built artificially and
roofed over with large poros blocks. This stone
construction seems to be of pre-Roman date,
but some of the masonry around the openings
and part of the roof may be Roman or later.
There was one large opening into the drain
behind each rear room of the Stoa, probably
correspondingto the original outlets from the
paved areas (three such openings can be seen
in Plate 6 2 at the left edge of the picture).
Behind rear room IV the pebble cement
flooring of this area is partly preserved and in
the south wall of the area, here standing to a
height of 0.80 m. above the floor, there is a
semicircularcuttirlgwhich probably marksthe
position of a latrine. A similar arrangement
can be observed behind rear room V. Farther
west the rear wall of the paved areas is pre-
served to a height of ca. 1 m. above the pave-
ment, and a cutting in the wall behind rear
room VI marks a similar inlet into the drain.
That the drain continued to function in Ro-
man times is evident from the insertion of a
pan tile of typical Roman shape, which served
as lining of the channel conducting the waters
into the drain (P1. 16 i). In the top of the tile
are scratched two graffiti, one in Latin, the se-
cond perhaps in Greek.31The original ground
level at this point was more than a meter
above the Stoa floor, and in Roman times a
sumptuous building with many roomswas con-
31 The Greek graffito seems to read AYTA; the Latin line
has yielded no satisfactory reading.
66
structed behind the Stoa at a level ca. 2 m.
above the toichobate level32 of the Stoa (cf.
P1. 84). Behind rear room VII part of the
pebble cement of the paved area is preserved
at the point where it sloped south and east
and emptied into the drain (P1. 16 2). Farther
west the Roman buildings cover the rear half
of the Stoa and project southward over the
drain and the paved areas behind the Stoa.
At one point behind rear room IX the drain
has been cleared to the bottom where the
foundations of the South Basilica extend
partly into it. The drain cannot have con-
tinued to serve its original function after the
construction of the Basilica, since the foun-
dation for the stairway to the ground floor of
that building cuts across the drain. At a level
ca. 1.20 m. above the floor of the drain a nar-
row channel was made through this foun-
dation, but this seems to be unrelated to the
great drain (for the use of this channel, see
below p. 122). Behind rear rooms XII to XV
the cross walls separating the paved areas and
part of the flooring are again preserved (Plan
III). The drain was probably here cut en-
tirely in stereo, but its roof was destroyed
when the Basilica foundations were laid. The
roof over the drain is partly preservedbehind
rear rooms XV (the drain has not been
cleared but the roof is visible) and XVI, and it
is here ca. 1.90 m. above the floor of the drain.
In the corner between the Kenchrean Road
and the Bouleuterion, behind rear room
XVII, a late latrine of poor construction was
found (P1. 16 3), but the sides of the drain are
here so crumbly that the stones have tumbled
into the drain since the photographwas taken.
Here the drain turns almost at right angles
toward the south for a distance of 1.40 m.,
then westward again but is interrupted by the
foundations for the Bouleuterion, which reach
32 This building, which extended up to the east wall of the
South Basilica, will be published by Saul S. Weinberg in
connection with the Basilica. For a preliminary report on the
excavation see Broneer, A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 61ff.,
pl. XVII.
CORINTH
down to the bottom of the drain. Here another
channel from the south joins the great drain at
a slightly higher level. It can be followed
southward for a distance of about 10 m., but
beyond that point it is filled with earth. This
channel sloped toward the north (see levels,
Plan IX) and emptied its contents into the
great drain at the point where the bottom of
the drainis nearly at its highest level.
Within the Bouleuterion the drain con-
tinued for a distance of 3.30 m. toward the
west, then turned north for about 2 m. and
continued a fairly straight line toward the
west. Behind rear room XVIII there is a blind
channel, 2.70 m. long, extending toward the
east from the elbow in the great drain. Had
this been continued eastward for another two
meters it would have joined the main channel
of the great drain at the point where this turns
toward the south. It is difficult to understand
why it was not completed in this way, and the
reason for the loop formed by the drain at this
point remains obscure; it was probably some-
how connected with the arrangement for
flushing, discussed below. Although the great
drain is somewhat irregular in its course
throughout most of its length, except at this
point it follows very closely in a straight line
directly to the south of the paved areas in the
rear of the Stoa. The conspicuous deviation
behind rear rooms XVII and XVIII comes
very nearly at the half way point between the
two ends of the building. From this point the
floor of the drain slopes fairly evenly toward
the east and west.
The south channel joining the drain south
of rear room XVII was probably used to bring
water down from a higher level in order to
flush out the contents of the drainperiodically.
Presumably some arrangement existed for
closing off one-half of the great drain while the
water from the south channel was made to
flow into the other half. On Plan IX the depth
of the great drain below toichobate level is
indicated; it shows a decided slope in both
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
directions from the middle of the building.
The Bouleuterion covers most of shops and
rear rooms XVII to XIX and extends south-
ward over the paved areas and over the drain.
The wall behind the paved areas has been
partly exposed, and in the edge of it are the
usual cuttings for inlets into the drain. At this
point and for some distance toward the west
the drain runs undergroundthrough the virgin
soil, but here and there, where the roof has
caved in, it is covered with stone slabs.
Behind the western half of the Stoa the
drain has been cleared from rear room XXV
toward the west as far as rear room XXIX.
The sides of the drain are here for the most
part cut in the virgin soil but the roof is made
of poros slabs. At one point, behind shop XXV,
the walls on both sides are constructed out of
carefully fitted blocks extending all the way
down to the bottom, and poros slabs cover the
top. Apparently some pre-Stoa cuttings ex-
isted here which necessitated the stone con-
struction. North of this point, below the floor
of the hypocaust in the Roman bath directly
south of the wall between shop and rear room
XXV, a heavy foundation extends to an un-
known depth. Its date is uncertain, but it
probably was laid in order to provide a firm
foundation through a pre-Stoa cutting, which
has left its marks in the stone construction of
the great drain.
The best preserved of the paved disposal
areas is that behind rear room XXVII, where
the original pebble flooring still exists over
much of the area. In the rear a roughly built
wall extends to a height of 1.30 m., and in the
side of this wall near the east end of the area
is the only well preserved example of the Stoa
latrines (P1.16 4). The seat, sides, and the back
are cut out of a single block, 0.90 m. in length,
ca. 0.45 m. wide, and preserved to a maximum
height of 0.63 m. The surface is covered with
a hard pebble cement, resemblingthat used to
surface the flooring in the paved areas behind
the Stoa. The block was doubtlessmade in dationfor the south wall of the Stoa. A short
67
Greek times for this position, but the foun-
dation on which it rests is so poorlyconstructed
that the seat must have been moved and reset
at some later period. A piece of Roman tile
now lines the inlet in front of the latrine.
Although not in its original position, the stone
toilet seat may be regarded as a typical ex-
ample of the sanitary conveniences existing in
the Stoa before its destruction under Mum-
mius. West of this point the drain continues
underground beneath the unexcavated area
south of the Stoa. Its present roof is con-
structed out of re-used building stones, some
of which are blocks from the Stoa itself. It is
obvious that considerable alterations have
taken place at this point in Roman and post-
classical times.
The paved areas for the disposal of the slop
from the shops and the individual latrines just
described do not seem to date from the first
period of the Stoa. The rough wall inclosing
the separate areas, probably intended chiefly
to shut off the view both from the south and
from neighboring areas to the east and west,
are rather carelessly constructed in a manner
contrasting strongly with the construction of
the Stoa. The partition walls between the areas,
though obviously intended to follow the line of
the partition walls between the rearrooms, are
usually slightly off the line and are generally
constructed out of re-used stones of different
sizes.
More definite proof that the paved area is
of later date than the Stoa comes from the
discovery of a silver coin of the Aitolian League
(279-168 B.C.) beneath the pavement of the
area behind rear room XV. A terracotta pipe
bringing water from the north, probably from
the well in shop XV, emptied into a jar at the
west end of the paved area, and a second pipe
extended from the jar toward the east along
the south wall of the area (P1. 16 5). The north
branch of the pipe, before reaching the jar,
passed through a hole cut through the foun-
68 CORINTH
channel, made from upturned cover tiles,
brought the excess water from the jar into the
drain. Both the jar and the pipes were found at
a level well below the floor of the paved area,
and the coin mentioned above was found in the
earth close to the eastern branch of the pipe.
The fill at this point, consisting of large and
small stones and earth, was so tightly packed
against the terracotta pipe that any intrusion
from above seems out of the question. It is
quite clear that the water pipe is earlier than
the Roman reconstructionin shop XV, through
which the pipe bringing water from the north
was cut off. The pipe had a perceptible slope
toward the south and east; it is difficult to see
where the water could have come from except
from well XV, which contained much de-
struction debris, including the pieces of the
stone well curb. Thus there is every reason to
suppose that the water pipe functioned priorto
the filling of the well, but not before the found-
ing of the Aitolian League in 279. It probably
belongs to a general alteration in the South
Stoa, for which there is other evidence (see
pp. 93 f.), some fifty years beforethe destruction
of Corinth by the Romans. To that same
period we must date the cement floors of the
paved areas and the latrines in their south
walls. This leaves the question unanswered re-
garding the use of the area behind the Stoa
during the first hundred and fifty years after
the first construction. That the doors in the
south wall of each rear room are part of the
original design has already been pointed out,
and the size of these doors and the unfinished
state of the Stoa in the rear preclude their use
as entrance ways into the rear compartments
from without. It seems impossible to deter-
mine whether the great drain is as early as the
first period of the Stoa, but it is likely that
some form of drainage, possibly an open chan-
nel, existed at that time, which proved too
unsatisfactory and was replaced when the
paved areas were made. The smaller channels
at the southeast corner,which emptied into
the great drain, may be part of an earlier
system of sewage disposal for the area south
of the Stoa and later connected with the great
drain. Further digging south of the west end
of the Stoa may throw additional light on this
question.
THE STAIRWAYS
The rear half of the building had a second
story reached by stairways in the first shop
from each end (see above p. 48), and in both
places there remains enough to show clearly
that the stairways were part of the original
design. The fact that the door in shop I,33
unlike those in all the other shops, was placed
to the east of center, is sufficient to indicate
that the two end shops served a purpose dif-
ferent from that of the others. Furthermore,
shop I had no well, but from the west half of
the room, which was not occupied by the stair-
way, there was access to the well in shop II.
In shop XXXIII, on the other hand, there is
a well in the area east of the stairway but none
in shop XXXII, the occupants of which could
use the water from the well in XXXIII.
The arrangementsfor the stairway in shop I
are comparatively clear (Fig. 26). At a distance
of 0.63 m. to the south of the threshold a large
poros block is preserved in situ, the top of
which is deeply worn along the north side,
especially toward the east end of the block,
where the depth of the wear amounts to ca.
0.17 m. at the edge. A smaller block, likewise
worn on the top, adjoins the larger block on
the east. Its east end has been roughly cut
away, and at this point there is a cutting at
the rearedge (see Fig. 26). These two blocks are
all that remain from the stone sill of the
33 Shops I and XXXIII, which were largely occupied by
the two stairways, were, of course, not shops in the same
sense as II-XXXII, but for convenience sake all 33 com-
partments in the front row are referred to as shops and are
numbered on the plans consecutively from east to west. The
rooms in the rear are referred to as rear rooms, rear com-
partments, or sometimes storerooms; their numbering fol-
lows that of the shops.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
stairway, the flight of which was certainly of
wood. A cutting in the toichobate of the east
wall indicates that the sill originally extended
to the wall and had a total length of ca. 2.40 m.
If the stairway was as wide as this sill with its
cuttings indicates, the east half can hardly have
been in use. Furthermore, it is clear from the
wear on the threshold that the east valve of
the door normally remained closed, and the
opening through which the users of the stair-
way entered was thus reduced to ca. 0.80 m.
But even if the two doors were thrown open,
as they sometimes were, the opening would be
only 1.45 m., whereas the clear width of the
stairway would amount to almost 2 meters
(Plan XII). Such a broad stairway would have
accommodated a large number of people, but
the narrow opening in the door would restrict
its use considerably. Since there is no indi-
cation of stairways in the building except in
shops I and XXXIII, and since the doors
opening on these stairways were so narrow,the
number of people entering or leaving the
second story at any one time must have been
comparatively small.
The stairway in shop I occupied only the
eastern half of the shop, but the western half
could not be reached from the doorway. When
the right valve of the door was open it would
effectively close the passage between the door
and the stairway. In other words, the door in
Shop I -and the same is true of shop XXXIII
-gave admittance only to the stairway and
the second story of the building. Furthermore,
a rough wall, built partly of unbaked bricks,
extended southward from the west edge of the
door to the south wall of shop I (P1. 7 1), thus
closing off the area beneath the stairway (see
below, p. 97). The west half of shop I, however,
was accessible from shop II. The partition
wall between the two shops had been removed
for a distance of ca. 3.605 m. and the well in
shop II was placed off center close to the east
wall. Opposite the well there is a circular
basin,with a preserveddiameterat the top of west endsof the buildinglies in the positionof
69
0.30 m. and a depth of ca. 0.26 m., sunk into
the toichobate of the wall. It is lined with a
hard water-tight pebble cement, and a shallow
channel of irregularshape extends northward
from the basin (see P1. 7 i). The opening in the
wall is too wide to be spanned by a stone beam
and no marks of columnar supports are pre-
served; either two columns must be restored
(cf. Plan XII) or we must assume that a long
wooden beam spanned the opening. It is not
certain that the arrangement here described
dates from the first period of the building.
What remains may well be the result of a later
alteration, but some communication between
the shops must have existed from the very be-
ginning. From the west half of shop I a door
led through the middle wall into the rear
compartment.Since therewas no entrancefrom
the outside into shopI, and this could be reached
only from shop II, and since both shops used
the well in shop II, it seems likely that the
west half of shop I and shop II with their rear
rooms were operated jointly as a single unit.
The arrangement for the stairway at the
west end of the Stoa correspondsin the main
to that at the east end. From the eastern door
jamb a wall extends toward the south, di-
viding the room into two halves. The wider
half to the west of the wall was occupied by
the stairway, which, like its eastern counter-
part, is to be restored with a single flight
leading to the rear half of the second story
(Plan XIa). The stairway rose from a stone
sill, a single block of which still remains in
situ (Fig. 2). Its north face is ca. 0.80 m.
distant from the doorway and its top is worn
down unevenly. The wall extending from this
block to the south wall of the room, which
closes off the area beneath the stairway, is
very late. It contains blocks from the Stoa
walls, and thus would have been constructed
in its present form after the partial demolition
of the building in Roman times.
The chief difference between the east and
70 CORINTH
the shop well that served the combined shops
and rear roomsXXXII and XXXIII. Whereas
at the east end the well is in the second shop
close to the partition wall, in shop XXXIII
the well is located in the area between the
stairway and the partition wall to the east.
The well curb found in the well of XXXIII
was restored to its position (P1. 14 1), but dur-
ing the war years it was broken up by vandals
and the pieces scattered. Like some of the
other well curbs of the same series, it preserves
at the base some of the hard pebble cement
flooring which seems to have been used in the
shops in Hellenistic times.
The partition between shops XXXII and
XXXIII is missing, and the toichobate has
been cut down 0.17 m. below the top. This
seems to have been done at an early period,
probably prior to the Roman reconstruction.
There was an anta projecting ca. 0.54 m. at
the south end of the wall, but at the north end
the tail of the T-shaped orthostate block has
been removed entirely. Thus the east half of
room XXXIII and shop XXXII were joined,
and the two rooms in the rear must have been
used by the same occupants who also had the
use of the well in shop XXXIII. A doorway,
1.40 m. wide, led from shop XXXIII to the
room in the rear. It is at the east end of the
partition wall between the two rooms, whereas
in the normal shops it is at the west end, al-
most directly behind the door in the front
wall. In XXXIII, where the stairway occupied
the west half of the room, the door had to be
placed in the opposite comer. This fact and
the anomalousposition of the wells in shops II
and XXXIII show conclusively that the two
end rooms were designed from the beginning
to contain the stairways to the second story.
These two stairs, however, normally reached
through a single door opening only 0.80 m.
wide and serving as the only means of ascent,
were obviously not planned to accommodate
large crowds of people.
THE SECOND STORY
Among the building blocks found in the shop
wells and throughoutthe Stoa there are several
for which no logical position can be found in
the shops or storerooms; consequently they
probablybelong to the second story, extending
only over the rearhalf of the building. A study
of these pieces leads to the inevitable con-
clusion that the second story was divided into
a number of smallerunits correspondingto the
shops and rear compartments of the ground
floor. It is, of course, possible that there was
some variation in the arrangements of these
units; this might be concluded from a number
of individual anta capitals and other architec-
tural membersnot utilized in our restorations,
but the evidence is not sufficient, and any
restoration taking account of all these pieces
would have to draw too heavily on the imagi-
nation to be convincing. We may reasonably
assume that some of the smaller pieces, even if
it were possible to place them correctly, would
not materially affect the main divisions in the
second story, as they may have been used for
various kinds of accessories. The pieces that
have been utilized for the restorations have
for the most part been found in sufficiently
large numbers to indicate that there was a
succession of units, probably extending from
one end of the building to the other.
In various parts of the building and in some
of the wells were found fragments of a thin
pier, tapering from the bottom, where it
measures 0.23 m. x 0.46 m. in section, toward
the top, where the corresponding dimensions
are 0.202 x 0.442 m. (Fig. 42; P1. 171-2). On
the broad sides in the lower halves are slots,
0.15 m. wide and 0.028 m. deep, whereas the
upper part is plain. The total preservedheight
of the slot is 0.93 m., and it probably did not
go much higher. In some of the preserved
fragments there is a small rectangularpin-hole
in one edge, 0.037 m. deep, which in one case
comes 0.29 m. above the top of the slots; in
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 71
C. 028eCf
b ackflo^iirJfon f:ra

y
v~tr-tr5t .< t5ssr j (

~~~~A.~~0

-
,fi3 -. Is2fls -

L. 4 M.<iy
C. V.

D.
WITHSLOTS
FIG.42. PLEBS FORPARAPET
72 CORINTH

another instance this distance is only 0.124 m. VII; others have appeared at various points
The best preserved pieces of this type of pier within the building. They are very smoothly
(Fig. 42 A and B; P1. 17 l) were found in well finished and covered with a fine stucco made
Cutavav)
of crushed marble, which has the smoothness
of a highly polished piece of marble. Only the
inside of the slot is left unstuccoed. A fragment
Je ,f39 > 1 307 4
of an anta capital (Fig. 43) has been found
II
which may belong to this type of pier. The top

FIG. 43. PIER PROBABLY FROM WINDOW

ii .oz5
CAPITAL, OF
SECOND STORY
I r O

1 X
^ .- / . 73' ' I

I/SII~~~~~~~.

FIG. 45. PARAPETSLABFROMWELLIX

and one end have been trimmed off, and what

remains preserves two plain fasciae, which
,018 -4
presumably had a moulding at the top. The
lower fascia is 0.08 m. high, and another small
fragment (Fig. 44; P1.17 ) of an anta capitalhas
a lower fascia of about the same height and has
a crowning moulding at the top. This may well
have belonged to an anta facing the flat piers,
but no part of the anta itself with a slot cor-
responding to that in the flat piers has been
found.34It is obvious that the piers were used
as the vertical divisions of openings, the lower
part of which was closed with a parapet of
wood or stone. In view of the thinness of the
piers, a stone parapet would be preferable in
0.,oo0 order to give strength to the construction, and
one fragment of such a slab, preservinga total
34 The capital fragment in Figure 44 and Plate 17 3 was
used in the restoration of the shop fronts (Plans XIa, XIIIb,
XIVb) but was omitted in the perspective drawing of the
Frontispiece. It is not sufficiently well preserved to show
FIG. 44. ANTA CAPITAL, SAME AS PLATE 173. whether it could have been part of the windows.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 73
-
K43- ->.
row unstuccoed edge where the slab fitted into
the slots in the piers.
Other architectural members found in the
wells in comparatively large numbers are un-
fluted column shafts of poros with a lower
diameter of 0.47 m. and an upper diameter of
ca. 0.39 m. (Figs. 46, 47). Most of these frag-
ments were found in the western half of the
building. No capital with unfluted neck has
been discovered, agreeing in diameter with
K- -7\ HP/S '
these columns, but several pieces of capitals
fluted at the neck came from the well in
which most of the fragments of the shafts were
found (Fig. 48; P1. 17 5-6). The diameter on
the arrises is ca. 0.38 m. In spite of the seem-

FIG. 46. TWO PIECES OF UNFLUTED COLUMN SHAFT

7I. --

\ I

*
. I ..

FITG. 48. SIAJL DORIC WI8

CA~PITAL FLUTED NECKJ
I

._ o.4.. --- .

jf___ o.445 t-

4J '
* 0o o w o
;' ,\
/ - Cq7
.?

FIG. 47. PIECE OF UNFLUTED COLUMN FROM TOP OF SHAFT

length of 0.73 m., was found in well IX (Fig.

45; P1. 17 4). It has the required thickness of
0.15 m. and preserves traces of smooth stucco
on both sides. The slab is only 0.51 m. high, but
is broken off at the top. Though the surface is
poorly preserved,it is possible to detect a nar- FIG. 48. S3~LL DORIC CAPITAL WITH FLUTED NECK
74 CORINTH
I-'"
A.
B.
FIG. 49. BUTTRESS CAPITALSWITH SLOPINGTAENIA
ingly anomalous combination of an unfluted
shaft with a fluted neck, it is fairly certain that
these capitals belong to the columns.35They
agree in profile with the Doric capitals of the
fa9ade (cf. Figs. 8, 48), the dimensions of
which are almost exactly twice those of the
smaller capitals. A single capital with un-
fluted neck (Fig. 67) of approximately the
proper diameter was found in shop XV, but it
85 The columns in the screen wall of the South Stoa at
Priene also had unfluted shafts and fluted necks, but here the
fluting was probably intended to be made but was omitted,
since some bottom drums also have flutes. Wiegand and
Schrader,Priene, pp. 191-192, figs. 184, 185; in figure 184 the
columns to the right of the door are shown without fluting at
the bottom, those on the left have flutes indicated. Cf. Martin
Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, p. 49, fig. 57. In the House
of Dionysos at Delos the columns of the peristyle have fluted
necks, and the shaft is polygonal, but no flutes are indicated
at the base of the shaft; Joseph Chamonard, Delos, VIII,
pp. 127ff., figs. 56, 57, pl. XXVII. The columns of the
Middle Stoa in the Athenian Agora from about 200 B.C. had
plain shafts and fluted necks. For information of this detail,
which has appearedonly in preliminarypublication (Hesperia,
XXI, 1952, p. 88; XXIII, 1954, p. 40, note 9), I am indebted
to Professor Homer A. Thompson.
r
C. p.
differs so radically from the column shafts in
workmanship and finish that it must be
ascribed to an early Roman reconstruction or
to a separate building.
A third type of architectural member from
the second story is illustrated in Figure 49 and
Plate 18 1. It consists of a capital stuccoed on
three sides with a taenia at the top, ca. 0.11 m.
in height, which runs horizontally across the
face of the anta but slopes down on either side
at the rate of one in five, the same as the slope
of the roof. The top of the block has been cut
down on either side to form a rabbet following
the slope of the taenia on the flanks and
growing deeper toward the rear end of the
block; between these two cuttings the top of
the block is horizontal. The taenia is ap-
proximately of the same width as the taenia
at the top of the wall in the lower story. These
anta blocks, of which numerous small pieces
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
{-je/- ,fSS -*^I~
-
-'T-
F,oo2
FIG. 50. PIER CAPITAL,
and one almost complete example have been
found, are of paramount importance for the
restoration of the second story, where they
must be so placed that the slant of the taenia
follows the slope of the rafters.
Since the second story could be reached
only by one of the stairways at the extreme
ends of the building, a passage way must have
existed from which all the rooms could be
entered. The most difficult problem of the
restoration was to decide whether to arrange
this passage along the north side, i.e. above
the front part of the shops, leaving the rest of
the space to be divided into compartments
reached from this passage, or to place the
corridor close to the south wall. The anta
capitals with slanting sides furnish the evi-
dence for the second of these alternatives.
75
, <- ^ ^
_t
I X
p.
SAME AS PLATE 182
They cannot possibly be placed in the front
half of the second story, where the height from
the floor to the rafters would be too great for
such a capital to have any meaning (cf. Sec-
tions, Plans XIa, XIVb). All the evidence
points to a passage on the south side, with
buttresses against the rear wall placed above
the north-south partition walls of the first
story. The rest of the floor space would have
been divided up into thirty-one compart-
ments, consisting of a main room on the north
and an ante-chamber reached from the south
corridor, from which it may have been sepa-
rated by parapets and by curtains suspended
between wooden posts. The piece shown in
Figure 50 and Plate 18 2, which has a moulding
on three sides and a cutting on the right flank
for some upright member, has been utilized in
76 CORINTH

.60
T -j 1 39
F- of2 04?6 -e- X 46( t 612

6 46 612

.0 .60

-0 '..A. - C 0 4^6 '- 0 26 :

0.-3& ,- -t

Iii ~ ~002 ~ ~
I..- 0.38 005 o -, 6

'?,' 'i ;,I~ '

I?'' : *-t % . ',) ,.
'"~"' "": I''." '
~:,.. ':a-'f,'
l"" *--...

F'BLOCK FROM CROSS WALL AT EAST END OF SECOND STORY

FIG. 61. BLOCK FROM CROSS WALL AT EAST END OF SECOND STORY

the restorations (Plans XII, XIVb) as the high level. The southern half of the second
capital of a low pier that formed the end of a floor with its series of ante-chambersalong the
screen between the corridor and the ante- south corridor would have a slanting ceiling,
rooms. The ante-chamber would have been as shown by the capitals of the buttresses
separated from the main room on the north by placed against the south wall. The slanting
two columns in antis, and here the unfluted rabbets on either side of the anta capitals
columns describedabove find a suitable place. would be made to fit the rafters, as shown in
In the north wall of the main room we have the Frontispiece.If these capitals are correctly
restored a double window with stone parapets placed against the south wall, the two cuttings
closing the lower part (see above, p. 72). These indicate the spacing of the rafters in that
windows cannot be placed in the center of the section of the roof. The floorin the south half of
wall but, for reasons of design, would have to the second story was probably 0.465 m. lower
come directly above the doors of the ground than the floor level in the north rooms. The
floor (Plan XIIIb). This might be of ad- main rooms would be lighted by the windows
vantage to the occupants of the room, since it in the north wall and by slit windows in the
would provide a comparatively large area in clerestory (see above, p. 43). In the south wall
the east half of the room, completely shielded three windows have been restoredin each bay.
from view. In the restored drawings (Plans These would be required chiefly to light the
XIVa and b and Frontispiece) a horizontal corridor, and if the ante-chambers were
ceiling has been placed over the main room; screened off from the corridor as suggested
the restorationof a brokenroof with clerestory above, additional light could be admitted by
requires this ceiling to be placed at a rather drawing the curtains aside.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 77

o------

FROMSTONEPARAPET,
SAMEAS PLATE

-
TO19P

Top. K

FIG. 52. FRAGMENT FROM STONE PARAPET, SAME AS PLATE 183

The chief architectural members of the
second floor, found in more than one example
each, have found their proper place in this
restoration. The anta capitals with slanting
taenia have been placed upon a series of but-
tresses set against the south wall; the unfluted
columns with fluted neck go in the wall
separating the ante-chamber from the main
room; the flat piers with slots for parapets fill
a functional requirementin the windows of the
north wall.
Additional confirmation for the correctness
of this restoration was obtained from a vital
block whose position in the building was not
recognized until some time after the essential
features of the second story had been deter-
mined and entered on the restored drawings.
The block was originally cross-shaped, as
shown in the restored plan (Fig. 51, upper
right), but two of its arms were cut away when
it was re-used to wall up the door opening of
shop I. When the photographin Plate 7 2 was
made, the block had been tilted back to reveal
the cuttings for the doorway. Its importance
lies in the fact that one end is finishedand stuc-
coed, while the other has anathyrosis. In the
restorationof the secondstory this blockfitsinto
position in the wall separating the east end
rooms from the suite restored above shop and
rear room II. The (east) end with anathyrosis
fits into the wall between the small door (Plans
XII and XIV a) west of the east stairway, and
the partition wall, while the longer (west) end
with the finished surface becomes a plain anta
78 CORINTH

facing the east column in the compartment A

over shop II, as shown in the upper right cor-
ner of Figure 51.

k It
x; ~-/ - D
- - I
) <,oo
\ , loo Bottlom

FIG. 54. PIECE OF MOULDING

Plate 18 4 has two fasciae below the moulding,

on the same plane, separatedonly by a groove.
The exquisite little fragment in Figure 54 may
D,t ,, be from the frame of some door or window. It
resemblesthe moulding at the top of the door
jambs (Fig. 29), but is somewhat smaller and
FIG. 53. ANTA CAPITAL, SAME AS PLATE 184

For some of the pieces found in the Stoa the Lo,

?o56 .04
exact place has not been assigned in these JI i N0 ' C
restorations. It is, of course, possible though
unlikely, that the rooms in the second story
varied in size and disposition, and if this was
the case no convincing restoration is possible
on the basis of the existing remains. The
fragment shown in Figure 52 and Plate 18 3, FG5 A0RTOIRAIA
which has a mouldingat the top above a fascia,
might have been used as a parapet along the
edges of the stair-well (Plan XIa). Possibly oo)
? ,.
some of the other pieces were also used in the .165
two end shops where the arrangements, as
described above, differ from those of the nor- rC
mal units. The anta capitalin Figure53 and FIG. 55. PART OF PIER CAPITAL
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES 79

perfectly horizontal on top. The thin stucco, purposesas fixturesin the shops or in the upper
which has the smoothness of highly polished story, and some may well have come from
marble, seems to have been applied with a other buildings. Most of them came from the
template. The moulding resembles that of the fill of the shop wells, which contained ac-
cumulated debris from the Mummian de-
struction. In more than a hundred years be-
tween the sack of Corinthand the filling of the
wells there was time for much destruction of
o,188 - /4+/
(- - K- ,2
buildings outside the Stoa, and some ex-
traneous material may have found its way
into the wells. Some of the decorated architec-
tural terracottas found in the wells are from
buildings that must have been demolished
.56 3ahyrAsiMEt l 0235T before the Stoa was constructed (see below
FIG. 56. FRAGMENT OF ANTA CAPITAL p. 86).

capital in Figure 55, the total length of which

is not preserved. The anta capital in Figure 56
has had the top removed. The very fine anta -J
CEILING AD -i
,CONST 5

capital with a large hawksbeak at the top,

shown in Plate 18 6, has a length at the bottom
of 0.41 m. and a total heigth of 0.19 m. The
profile of the moulding indicates a period
earlier than that of the Stoa. Above the fine
coat of Greek stucco is preserved part of a
thick plaster of lime mortar. On the pier
capital shown in Figure 57 the combination of i - ,185
m
odatteo
mouldings differs so much from those on the
other capitals from the Stoa that it must be
attributed to a later period. Several miniature
column capitals of poros came from the shop
wells, two of which are shown in Plate 18 7.
That on the left, from a circular column, is r
_ti
only 0.148 m. high and the diameter at the
neck is 0.166 m. The other, 0.16 m. high, is
rounded at one end and at the other end,
which is poorly preserved,there are two fasciae
FIG. 57. ANTA CAPITAL OF HELLENISTIC PERIOD
and a moulding at the top very much like those
of the anta capital in Plate 18 4. Between the
half column and the anta capital there is a CEILING AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION
vertical band indicating that a screen of some The ceiling beams of the Stoa proper rested
kind fitted against it. on the frieze course. Although no architrave
There is no assurance that all these small backers from the north faQade fagade have been
architectural members were original parts of found, it is clear that they had no mouldings
the Stoa. They may have serveda variety of or cuttings of any kind. Three blocks are pre-
80 CORINTH

(j~i~:c- I X ' ' '-

r _ (
,r
cr
.
-/ . .
?, .-n - -. _.

"
41 .*. .. ...
. cN'

t1^---';4?48 -> -----'- ?^s X--

' . t .
-. . ""
I, < ..

'
\X d

F.o/ 5OE

FIG. 58. PLAIN BLOCK FROM ARCHITRAVE COURSE OF INNER FACADE

served from the architrave course of the inner complete blocks are preserved of the frieze
fagade, all plain and stuccoed on both sides course of the inner facade (Fig. 59), having
(Fig. 58) and recognizable only from their the normalthickness of the wall.36Theirheight
height, 0.633 m., which is the same as that of 36 The thickness of the block in Figure 59 is 0.46 m.,
the architrave over the Doric columns (cf. 0.012 m. more than that of the block from the architrave
Fig. 10). In our restoration the architrave course (Fig. 58). The discrepancy, considerably less than the
differencein the thickness of the flank walls above and below
course is interrupted by the windows in the the first story (see above p. 41), is probably in this case due
second story, but between the windows there to inaccuracy; the increase in the thickness of the walls above
a certain height is a peculiar feature in the architecture of
is room for blocks of normal length. Several the Stoa.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
is ca. 0.75 m., the same as that of the frieze of
the Doric facade and the length ca. 1.24 m.
The block in Figure 59, one of the best pre-
served and most easily accessible of this
series, is exceptional in being only 1.202 m.
long. At the top on the north face, there was a
....'B
^
,' -7''
c-* ^^
- 1S.-^^^"''^^^O
J :1. 0 .
:^,,;.
FIG. 59BLCKFOMREECO
FiG. 59 BLOCK FROM FRIEZE COURSE OF INNER FACADE
broad taenia with a cutting at the top, cor-
respondingto the profile of the rear side of the
frieze blocks. The cutting was made to hold a
wooden strip fastened by means of thin slots
at the lower edge (cf. Figs. 12, 59). The other
side of the block is plain. All the preserved
blocks of this type are now built into a wall of
late Roman date, still standing to a height of
2.20 m. along the front line of shops XXII to
XXIV (Pls. 23 2, 45 1). Over the windows
in the second story (Plan XIIIb), there were
probably blocks spanning the whole window.
Comparatively little weight could have been
carried by the slender piers. No blocks of that
length have been preserved, but there are
several pieces, 0.75-0.90 m. long, which may
be halves of such long blocks, cut in the middle
to make them less difficult to handle when re-
used in the late wall.
81
The wooden strip inserted at the upper edge
doubtless carrieda moulding,but wasprobably
consideredstructurallynecessaryto protectthe
sharp edge of the block. Since such a wooden
strip was inserted both at the end walls and
abovethe innerfagade,as well asin the rearof the
frieze of the north fa9ade, it is necessary to re-
store a ceiling over the Stoa proper.The wooden
beam above the Ionic columns must have had
the same height as the frieze course, and pre-
sumably a moulding was added at the top,
similar to the moulding over the frieze course.
The Ionic capitals were decorated in colors
(P1. 9 s), and the beams and coffers of the
ceiling must have been likewise painted.
Of the cornice only fragments are pre-
served (see above p. 38), and of these only
one shows the width of the surface resting on
the frieze. As indicated by this block (Fig. 14),
the inner edge of the frieze block upon which
the beam ends rested was only ca. 0.27 m.
wide. The rafters were probably mitered into
the ceiling beams as indicated in the per-
spective drawing, but material evidence is
lacking. The span between the outer facade
and the shop fronts, a distance of about
12.50 m., is too great to have only a single
purlin in the middle, above the Ionic columns;
consequently it is necessary to restore two
additional purlins. Since the normal ceiling
beams were probably too small to carry the
weight of the roof, a heavier ceiling beam has
been restored for this purpose above each of
the Doric columns (Plan XIVb and Frontis-
piece).
In the rear half of the building the purlins
would have been supported on the partition
walls in the second story, but here the roof
construction is complicated by the southward
projection of the two wings and by certain
other factors presently to be discussed. It is
evident that the architect of the Stoa was
chiefly concerned with the frontal view and
with the appearance of the two flanks, while
the rear was designedless from appearance
 ~82~~ C1~CORINTH
than from practical considerations. For the
restoration of the roof over this part one stone
found near the southwest corner of the build-
ing is of particular importance (Fig. 60; P1.
18 5). It is slightly lower than a normal wall
~c.
\ special type of half tile with upturned edge
J L &
0 logically from the shape of the block; con-
FIG. 60. BLOCK WITH SLOPING TAENIA, SAME AS PLATE 18 5
block, measuring only 0.516 m. in height, and
its width at the bottom is 0.473 m. The pre-
served end has anathyrosis and a cutting for
a hook clamp at the top; the total length is not
preserved. There is a well marked setting line
on the top, 0.554 m. from the preserved end,
and close to it is a pry-hole. If this line marks
the middle of the block, as seems likely, it had
the unusual length of 1.108 m., which does not
correspond to the length of any normal wall
blocks in the building. One side is smoothly
finished and stuccoed; on the other there is a
broad taenia slanting downwardfrom the pre-
served end and above it is a deep groove. The
surface above this groove is rough. It may be
taken for granted that the slope of the taenia
was determinedby the slope of the roof, which
is one in five. In the restorations (Plan XIVb)
the roof over the rear compartments in the
south half of the Stoa has been placed at a
lower level than the roofs over the shops and
the two wings. The block just describedbe- slantingtaeniaat the top on the insideof the
longs then to the east wall of the west wing,
where it is to be placed at the height of the
lower roof; the taenia would then follow the
slope of the rafters above the first rear com-
partment to the east of the wing. The ends of
the boards over the rafters would project into
the groove, and the rough surface above would
be largely concealed by the thickness of the
roof construction and perhaps also by a
(see below, p. 87). The setting line and the pry-
hole, however, indicate that the wall roseabove
the top of the preserved block. This outside
surface of the east wall of the west wing above
the lower section of the roof was probably, like
the whole rearwall of the building, left roughly
finished. The position here indicated follows
sequently it becomes necessary to break the
roof somewherein order to expose part of the
east wall of the west wing above the lower part
of the roof. The normal place for the break of
the roof would be over the east-west wall,
separating the shops from the rear compart-
ments. This arrangement has the further ad-
vantage of permitting clerestory windows in
the wall between the upper and lower sections
of the roof. Protected as they would be by the
overhanging eaves of the upper roof, they
would admit a considerable amount of light
into the inner rooms of the upper story, which
would otherwise have been unduly dark.
One other building block of special im-
portance in connection with the construction
of the roof has been described in an earlier
chapter (p. 44, Fig. 21; P1. 11 2). It was found
near the eastern end of the Stoa and, con-
sequently, is likely to belong somewhere in
that part of the building. Only part of it is pre-
served and that part is in poor condition,
having been broken into several fragments. In
its original condition it was an L-shaped block
from some comer in the building. One side
which is smoothly finished and stuccoed has a
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
block, and this taenia turned the comer and
extended horizontally along the missing por-
tion on the left side of the block as seen in
Figure 21. In the rear the block is rough, but
the corner was carefully drafted in a manner
resembling that of the blocks in situ at the
southeast comer of the building. The preserved
height of the taenia is ca. 0.13 m., but it may
have been higher, probably as high as the
taenia on the block from the west end of the
Stoa (Fig. 60; P1. 18 5). The slope of the taenia
in the two blocks is the same. Since the block
from the east end of the Stoa is only 0.353 m.
high, the same height as that of the cornice,
its position in the southwest corner of the
wing, at cornice height, is certain. The slanting
taenia, restored to the same height as that on
the block in Figure 60 and Plate 18 5, i.e.
0.162 m., represents the height of the rafters.
This taenia would have returned along the
south wall of the wing and continued between
the rafters which here, unlike the arrangement
on the fagade where the rafters were not vis-
ible (see above p. 38), must have been notched
into the inner face of the cornice course. The
two blocks with slanting taeniae from near the
two ends of the building not only give the slope
of the roof but also show the thickness of the
rafters and of the boards supporting the tiles,
and furnish definite proof that the roof over
part of the rear half of the Stoa was at a lower
level than that over the colonnade.
THE ROOF TILES37
The roof of the Stoa was covered with
terracotta tiles, a sufficiently large number of
which have been found to enable us to recon-
struct a section of the roof (P1. 19 1-s). Every
37 The tiles from the Stoa, which are being studied by
Mary C. Roebuck, will be published together with other
architectural terracottas discovered at Corinth since the
publication of Corinth, IV, i by Ida Thallon Hill and Lida
Shaw King in 1929. To Mrs. Roebuck, who has kindly read
the section on the roof tiles, I am indebted for important
information on this phase of the Stoa architecture. Her book
is scheduled to be published shortly as volume IV, iii of the
Corinth series.
83
type of tile is representedby extant examples,
except those at the apices and corners of the
gables, which may have carried some kind of
akroteria. Most of the tiles were found in the
shop wells, into which they were thrown at the
time when the shops were demolished and the
Roman structures erected over their foun-
dations. The restored section constitutes the
best existing example of an assembled ancient
roof made with the famous Corinthian tiles.
There is considerablevariation in thickness
and profileand in the size of the pan tiles. Most
of them are ca. 0.68 m. long and ca. 0.59 m.
wide. There are some examples measuring as
much as 0.78 m. in length and 0.70 m. in
width, but it is not certain that all these came
from the Stoa roof. Across the top at the
upper edge is a slight ridge which fitted into
a broad groove on the under side at the lower
end of the overlapping tile. Since the groove
is six to eight centimeters wide, and the ridge
only one to two centimeters wide, there is
room for considerablevariation in the amount
of overlap, enough to take care of the difference
in length of the tiles. The edges along the
sides are turned up; whereas the tile is two
and one-half to four centimeters thick, the
thickness at the turned up edge is about twice
as great. The ordinary pan tiles had no pin
holes or other means of fastening them to the
wooden construction; nor was this necessary
on a roof of such gentle slope. The eaves tiles,
however, were fastened to the cornice, and the
rest of the tiles were held in place by the inter-
locking overlap, by their own weight, and by
means of a bedding of clay to be restored
beneath the tiles. Traces of the clay adhered
to some of the fragments.
On the ridge is the usual ridge type of cover
tile, ca. 0.59 m. long and 0.225 m. wide. The
length correspondsto the width of the pan tiles,
and the width equals two normal overlaps of
pan tiles.
The lowest row of pan tiles along the eaves
on the north facade was attached to an or-
84 CORINTH
namental sima, 0.215 m. in height. The pan
tile to which the sima was attached probably
had the normal length, but no complete ex-
ample has been preserved with the extant
sections of sima. At either edge of this tile and
about 0.16 m. from the face of the sima is a
square notch in which a peg or nail was in-
serted for securing the tile and sima to the
poros cornice underneath. One piece of the
cornice with the top partly preserved has a
pin-hole at the proper distance from the edge
to fit the notch in the edge of the tile. Another
cornice block (Fig. 14) has two shallow
grooves in the top, one above the other, which
may be slots for fastening pieces of wood into
which nails were driven through the notch in
the tiles; or possibly the grooves were intended
merely to provide a better bedding for the clay
at the edge of the tiles. They were probably
made at the time of repair to the roof, since
they would hardly have been required in the
original construction when the simas and ad-
joining eaves tiles were fastened by metal pins.
In the center of each section of the sima was
a spout in the form of a lion's head, with open
mouth andprotrudingtongue forminga channel
for the outlet of the rain water (P1. 20 i). The
lion's heads were moulded separately and at-
tached to the sections of sima, which were also
made in moulds. The manes, arrangedin two
rows of formal locks and spread out at the
base to help fasten the head to the sima, fur-
nish a suitable transition from the animal
anatomy to the floral decoration. The colors
applied to the heads were apparently intended
to give them a realistic effect. The mane was
colored a light brown, suggesting the tawny
fur of the lion, but the ears were left in the
color of the terracotta. The eyelashes and the
irises were coloredblack, and a deep hole in the
center of the eye indicated the pupil. The nose
and outer edges of the lips were likewise
colored black, whereas the inside of the mouth
and the tongue were painted a purplish red.
Abovethe red colorof the lip the teeth stand projection beyond the edge of the cornice
out prominently in the color of the clay.
Whiskerswere indicated by rows of black dots
curving back from the upper lip; the rest of
the face was left unpainted.Although the heads
were made in moulds, there was considerable
retouching before firing. Deep lines, impressed
in the soft clay, accentuate the features of the
face and mane. Since the retouching and
painting were done by several craftsmen, the
heads are not identical, and the individuality
achieved may have been intentional.
On either side of the lion heads is a tendril
in high relief in the form of a double spiral,
springing from a stylized acanthus leaf. The
tendril, which is in the color of the clay, is set
off clearly against the black background. A
band at the base of the acanthus leaf and the
serrated edge of the leaf are painted purple.
The ovolo moulding at the top has an egg and
dart design in three colors: black, purple, and
the buff color of the clay. At the lower edge is
a projecting band, ca. 0.063 m. high, painted
with an interlacing meander pattern. The
technique is that of red-figured ware, the
backgroundbeing black, and the design having
the color of the clay. The squares separating
the meanders are reserved, and in the center,
within a purple frame, is a checkered cross
pattern of alternating black and reserved
small squares. Here again the craftsmen in-
troduced variations in the pattern. In some of
the rectangles the comers are reserved, in
others painted black (see adjacent sections in
P1. 20 1). Although the meanders are rendered
with a regularity suggesting the use of a
stencil, the painting of the squares was ob-
viously done free-hand. On the under side of
the sima, where the edge projects over the
cornice, there is a painted band, 0.065 m. wide,
decorated with a bead and reel design in
reserve against a black background; and a
purple band, two to three centimeters wide,
is painted along the inner edge of the bead and
reel pattern (P1. 20 2). Apparently the line of
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
would fall somewhere in the middle of this
band, approximately 0.08 m. from the outer
edge of the sima.
The length of each sima section, which rep-
resents the true width of the pan tiles as
spaced on the roof, is 0.62 m. In the three sec-
tions and several half sections that can be
accurately measured the variation is so
slight as to leave no doubt that this is the in-
tended length. The vertical joints between the
sections were made tight by shaving off the
edges when the roof was laid. The divisions of
the sima, marked off by the lion's head spouts
in the middle and the antefixes above the
joints, do not fit the spacing of the columns
and the units of the frieze.38The axial distance
of the colonnade is 2.34 m., and normally this
space would be filled by four sima lengths, but
this would require a section only 0.585 m.
long, 0.035 m. less than the length of the
preserved pieces. This gives an excess length
of 4 x0.035, or 0.140 m., approximately one-
fourth of a section between the axes of two
adjacent columns. Thus only fifteen tiles in-
stead of the normal sixteen would fit into four
axial distances, with enough play, ca. 0.06 m.,
to allow for slight irregularities. Above every
fifth column the lion's head spout would come
directly over the column triglyph, and midway
between these points an antefix would occupy
the same position. This lends a certain reg-
ularity, perhaps unintentional, to the lack of
correspondencebetween the tiles of the roof
and the Doric order of the faQade.
The raking sima (P1. 20 3) continues the
bead and reel pattern on the under side as
well as the meander design at the lower edge.
On the horizontal sima the band with the
meander pattern projects, whereas the cor-
responding band of the raking sima recedes.
At the top is a cavetto moulding, roughly
corresponding to the ovolo above the hori-
38 The Temple of Zeus at Nemea, which had a marble sima,
shows a similar discrepancy in the spacing of columns and
lion spouts.
85
zontal sima, and decorated in the same way
with an egg,and dart in three colors: black,
purple, and the color of the clay. The main
field of the raking sima, which is a cyma re-
versa, is painted with designs of alternating
palmettes and lotus buds in reserved tech-
nique. The background is black, and the pal-
mettes, buds and spirals in the color of the
clay; purple is used only for the heart of the
palmettes and the upper edge of the calyx in
the lotus bud. The preserved sections of the
raking sima are probably all from the east
gable, since they were found in wells in the
east half of the building. All but two pieces
with one or both ends preserved come from
the south half of the gable.39They were fitted
together with a deep overlap at the joints,
correspondingto the overlap on the ordinary
pan tiles. Thus, on the north half of the gable
the thin, outside portion of the overlap was on
the left end of the tile as seen from the front;
on the southern half of the gable it was at the
right. This difference makes it possible to
distinguish the simas of the north side from
those of the south, provided of course that
they came from the same gable.
All the preserved sections on the south
slope of the gable have been reduced in length
by about 0.041 m. The sima was designed to
carry three full units of decoration on each
section. Each unit, consisting of one palmette
and one bud, has a length of 0.212 m., with
very slight variations. This would give a total
length of 0.636 m., measured on the face of
the sima. The preserved sections, however,
are only 0.595 m. in length, and the ends of
the tiles show clear signs of having been
trimmed back after firing. The result of the ab-
breviation is the almost total disappearanceof
the lotus bud at the joints. This mutilation of
the design seems to have resulted from the use
39 In the reconstructed section of the east gable, shown in
Plate 191-3, the sima fragments were purposely misplaced to
a certain extent. Since only two fragments have been found
from the north half of the gable, pieces belonging to the south
half have been fitted into the reconstruction of the north
side.
86 CORINTH
of tiles of standard size,40which seems to have
been the practice in the fourth century B.C.
and later. Whether it took place when the roof
tiles were first laid or during some reconstruc-
tion is not certain. Neither of the two pieces
from the north half of the east gable preserves
the whole length, but the sections seem to have
been trimmed back less far than those on the
south side.
There was no sima in the rear of the Stoa,
but the tiles at the eaves were decoratedat the
edge (P1. 19 3). Three types of painted eaves
tiles have been found in the shop wells, only
two of which seem to be from the Stoa roof.
The first group (P1. 20 4, top) carried on the
edge a meander pattern similar to that of the
sima, and underneath on the overhang a bead
and reel design. The second variety (P1. 20 4,
bottom), likewise decorated with meanders on
the edge, has a wider overhang, the underside
of which has an outer band, 0.10 m. wide, de-
corated with a palmette and lotus pattern,
exactly like that on the raking sima but much
smaller. Below this design is a small bead and
reel, correspondingto that on the under side
of the sima, and a purple band, 0.025 m. wide,
sets off the painted borderfrom the unpainted
back of the tile. One of the fragments has at
the edge a notch for a peg or nail similar to the
notches on the tiles attached to the horizontal
sima. A third type of eaves tile (P1.20 5) has a
guilloche design on the edge and lacks the
bead and reel on the underside. This is a com-
mon type of decoration on Corinthian tiles
from the sixth century B.C.41Since it does not
seem to have continued into later times, the
pieces of this type, though found in the Stoa
wells in considerablenumbers,must have come
from earlierbuildings.
40 Regulations to determine the size of tiles are known
from later periods. See F. H. Bacon, Assos, pp. 71, 73, and Gor-
ham P. Stevens, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pp. 174ff.. The prac-
tice of establishing fixed standards may go back to earlier
times.
41The simple guilloche pattern appears on the edge of
tiles to which an early type of antefix is attached. See Hill
and King, Corinth,IV, i, p. 11, fig. 1.
The first of these three types of eaves tiles,
which had the normal overhang of about seven
to eight centimeters, was probablyused for the
eaves of the lower section of roof, i. e. over the
rear rooms in the main part of the building.
Possibly it was also used in the upper section,
above the shops, but it seems more likely that
this section lacked decorated eaves tiles. The
second variety, with its wider overhang and
more elaborate design, continuing the pattern
of the raking sima, would be suitably placed
at the rear of the two projecting wings.
The cover tiles are of the normal Corinthian
type with angular profile and an overlap of
some ten to twelve centimeters. At the upper
end are two slight projections (P1. 22 4, where
the cover tile should lie further down on the
pan tile), which fitted tightly against the lower
edge of the pan tile of the row above. On the
ridge, over the joints between the ridge cover
tiles, is a saddle tile, to the middle of which the
ridge palmette is attached. Each end of the
saddle projects ca. 0.20 m. on either side of the
palmette. The palmettes are painted (P1. 21 1,
b, c) and, like the decoration on the sima, the
design stands out in the color of the clay
against a black background; the heart and
the outer edge of the palmette are in purple.
The face of the palmette is slightly convex and
the edge is lobed following the curve of the
leaves.
To the cover tiles were attached antefixes
(Pls. 20 i; 21 1, a) with painted decorations in
low relief. Underneath a palmette with eleven
leaves there is a pair of double spirals ending
in tendrils, between which are half palmettes
on each side of a central upside-down lotus
bud. These raised patterns are in the color of
the clay and the backgroundis painted black.
Purple is used for the outer edge of the antefix,
the hearts of the palmettes, the space between
the leaves of the lotus buds and, in some in-
stances, for the raised circle in the center of
the large spiral at the center. There were two
kinds of cover tiles at the eaves, one used for
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
the front, the other for the rear of the Stoa.
The former had a knee fitting over the hori-
zontal sima on the facade (Pls. 19 l; 21 i, a),
the other came down straight to the edge in
the rear of the building (P1. 19 3). The dec-
oration on the two kinds of antefixes is
identical, and both varieties seem to have
been cast in the same moulds.
Apart from the ordinary tiles of the roof
some unusual examples have been found in
the Stoa wells. One is a pan tile of the normal
size and shape, but at the lower edge is a
trough, 0.125 m. wide at the bottom, and the
lower edge is raised 0.075 m. above the bot-
tom of the trough (P1. 21 2, center). The edges
at the two ends of the trough are beveled,
and traces of mortar were found at the joints
and in the trough. A few smaller fragments of
similar tiles were discovered. One small frag-
ment from the lower left corner of a tile pre-
serves part of an oval opening, surroundedby
a low raised edge (P1. 22 i). This is the normal
type of opaion tile, examples of which have
been found elsewhere, both in marble and
terracotta.42 Although only one piece of an
opaion tile has been found-and this could
possibly have come from another building- it
is not unlikely that such tiles occurredat reg-
ular intervals to provide additional light and
ventilation. If such was the case, the tile with
a trough at the lower end may have been
placed just above the opening to prevent large
amounts of water from pouring through the
hole during heavy rains. If the raised edges of
the two adjoiningtiles were cut away and the
joints beveled for the width of the trough and
if the joints and trough were largely covered
with cement, the water from above would have
42Opaion tiles have been found at
many Greek sites. See
W. D6rpfeld, Olympia, vol. II, p. 17; E. Dyggve et al., Das
Heroon von Kalydon, p. 342, fig. 48 H. A list of places where
opaion tiles have been discovered is given by Dinsmoor, The
Architectureof Ancient Greece, p. 151, note 3. Cf. Homer
Thompson, Hesperia, SupplementIV, 1940, pp. 78ff., fig. 61,
who found many fragments of tiles with openings surrounded
by a collar, in the area of the Tholos in Athens. The openings
in this case may have been intended as vents for the smoke
from the Tholos kitchen.
87
been diverted away from the tile with the open
hole in the center as shown in the restored sec-
tion of the roof, Figure 61.
Another peculiar fragment is a half tile with
the left half (as seen from above) of normal
shape, and with a raised edge, 0.12 m. high on
FIG. 61. SKETCH SHOWING CONJECTURAL USE OF OPAION
WITH TROUGH TILE ABOVE
the right (P1. 22 2). The lower part of the tile
is not preserved, but at the upper end the
raised vertical edge has a cutting, 0.105 m.
long, to receive the overlap of a similar tile. In
the corner of the cutting and along the upper
edge are traces of a hard mortar. This type of
tile would serve well along the inner, west
edge of the projecting east wing in the rear as
an undecorated form of raking sima (P1. 21 2,
left edge). A corresponding set of tiles with
sides reversed would go along the east edge of
the roof over the west wing. As seen in Plan
XIV a, the width of the roof requires one row
of such half tiles over each wing. Such tiles
may also have been placed along the east and
west edges of the lower portion of the roof
(Plan XIV a).
Some fragments, on which the cover tile is
attached to the pan tile, may belong to the
end of the roof close to the raking sima; more
likely they do not belong to the Stoa. Among
the peculiar specimens are fragments of a tile
with a diagonalridge, and one with a valley
88 CORINTH
running diagonally through the pan tile. There
is also a wide variety of cover tiles, varying
considerably in size. Whereas the normal
cover tile measures approximately 0.17 m. in
width, some very much larger specimens and
others of smaller dimensions are found. One
large fragment is 0.235 m. wide, while other
fragments are much narrowerthan the normal
cover tile. One piece had two raised knobs
near the upper edge, to prevent the over-
lapping tile from sliding down. Although found
in the shop wells, together with the roof terra-
cottas which undoubtedly belong to the Stoa,
it is likely that many of these odd pieces come
from other buildings.
Fragments of pan tiles and one large piece of
a cover tile of the Lakonian type were found
in one well in the Stoa. The cover tile had the
word KOPINOI)N stamped on the top (P1.
22 3, bottom).43It does not seem likely that
this type of tile was used in the main part of
the Stoa roof, but may have come from some
adjacent structures in the rear. Possibly some
of the paved areas behind the rear compart-
ments were at one time provided with a roof.
One set of roof tiles carries the stamp
EnrTI EOAA in raised letters impressedwhile
the clay was wet (P1. 223, top, 224). The
stamp occurs chiefly on cover tiles, but some
pan tiles and at least one ridge cover tile were
similarly stamped. The same or identical dies
were used for all the stamps.44 The letter
forms are of a kind in use during Hellenistic
times, but any accurate dating on this basis
is not possible. The right vertical bar of the pi
is slightly shorter than the left one, and the pi
and iota are joined by a horizontal bar. The
43Pieces of the Lakonian
type of tile but of Corinthian
clay and bearing the stamp 'ETrrlEvoA&were found in the
Theater at Corinth. See Richard Stillwell, Corinth, II, The
Theatre,p. 35. The frequent occurrence of this stamp on the
Corinthian type of tile from the South Stoa shows that the
"Lakonian" tiles from the Theater, like that bearing the
stamp KOPINE I N, are all of Corinthian make.
4 The stamp on the "Lakonian" tiles from the Theater is
made with a different die, but the magistrate, Xenolaos,
whose name-a rare one at Corinth-appears on the two sets,
was almost certainly the same person in both cases.
middle bar of the epsilon and xi is very short.
The nu is made with two diagonal strokes
forming a cross in the center, as if the die
maker, who had to make his letters in the
negative, had been uncertainas to the direction
of the stroke and put in a second one to make
sure that one would be correct. The alpha at
the end of the name is a variant genitive
ending for the aov. This contracted form of
genitive, in frequent use in many parts of
Greece, even in Attica, during the Hellenistic
period, need not be regarded as a Doric form.
The tiles marked with this stamp seem to
belong to pre-Roman repairs of the roof. The
clay differsfrom that of the normal tiles, being
somewhat more sandy and brittle, and the top
surface shows traces of brush marks. The
cover tiles of the stamped variety are per-
ceptibly larger than the normal type, having
a width of 0.20 m., as compared with 0.17 m.
Both the cover tiles and the pan tiles with
stamps are of heavier fabric and the edges are
less sharp than on the original tiles of the
building. A variety of ridge palmettes, dif-
fering somewhat from the normal kind, both
in decorationand in fabric, but resemblingthe
stamped tiles, have been found in com-
paratively small numbers (P1.21 3, a, b); they
probably belong to the same period of repairs.
Since fragments of stamped tiles were found
in several wells, widely separated from each
other, we may assume that the repairs ex-
tended to the whole roof, rather than to a
restricted section.
THE TERRACE WALL
North of the Stoa, at the distance of 7.65m.
from the stylobate of the north fagade, runs
a low foundation, the top of which is nearly
one meter below the stylobate level, and ca.
0.15 m. higher at the east end than at the
west. It is built almost entirely of re-used
material, blocks of various shapes and sizes
having been fitted together to form a con-
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
tinuous line extending the full length of the
Stoa. At the east end the foundation turned
at right angles and extended up to the north-
east corer of the Stoa, but most of the eastern
arm lies concealed beneath the foundations for
the Colonnade of the Southeast Building.45
The top course of the terrace at the northeast
corer was removed at the time when the
foundations for the Roman building were laid;
but the bottom course forming the return at
the very comer is in situ (Plan I). At a distance
of 1.50 m. from the corer, where the top
course of the terrace is preserved, its north
edge is heavily worn, indicating that the
ground level to the north of the terrace was
somewhat lower than on the south. About
2.50 m. from the end the terrace widens
toward the south to form a rectangle, 2.65 m.
in length and 1.25 m. in width, probably the
base of an equestrian statue. At a distance of
1.80 m. to the west of this large rectangle is a
cutting for another statue base, and 0.90 m.
farther west is a deep cutting, nearly two
meters long and more than one meter wide,
quite different from the cuttings for the other
statue bases on the terrace. It is sunk to a
depth of 0.25 m. below the top of the terrace
wall but does not extend quite to the south
edge of the wall. It was probably made for a
monument in Roman times which had no
direct connection with the original purpose
of the terrace.
Across the cuttings for the earlier, pre-
Roman statue bases, run well marked ruts of
a wagon road, extending diagonally across the
Agora from northwest to southeast (P1. 23 1,
lower right). This road cannot have been in
use while the monuments were still standing,
45Allen B. West, Corinth, VIII, ii, Latin Inscriptions,
p. 96, No. 122, has suggested that the donor of the East
Portico was the well-known benefactor of the Roman
colony of Corinth, Cn. Babbius Philinus, whose activities fall
in the early part of the first century of our era. For his date
see Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, p. 64, and cf. West,
op. cit., pp. 83, 96,107. The marblecolonnade, however, seems
to have been preceded by an earlier one of poros which
probably goes back to the first era of construction following
the founding of the colony under Caesar.
89
nor could it have existed after the erection of
the Portico for the Southeast Building. The
destruction of the monuments on the terrace
must be dated between the sack of Corinthin
146 B.C. and the construction of the Portico,
the foundations for which were laid not much
later than the founding of the Roman colony
at Corinth.45Thus, the only time duringwhich
the road could have been in use is the century
of desolation following the destruction by
Mummius.During this period the buildings of
Corinth would have served as convenient
stone quarries for neighboring cities and the
roads may have been used for hauling such
material through the uninhabited city. The
road at the east end of the terrace and a
similar one at the west end offer the best
archaeological evidence for the non-existence
of the city during those hundred years.46
The terrace has been cleared for a distance
of 9 m. from its east end, but west of this point
the bedding for the Roman marble pavement
of the Agora overlies the terrace for a stretch
of ca. 5 m. The level of the pavement was here
ca. 0.25 m. above the top of the terrace.
Where the terrace wall is well preserved it
has a total width of ca. 1.35 m. Its north face
is fairly straight but the south face is quite
irregular. At the east end of the Stoa, except
at the very northeast corner, the terrace is
only one course deep, ca. 0.35 m. in thickness.
46The literary evidence for the non-existence of Corinth
during that century is both abundant and consistent. Some
doubt was cast on this question by the discovery of a Latin
epigram, purportedly written in 102 B.C. Since the stone
was found at Corinth, it was naturally assumed that it had
been set up there, and this is unlikely to have been done if
the site was deserted. See Taylor and West, A.J.A., XXXII,
1928, pp. 9ff., and Corinth,VIII, ii, Latin Inscriptions, No. 1.
The evidence from this inscription alone, which could have
been set up in the Isthmian sanctuary and later carried to
Corinth,is not sufficient to overthrow the historical evidence,
now confirmed by archaeological data. See Carl Roebuck,
Corinth, XIV, The Asklepieion and Lerna, pp. 82ff.; and
Broneer, Corinth,IV, ii, TerracottaLamps, p. 65. That there
was some occupation of the site during that century is shown
by the discovery of coins dated to that period. See Josephine
M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 158, and cf. Joseph de
Waele, A.J.A., XXXV, 1931, p. 411, note 1. These may well
have been lost by those who engaged in the destruction of
the city for their own use, and by the small number of
temple attendants who were permitted to remain on the site.
90 CORINTH
Along the north edge is a shallow rabbet,
0.14 m. in depth, which probably marks the
approximate difference in level between the
terrace in front of the Stoa and the open area
to the north. The top of the terrace wall is
heavily worn and weathered throughout, ex-
cept where it supported statue bases which
were placed very close together. In some in-
stances the surface of the terrace was worn
down after the removal of the monuments but
before the Agora was paved with marble. The
terrace is preserved, with some small gaps, for
a stretch of ca. 35 m. from the east end.
Beyond that point the blocks are missing for
a distance of 30 m., but cuttings in the virgin
soil and existing blocks of the foundation
farther west indicate that the terrace wall was
continuous from the east to the west end of
the Stoa. In front of shop XII (Plan III) there
is a clearly marked cutting in the rock in line
with the terrace wall, and it is obvious that it
was made as a bedding for this wall. Farther
west, in front of shop XIV, where the terrace
wall was two courses deep, the lower course is
preservedfor a stretch of ca. 4 m. For the next
40 m., in front of shops XV-XXII, where
the ground level was considerably lower in
postclassical times than during the Greek
and Roman periods, no traces of the terrace
exist.
In front of shop XXIII (Plan IV) a few
stones are preserved from the foundations for
the front of the terrace wall. The original
ground level was here more than 1 m. below
the top of the terrace, and this made it nec-
essary to construct a deep foundation. In
front of shops XXIII and XXIV the terraceis
comparatively well preserved ?or a stretch of
nearly 8 m.; it is here somewhat less well con-
structed than at the east end. The top shows
the usual cuttings for statue bases, but the
blocks are very irregular and uneven at the
top. Small stones and tiles have been used to
level off the wall between the statue bases, and
it seems likely that the packedearth floorof
the Agora extended over the terrace wall and
concealed its stone construction. A small bit
of terrace foundation is preserved in front of
shop XXVII (Plan V), where the original
ground level was more than 2 m. below the
stylobate of the Stoa. In front of shops XXIX
and XXX there is a well preserved pebble
cement floor of pre-Stoa construction (P1. 3 2).
The level of this floor is slightly more than
1 m. below the top of the terrace wall. Here
as elsewhere the material of the terrace wall
is all re-used, and it is likely that the building
to which the pebble floor belonged furnished
the material at this point.47From shop XXIX
to XXXIII (Plans V, VI), a stretch of 24 m.,
the terrace wall is comparatively well pre-
served, and here as at the east end the north
edge is cut down for a shallow rabbet.
The statue bases here stood very close to-
gether, only some 40 cm. apart. They vary
somewhat in size, but whereverpreservedthey
appear to have been approximately square,
as would be required for single figures in the
round. At a distance of some nine meters from
the west end there are wheel ruts running
diagonally across the terrace and extending
towards the northeast. The same road may
be traced on the pre-Roman foundations to
the east of the Sacred Fountain. As at the
east end the road skirted the comer of the Stoa
but cut across the terrace wall, and it is clear
that the two roads were in use while the front
colonnade of the Stoa was still standing but
after the monuments on the terrace had been
removed. The west end of the terrace lies con-
cealed beneath the foundations for the aque-
duct supported by the archaic columns. Close
to this point the north edge of the terrace wall
is so deeply worn that separate blocks have
been inserted where the original edge was
worn away. The condition of the wall at this
point and at the east end indicates that the
South Stoa was more frequently approached
47 See above, under Pre-Stoa
Building Remains (p. 10),
and cf. CharlesH. Morgan, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 131ff.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
at the two ends, where the stairways in shops
I and XXXIII led to the second story.
The terrace with its row of monuments
facing the Agora must have presented a pic-
ture resemblinga sculpture gallery, intolerable
perhaps to modern taste, but highly effective
as a monumental backdrop in front of which
the civic and commercial life of Corinth was
staged. Judging from the spacing of the
statue bases on the preserved sections of the
terrace, the number of individual monuments
supported by the wall was over a hundred, and
at the north edge of the Agora, on the terrace
of the Sacred Fountain, was another shorter
row of statues with some of the inscribed
bases still existing.4
REFINEMENTS
In the section on the North Fa9ade it was
pointed out that the Doric columnshad entasis,
but since no column is standing above the first
drum and the existing pieces come from dif-
ferent columns, it is not possible to measure
the curve with accuracy. It is, however, clear
from the increasing rate of the diminution
above the first three drums that the columns
did not taper uniformly toward the top.
The presence of entasis in the columns of a
fourth century building (for the date see
below, p. 96), even in a secular structure like
the Stoa, is to be expected. It is somewhat
surprising, however, to find throughout the
building a system of horizontal curvatures,
which-except in the southwest corner, where
an underground reservoir had weakened the
foundations-were applied with a high degree
of consistency and accuracy. Since the stylo-
bate of the Doric columns is preservedonly at
the two ends of the building it is impossible to
measure the curvature directly at this level.
The euthynteria course, however, is sufficient-
ly well preserved to permit measurements at
48 See A Guide to the Excavations of Ancient Corinth,4th
ed., p. 41; John H. Kent, Hesperia, XXI, 1952, pp. 9ff.
91
somewhat irregular intervals all along the
facade, and the curvature indicated as No. 1
in Plan Xb is based partly on the measure-
ments taken at that level and partly on the
levels of the existing stylobate blocks. Both
the step and the stylobate were of uniform
height throughout; in fact there is no measur-
able differencein height in any of the existing
courses of the foundation. Consequently the
curvature extended all the way down to the
bottom of the foundation trench which has
been exposed in a sufficient number of places
to make possible the measurements for the
curvature labeled as No. 2 on Plan Xb. It is
clear that the thickness of the foundation was
uniform at the level of any one of its courses.
It probably entailed less work to extend the
curvature to the bottom of the trench than
would have been requiredif the lower courses
had been laid horizontally and the curvature
established at, for example, euthynteria level.
As shown in Plan Xb, the maximum height
of the curve of the front foundation amounts
to 0.148 m., at a point 72 m. from the north-
west corner of the Stoa, which is the spot
nearest the axis where the condition of the
foundation permits the level to be measured.
The curve measured at the bottom of the
foundation trench reaches a maximum of
0.151 m. at the axis. We may assume that the
curve of the stylobate at the axis was ca.
0.15 m. above the horizontal. The stylobate at
the northeast corner of the building, which
was used as zero level in this curve, is ca.
0.005 m. lower than the stylobate at the
west end; the differenceis negligible.49
49The levels were taken with a theodolite on several
occasions, with slightly varying results; the difference in
level between the two ends of the building is not more than
15 mm. Comparewith this the curvature on the north flank
of the Parthenon, where the maximum rise comes slightly to
the west of the axis. In the Parthenon the stylobate at the
northwest corner is 0.035 m. higher than at the northeast
corner, a length of about 70 m., less than half the length of
the South Stoa. See Gorham P. Stevens' article, Hesperia,
XII, 1943, p. 137, fig. 1, which contains a chronologically
arranged list of articles about the Parthenon curvatures.
Cf. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architectureof Ancient Greece,
pp. 166-167.
92 CORINTH
The toichobate of the front wall of the shops
is preserved throughout its length, except for
short sections in front of shops III-V, XI-XII,
and XXI. Consequentlythe levels can be taken
at shorter intervals and thus the curve can be
plotted with greateraccuracy (PlanX b, No. 3).
The result is not very different, a maximum
rise of 0.160 m. here, however, at ca. 15 m. to
the east of the axis. The curve is somewhat less
regular than that obtained by the measure-
ments at the euthynteria level of the facade,
and this irregularity is further aggravated by
a greater differencein the levels between the
east and west ends of the walls, here amount-
ing to 0.015 m. The rear wall of the building,
though comparatively well preserved, lies
partly hidden beneath the floors of several
Roman structures so that the levels taken to
establish the curvature along this line are very
irregularly spaced (Plan Xb, No. 4). Except
at the west end, where the foundations seem
to have been affected by the old reservoir,the
curve is fairly regular.50
In addition to the curvature on the long
axis of the building, the toichobate at the two
ends is likewise curved. The rise can best be
measured on the toichobate for the east wall
which is preserved throughout. On a distance
of a little over 25 m. the total rise at the center
is 0.032 m., but at the southeast corer the
toichobate is 0.013 m. lower than on the
stylobate for the corer column at the east
end of the facade.51The toichobate of some
of the north-south partition walls between the
'0 The four curves on the
long axis of the Stoa shown in
Plan Xb should be compared with the catenary curve at the
top, obtained by the suspension of a chain between the two
ends of the drawing at a scale of 1:200. It is probable that
the Classical Greek architects laid out the long horizontal
curves of their buildings by means of a chain or string rather
than by mathematical calculations. See Broneer, A.J.A.,
LIII, 1949, pp. 146-147. The more cumbersome method
described by Vitruvius (cf. Gorham P. Stevens, loc. cit.)
probably resulted from computations made by Alexandrine
scholars, who theorized about a past practice.
61 The curves are far more uniform than the drawings
indicate. Because of the horizontal scale used, 1:200, in
order to reduce the length of the drawing, while a vertical
scale of 1:1 was employed, the irregularities in the cur-
vatures as seen in Plan Xb are thus exaggerated 200 times.
shops show a similar rise towardthe front of the
shops. Only at the west end wherethe founda-
tions have been weakened by the large under-
ground reservoirare the curves comparatively
irregular.
The curvature on the short axis of the build-
ing was apparently eliminated at orthostate
level. Enough of the orthostate blocks are
preserved throughout the building to show
clearly that there is a differencein height be-
tween those in the front wall of the shops and
those in the rear wall of the building. Among
the thirteen orthostate blocks still standing on
the toichobate of the inner fagade the height
varies between 1.04 and 1.05 m., with a mean
height of 1.045 m. Ten of the orthostates are
preservedin place on the middle wall between
the shops and the rear compartments. One of
these, which formed the sill of an interior
window (see above, p. 56), in the rear of shop
XXV, has the exceptional height of 1.08 m.;
the others vary between 1.055 and 1.065 m.,
and the mean height-not counting the single
block of exceptional height-is 1.060 m. There
are eleven orthostate blocks standing on the
toichobate of the rear wall. One of these, at
the very southeast comer, is irregularly low,
measuring only 1.055 m. in height. The other
ten vary between 1.063 m. and 1.074 m. and
the mean height of these is 1.07 m. Thus
between the orthostates in the front wall and
those in the rear wall there is a difference in
the mean height of 0.025 m. This is somewhat
less than the total amount of curvature of the
east toichobate but sufficient to show clearly
that the curve across the building was not
intended to be carried above the orthostate
level. There is, however, no corresponding
decrease in height of the orthostates from the
ends of the building toward the middle, so far
as this can be measuredon the existing blocks.
Apparently the curvature was not considered
sufficiently great to have an appreciableaffect
on the regularity in the dimensions of the in-
dividualblocks. Some correctionmust have
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
been made in the columns of the faCade, in
order to make the shaft strictly vertical, but
the differencein any one drum is too slight to
be measured. So far as can now be measured
on the single column drum in situ at the
northwest comer of the Stoa, there was no
inclination of the corner column in any direc-
tion.
PRE-ROMAN ALTERATIONS
In the course of nearly two centuries, be-
tween the construction of the Stoa and the
sack of Corinth by Mummius, some repairs
and additions doubtless became necessary
from time to time. Not long after the Stoa was
finished the terrace wall (see above, p. 88)
must have been constructed and the ground
level raised to the top of it. This became a con-
venient place for statuary, the erection of
which would have continued for considerable
time before all the available space was oc-
cupied.
In the building itself some repairs were
done to the wooden construction, especially
to the doors and door frames, which were
subjected to constant wear. That the door
frames were renewed is clear from the remov-
al of the moulding at the top of the jambs
in the front doors of the shops (see above
p. 52); similarly the inner edges of the grooves
in which the door frames of the rear doors were
fixed were roughly cut away when the new
frame was inserted. Even the wooden con-
struction of the roof would have required at
least partial replacement. Several of the wall
blocks from the top of the walls show cuttings
for ceiling beams, some extending into the
taenia (P1. 23 2; cf. Fig. 12), which can hardly
be explained except as the result of repairs to
the building. The new type of tiles stamped
with the name of Xenolaos (see above, p. 88)
were probably laid at some time when a large
section of the wooden roof had to be renewed.
For the date of most of these changesthereis
93
no evidence beyond the fact that they prob-
ably took place prior to the destruction by
Mummius.
The paved areas in the rear of the building
are not earlier than the middle of the third
century B.C.,52at least in their preservedform,
and it is quite possible that the great drain
and individual latrines date from the same
time. There is no way of showing what ar-
rangements were made for the disposal of
waste from the shops in the earlier period.
During one of the pre-Romanalterations door-
ways may have been cut in the partition
walls between some of the shops. Such doors
can now be observed in the walls between
shops XIX and XX, and between XXX and
XXXI; in each of these cases the doorwayhas
been neatly walled up. Such provision for
communication between the individual shops
would seem to presupposea change in the use
of the building, and it is more likely that these
doorways belong to the first Roman recon-
struction. They had certainly been made and
walled up again by the middle of the first
century after Christ.
At the two ends of the building, where roads
entered the Agora from the south, the ground
level rose rapidly between the time of con-
struction of the Stoa and the destruction of
Corinth in the second century B.C. The steps
and even the lower part of the orthostate
course were partly concealed by this change of
level, as is shown by the stone benches set
against the walls. At one time benches were
also erected on the inside along the east and
west walls of the Stoa proper and between the
doorwaysin front of the shops. The evidence is
slight but unmistakable. At the east end wall
and in front of shops XIV and XV (Plans I,
52 This
dating is based on the area behind rear room XV
(see above p. 67). It is conceivable that this area was torn up
and repaved when the water channel was laid, but this seems
unlikely. The irregularities of the masonry in the short
partition walls between the areas and lack of proper fitting
of these walls against the rear wall of the Stoa do not accord
well with the assumption that they are part of the original
construction.
94
III) some stone supports, properly spaced for
such a purpose, are preserved at the ap-
proximate floor level of the Stoa, and some of
the shop wells contained carved poros sup-
ports for benches (P1. 23 3-4). One large seat
1435
- -A
?097 r
*24T ..07 .417
I
FIG. 62. POROS SEAT BLOCK FROMWELL XVIII
block of poros, found in well XVIII (Fig. 62)
may have been used in front of the shops. The
workmanshipof the existing pieces is inferior
to that of the Stoa architecture, and it is un-
likely that they date back to the original con-
struction. Some may be Hellenistic, others
may be of Roman date.
Most of the alterations discussed above were
probably made at different times during the
two centuries that the Stoa existed before the
destruction of the city, though some of them
may belong to the period after the founding of
the Roman colony. Extensive repairs and
changes in the building seem to have been
made toward the end of the third century
B.C., or possibly at the very beginning of the
second century. At that time the floor level of
the shops and rear rooms seems to have been
lowered, and in some cases the original fill
beneath the floors was removed or at least
thoroughlydisturbed.To that periodmust be is particularlyclear. Of specialimportancein
CORINTH
dated the deposit of terracotta objects in
shop III, the pottery deposit beneath the east
stairway (see below, p. 97), and probably also
the extensive repairs to the roof. The shops
may have been completely reconditioned and
perhaps some of them were made to serve a
new purpose. At this time, or shortly before,
the cement pavement was laid in the areas
behind the rear rooms, and perhaps the great
drain in the rear should be dated to the same
period. Whatever may have given occasion to
this reconstruction, no evidence of general
fire or earthquakes has been observed in the
building. One well, however, in shop V, con-
tained some black fill and other evidence for a
destruction in pre-Roman times, which may
have been caused by fire in a restricted part of
the building; the pottery and coins from this
fill accord well with the date suggested above
for the reconstruction of the Stoa.
DATE AND PURPOSE OF THE STOA
The architectural details described in the
preceding sections place the building within
the general limits of classical Greek architec-
ture. The standard of workmanship, the
character of the design and the technical pro-
cesses involved conform to the strict classical
canons of architecture perfected in the fifth
century and continued until Hellenistic times.
From general considerations alone the un-
biased observer would doubtless date the
building some time in the fourth century or,
at the earliest, at the very end of the fifth.
Such a date was originally suggested by Theo-
dore W. Heermance at the time of his dis-
covery of the Stoa in 1904 (see above p. 4,
note 6). A study of the building as a whole and
the evidence from pottery and coins have
narrowedthe chronologicallimits within which
the construction must be placed.
The pottery from the excavations is abun-
dant and its bearing upon the date of the Stoa
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES9
this connection are some vases (P1.24 1) found
in the top part of a well excavated in 1950
within the Stoa properand a little to the north
of shop IV53 (see p. 8, P1. 4 1). With the ex-
ception of 0.50 m. at the top, the well had
been filled up by the middle of the 6th century
B.C. and can never have been in use as a well
after the construction of the Stoa, nor is it at
all likely that a conspicuoushollow would have
been left in the floor of the building so near
to the entrance of one of the shops. We may
consider it certain that the pottery at the top
had been thrown into the well before or during
the construction of the Stoa. The early fill of
the well shaft would have settled, leaving the
top of the shaft to be filled up as work on the
Stoa began. The two cups illustrated in Plate
24 1 belong to the latest form of skyphos from
Olynthos, but the shape continued, growing
constantly taller and more slender, till near
the end of the fourth century.54The date in-
dicated by the vessels serves as a convenient
terminus post quemfor the construction of the
Stoa. Equally important is a small deposit of
pottery and lamps found in the south manhole
to the large, pre-Stoa reservoir (P1. 24 s).
Among the vases is a squat pitcher (lekythos)
of blister ware55and a skyphos of Athenian
53A preliminary report on the contents of the well
appeared in Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 294-296, pl. 93. Among
the vases is a kantharos (pl. 93 c) very similar to some found
at Olynthos, D. M. Robinson, Excavations at OlynthosV, pls.
148, 149; and XIII, nos. 504, 505, 506. For the shape of the
kotyle, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pl. 93c, cf. D. M. Robinson,
op. cit., vol. XIII, pl. 194, 4 and pl. 198, 570 and 571, which
the author dates at the end of the fifth century or the be-
ginning of the fourth.
54 See D. M.
Robinson, op. cit., vol. V, pl. 185, nos. 971,
973, and 975; and vol. XIII, plates 199-202, especially nos.
581, 583-587. A slightly more advanced form of the same
type was in use as late as the end of the fourth century B.C.
Cf. Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, III, 1934, pp. 319-320,
fig. 5, No. A26. Two vases found in the building fill (Bau-
schutt) of the South Stoa at Olympia (Jahrb., LVI, 1941,
Bericht III, pp. 49, 50, fig. 41, 44) Emil Kunze dates to the
period shortly before 330 B.C. They seem to me to represent
a somewhat earlier stage in the degeneration of the skyphos
profile.
55This type of ware is not represented among the pub-
lished pottery from Olynthos. It was common at Corinth
where it seems to have been made locally in the late fifth
century (M. Z. Pease, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 288ff., fig. 23)
and continuing in the fourth century.
manufactureof a slightly earlierform than the
two from the pre-Stoa well.56With these vases
were found three lamps, all of type VII, with
the well-developed profile common in the first
half of the fourth century.57Two are Attic,
the third a Corinthian imitation.
The pottery and other objects from the Stoa
wells, which G. Roger Edwards has studied
and will publish in another volume of the
Corinth series, have been discussed briefly in
a preceding section. With few exceptions the
contents of the wells are divided into two
parts, an habitation deposit near the bottom,
and a destruction deposit filling the rest of the
shaft. The earliest lamps and pottery found
close to the bottom of several wells would
be likely to date back to the first few decades
after the completionof the building(P1.24 2,4).58
The earliest of this pottery is closely related
to the pottery from the pre-Stoa deposits,
and the brief lapse of time between the two
groups may with confidence be set down
56 For the
shape cf. Emil Kunze, op. cit., p. 49, fig. 42;
and D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIII, No. 587.
57 All three had band
handles, now missing, and no side
knob. They are similar in profile to lamps found in the South
Stoa at Olympia (Emil Kunze, op. cit., p. 57, fig. 59b, c, d),
except for the handle which is not found on the Olympia
lamps. Cf. also Broneer, Corinth, IV, ii, TerracottaLamps,
Type VII, especially Profiles 32-34, fig. 14; and D. M.
Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIV, pl. 146, 28 and 49, also pls.
146-151. It is the most common type of lamp from Olynthos.
58 The kotyle on the left in Plate 242 is more elongated
than the kotylai from the pre-Stoa well deposit (Hesperia,
XX, 1951, pl. 93c, left), and it lacks the criss-cross lines
above the base. The shape is rare at Olynthos, and the
profile of the few examples found is less elongated. Cf. D. M.
Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIII, pl. 194, 2-4 and pl. 198, nos.
570-573.
The one-handledcup in Plate 24 2, right, is one of the most
common shapes from Olynthos. Cf. D. M. Robinson, op. cit.,
vol. V, pls. 178-181; vol. XIII, pls. 214-218. It was also
found at Olympia, in the construction fill of the South Stoa
and in that of the Echo Colonnade, which seem to be of
contemporary date. See Emil Kunze, Bericht II, Jahrb.,
LIII, 1938, p. 53, fig. 32, and Bericht III, Jahrb., LVI, 1941,
p. 56, fig. 56, left. Only a single example of degenerate form
came from well A in the Athenian Agora, the fill of which
goes back to about 300 B.C.; Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia,
III, 1934, p. 318, fig. 4, A24.
The lamps from the shop wells are mostly from the end of
the fourth century B.C. and later; but one example, Plate
24 4, upper left comer, which also had a band handle, com-
pares well with the lamps from the reservoir(P1.24 3), though
it may be somewhat later. The group in Plate 24 4 is plainly
later than the lamps from Olynthos; most of them are
probably from the third century.
96
as the construction period of the building.
Roger Edwards concludes that the earliest
examples from the shop wells are to be dated
before the end of the fourth century. We need
not assume that the vases were lost in the
wells immediately after the shops were open
for business. Some time might well have
elapsed before this occurred, and the pos-
sibility must be conceded that the earliest
examples had been removed during the pe-
riodical cleanings of the wells. This probably
did not take place very often, however, since
it required a lowering of the water level of the
Peirene channels, and the amount and nature
of pottery found at the very bottom of several
of the wells gives the impression that the
accumulation in some of the wells began not
very long after the completion of the building.
From the evidence from the pottery alone
we can thus date the construction of the
Stoa to the second half of the fourth century
B.C.
With such a date the architecturalevidence
is in full accord. The technique of the wall
construction, particularly the practice of
mitering the blocks of the foundations to-
gether at the corners, is similar to that in the
Temple of Apollo at Delphi constructed be-
tween 366 and 326 B.C.59It is of special in-
terest in this connection that the temple's
architect, Spintharos, was a Corinthian and
that much of the material of the temple is
poros stone from the Corinthia. The propor-
tions and spacing of the columns in the Stoa
are less important factors, not only because
their height has had to be restored but also
because the proportions vary considerably,
particularly in buildings of a non-religious
nature. Clamps are rare, and those found are
without exception of the hook type, which
was used together with the earlier double
T-clamp in the fourth century B.C. and from
about the middle of that century became in-
69 C. M. Courby,Fouilles de Delphes, II, pp. 22-23, figs. 21,
22.
CORINTH
creasingly common.60This is shown by such
examples as the Apollo Temple in Athens,
dated during the administrationof Lykourgos,
338-326 B.C., the Thrasyllos Monument,
after 320 B.C., the Philippeion and the Echo
Colonnadeat Olympia, from the third quarter
of of the fourth Century, the Temple of Apollo
at Delphi, the Temples at Nemea and Tegea,
and buildings at Olynthos,61prior to 348 B.C.
The painted roof terracottas find their best
parallels in such buildings as the Leonidaion
at Olympia, built shortly after 338 B.C.62
The most important architectural evidence
relating to the chronology has been discussed
by Lucy T. Shoe,63who dates the mouldings
from the various parts of the building in the
period after the middle of the fourth century
B.C. Since the publication of her book she has
kindly re-examined some of the more charac-
teristic mouldings, particularlythe hawksbeak
of the geison, and on this evidence she dates
the construction of the Stoa in the third
quarterof the century. Thus the evidence from
architecturepoints unmistakably to the fourth
century B.C., and more specifically to the
third quarter of that century as the most
likely period of construction of the Stoa.
The date arrived at by the study of the
architecture and the pottery seems to be con-
tradicted by a discovery made in the excava-
tion campaign of 1933, when a deposit of ter-
racotta figurines, a few lamps and loom-
weights, some painted terracotta shields, and
other miscellaneous objects were found in
shop III.64 The objects in the deposit were
mixed with a fill of red earth extending down
to hard-pan; in the southwest corner and all
60 For a discussion of the
early occurrence of the hook
clamp see Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 92,
102-3; Einar Dyggve, Das Laphrion von Kalydon, p. 261;
and W. B. Dinsmoor, op. cit., pp. 175, 235.
61 D. M.
Robinson, Excavations at Olynthos,XII, p. 189.
62 Olympia II, pl. 123, 1-3; Martin Schede, Antikes Trauf-
listen-Ornament,pl. VI, 34-36. The antefixes from the Leo-
nidaion, however, are very different from those of the Stoa
at Corinth.
63 Profiles of GreekMouldings, pp. 64, 71, 113, 164.
64 Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 559ff.
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
along the west wall of the shop they were
packed against the foundations. The deposit
is dated by coins found mixed with the other
objects in such a way as to indicate that the
coins and the votives had found their way into
the shop at the same time. Most of the 47 coins
are anonymous issues of Corinth, Sikyon, Ar-
gos and Troizen, which cannot be dated with
any degree of accuracy, but they seem to
belong to the period between 400 and 146 B.C.
Four of the coins, however, are dated from
rulers, Demetrios Poliorketes (306-283 B.C.),
Antigonos Gonatas (277-239 B.C.), and Pto-
lemy III of Egypt (247-222 B.C.). The upper
limit of the deposit is given by the coin of
Ptolemy as shortly after the middle of the
third century B.C.65
In the preliminary report on this deposit
some tentative conclusions were drawn re-
garding the date of the Stoa. It seemed at the
time impossible to explain how the objects
could have been placed at this depth below the
shop floor centuries after the completion of
the building, and with some misgivings the
suggestion was offered that the Stoa might
have been constructed after the middle of the
third century. Yet the indications for a date in
the fourth century B.C., as shown above, are
so many and so conclusive that some other
explanation must be found for the discovery of
the votives in such a context. It now seems
certain that the building underwent con-
siderable repairs some time prior to the de-
struction of the city under Mummius. It is
not clear what caused the damage to the
building, nor is there any logical explanation
for the necessity of turning over the fill below
the floor of the building at the occasion of
these repairs. It is possible, though unlikely,
that the interiors of the shops were not im-
mediately finished. This might be inferred
from the discovery in the wells of the upper
part of storage jars that were, apparently, at
65 The
deposit has been published in detail by Gladys R.
Davidson (Weinberg), Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 105-127 and
Broneer, ibid., pp. 128ff.
97
one time used as well curbs (see above, p. 62).
It remains uncertain, however, whether these
were installed before the permanentwell curbs
were set up or were used temporarilyafter the
destruction of some of the stone curbs. Many
of the latter preserve traces of the fine water-
tight cement, which at one time was used as
flooring in the shops, but in no instance has
any of that flooring survived in situ to the
present day. In some of the shops the fill
beneath the toichobate level, which must have
marked the floor level of the Greek period,
contained fragmentsof inscribeddrinkingcups
identical with those found in the wells.66 A
deposit of pottery from the third century B.C.,
found in shop I in the area beneath the stair-
way, cannot have been put there before the
construction of the Stoa. It was packed
against the foundations which show signs of
considerablewear and mutilation prior to the
deposit of the pottery.67On this evidence we
must assume that a thoroughgoing alteration
took place in the shops before 146 B.C., in-
volving in at least some instances a lowering
of the shop floors.
It is also difficult to explain why a deposit
of terracotta objects suitable for dedicationsin
a sanctuary should be found in a secular
building complex like the shops in the South
Stoa. One of the suggestions, perhapsthe most
likely one, is that shop III was used in the
third century B.C. for the sale of votive ob-
jects of this kind. This would seem to follow
from the discovery in the Agora of another
deposit of religious significance,some figurines
of which were made in the same moulds as
were those from the deposits in shop III.68
Whatever happened in this shop to account
for the presence of the terracottas, the deposit
cannot, in the face of so much contradictory
evidence, be used to fix the date of the original
construction of the Stoa. The evidence for a
fourth century date is incontrovertible.
66Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 297.
67
A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 56, 71f.
68 See above, note 65.
 P~~~~98 ~CORINTH
On the basis of this date, of the large size
and costly construction, and of the interior
divisions in the south half of the building we
are justified in drawing some inferences re-
garding the original purpose and subsequent
use of the South Stoa. It was in the third
quarter of the fourth century that Corinth
became the capital of the short-lived Co-
rinthian League,69established by Philip after
the Battle of Chaironeia,and continued after
his death under Alexander the Great. The
League was the culmination of the policy
ruthlessly pursued by Philip of uniting the
Greeks under a single head, and the choice of
its capital would have been made with the
usual fanfare of the benevolent autocrat. The
elaborate and costly scheme which changed
the orientationof the buildings along the south
side of the civic center and almost doubled the
area of the Agora might well have been occa-
sioned by such imperial ambitions on Philip's
part. He did not live to see the fruition of his
plans, but since the League continued under
Alexander and doubtless received a strong
impetus from his announcement of the war
against Persia, any plans made under Philip
for the accommodation of delegates and for
the embellishmentof the capital were probably
completed during Alexander's regime. It is
difficult to suggest any other time during the
fourth century when Corinth would have felt
the need of a public building of such size and
sumptuous appointments. We can hardly be
wrong in ascribing its construction to the
period between the founding of the League in
837 and the death of Alexander in 823 B.C.
The South Stoa was probably planned as a
gigantic hostelry: its subdivision into sixty-
69 The succession of events in Philips' program of estab-
lishing domination over the Greek states is discussed by Carl
Roebuck, Cl. Phil., XLIII, 1948, p. 76, note 19. The first
meeting of the League took place early in 337; a second
meeting was held in the spring of the same year. It should be
noted that an extensive building program was inaugurated
at Olympia at about the same time. Philip was as willing to
use the velvet glove to gain the good will of the Greeks as he
was ready to apply force against the recalcitrants.
six small rooms on the first floor and a cor-
responding arrangement in the second story
would be suitable for such a purpose. That
the shop wells were used primarily as coolers
has been pointed out in an earlier section; the
bulk of the pottery from the habitational de-
posit at the bottom of the wells indicate that
the first story was devoted chiefly to restau-
rant and bar business. The frequent occur-
rence of mixing bowls, wine pitchers and
drinking cups and the inscribed names of
deities and personificationsinvoked at drink-
ing parties show clearly that the shops served
as taverns. Common among the objects from
the wells are also fragments of flutes of bone
and ivory, marble tables used as gaming
boards, and innumerable astragals and mar-
kers rubbed and polished by frequent use, all
part of the equipment of the tavern business,
complete with gambling and professional en-
tertainment.
In many of the wells were found examples
of coarse pottery and kitchen ware, some of
which is blackened by fire, but the absence of
any stationary equipment for cooking or
baking may seem irreconcilablewith the inter-
pretation offered above. Only in one of the
wells, in shop XIX, was a portable terracotta
stove found. Perhaps the cooking was done
chiefly on metal braziers, which would be
sufficiently durable and intrinsically valuable
so as not to be thrown away with the rest of
the debris. The ancient Corinthian restaura-
teurs, like their modern successors, may have
preferredto take their roasts and baking to a
public oven. Furthermore,the possibility can-
not be excluded that some of the shops had
access to individual sheds in the rear that may
have served as more or less permanent
kitchens.
The second story over the shops can best be
restored on the basis of the architectural re-
mains as a series of individual suites, each with
one large room and an ante-chamber acces-
sible from a corridorin the rear, and these
 THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES
would serve admirably as sleeping quarters.
The inner chamber would ensure a reasonable
measure of privacy and seclusion, and the
anteroom would provide accommodations for
one or two servants. At the two ends, above
shops and rear rooms I and XXXIII, there
would be ample room for registration desks
and storage space for hotel supplies. We must
picture the two types of business as separate
enterprises. The thirty-one shops-not count-
ing those at the extreme ends-each with its
rear compartment, would have been occupied
by tavern keepers who also had claims to a
correspondingspace within the colonnade for
the service of their clients. The shops in the
front row with their refrigeratorwells would
function as service rooms, from which waiters
and entertainers reached their guests; the rear
rooms would probably be used as storerooms
and perhaps also as kitchens. Cooking may
have been reduced to a minimum, since the
primary purpose in most of the shops was
probably to serve drinks and light refresh-
ments. Doubtless some shops served a totally
different purpose. In one case, shop XIX, the
principal business appears to have been the
equivalent of a modern hardwarestore, carry-
99
ing paints and metal objects of various kinds.
Another shop, No. III, seems to have been
devoted to the sale of terracotta votive ob-
jects for religious use. The shops may not
always have served the same purpose,however,
and in the two wells just mentioned the
habitational deposit at the bottom contained
the usual paraphernaliaof the restaurant and
entertainment business.
It is possible, moreover, that the function
of the shops changed to a certain extent when
the League of Corinth came to an end. What
was intended originally as a grand hotel for
the convenience of the delegates might later
have been leased to private operators, whose
business spread the fame of Corinth as the
amusement center of the Greek world. The
tavern gear found in most of the wells dates
largely from the third and second centuries
B.C., extending down to the destruction of
Corinthin 146 B.C. This was a period of lively
intercourse with Macedon, Egypt, and the
East, and the Stoa may well at that time have
been the principal locale of the celebrated
entertainers, whose activities received re-
ligous sanction by their intimate association
with the cult of Aphrodite on Acrocorinth.
 CHAPTER
THE STOA IN ROMAN TIMES
EARLYREPAIRS
When Corinth was sacked in 146 B.C. the
Stoa had recently been reconditionedand was
probably in excellent state of repair. No part
of the building seems to have been purposely
demolished during the hundred years of deso-
lation, but it is obvious that all the buildings
of the city suffered damage from disuse and
neglect. The most conspicuous effect of the
city's destruction can be seen on the terrace
wall in front of the Stoa, from which the mon-
uments together with their bases were re-
moved and all usable works of art carried
away to grace the public squares and private
villas of the conquerors. The wagon roads
cutting diagonally across the two ends of the
terrace (see above p. 89) cannot have been in
use at any time in the history of Corinth ex-
cept during the hundred years between Mum-
mius and Caesar. It is natural that the neigh-
boring cities should have taken advantage of
the situation at Corinthto haul away building
material whereverthis was conveniently avail-
able. From such depredation the Stoa itself
seems to have been spared, and there is every
indication that it was standing fairly intact
when the colony was established in 44 B.C. At
first it was probably repaired without much
structural change, except that most of the
wells ceased to serve their original function
and now became repositoriesfor the accumula-
ting building debris. Not all were completely
filled up at this time, however, and a few of
them seem to have been used as wells or
coolers. In the course of the first hundred
years they became filled up, one by one, and
were gradually concealed beneath the floors of
100
IV
the Roman buildings constructed over the
ruins of the shops and rear rooms.
When the Stoa was repaired during the
early years of the colony, a new, heavier coat
of stucco was added and color was applied on
many parts of the building. The white metopes
of the fa9ade now received a red border; the
rest of the entablature seems to have been
painted in the conventional colors, and the
lower parts of the walls in some sections of the
building were painted bright red or dark
purple. Of these decorationsonly traces appear
on scattered blocks through the Stoa, but they
are so well distributed as to indicate that the
redecoration covered most of the building.
There are traces of a heavy coat of lime mortar
over the roughened Greek stucco on the
capitals and entablature of the Doric fagade,
on capitals of the Ionic columns, on wall
blocks and doorways of the inner fagade, and
on the inside of some of the shops. Such stucco
was probably applied also on the walls of the
second story but not in all parts of the building.
The flat piersfrom the windowsabove the shop-
doors in the fagade, the shafts and capitals of
the small Doric columns from the second floor,
and most of the small anta capitals found in
the wells show no signs of having been restuc-
coed before they were discarded. Some parts of
the stone work seem to have been replaced at
the same time. In the wells were found frag-
ments of the horizontal cornice and of Ionic
columns of a workmanship and finish far in-
ferior to those of the originalbuilding (P1.25 1,
left). These pieces from replaced architectural
members were found in the wells together
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
with material from the original construction,
discardednot later than the first century after
Christ.
Possibly to the first Roman period belong
the repairsin front of the Stoa at the west end,
where the original gutter and front edge of the
step and stylobate were removed and replaced
in poros stone (Pls. 2 2, 5 1). This gutter, which
clearly antedates the marble gutter of a later
time, continued to function until the final de-
struction of the building. The benches between
the doors of the inner facade may have been
inserted at this time. It is more likely, however,
that the original benches were added during
one of the pre-Roman alterations (see above
p. 93). The existence of benches in the Early
Roman period is shown by a graffitoin Greek
scratched in the Roman plaster on a block
from the top of a doorway, ca. 2.50 m. above
the floor. It would be virtually impossible even
for a very tall person standing on the floor to
write on the wall at that level, but if a stone
bench, ca. 0.45 m. high, was conveniently
located close to the wall, it would be quite easy
to reach that height by standing on the bench.
The inscription consists of two lines, the first
of which contains the name Lucius and the
second line, less well preserved,may have con-
sisted of a second name.1It seems unlikely that
the man idly scribbling his name on the wall
would have gone to the trouble of bringing a
chair or a table to stand on. The block (Fig.
29) with the graffito(P1.25 2) was found in the
cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, which
was filled up early in the second century after
Christ.
During the first Roman period the Stoa and
1 When the graffito was first discovered I suggested that
the second line should be read as Aav[ilos, a Greek transliter-
ation of the Latin word lanius, butcher. See 'Apx. 'E., 1937 A,
p. 132. The first letter, written with a long left stroke and a
very short right stroke, is more like a kappa. The incorrect-
ness of my original reading was first pointed out by F. W.
Housholder, who thought that the second line also contained
a name, possibly Caniusin Greekletters. The suggestion that
the Stoa with its shops was used as a food market at the time
of Saint Paul's visit should in any case be discarded, since
most of the wells had by that time been filled up and covered
over.
101
its shops may have continued to serve its
originalpurpose, but only for a short time, and
little use seems to have been made of the wells.
On the second floor the partition walls and
even some of the windows of the inner fa9ade
were removed and many of the architectural
members were thrown into the wells; perhaps
the whole second story, if it was not com-
pletely demolished,was then made into a large
hall to be used for some unknown purpose.
The roof was probably completely rebuilt in
the first period of Roman repairs. In the shop
wells large quantities of Stoa roof tiles, pieces
of horizontal and raking sima and ridge pal-
mettes were found in the destruction debris,
which in most cases contained no Roman ob-
jects and thus would have been thrown in
during the early years of the Roman colony.
The wooden roof construction must have been
seriously damaged during the century of deso-
lation, and wherevera part of the roof collapsed
few of the tiles from such a section could
have been salvaged. A new set of tiles probably
had to be made for the entire building during
the first Roman reconstruction. A type of
horizontal sima with lion's head spout, flanked
by double spiral designs (P1. 26 1), has been
found in sufficiently large numbers to indicate
that it may have been used as replacementfor
the tile roof of the Greek building. The sec-
tions are ca. 0.58 m. long, 0.04 m. less than the
sections of the Greek sima. If the sima shown
in Plate 26 1 was used on the north facade
merely to replace individual sections of the
Greekroof which had been damaged, a greater
effort would have been made to match the
old with the new in size at least, if not in or-
nament.2It is probablynot accidental that the
new tiles, unlike the earlier tiles (see above
p. 85), fit almost exactly the spacing of the
columns of the facade, a further indication
2 Examples of two related varieties of sima have been
found in the Agora, but since only isolated pieces come from
the Stoa, it is not certain that they were all used in that
building. They will be discussed in detail by Mary C. Roebuck
in Corinth,IV, iii. Cf. Hill and King, Corinth,IV, i, Decorated
ArchitecturalTerracottas,p. 32, fig. 35, and p. 82, S171.
102 CORINTH

that they were made to order for the Stoa. survivedat the east end andnonein the restof
Many other types of Roman tiles and simas the building.From the evidenceat hand we
have been found in the Stoa, and it is not may concludethat shops and rearroomsI to
always possible to assign each variety to its VII were first demolishedand that seven of
respective building, but most of them appear the interiorcolumnsat the east endweretaken
to be of later date. The individual structures down and discarded. Such a thorough de-
built in the rear half of the Stoa were in most struction of the interior doubtless involved
cases roofed separately, and since they were considerablechangeson the fagadeand on the
not all built at the same time a considerable east flank.
variation in the tiles may be expected. Thenewinnercolumnshad a lowerdiameter
of at least 0.81 m., measuredin the flute, and
ca. 0.90 m. on the fillets. The corresponding
EAST END OF THE STOA
dimensionsat the top of the shaft are 0.68 m.
In the second Roman period, which prob- and0.77 m. No basehas beenfoundto fit these
ably began before the end of Augustus' reign, columns,andonlythreecapitalsarepreserved,
a complete alteration and rebuilding of the two of whichhave been trimmedon the sides
South Stoa took place. It is not possible to so as to removemost of the details. The best
follow all the steps in this reconstruction, but preserved (P1. 262) has a total height of
it seems certain that the destruction of the 0.522 m., and the abacus measures 0.87 m. on
shops and rear rooms and their replacementby the side. Between the volutes, of which only
administrative structures began at the east a smallpart at the outerrim remains,thereis
end of the building and continued toward the an egg and dart patternwith five eggs. Only
west, where the last of the Roman units were one in the center is complete,the other four
built as late as the end of the third century being partly concealedby large corner pal-
after Christ. Throughout this time the Stoa mettes. Beneaththe egg and dart patternis a
proper retained essentially its original form plain astragal.Since all the preserveddrums
and continued to exist as an open colonnade. and capitalswerefoundwithinthe Stoa, they
The east end, for a distance of ca. 35 m., was cannotbelongto any otherbuildingbut must
rebuilt about the beginning of the Christian be restoredon the foundationsfor the inner
era (Plan XV). Only the Doric columns of the colonnade,the originalcolumnsof whichwere
fagade and perhaps a major portion of the east removedin the early decadesof the Empire.
and south walls were left standing. The in- The ceiling over that part of the Stoa must
terior columns were removed and other Ionic have been omittedwhenthe new interiorcol-
columns of much larger proportions were in- umns were inserted; their large lower dia-
serted in their place (Fig. 68; P1. 262). Of meter indicatesthat they should be restored
these twenty-seven drums and three capitals high enoughto reachto the rafters.The total
have been found near the east end of the Stoa height was here ca. 8.40 m., and if allowanceis
(P1. 26 3), none farther west. It is true that madefor the thicknessof a purlin,the height
very few fragments of the original Ionic col- of the column, including the base and the
umns have been found in the western part of capital, would be ca. 8 m., 8.89 times the lower
the Stoa and column drums can easily have diameter.
been moved from one part of the building to That the originalinterior columns of the
another; nevertheless, if all the interior col-
Stoa were broken up and discardedat this
umns had been replacedin Roman times, it is
time appearsfrom the fact that many large
remarkablethat so muchof that materialhas fragmentsof the Greekcapitalswerefoundin
CMS 10 0 10 )0 )0 40 50 60 70 60 90 100
~UHUUL
LFI I
63I NICO I , M AD CPI
FIG. 63. IONIC COLUMN,DRUM AND CAPITAL
104 CORINTH
wells V and VII, both of which were filled up
in early Roman times. Among these fragments
are several that preserve a thick coat of lime
mortar, showing that they had been once
restuccoed in Roman times before they were
discarded. Other fragments of Ionic columns
are carved in a technique totally differentfrom
that of the original colonnade (P1. 25 1),
showing that they belong to the repairs made
during the early period of the colony. Together
with these brokenup Ionic capitals were found
several pieces of the Doric cornice, including
one (Fig. 15; P1. 95-7) from the northeast
comer of the building. This shows conclusively
that the eastern part of the Stoa was largely
demolished and rebuilt at the time when the
first three administrative units were con-
structed at the east end of the shops.
Close to the east wall in front of shop I a
foundation of re-used blocks was laid in
Roman times at a level ca. 0.40 m. below the
toichobate of the Stoa (Plans I and XIb), and
the projecting foundations of the Stoa were
trimmed down to the level of the new foun-
dation. It extends from the front of the shop
toward the north for a distance of 4.72 m. At
the north end it has a width of 1.75 m., but in
front of the shop wall it is only 0.80 m. wide,
and the west edge is quite irregular. Possibly
it was constructed as a bedding for a stone
flooring,but if this was its purpose,it does not
seem to have been finished. The foundation for
the easternmost of the interior columns has
been trimmed off along the south edge, as if
floor slabs were to be inserted, but no such
slabs have been preserved, and farther west
there are no corresponding cuttings in the
foundations.
While these changes were made in the front
part of the Stoa, the first seven shops and rear
compartments were demolished, and three ad-
ministrative units were constructed in the
vacated area (Plan XV).3 The first of these is
3 Some of the Roman structures cannot be identified with
any degree of certainty; they are labeled "A" to "J" on
Plans XV-XXI, and described in order from east to west.
a large room occupying the width of three
shops. Its length is equal to the combined
length of shop and rear room I, which pro-
jected 1.75 m. to the south of the middle sec-
tion of the Stoa. The south wall is here stand-
ing to a height of one course above the ortho-
state (see Section D, Plan XIb), and in the
very southeast corner one block from the
second course remains in situ. A westward ex-
tension of this wall was constructed behind
rear rooms II and III, making a rectangular
room, "A" with an inside measurement of
11.77 m. from north to south and 14.42 m.
from east to west. Over part of the area a
packed earth floor is preserved, ca. 0.17 m.
above toichobate level, and extending over the
foundations for the removed Greek partition
walls of the shops and rear rooms. Where
the earth was undisturbed, the fill below
this flooring was consistently pre-Roman.
It probably constituted the actual floor of
the Roman building, since no pavement or
bedding for a pavement was discovered. Of
the north fa9ade of this structure only two
blocks are left in situ (P1. 27, center fore-
ground), one of which is the originaleast door
jamb in shop I. In the door opening itself is
a wall block, 1.45 m. long, which originally
occupied a position at the cross walls in the
second story of the Greek building (see above
p. 76, Fig. 51). From the present position of
this block it is obvious that the entrance to
room "A" was not in the same place as the
Greekdoorway of shop I, which opened on the
east stairway. In the west half of shop II the
toichobate course of the north wall has been
cut down ca. 0.07 m., probably in order to
mend the sill of the doorway into the shop,
before the threshold into room "A" was laid.
We have restored a doorway in the center and
a window on either side, but for the position
of these and for the windows in the rear wall
there is no factual proof. In front of shop III
Those buildings whose purpose is reasonably certain have also
been designated with specific names in the plans, and in the
text they are generally referred to by these names.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
the whole foundation for the front wall has
been removed, and with it the evidence for the
Roman wall at this point has disappeared.
The east wall of the Stoa may have remained
standing to the height of the second story.
Two orthostate blocks at the south end of the
wall are in situ, and farther north a single
block, now only 0.68 m. high but originally
having the full height of the orthostate, is left
in its ancient position. The other walls were
probably constructed entirely out of material
from the demolished shops. On the inside of
room "A" the walls were covered with a heavy
stucco, ca. 0.035 m. thick, which was divided
into panels by means of recessed horizontal
and vertical bands with an outer width of ca.
0.07 m. (P1. 27, upper left). Since the edges
slope inward, the inner width of the bands is
only ca. 0.04 m. wide. One complete panel is
preserved at the bottom, 2.33 m. long and
0.84 m. high at its west end, and ca. 0.87 m. at
the east end. In the second row one almost
complete panel is preserved; this had a length
of 1.555 m., and traces of a vertical division
further west indicate that this was the normal
length in the upper parts of the walls. The
lowest section of the wall, forming a dado, is
so divided that two of the panels here have
the length of three of the smaller panels above.
Of the superstructure,apart from the walls
described, very little remains. In the well of
shop II were found fragments of an unfluted
Doric column of Roman workmanship with
a preserved diameter of 0.555 m., and a Doric
capital (P1. 28 1) with a diameter of 0.48 m. at
the neck, the abacus measuring0.60 m. on the
side, and 0.108 m. in height. The surface was
finishedwith a fine-toothed chisel, and covered
with a thin stucco of lime mortar. This column
may have been one of the interior supports of
the ceiling, and in the restored ground plan
(Plan XV) two rows of four columnseach have
been added. There is a possibility, however,
that the poros columns came from the north
facadeof the room.
105
Among the fragments found at the east end
of the building is a section of a domed ceiling
of concrete preserved to a length of ca. 1 m.
(P1. 28 3). It consists of a hard opus incertum
made of gravel and small stones mixed with
some binding material, probably a natural
cement. The ceiling was divided into sections
by raised ribs, 0.10 m. wide and ca. 0.04 m.
thick. One preserved part of a rib is ap-
proximately semicircularin section; a second
rib nearly rectangular in section crosses the
first one on a bias, indicating that the ceiling
curved in two directions. The slab is covered
with a heavy coat of lime mortar showing
traces of red color along the ribs. The top, i. e.
the unexposed side of this concrete slab,
preserves impressions from the strokes of
a trowel, which seems to indicate that the
ceiling cannot have been part of the lining
of an underground structure but must have
been constructed as a dome. The stucco and
the divisions made by the raised ribs would
go well with the paneled wall decoration, and
it is not impossible that the fragment comes
from the ceiling of room "A". The walls of the
building seem too thin to carry the weight of
a vaulted ceiling, but the thickness of the con-
crete slab is slight, and if the main weight was
carried on interior supports such a ceiling
would perhaps not be impossible. A voussoir
block (P1. 28 2), found in the Stoa in front of
room "A", might be regarded as evidence
that the entrance from the nortf led through
a series of arches. It belongs to the top of a pier
preservingthe spring of two arches with radii
of ca. 0.65 m. Since no other voussoirs have
been found in the vicinity, however, it is more
likely that this block belongs to some other
building.
On the rear wall of room "A" are traces of
animal drawings executed by some amateur
artist, probably in charcoal, on the white
surface of the plaster (P1. 28 4, Plan XXII).
At the top is a large animal, whose paws and
long tail show that a feline, probably a leopard,
106 CORINTH
was intended. Of the head nothing is preserved
that can be definitely recognized. Below his
outstretched paw is the head of a bovine
animal with horns, seen in three-quarter
view, but with the eye renderedas if in profile.
A broken line extends from the head toward
the right beneath the figure of the leopard.
The body of the second figure is omitted; the
surface is well preserved and there are no
traces of drawing where the body should be,
nor would there have been room for it under
the leopard. A little below this scene is the
figure of a dog, poorly preserved but quite
recognizable, in spite of a disproportionately
large eye. To the right was the figure of a
donkey or mule, of which only the head and
traces of the tail are preserved. The curved
nose, minute eye and bent-down ears lend this
figure a particularly mulish expression. The
artist, though no master of his craft, was
capable of endowinghis animals with a lifelike
appearance. All the preserved animals face
left. In front of the leopard at the broken edge
of the stucco are traces of a fifth animal, which
probably faced right; it is so poorly preserved
that its identity cannot be determined. Below
are the last three letters of a name which we
may take to be the artist's signature. The last
letter is a lunate sigma, preceded by an alpha,
in front of which are traces of two letters,
probably omikron and rho or iota. What
remains of the name is too uncertain to invite
restoration.
The second compartment in the series
(Room "B", Plan XV) covers approximately
the width of shops IV and V, with an inside
measurement of ca. 9.30 x8.74 m. The par-
tition walls and the foundations in this area
were first removed, then a fill of earth and
debris was thrown in so as to raise the floor
level to ca. 0.20 m. above the toichobate level
of the Stoa. Of the front wall not a stone
remains, but a later foundation of rough
stones held together with earth mortar was
constructedin the trench originallydug for
the front foundation of the two shops. On the
toichobate course between shops III and IV
now lies a rough poros block, 0.60 m. wide and
0.45 m. high, which is the only preserved part
of the Roman wall separating rooms "A" and
"B". Along the west edge of this poros block
were found traces of veneer and mortar,
showing that the interior walls were covered
with marble slabs at the base. The rear wall of
the stoa had been removed behind shops IV
to VIII and a new wall was constructed ca.
0.50 m. to the north of it as rear wall of "B"
and "C". Nothing remains of the north-south
wall separating "B" from "C", but it seems
to have been constructed on the foundation
for the partition wall between shops V and VI.
The floor of "B" was paved with thin
marble slabs arranged in a pattern of blue
panels separated by strips of white marble4
and with a border of wider slabs along the
edges (Plan XV). A considerable section of
this floor was preserved at the time of ex-
cavation (P1.29), but this was almost entirely
broken up and removed during World War II.
The panels of blue marble are ca. 0.58 m. long
and 0.29 m. wide, and the white marble strips
measure 0.038 m. in width. Though very
little now remains of room "B", it was prob-
ably a very splendid structure. In Italy this
type of flooring came into use near the end of
the Republican period and continued into the
age of Augustus;5 the evidence from Corinth
indicates that room "B" was one of the
earliest administrative units in the Stoa,
probably from the early years of Augustus'
reign. After the room was destroyed in Late
Roman times, an east-west wall was built
along the line of the partition wall separating
the Greek shops from the rooms in the rear.
4 The same
type of flooring, but with polychrome slabs,
occurs in the Casa del Citarista in Pompeii (second style);
Erich Pernice, Die hellenistischeKunst in Pompeii, vol. VI,
p. 69, pl. 29, 4. Cf. Marion E. Blake, Mem. Am. Acad. Rome,
VIII, 1930, p. 41, pi. 7, 1. A somewhat similar effect was
obtained by using strips of mosaics to separate the squares
of marble in Casa delle Danzatrici. See Pernice, op. cit., p. 87,
pl. 39, 5; M. E. Blake, op. cit., p. 42, pi. 7,4.
5 Blake,
op. cit., pp. 40ff.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
This probably belongs to a reconstruction at
the end of the fourth century after Christ.
Room "C" (Plan XXI), which is in a far
better state of preservation, covers the width
of about one and a half Stoa shops (VI and
VII); its south wall is in line with the south
wall of "B", ca. 0.50 m. to the north of the
south wall of the Stoa. The inner dimensions
are 9.03 m. from north to south and 7.62 m.
from east to west. All four walls appearto have
been constructed in Roman times, partly on
the foundations of the Greek shops and rear
rooms. Of the north wall only a single block
at the northwest corner and the threshold are
now preservedin their positions.The threshold,
made of the hard cream-colored limestone
from Acrocorinth,consists of two blocks, with
a total length of 2.16 m., a width of 0.645 m.
and a maximum thickness of 0.17 m. The
outer edge, 0.31 m. wide, is 0.045 m. above
the floor level, while the inner half, in which
the door swung, is approximately level with
the mosaic floor. The door opening was ca.
1.20 ni. wide. There are pivot holes at the ends
but no cutting in the center for fastening the
doors, which were probably secured by means
of a horizontal bar. Two cuttings for the door
jamb in the higher section of the threshold
are 0.10 m. long, 0.032 m. wide, and ca.
0.02 m. deep. The west wall is constructed of
wall blocks from the Stoa, recut for their
present position. They have setting marks on
one face, and anathyroses at the ends; most
of them were orthostate blocks from the Greek
shops, split through the middle and laid on
their sides. The south wall was similarly con-
structed, but the blocks are here concealed
under a thick coat of stucco, which was applied
in two layers and divided into panels like those
decorating the walls of room "A". Traces of
such stucco are preserved on the south, west,
and north walls of the room. Against the
south wall, in the axis of the building, is a
marble-covered bench (P1. 30; Plans II, XV)
with a total lengthof 3.23 m., and a maximum
107
projection of 0.565 m. from the line of the wall.
The two ends project 0.055 m. farther into the
room than the central part. The east projection
is 0.62 m. wide, that at the west end only
0.58 m. The height of the bench was at least
0.50 m. and may have been slightly more. The
seat was covered on the front and sides, and
apparently also on the top, with slabs of
bluish green marble with conspicuous dark
and light veins. The central panel is separated
from the projecting ends by upright slabs of
white marble. The slab on top of the bench
is not preserved in situ, but a large fragment,
found close to the bench, of the same kind of
marble as the front slabs may be from the
top. Apparently a section of the wall behind
and above the seat was also covered with
marble slabs.
On the floor is a mosaic in comparatively
good state of preservation (P1. 30; Plan II).
Close to the east and west walls were rec-
tangles, 1.34 m. wide and 6.50 m. long, paved
with broken pieces of marble slabs of irregular
shapes and of different colors, arrangedwith-
out design.6Along the inner edge of these rec-
tangles is a band, 0.125 m. wide on the west
side and 0.115 m. on the east, which is made
of tesserae, less carefully cut than those used
for the rest of the floor, and of considerably
larger size. Correspondingto the wide border
of marble pavement on the east and west sides,
there is a mosaic border along the north and
south walls, approximately 1.25 m. wide, con-
sisting of a pattern of diamonds with a cross
in the center, enframed within a quadruple
6 This rather rare kind of
flooring, which seems to have
come into existence accidentally, occurs at Pompeii in the
Casa dei Gladiatori. See Blake, op. cit., p. 48, pl. 9,4, who
suggests that the technique originated from an "attempt to
utilize the material which lay ready at hand" after the
earthquake. Such a desire to salvage precious marble
fragments may account for its occurrence in room "C" at
Corinth. A variation of the "crazyquilt" technique, con-
sisting of broken pieces of marble slabs separated by narrow
strips of white mosaics, occurs in the Roman Baths at
Olympia, dated by the excavators at ca. A.D. 100. See
Kunze and Schleif, IV. Bericht iiber die Ausgrabungen in
Olympia, 1940 and 1941 (published 1944), pp. 57ff., fig. 27,
pl. 22.
108
band of white, red, and blue tesserae. The dia-
monds of the north border are practically
square, measuring ca. 0.21 m. on the side, but
in the southern border they are slightly more
elongated. Here a double row of blue tesserae
surrounds the bench, showing that the floor
is either contemporary or later. It is not un-
likely that the mosaics were laid to replace an
earlier floor of marble, the slabs of which were
broken up and used for the two rectangles on
the sides.
Within the bordersis a large panel, measur-
ing ca. 6.50 m. from north to south, and
4.65 m. from east to west. A pattern of inter-
secting circles in white, blue and red colors
surroundsthe central square, which measures
ca. 3.05 m. on the side. It is composed of
twelve small squares, decorated with birds
and flowers, enframing the figure panel. In
the small square at the southeast comer is a
poorly preserved figure resembling a parrot,
with green and blue colors on its wings, and
in the southwest comer is a figure of a par-
tridge standing above an overturnedcup. The
northeast corner has the figure of a cock, rela-
tively well preserved, and in the northwest
corner is a wading-bird, resembling a sand-
piper.7 Sprays and flowers are used as filling
ornaments surrounding the birds. The other
small squares contain floral and geometric
designs, and a guilloche pattern frames all the
squares and separates them from each other
and from the panel in the center.
The inner panel (P1. 31 and Color Plate
facing p. 108) carryingthe chiefdesignmeasures
1.295 m. from east to west and 1.27 m. from
north to south. On a light groundis depicted
in naturalistic colors a nude athlete in front
view, holding a palm branch and standing
before a seated female figure. He is repre-
sented in an' attitude of triumphant victory,
symbolized by the palm branch and the
7 For similar decorations with birds in small panels see
R. P. Hinks, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Paintings and
Mosaics in the Br. Mus., No. 42, fig. 134. Cf. Marion E.
Blake, op. cit., p. 120.
CORINTH
wreath and fillet on his head. Before him
sits the goddess of Good Fortune, holding a
shield on her knee, on which the name
E[YTY]XIAappears in Greek letters. The in-
scription was in two lines, but of the top line,
which contained the first four letters, only the
lower left corner of the epsilon is preserved.
The second line of three letters is undamaged.
The goddess is seated in three-quarterview to
the left, facing the athlete. The upper part of
her body to the waist is nude, but a corner of
drapery hangs over her left shoulder and ex-
tends down her back. The rock or chair on
which she is seated is entirely concealedbehind
her drapery. Her left arm was bent at the
elbow, and here a crude, ancient patch has
largely obliterated the original design. She
seems to have held a vessel of some kind, from
which a narrow stream of liquid poured into a
basin standing by her side. The basin consists
of a circular bowl with two handles, and is
supported on a stylized human figure, with
his hands upstretched, his body emergingfrom
a floral stem. The athlete, probably a runner,
has come fresh from his victory to pay his
vows to the goddess, whose aid he had in-
voked. The figure of the goddess, which may
have been inspired by a cult statue, has her
left foot on a footstool and her right knee is
bent, concealing the right foot behind the
drapery. The color of the background changes
from white at the top to a creamy gray at the
bottom. This change in color comes at a height
of 0.29 m. between the two figures; behind the
goddess it is 0.65 m. above the bottom of the
panel. The athlete's feet and the foot of the
basin cast shadows in a greenish gray color.
The style of the figuresand the combination
of decorative patterns point to the second half
of the first century after Christ as the most
likely date of the mosaic floor. It shows close
affinity to the earliest of the mosaics from
Antioch, especially the floors in the Atrium
House and the House of Polyphemus, both of
which are dated beforeA.D. 115. In the ren-
 . . ...~L?r?vr..?*
Ti?~ rI, ?

13.

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ATHLETIMMOSAIC
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 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
dering of drapery and shadows and the
subtle change in the color of the background,
the Corinthmosaic resembles the scenes of the
Drinking Contest and the Aphrodite and
Adonis from the Atrium House, the floors of
which seem to have been laid between the
time of Claudius and the earthquake of the
year 115.8 The use of the simple guilloche as a
border between panels, a comparabledesign of
intersecting circles, and birds pecking at floral
sprays on subordinatepanels occur also on the
floor of the House of Polyphemus. The two-ply
guilloche occurs as a border design in mosaic
floors in Italy during the first century after
Christ, but is more common in the beginning
of the second century.9 The meander and the
wave motive, which are among the most com-
mon of the geometric designs from the first
century after Christ, do not occur on the ath-
lete mosaic at Corinth.
Corroborativeevidence for the date of the
mosaic floor is provided by the two side panels
paved with marble chips. This kind of "crazy-
quilt" flooring, which seems to have been in
vogue only for a short period, made its ap-
pearance in Pompeii between the time of the
earthquake in A.D. 63 and the eruption of
Vesuvius in 79. The South Basilica (see be-
low p. 114) is known to have undergone some
repairs following an earthquake in the time of
Vespasian, and it is likely that the mosaic
floor in "C" was made during repairs neces-
sitated by destruction at that time.
From the architecture of room "C" little
remains except the pieces of walls described
above. We may assume that there were
windows in the front wall on either side of the
door. The room was roofed without interior
supports. In the late fill above the mosaic floor
and in the surrounding area were found
numerousfragments of roof tiles of the Roman
period, among which were many sections of a
8 Doro
Levi, Antioch Mosaic Pavements, vol. I, pp. 16,
25, 625, pls. I, II.
9 Marion E. Blake, Mem. Am. Acad. Rome, VIII, 1930,
p. 108; XIII, 1936, pp. 96ff.; Doro Levi, op. cit., pp. 373ff.
109
sima with a lion head spout in the center,
flanked by a beardedhead on the left side and
a female head on the right. Similar tiles were
found in the Roman Fountain farther west
(see p. 124).
Rooms "A", "B" and "C" may have
formed a unit together and were probably
constructed at one time. They have common
partition walls, and, although the easternmost
of the three rooms extended farther south, all
three could have been roofed together. That
"A" and "B" are of the same period may be
inferred from the fact that some of the tile
fragments from the well in shop II joined with
pieces found in well V, indicating that debris
from the same part of the Stoa roof had found
its way into the two wells, which were prob-
ably filled up at one time. Furthermore, the
stucco on the walls of room "C" was divided
into panels, exactly like those preserved on
the walls of "A". For the date of construction,
the contents of four of the shop wells, II, IV,
V and VII, are of particular importance. All
four had the usual habitational deposit at the
bottom, and above that three of the four wells
contained debris from the destruction under
Mummius, thrown into the shafts during the
early decades of the empire. Well IV, instead
of the destruction deposit, had a fill that seems
to have been made up of debris from a pre-
Mummian fire in the Stoa, but at the top it
contained some pottery of early Roman date,
from the end of the first century B.C. or the
early years of the Christian era. The fill near
the top of II, V, and VII was of a similar
nature, but at the top of VII were found some
pottery and Roman lamps from the end of the
first century after Christ. This may well have
been thrown in subsequent to the construction
of the three rooms, probably at the time when
the mosaic floor was laid in "C".
The stuccoed decoration on the walls (Pls.
27, 28 4) offers further evidence for the com-
paratively early dating of the three offices.
Elsewhere,as at Delosand Pompeii,this kind
 110 CORINTH
of wall surface is dated in Hellenistic times,
and is generally agreed to have gone out of
existence about the time of Sulla.10A more
nearly contemporary example, tantalizingly
fragmentary,is offeredby bits of stuccoed dec-
oration which seems to have been used for the
interior of the Odeion of Agrippa in Athens,
built about 15 B.C.11The Odeion fragments
and the stuccoed walls of the Corinth struc-
tures show conclusively that this style of wall
surface continued to be used, perhapsin imita-
tion of earlier buildings, as late as the be-
ginning of the empire.
Rooms "A" to "C", probably constructed in
the reigns of Augustus or Tiberius, continued
in use for some three hundred years, and some
repairs must have been made during that
period. The mosaic floor is worn and patched,
but there are no signs of other alterations
prior to the destruction at the end of the
classical period, when the Roman walls were
largely removed and the new partition walls
inserted. At the east end of the Stoa there
was a late wall slightly to the west of the par-
tition between shops and rear rooms I and II
and extending over the well in shop II (P1.29,
extreme right; Plan I). It was made of re-used
Stoa blocks showing traces of Roman re-
working and stucco. The preserved top of the
wall when found was only 0.85 m. above the
toichobate level of the Stoa and it does not
appear to have been higher. The whole area
from this wall to the east end of the Stoa was
covered with a loosely packed rubble and
mortar bedding, the top of which was ap-
proximately level with the top of the wall. A
10 This is the
type of stuccoed wall decoration that
appears in most of the houses of the Theater district on
Delos which were destroyed and abandoned in 69 B.C. or
earlier; J. Chamonard, D6los, VIII, pp. 71ff.; W. A. Laid-
law, History of Delos, pp. 244f., 258ff. At Pompeii the
"encrustation style" apparently went out of vogue as early
as 78 B.C.; August Mau, Wandmalerei, pp. 11-123. The
paneled division of the wall surface, with little use of color,
occurs in the Basilica (Mau, op. cit., p. 16) and with more
polychrome effect in the House of Sallust, the House of the
Faun, the Temple of Jupiter, etc.; H. G. Beyen, Pompeja-
nische Wanddekoration,vol. I, pp. 37ff., figs. 4-5.
11 Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, p. 84, pl. 56.
small section of this rubble pavement is still
left standing along the west wall of rearroomI.
From the coins found in the fill it seems to have
been laid down as late as the fourth century
after Christ, and room "A" was probably still
in use at the time when the floor was raised.
At a somewhat later period the front wall of
room "C" was removed and at the time of
our excavation a late, very roughly construct-
ed wall was standing on its foundation. The
material consisted chiefly of poros drums from
the Roman interior colonnade of the Stoa
(P1. 32 1, right center) and of some fragments
of the Doric fagade. This materialwas removed
for the purpose of exposing the whole mosaic
floor, and a new wall was constructed in 1934,
when the room was enclosed and roofed over.
The late column drums have since been set up
on the column bases in order to indicate to
visitors the spacing of the interior supports
(cf. P1. 26 3).
Although there is nothing definite to in-
dicate what purpose rooms "A" and "B"
served, we may assume that they, like the
other buildings constructed over the shops of
the Stoa, were public offices. The represen-
tation of the mosaic floorprovides a clue to the
identity of room "C". The athletic nature of
the scene points to some function in connec-
tion with the Isthmian Games, the control of
which was returned to the Corinthians after
the Roman colony was established in 44 B.C.
Probably this room was the office of the Ago-
nothetes, the chief officialin charge of the con-
tests, whose title was one of the most highly
esteemed among the honors bestowed by the
city. Since rooms "A" and "B" seem to have
been part of the same complex as "C",it is not
unlikely that they too served some purposein
connection with the Isthmian celebrations.
"A" is rather large to have served as office for
a single magistrate; it seems suitable as a
meeting place for the Hellenodikai of the
Isthmian Games, who were, like their col-
leaguesat Olympia,ten in number.Another
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
important function, probably related to the
contests established in honor of the emperors,
was exercised by the eisagogeusand his office
may have been somewhere within the same
complex, perhaps in "B". Without epigraphi-
cal or other factual evidence, however, these
suggestions regarding the use of the quarters
must remain a matter of conjecture.
WEST OF THE AGONOTHETEION
The next unit toward the west, room "D",
(Plan II, XVI) consists of a large rectangular
hall, measuring 9.80 m. from north to south,
and 8.30 m. from east to west, entered from
the north through a portico, 2.84 m. deep
(P1. 32 3). On the facade were two columns or
piers, but of these nothing now remains but
the cuttings on the stylobate; the eastern one
measures 0.74 m. X0.67 m. The supports pre-
sumably consisted of Ionic columns set on
plinths with an anta on either side, projecting
ca. 0.71 m. from the face of the east and west
walls of the portico. The opening between the
east anta and the east column was approxi-
mately 1.53 m. wide; the west opening, where
the cutting for the support of the column has
largely disappeared, was presumably of the
same width. In the central opening, which was
ca. 2.22 m. wide, the sill has a width of 0.76m.,
as comparedwith 0.675 m. on either side of it.
The doorway from the porch to the main
room has a width of 2.485 m., including the
thickness of the doorjambs, which are missing.
At either end of the threshold is a shallow
square dowel hole with pour channels for the
fastening of the jambs. The clear width of the
door opening between the jambs measured
only 1.99 m. The marble threshold, made of a
single block, measures 2.765 m. in length, and
0.67 m. in width. The outer part, 0.27 m. wide,
is raised 0.075 m. above the floor of the por-
tico; the lower, inner part, approximatelylevel
with the floor of the chamber, is 0.39 m. wide.
The cutting for the bronzeshoe of the pivot The marble seat is too narrowfor the pre-
111
at the east side is 0.235 m. long, 0.14 m. wide,
and 0.027 m. deep; the correspondingcutting
on the west side has somewhat smaller di-
mensions. A little to the east of center is a cut-
ting, 0.027 m. deep, for the fastening of the
upright bolt. The threshold shows slight wear,
greater on the west half than on the east. The
east door, secured by the vertical bolt, appears
to have remained closed most of the time.
The preserved portions of the walls are
constructed almost entirely out of re-used
material from the Greek shops. At the north-
east corner of the portico four courses of the
east wall are preserved to a height of 1.85 m.
above the floor level. The east wall of the main
room is only 1.20 m. high, and the south wall
is preserved to the same height, whereas the
west wall is standing to a height of only ca.
0.80 m. The wall between the portico and the
large room is constructed like the side walls
and bonded into them. The walls both of the
portico and of the chamber were veneered
with marble slabs, fastened by iron clamps
and a thick layer of lime mortar. All but a
few small pieces of the veneer has disappeared.
Along the walls runs a low "dado" (barely
visible in Pls. 32 3, 33 1), ca. 0.45 m. high, and
projecting ca. 0.04 m. from the line of the
wall; a row of iron clamps, some with the
metal still in place, is preserved at this level.
The "dado" seems too low to be merely a part
of the decorative finish of the wall. It probably
marks the height of a marble bench along the
walls, and in well VII were found fragments of
bench supports with crudely carved lions'
paws. The height of one complete support
(P1. 322) is 0.415 m., and traces of stucco
covering the lower part indicate that the sup-
port was partly sunk in the floor with only
0.38 m. extending above floor level. A frag-
ment of a seat slab was found in the same
well, and the combined height of the two is
approximately the same as the height of the
bench indicated in the stucco on the walls.
112 CORINTH
served support, but it is possible that the
benches varied somewhat in width in different
parts of the two rooms. Above the projecting
edge of the "dado" are preserved the im-
pressions of a horizontal course, ca. 0.085 m.
thick, which probably representsthe thickness
of the seat slabs at the rear edge. The space
between the supports of the marble seats was
apparently open, and the wall in the rear was
veneered with marble down to the floor level.
A few small pieces of white marble slabs, ap-
proximately 0.015 m. thick, are still left in
place at the base of the walls. Above the seats
the walls were veneered with marble, at least
to the height of ca. 1.20 m. above the floor
level. Possibly the veneer was carriedup to the
ceiling; more likely the upper portions of the
walls were stuccoed and painted. The marble
seats, as indicated by the iron clamps, ap-
parently extended along all four walls of the
chamber, and on the three walls of the portico.
The south end of the large room presents
some interesting features (P1.33 l, cf. P1. 32 3;
Plans II, XVI). At the southeast and south-
west corners, for a distance of ca. 0.85 m., the
south wall has the same thickness as the east
and west walls, which is ca. 0.45 m., the same
as that of the Greek shop walls. Then there
are short sections of the wall, 1.05 m. to 1.15m.
thick to the east and west of the axis, and in
the middle the south wall of "D" extends to
the north wall of the South Basilica and has
a total thickness of ca. 1.80 m. The reason for
this increasein thickness of the central portion
is given by three recesses, a deep exedra in the
middle, and a shallow niche on either side. The
exedra measures 1.35 m. from north to south
and 2.08 m. from east to west on the inside;
its flank walls, made of brick-facedrubble, are
ca. 0.74 m. thick. The bricks are 0.03-0.04 m.
thick and 0.295 m. long. They seem to have
been made square but were subsequently
broken up into strips of approximately half
the width of the brick. A diagonal line was
impressedon one side of the brick before laid in mortar. The floor of the portico, of
baking. The layers of mortar are ca. 0.03 m.
thick, only a little less than the thickness of
the bricks. The brick walls were apparently
covered with marble veneer, the mortar bed-
ding for which still clings to the surface, and in
the east and south walls are cuttings for
clamps for fastening the marble slabs. No
other brick construction has been found either
in room "D" or in any of the administrative
Roman buildings erected over the shops of the
Stoa. But in the walls of the Roman bath in the
western half of the building bricks of the same
dimensions and broken up into half bricks in
exactly the same way were used as lining for
rubble walls (see below p. 145).
The floor of the exedra, which is now ca.
0.60 m. above the floor of the room, is made
of large poros blocks, and was probably, like
the walls, originally covered with marble. The
entrance from the large chamberto the exedra
had a width of 1.38 m., and a rough cutting
at the base of the walls seems to be for the
insertion of a moulding 0.19 m. high. The
poros blocks of the floor, which rest on loose
fill without foundation, do not tie in with the
rear wall of the chamber, as do the thick wall
sections with the niches on either side, and the
door opening into the large recess has been
rather crudely cut through the wall, leaving
on the west side a very thin block, only 0.25m.
thick. All these peculiarities, added to the
difference of the material, show clearly that
the exedra was added at a later time. The
niche on the west side, which is the best pre-
served, was ca. 1.25 m. above the floor of the
chamber, and had a width of 1.03 m., and a
depth of ca. 0.60 m.; its height is not pre-
served. Remains of lime mortar indicate that
the interior of the niche was veneered with
marble slabs. The eastern niche is too poorly
preserved to permit measurements; it was
probably roughly similar to the western niche.
The floors both in the portico and in the
main room were made with thin marble slabs
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
white marble throughout, is the better pre-
served. The slabs differ considerably in size,
and they seem to have been laid according to
a definite pattern, but since they were all of
the same color, this probably has no particular
significance. The floor of the chamber was
made with alternating white and blue rows of
slabs, with four rows of wider slabs along the
edges. The central rectangle was made of nar-
rower bands in the same two colors, and one
small fragment of red marble, preserved at
one inner corner, indicates that a third color
was added. The pattern is not completely
regular, and it may be that some patching has
been done which makes it difficult to restore
the scheme with certainty. Close to the door-
way and on the threshold are traces of fire on
the floor.
A marble block found close to the doorway
(P1.33 2) is probably from the top of one of the
walls of the portico. It is 0.285 m. high, 0.57 m.
wide at the widest part, and the preserved
length of the two contiguous fragments is
nearly one meter, but it must have been con-
siderably longer. At the preserved left end is
an anathyrosis, and along the upper edge of
the front face is a rabbet, 0.11 m. deep and
0.098 m. wide, which has been cut with a saw
leaving a broken edge at the base. The lower
part of the front face consists of a series of
mouldings with a total projection of 0.095 m.
The top has a cutting for a hook clamp at the
preserved end, and at the edge of the break,
0.085 m. from the end, is a larger cutting
roughly circular in shape, with a diameter of
ca. 0.09 m. and a depth of 0.06 m. The edge
around this hole has been trimmed off, and the
hole seems too large to have resulted from the
removal of a metal clamp. Presumably the
wooden ceiling over the porch rested in the
rabbet above the mouldings.
On either side of the entrance in the portico
stood statues supported on marble bases (P1.
323), one of which was found close to its
original position. It has a moulded base,
113
finished on three sides and beveled on the rear,
indicating that it was set against a wall. An
inscribed pedestal of coarse-grained marble,
which fits the base, measures1.05 m. in height,
0.44 m. in width, and 0.37 m. in depth. The
top has anathyrosis and a dowel hole in the
center with a pour channel for fastening the
moulded top of the base. It supported a
statue of a certain Gaius Cerialis, who was
procuratorof the province of Achaia under the
Emperor Hadrian (P1. 33 3). The inscription
reads: C(aeo) CERI[ALI] PROC(uratori)IM
(peratoris) CAESARIS TRAIANI HADRIA
NI AVG(usti) PROVINCIAE ACHAIAE
L(ucius) GELLIVS MENANDER AMICVS
DEC(reto)DEC(urionum).12 The lowerpartof a
second base with similar profile was found at
the west side of the door. It too is roughly
finished at the back, and on the left side is a
cutting for a mend. The two statues probably
stood approximately in the position that the
bases now occupy, flanking the doorway.
Between the west wall of room "C" and the
east wall of "D" there is a space, 2.62 m. wide,
through the middle of which runs the foun-
dation for the partition wall between shops VII
and VIII. The orthostate and first wall course
of the front wall of the Greek shops are pre-
served to a height of 1.585 m., and 3.90 m.
farther south there is a rough cross wall
(visible beneath the reconstructed roof, P1.
19 2), between the west wall of room "C" and
the east wall of "D". Only the north face of
this cross wall, from about 0.70 m. above toi-
chobate level is finished; the other side is very
uneven. Apparently the space to the north of
this wall was used as a closet, entered from
the Stoa at the northeast comer of the space,
where the original Greek door jamb has been
trimmed off, leaving an opening, 0.68 m. wide.
12A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 568; Edmund Groag, Die ro-
mischen Reichsbeamtenvon Achaia bis auf Diokletian, p. 148.
The inscription will be published by John H. Kent, in
volume VIII, iii of the Corinth series. Kent, who kindly sent
me a copy of his text, agrees with Groag that the C. Cerialis
in the Corinth inscription is the same man whose name
occurs in an inscription from Rome, Dessau I.L.S., No. 8717.
114 CORINTH
The room can hardly have been used for any
important purpose, since the walls were only
roughly finished on the inside. In the fill
packed against the south face of the cross wall
between the two buildings were found some
lamp fragments of type XXVII from the sec-
ond century after Christ. The crosswall, which
abuts against the east wall of room "D", is
probably contemporary with it and is cer-
tainly not earlier. This would show that room
"D", which, unlike rooms "B" and "C", pro-
jects toward the south, beyond the line of the
Stoa south wall, was constructed not earlier
than the second century after Christ. The
contents of the two wells, VIII and IX,
covered by the floor of the portico are not of
one date. Well IX seems to have been filled up
in the early decades of the Roman colony, but
well VIII contained some Roman coins from
Augustus to Claudius and pottery and lamps
from the end of the first century after Christ.
The date of this fill, the statue base of Cerialis,
and the lamps found between the walls of "C"
and "D" show clearly that "D" is later than
the three rooms at the east end of the Stoa,
and the fact that it was separated by a narrow
space from "C" would indicate that it was
roofed as a separate unit.
The only evidence for the use of room "D"
is furnished by the inscription in honor of Ce-
rialis. Since the only title mentioned in the
inscription is that of procurator,it is not un-
likely that the room served as his office.
The relation of room "D" to the adjoining
structures on the east and west and to the
South Basilica is, in the main, clear. "D" is
definitely later than the room with the mosaic
floor, which, as we have seen, probably goes
back to the time of Augustus. When the mo-
saic floor was laid shops VIII and IX, now
covered by the portico and main chamber of
"D", were probably still standing, although
well IX may already have been filled up. We
may assume that the space between room "C"
and the partition wall between shops VII and
VIII was left open to provide room for
drainage. That the shops were still standing
until room "D" was built is shown by the fact
that the walls are made exclusively of blocks
from the shops, and it is not likely that this
material would have been available for use,
had the shops been demolished at an earlier
period. After the construction of "D" the
waste space between "C" and "D" was filled
up with earth to a height of ca. 1 m. above the
Stoa toichobate. The sherds found in this fill
are not likely to be later than "D". On a later
occasion, the north end of the narrow alley
between "C" and "D" was excavated to pro-
vide space for storage. The crosswall was con-
structed as a retaining wall and as the south
wall of the closet, and a narrow door was
provided in the north wall of the area.
The South Basilica was constructed in the
time of Claudius(A.D. 37-54).13Its north wall,
facing the rear of the Stoa, is smoothly finished
and stuccoed down to the toichobate, which is
ca. 0.35 m. below the toichobate level of the
Stoa. The narrow space between the Basilica
and the South Stoa may have been used as a
passage before room "D" was built. It is clear
that the builders of the Basilica intended the
north wall to be seen down to its foundation,
and this entailed removal of the shops in the
Stoa. When room "D" was constructed,
however, the space between the South Stoa
and the South Basilica was needed in order to
allow for a portico at the north end of the new
building. Consequently the south wall of the
Stoa was removed, together with the partition
walls of the shops and room "D" was pushed
southward to within less than a meter of the
Basilica. The space between the two buildings
was then filled up, leaving no passage between
them; at a later period a part of this fill was
removed and the exedra built against the
north wall of the Basilica. On the basis of
coins, lamps and pottery discovered in the
13 The evidence will appear in Corinth, I, v, now in
process of preparation by Saul S. Weinberg.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
fill of the cryptoporticus, it appears that the
South Basilica underwent a thorough recon-
struction during the reign of Hadrian or pos-
sibly somewhat later. The builders of "D"
seem to have respected the east doorway into
the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica,
which was walled up when the Basilica was
reconstructedin the second century; room "D",
then, was probably constructed somewhat
earlier in the second century.
When the South Basilica was constructed
about the middle of the first century after
Christ, shops X and XI were demolished to
provide communication between the Agora
and the Basilica through the South Stoa. The
main floor of the Basilica was ca. 3.25 m. above
the toichobate level of the South Stoa, and a
broad marblestairway was constructedleading
to a porch at the main floor level on the north
faqade of the Basilica (P1. 34, cf. Plan XXI).
On either side of the porch was a small door
leading from the north into a cryptoporticus,
which surrounded the inner rectangle of the
Basilica. The approach to the east door led
through the east half of shop X, the walls of
which had already been removed. If the
Fountain House to the west existed at the
time when the South Basilica was built, as
seems likely, the entrance into the cryptopor-
ticus west of the stairway was reached through
a passage between the Fountain House and
the Basilica. If shop and rear room XII were
still standing an approach to the west door
might have been provided through the rear
door of this unit. The two entrances were
probably used rather infrequently, and when
the cryptoporticus was filled up in the second
century both doors were walled up.
The entrance to the South Basilica was
greatly altered in appearanceabout the middle
of the second century of our era, when an
ornamental fa9ade was built on the line of the
Greek shop front (P1. 39 1), but the stairway
leading up to the level of the Basilica Porch
continuedin use.14
115
THE FOUNTAIN HOUSE
Shops XII and XIII together with their
rear compartments were converted in early
Roman times into a Fountain House, "E"
(Plans III, XVI, XVII), the most elaborate of
all the architectural units constructed over
the rear half of the Greek Stoa. The partition
walls within this area were removed, but on
the east and west sides and in the rear the
walls of the Stoa appear to have been utilized
for the new building. Originally the Fountain
House extended from the east wall of shop XII
to the west wall of XIII, a total width of ca.
9.40 m. It was entered from the north through
a colonnade with two columns between antae.
The central opening was about 2.80 m. wide,
those on the side ca. 2.30 m.
The room 15 was lavishly decorated on walls
and floor with marble veneer in a variety of
colors. Only a small part of the flooring re-
mains in place, but the impressions of the
marble slabs were preserved in the mortar
bedding when the building was first excavated
(P1. 35 2). Around the edges ran a frame of
blue marble slabs, 0.60 m. wide, which was
carried along the north side between the
columns of the entrance. A slab of this order,
more than 2 m. long, is still in place in the
easternmost of the three openings. Within this
outer frame was a narrower border, 0.255 m.
in width, of conglomerate red and white
marble. The rest of the floorseems to have been
all covered with very thin squares of a mottled
yellow and reddishbrown marbleof the Skyros
variety. Each square measures 0.29 m. on the
sides and only about half a centimeter in
thickness. There are traces of thick mortar
bedding for revetment on the east and west
walls, but none of the marble slabs is preserved
in place.
14
For further detail see forthcoming publication by Saul
S. Weinberg.
15
For a preliminary study of this building see Richard
Stillwell, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 32-39. Three of his drawings,
figures 11 and 15 and plate II of his article, are reproduced
here as Figures 64, 65 and 66.
116 CORINTH

4
--- \

1 1 2

AH l 5A A A I

FIG.~~~~~~~^
64 ^TIS----.^ RVTMN RO OUTI

Fi. 64. L MARBLE

FI I REVETMET FM T I
o 0 2o Cm.

A marble fountain stands in the center of poros, 0.38 m. X0.60 m. in plan, with a pre-
the building at a distance of 5.40 m. from the served height of ca. 0.23 m. There was origi-
original facade (P1.35 1-2). It was constructed nally at least one more stone, but the full
out of re-used poros blocks of the Stoa and height cannot be determined. The pedestal,
revetted with marble both on the inside and which does not have the same orientation as
the outside. The basin, which is covered on the the fountain and is placed off center, was
inside with hard cement and encrusted with covered with the heavy watertight cement
lime, measures 3.05 x0.80 m. at the bottom that lines the lower part of the basin.
and has a total depth of 0.75 m. The front wall The front of the basin was revetted with
is preserved to its full height, lacking only the stone slabs in five panels. Of the central panel
marble moulding at the top, which, however, of "onyx" (probably a stalagmitic marble),
was found near by and replaced by the ex- 0.46 m. in width, only small pieces remain at
cavators (P1. 35 2).16 Close to the rear wall of the base. It was flankedby large slabs (0.903 x
the basin stands the lower part of a pedestal of 0.40 m.) of bluish green marble of the Karystos
16During World War II part of this moulding was type, and at the extreme ends were smaller
removed by officers of the occupying forces who intended to
panels, 0.347 m. wide, of mottled Skyrian
carry away the pieces, but most of it was recovered by the
guard of the museum. marble. The two panels to the west of the
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
t'=
L-=
E L E V. A T I ON PLN
o - .
K>-~\>. ]T \~ dVA[O
1 O
FIG. 65. ELEVATION,
center, which are now missing, were in place
when the building was excavated. At the base
above a plain band of blue marble, 0.112 m.
high, is a base moulding (Fig. 64, 6) of white
marble with a narrow torus at the bottom
carved with a leaf pattern. It is divided into
four sections of unequal length, and the leaves
of two adjacent sections run in opposite di-
rections. The sections are separated by narrow
bands decorated with small upturned leaves.
Above this design is a cyma recta, on which
is carved a series of festoons of olive branches
between boukrania from which fillets hang
down. From each boukranion a row of three
clusters of triple leaves with olives extends
toward either side and is met with a similar
swag from the next boukranion. Where they
meet, the longer leaves in the center are tied
together in a double knot. A cyma reversa
117
xo~~-e-7-----~~~
--n -
_ 117S
A/D SETIN OFFONTI
5 E CT I O N
I 1 , e
PIA SCISOFOTIT
1J 2
PLAN, AND SECTIONS OF FOUNTAIN
with a Lesbian leaf pattern runs along the top
of the moulding. Above the panels is a crown-
ing moulding (Fig. 64, 5; P1. 37 1) with a bead
and reel pattern at the lower edge; the design
on the cyma recta of the main part consists of
alternating akanthos leaves and water lily
leaves; above it is a Lesbian leaf design on a
small cyma reversa, and at the top a plain
band. The carving is exceptionally delicate
but not very deep, and the whole front of the
basin is still so heavily encrusted with a lime
deposit from the water that flowed over the
edge that much of the carving is concealed.
The basin was flanked by pilasters of con-
glomerate purple and white marble, set on
heavy white marble bases (Fig. 65; P1. 36 1-2),
and spaced to correspondto the two columns
of the original entrance into the room. The
total height of the bases is 0.35 m. and the
118 CORINTH
width at the bottom is 0.625 m. At the bot-
tom is a plain band, 0.225 m. high, above which
there is a large cyma recta. The front edge of
the bases rests on plinths of blue marble,
0.145 m. in height and projecting 0.66 m. from
the face of the fountain. On the two plinths in
front of the pilaster bases stand low poros
pedestals, 0.41 m. square and 0.31 m. high,
now stripped of their marble encrustation. The
edges of the plinths have been cut back to
receive a base moulding on two sides, the front
and the sides facing the center in front of the
basin, and discolorations caused by a top
moulding are left on the marble pilaster bases
in the rear.
When the marble revetment around the
pedestals was intact, the front of the pilaster
bases was almost entirely concealed. Neither
the blue marble plinths nor the white pilaster
bases fit tightly against the front of the basin,
and no effort was made to mask this incon-
gruity. Furthermore, the pilaster bases stand
0.15 m. above the floor of the room and the
base moulding in front of the basin continues
behind the bases and the plinths, where it
cannot be seen. In view of these anomalies we
must assume a change in the original design.
It would have been very simple to cut away
the base moulding so as to push the plinth and
the base up to the face of the basin; instead of
that an unsightly open crack was left between
them (P1. 36 1-2). In a room so sumptuously
decorated the architect can hardly have in-
tended such an illogical arrangement,and we
must assume that both the plinths and the
white marble bases belong to a not very skill-
ful reconstruction, of which there is much
other evidence in the building. The pilaster
bases, with their high plain band and heavy
profile, are less carefully finished than the
other mouldings from the fountain, and the
marks from the toothed chisel are left un-
smoothed. Furthermore,the flutes on the face
of the pilasters were not carried down to the
bases, and originally the lower ends must have
been intended to be covered with a base
moulding, at least 0.07 m. high. There is no
room for such a moulding in their present
position. The return of the pilasters on the in-
side juts out beyond the stuccoed face of the
basin and give the sides a very unfinished ap-
pearance. These irregularitiescan hardly have
been part of the original design.
The low marble plinths supporting the
pedestals in front of the pilaster bases rest
directly on the floor slabs, which were already
in place before the pilasters were attached.
Behind the western plinth is preserved part
of a plain marble base board, 0.10 m. wide and
0.04 m. high above the floor. This marble
piece, which rests on the mortar bedding with
the floor slabs laid against it, is perhaps all
that remains of an original arrangement in
which the fluted pilasters came down almost
to the floor level and a base moulding above
the preserved marble band covered the un-
fluted lower part and served as a low pilaster
base. In the top of each of the existing pilaster
bases are two leaded iron clamps fastened to
the stone masonry behind, and the ends of the
pilaster returns on the flanks of the basin rest
directly upon the clamps, thus the bases can-
not have been added without the removal of
the pilasters. If the bases were added later, as
they must have been, we must assume that the
sides of the fountain were largely rebuilt in
the second period. There must have been
strong reasons for such a thorough remodeling
and we may assume that the objects sup-
ported on the two marble-linedpedestals were
sufficiently important to cause the change.
The water of the basin was allowed to flow
over the top into a narrow gutter which con-
nects with a tile drain extending toward the
south (see Plan III). There was a considerable
flow of water over the front wall, as shown by
the heavy encrustation of lime deposit on the
marble base moulding, but the sheet of water
did not extend along the entire front of the
fountain. At the two ends, for a space of ca.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
0.40 m., a fillet at the top raised the height of
the crowning moulding above the lip in the
middle part of the parapet, and the inner edge
of the basin at the two ends was flat on top and
covered with carved marble slabs (Fig. 65,
Section). At the level of these slabs there is a
horizontal groove, 0.06 m. high and 0.015 m.
deep, in the return of the pilaster, the flutes of
which begin above this groove (the grooves
are visible in P1. 36 1-2). The pilasters are
fitted into the edge of the blue marble slabs
that line the upper part of the fountain on the
sides and in the rear, but they jut out beyond
the face of these slabs in the manner noted
above. The marble slabs do not reach to the
bottom of the basin, but terminate unevenly
0.28-0.45 m. above the floor, and the lower
part is covered with stucco, which was painted
a bluish green, probably to suggest the color
in a deep body of water.
The grooves at the lower ends of the pilaster
returns continue the line of a moulding of
white marble which ran along the flanks and
back of the basin. No part of the moulding was
found in situ, but with the aid of two clamps
and impressions left in the mortar it was pos-
sible to replace two small pieces in their
original positions on the east flank (P1. 36 1,
upper right). The two fragments preserve both
ends of a single strip, reaching from the pi-
laster at the northeast corner to the southeast
corner of the basin. The moulding, which
measures only 0.06 m. in height, has an
astragal at the bottom above which there is a
cyma recta surmounted by a plain fillet. The
profile of the marble strip on the east wall is
continued by another fragment which has been
replaced above the rear wall of the basin
(Fig. 65, d; P1. 35 2). This differs from the
strip on the east wall by carrying at the top a
moulding with a base cyma reversa cut out of
the same piece of marble. This formed the base
for a row of panels above the rear of the basin.
This base moulding at the top of the strip is
set back 0.033m. from the edge of the outer with a sheet of water splashingover the rear
119
fillet, but at intervals of 0.24 m. it turns a right
angle and is carried out to the edge, forming a
miniature pilaster base, 0.14 m. in width at the
bottom. Only one whole and one half such
bases are preserved on the existing fragment,
sufficient, however, to indicate the intervals
between the small pilasters that divided the
rearwall of the fountain into eight panels. One
fragment of pilaster of mottled green and
white marble has been found fitting the di-
mensions indicated by the pilaster bases. It
has at the top an irregularcutting with a hole
through the slab for a water spout, probablyin
the form of a lion's head. In the reconstructed
rear wall of the fountain, it has been wrongly
placed with the hole 0.15 m. above the pilaster
base, whereas the spout should probably be
at the very top (cf. Fig. 65, Elevation). Above
these pilasters ran a crowning moulding, three
contiguous fragments of which preserve one
whole and one half pilaster capitals, whose
dimensions and spacing fit the pilaster bases
at the bottom. As now restored the panels
between the pilasters are 0.33 m. high; they
should probably be higher to allow sufficient
space for the spouting of the water above the
water level of the basin. Both the top and the
base mouldings are heavily encrusted with
lime deposit, showing that water was brought
to the fountain at a high level and made to
cascade over the rear wall with its polychrome
architecturaldecoration. In the space between
the two pilaster capitals, the inner edge is
rounded into a lip resembling the beveled
front edge of the basin (Fig. 65, e). The capitals
and one fragment to the left of the complete
pilaster capital are flat on top, and the mould-
ing underneath shows no sign of lime en-
crustation. This fragment as now placed sur-
mounts the panel in the extreme southeast
corner where no water can have flowed. Pre-
sumably the water was made to flow over the
six panels in the center, but not over the two
at the ends. We may thus picture a fountain
120
wall into the main basin and with fountain
streams issuing from lion head spouts at the
top of pilasters. As a prominent feature in this
display we must add a figure, probably of
bronze, standing on the pedestal in the basin
a little to the west of center. From the basin
the water flowed over the parapet, wetting the
marble encrustation which thus added its
colors to the rich display of running water.
The architect of the fountain may have failed
to take into account the high content of lime
in the Corinthian water, which in the course
of time covered and almost obliterated the
fine details of the marble decoration.
Of the flanking pilasters on the fagade a
single fragment from the lower part has a
dowel in the bottom which fits a dowel cutting
in the top of the base, with a pour channel to
the front. There were seven flutes17separated
by fillets, 0.017 m. in width (P1. 37 2). The
lower part of the pilasters had cable fluting
which changed to regular fluting at an un-
determinedheight above the floor (Fig. 64, 4).
A pair of semicircles, turned in opposite di-
rections to each other, forms the transition
between the two kinds of flutes. At the top is
a similar semicircle above each flute and the
fillet terminates in a dart. The slabs forming
the pilasters are 0.07-0.09 m. thick, but the
conglomerate marble of which they are made
is so brittle that the existing fragments,though
numerous, are very small.
A little less than a half of one pilaster capi-
tal, 0.46 m. high, is preserved, a superb ex-
ample of Roman architectural decoration (P1.
37 3).18 At the bottom is a row of alternating
17
Many fragments of the pilaster were found, but none
preserves the full width. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 36, refers to five
flutes, but since each flute is ca. 0.064 m. wide it requires
7 flutes to make up the required width of ca. 0.47 m. The
fillets along the two margins are slightly wider than those
separating the flutes.
18
Although the details are very different, there is a
general resemblance between this fine specimen and the
large pilaster capitals from the Odeion in the Athenian Agora.
See Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pl. 30. The
quality of its carving is rather similar to that of several
members from the marble decoration of the Bema; Robert
Scranton, Corinth,I, iii, The LowerAgora, pi. 49, 2.
CORINTH
lobed and sharp-spinedacanthus leaves, above
which is preserved one acanthus leaf folded
over at the middle vein so as to show both sides
of the leaf. A half acanthus leaf decorates the
large volute at the corner, and at the upper
edge are two upturned volutes, one with a,
rosette in the center, the other with a half
palmette filling the space above the tendril.
There is a series of tongues above the volutes
and at the top a very flat ovolo. The capital
had been doweled to the wall both at the top
and the sides. The existing fragment, which is
not carefully finished at the right edge, prob-
ably belongs to the return of the pilaster above
the east end of the basin.
The architrave spanning the recess over the
fountain (Fig. 66) had three fasciae, measuring
0.046, 0.054, and 0.068 m. in height, counting
L''
s !'
..AO6
*O / =_
FIG. 66. DETAILS OF ARCIITRAVE FROM FOUNTAIN
from the bottom to the top, and a total height
of 0.23 m. including the moulding at the top
which is a cavetto-crowned cyma reversa. The
bottom was coffered with a carved rosette in
the center of each square. The existing frag-
ments are thin slabs, which originally formed
an L-shaped block as seen in section. The top
of the block has been cut away with a saw
leaving a revetment for a beam, probably of
wood. Apparently a solid beam of marble was
judged to be too heavy to be supported on the
pilastersand the thin side walls of the fountain.
In the top of some architrave fragments from
the front are clamp holes for fastening the
marble veneer to the beam. Among the
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
numerous pieces of marble veneer from the
fountain are fragments of other architraves,
differing somewhat from the described piece
both in measurement and profile (P1.37 4). No
definite place in the building has been assigned
to these members.
No recognizable fragments of a frieze have
been discovered, but a rabbet in the top of the
architrave indicates that the frieze consisted
of thin slabs. Fragments of a cornice, with
separately attached modillions, agree in size
and decoration with the architrave. Between
the modillions were rosettes with a poppy
capsule in the center. The modillions them-
selves (P1. 38 1, right), decorated with two
acanthus leaves, one lobed, the other sharp-
spined, were fastened by cylindrical dowels to
the flat panel carrying a moulding which was
cut in one piece with the cornice. A second
series of cornice fragments of somewhat simi-
lar design but poor workmanship also came
from the fill around the fountain (P1. 38 1,
left). The modillions are here cut in the same
piece as the cornice and its bed moulding is
decorated with an egg and dart design with
small rosettes at the corners. The carving is
very inferior, totally unlike that of the other
members attributed to the fountain. If this
cornice belongs to the same building it must
be from a reconstruction.
To the right and left of the fountain was the
entrance to a small chamber, ca. 2.75 x1.75 m.
in area, the floor of which was raised slightly
above the level of the floor in the main room
(Plan XVII). The walls of the western chamber
have almost entirely disappeared, but a cut-
ting for the base moulding along the west wall
indicates that the arrangement here was the
same as on the east side, except that the
western chamber was shorter (Plan XVII).
There was an opening into each chamber from
the north, almost 2 m. wide, between two
antae. In the rear of the eastern chamber is a
raised shelf, ca. 1 m. in height, the walls of
which retain some of the mortarbeddingfor laid directlyon stereo.Alongthe west side of
121
marble veneer, and the disposition of the
various elements in the whole building is so
strictly symmetrical that we may restore a
correspondingshelf behind the western cham-
ber. What purposethey served is not apparent,
but the fact that there were two similar cham-
bers with shelves in the rear may be of signi-
ficance for the identification of the building.
The whole interior of the fountain house was
richly decorated with marble in a variety of
colors. Thereare pieces of unfluted colonnettes,
only 0.105 m. in diameter at the top, and half-
columns in conglomerate marble with a top
diameter of 0.11 ni. (P1. 38 2). A base of white
marble fits the half-columns, but no capital of
the proper dimensions has appeared. The
three-quarter capital shown in Plate 38 3 is
slightly too large to have belonged to the same
series. There is a wide variety of exquisitely
carved mouldings, mostly consisting of ar-
chitraves and cornices of different sizes, thin
slabs fitted together and pinned to the walls in
a pseudo-structuralstyle that would make any
attempted restoration largely a matter of
guesswork.
The east wall of the fountain, built from re-
used blocks of the Stoa, was prolonged
towards the south until it abutted against the
rear wall of rear room XII of the Stoa, where
it is standing to a height of ca. 1 m. above the
floor of the basin. The correspondingwall on
the west side is missing, but the arrangement
seems to have been nearly symmetrical
throughout. Between these two walls was a
room, measuringca. 3 m. in width from east to
west and 3.63 m. in length. Its floor, which is
made of small lozenge-shapedbricks arranged
in a herring-bone pattern (Plan III, XVI), is
0.50 m. below toichobate level and ca. 0.13 m.
below the level of the marble flooring of the
main room. It probably belongs to the second
period of the fountain or to a still later re-
construction. The bricks were laid in a bed-
ding of very hard mortar which in places was
122 CORINTH
the room, just below the level of the brick
flooring,runs a terracotta channel that carried
off the overflow from the fountain. This was
made in sections, 0.55 m. in length, wilh an
inside width at the broad end of 0.185 m. and
a depth of 0.155 m. The sections narrow per-
ceptibly towards the lower (south) end where
it has a narrow flange fitting into the next
section. The present cover consists of square
bricks, measuring0.295 m. on the sides.19The
channel begins at the west end of the narrow
gutter in front of the basin, then passes south-
ward under the floor of the basin and cuts
through the brick-floored room in the rear.
The bricks covering the channel are here ap-
proximately level with the herring-bonefloor
of the room. The channel passes under the
rear wall of the Stoa and extends southward
to the edge of the great drain, then turns east
(P1.38 4, Plan III). Below the present channel
were found some sections of another water
pipe (seen in the foreground,P1. 38 4) connect-
ing with a terracotta jar; this may represent
an earlier outlet for the overflow from the
fountain, but it resembles the pre-Roman
conduit south of rear room XV (see above
p. 67) so closely that it may be part of a simi-
lar arrangement for bringing water from
the shop wells to the rear of the Stoa. As in
shop XV there is a narrow channel (not in-
dicated in Plan III) leading from the rear of
the building to the well in shop XIII. This
channel, which runs underground beneath
the basin, does not seem to have any connec-
tion with the fountain. The foundations for
the South Basilica here extend to the bottom
of the great drain behind the Stoa, some 2 m.
below the level of the later terracotta channel.
The latter probably turned slightly south-
ward, then passed beneath the heavy foun-
dations for the north porch of the South Ba-
silica, which has a tunnel throughthe masonry,
19These bricks have exactly the same dimensions and
appearance as those used in the exedra of room "D" (see
above, p. 112) and in the Roman Baths which appear to have
been constructed about A.D. 300 (see below, p. 145).
0.44 m. wide and 0.55 m. high, large enough to
permit a man to crawl through on hands and
knees. Although the connection between the
channel and the tunnel has been interrupted,
there can be little doubt that the tunnel was
made for the purpose of conducting the water
from the fountain to the east of the Basilica
Porch; beyond this point its course cannot be
followed because of late intrusions that have
obliterated further traces.
In the east wall of the room with tile flooring
behind the fountain, there is an opening,
0.80 m. wide, resembling a doorway, and a
little farther east is a similar opening, 1.16 m.
wide (Plan XVII; Pls. 39 l, upper right, and
35 l, left of fountain).20The floor level, how-
ever, is ca. 0.50 m. lower than the bottom of
the four upright poros blocks that formed the
"door posts," and there are no thresholds and
none of the usual cuttings for doors. The
foundation blocks on which the upright stones
rest and the lower part of one of the posts are
in several places covered with a hard deposit
of lime, showing the action of running or
dripping water over a long period of time, a
condition ill suited to a doorway. It is ap-
parent that the four posts served as supports
for a water tank from which the fountain was
fed through a channel, the height of which was
at least 1.20 m. above Stoa toichobate level
and may have been higher. Some small leaks
in the bottom of such a tank would have
caused the lime deposit to form on the foun-
dations. A short spur wall, jutting out from
the east wall into the tile-floored room behind
the fountain (Plans XVI, XVII), may have
served as one of the supports for the water
channel. The tank was probably constructed
for the purpose of storing a sufficiently large
amount of water, the flow of which could be
manipulated as the occasion demanded, and it
would also have functioned as a catch basin
to clear the water just before it reached the
fountain.
20 Cf. R. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 38.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES 123

of the east anta, and to compensate for this

Against the rear wall of the room with the
curtailment a porch was built extending into
herring-bone floor are two buttresses, one of
the area of the Greek Stoa. The foundation
which rests on the floor, while the other is the
for the new porch seems too wide for columns,
south end of the toichobate course for the par-
and it is not unlikely that the fagade was made
tition between rear rooms XII and XIII of the
in the form of three arches, two of which would
South Stoa. Possibly these supports carried
the channel that brought the water, the source
have been closed; that on the east to mask the
of which is unknown. At some late period,heavy western wall of the South Basilica
entrance way, that on the west for symmetry,
after the original outlet from the fountain had
been blocked, the overflow was apparentlywhile the central arch would have been open
collected in the room with the tile flooring
and served as entrance to the fountain house.
behind the fountain. At the level of this floor
The two original columns of the fagade either
a terracotta pipe, circular in section, takes off
remained undisturbed or were replaced with
from the west wall and passes westward piers. Their existence, shown by cuttings in the
through the foundation between storeroomsrear of the new foundation, would have been
XIII and XIV (Plan III). Then it curvesnorth-
requiredto support the north wall of the shops
ward, passing below the floorsof rearroom and
which was probably still partly standing in the
shop XIV, then through a hole cut in the front
second century after Christ. In the restored
foundation of the shop, and continues north-
plan (Plan XVI) half-columns have been
ward beneath the floor of the Stoa proper. Its
placed against the spur walls supporting the
northward extension can be traced as far as
three arches, but in the absence of architec-
the north facade of the Stoa, where it passed
tural members that can definitely be assigned
through a hole in the foundation beneath the
to it, the reconstruction of the new porch is
stylobate and continued toward the north. The
largely conjectural. To the same period as the
care taken to collect and re-use the flow from
porch we may assign the modification of the
the fountain testifies to the increasing scarcity
front of the fountain, when the pilasters were
of water in Corinth as the city grew in size
reset on the white marble bases.
under the empire, a condition that eventually
The delicate little Fountain House (the date
led to the constructionof an aqueduct bringing
will be discussed below) with its rich architec-
water from Lake Stymphalos. ture gives the impressionof being part of a cult
The fountain suffered considerable modi-
building; the small chambers flanking the
fication in the Antonine period, when thefountain may have been the shrines of some
large marble gateway was constructed as an
deities whose images were placed on the shelves
ornamentalentranceto the South Basilica. The
at the rear. When the eastern chamber was
heavy foundation which now runs along thesacrificedas a result of the encroachmentupon
east side of the fountain room was then laid
the area of the fountain by the South Basilica
and the delicate architecture of the earlier
entrance way, it would have been necessary to
structure was ruthlessly curtailed (P1. 39 1,
find a new place for these cult images, which
center right; Plan III). This foundation cuts
may have then been placed on the two ped-
into the easternchamberof the FountainHouse,
estals erected to the right and left of the basin.
which at this time may have been abandoned, The speculation about the use of the foun-
and the eastern opening beneath the watertain may be advanced a step further through
tank was blocked up by the new wall (Planconsideration of some fragments of terracotta
XVI). The original fagade of the Fountainsima of Roman date, discovered over a wide
Housewas likewisedestroyedby the removal area from room "C"in the east to the Fountain
124
House.21There are two varieties of the same
size, in the first of which the details are sharp
and crisp and show signs of having been re-
touched after the removal from the mold (P1.
39 2). At the top below a plain band runs an
egg and dart moulding and two astragals in
relief. In the center is a lion's head spout and
to the right of it is the head of a female figure
with her back toward the lion's head. The hair
is gathered together at the top and tied with a
fillet over the forehead. On the left side of the
spout is a bearded male head, also with the
back toward the lion's head. The two heads
would thus face each other on adjacent sec-
tions of the sima. The heavy locks of the hair
and beard, a pronounced downward curve of
the moustache and the serene features of the
face lend to the male head an appearance of
divine majesty reminiscent of the Pheidian
Zeus at Olympia. The second variety (P1.40 i)
is similar in most respects, but the details are
somewhat less sharp, though better modeled.
The heads are slightly smaller, the female head
has its knot of hair at the nape of the neck
instead of at the top, and the moulding at the
top of the sima is smaller and lacks the two
astragals. The difference in the two varieties
may be explained as the result of a recon-
struction of the roof. It is not certain, however,
that all the simas with the two heads come
from a single building since they were scat-
tered over a considerablearea, but the largest
concentrations were in the vicinity of the
fountain and the Agonotheteion. The heads
are probably more than mere decorations. It
was not uncommon in Greek and Roman
architecture to make allusions to the use of
buildings by figured representation or in-
scriptions on the tiled roof. We may thus con-
clude that the building to which the sima be-
longs was consecratedto the cults of a god and
a goddess, whose images at first stood in cult
rooms flanking the fountain but were later
21 See
A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 562-3; XXXIX, 1935,
pp. 58-59.
CORINTH
transferred to the pedestals in front of the
basin.22
Shop and rear room XIV, to the west of the
fountain, seem to have retained their original
walls throughout antiquity, but it is likely that
the east-west wall separating the two com-
partments was removed so as to join them into
one large room (Plan XVII). The original
Greek doorway into the shop, later narrowed
by insertion of a block against the east jamb,
is preserved to its full width, 1.58 m., and the
orthostates of the north wall are all standing
in their original position (see above p. 50).
Over the well in the center of the shop has been
reconstructed one of the original curbs (P1.
14 3). The preserved floor of the shop is ca.
0.85 m. below the toichobate, but the original
floorwas probablyat a higher level. The terra-
cotta conduit (see p. 123) passing through both
the shop and storeroomis just below the level
of the present floor, and a hole has been cut
through the north foundations for the pipe.
In the well of shop XIV, which was filled
up in early Roman times, was found a Doric
column capital (Fig. 67; P1. 402) with un-
fluted neck, the dimensions of which fit the
shafts of the unfluted columns in the second
story of the Stoa. Except in size, the capital
is totally different from the columns, and it is
probable that it was made during the early
Roman repairs to take the place of one of the
original capitals with fluted necks (see above
p. 73).
There is no clue to the use of these two
rooms in the Roman period. Like shops XX
and XXI west of the Bouleuterion (see below,
p. 132), shop XIV with its storeroom in the
rear must have served some utilitarian pur-
pose considered sufficiently important to as-
sure its continued existence. Its position be-
tween the fountain and room "F" suggests
that is was somehow related in function to
22 For a
conjectural interpretation of these and for other
evidence of cults in the Corinthian Agora, see my article
in Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 154-156, and the references given
there in note 78.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES 125

these two structures. Since there is no other and the first wall courseis in place at the same
logical approach to the rooms behind the corner. Farther south the partition wall
fountain or to the west door of the South Ba- between shops and rear rooms XIV and XV
silica cryptoporticus, a door has been restored have been removed down to toichobate level.
Parts of two orthostate blocks are preserved
in place in the west wall near the northwest
cornerof the room, but the rest of the wall has
been rebuilt. On the north foundation of the
/K,q
shop there is a late wall of heavy blocks in two
courses, some of which have a wide drafting
around the edges with a projecting panel in
the center (the west end of the wall appearsin
Plate 42 1, lower left and in Plate 41, to the
right of the road pavement). The trimming of
these blocks has been done with a rough
14 A toothed implement in typical late Roman
~~~~~~t'//,;
manner. The original entrance to the room in
Roman times was presumablyfrom the north,
as restored in Plan XVII, but the late wall of
heavy blocks covers every trace of the door-
way.
A heavy foundation of large poros blocks
taken from the Stoa extends over the entire
area of shop and rear room XV; the partition
wall between the shop and the rear room had
been removed before this foundation was laid.
The main room constructed over this area had
ther~~~~~~~
prbblt/oteeitneo ~~~~ ori

thi
place. a length of ca. 7.50 m., its width being that of
rar ro,
the shop; and at its south end is a cross wall
The are and
occupid by shp

XV III, was re
(Plans XVII) completely

modeld in omantimes but he

tition wall were
leftpartly
-hpe
orhst
is sillin osiionwit
FROMWELLXIV
FIG. 67. DORI CAPITAL
in the southeastcornerof rearroomXIV. The
courseof the water pipe (Plan III) adds fur-
ther probabilityto the existenceof a doorin
this place.
The area occupiedby shop and rear room
XV (Plans III, XVII) was completely re-
modeledin Romantimes,but the originalpar-
tition walls were left partly standing.The T-
shapedorthostateblockin the northeastcorner
is still in position with its west arm partly
trimmedaway(visiblein Plate41, centerright)
of rubble masonry which originally extended
oigina par
staning.
The T across the entire width of the room. This wall
blc nth oteatcre
rests on the heavy poros foundation which ex-
it wet am
prtl tends southward to the rear wall of the Stoa.
The small room in the rear does not appear to
have been used for any important purpose,
since it did not have a properflooring,and the
cross wall was left rough on the south side.
The floor of the large room is covered with
multicolored marble in intricate patterns, but
its state of preservation is such that a com-
plete restoration of the color scheme is im-
possible (see Plate 41, to the right of the road).
It was divided into two unequal sections, a
larger one on the north oriented like the room
and a smaller section in the rear with its long
126 CORINTH
axis at right angles to the room (Plan XVII).
The division between the two comes very
nearly at the line of the original rear wall of
shop XV. The larger section had a panel of
small squares, 0.295 m. on the side, in three
colors: a dark gray, resembling slate, a purple
and white conglomerate, and the yellow and
white Skyros variety. There were some half
squares along the east edge which seem to
have been inserted in order to stagger the
rows of full squares as shown in Plan XVII.
Around the panel was a border of purple and
white conglomerate, which was slightly wider
on the north and west side than on the east
and south. The panel was off axis to the west,
presumably because of the position of the
door in the north wall. The slabs of the panel
in the rear have mostly disappeared, and
some of the existing pieces are probably
patches. There seems to have been a border of
blue slabs, but the color scheme of the rest
cannot be recovered with certainty. Around
the entire room ran a narrow border of a dark
shade of conglomerate gray and red marble.
Some slabs of the wall decoration are left in
place in the southwest corner. At the foot of
the walls was a base board, 0.37 m. high, of
conglomerate purple and white marble and
above that ran an elaborate moulding carved
in white marble (P1. 40 s). At the bottom was
a torus with an intertwined leaf pattern with
small buds sprouting from the base of each
leaf; the middle part, a scotia, is decorated
with a tongue pattern above which is a cyma
reversa carved with a Lesbian leaf design.23
Above the mouldingwere slabs, at least 0.55 m.
in height, of the same type of conglomerate
marble as was used for the base board.
Room "F", like the small chambersflanking
the fountain, would serve admirably as a cult
room; the division of the floor into two panels
23 A section of this moulding was found in place on the
west wall but it was carried away by foreign officers during
the occupation of Greece in World War II. It is now known
only from the photograph in Pl. 40 3, which appearedin Still-
well's preliminary report in A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 39, fig. 17.
would be suitable to such a use. The small
panel in the rear would indicate the place of
the cult image, which may have been a small
portable object.
Room "F" and the Fountain House were
doubtless built at the same time as parts of a
single complex, to which the area of shop and
rear room XIV served as connecting unit. This
is shown by the similarity in the carved marble
encrustation from the two rooms, and by the
square floor slabs which have the same dimen-
sions in both cases. There may have been
direct communication through doors in the
west wall of the Fountain House and in the
east wall of "F", although no traces of such
doors are now visible.
The contents of well XV and the construc-
tion at the mouth of the shaft have an im-
portant bearing upon the date of room "F"
and of the Fountain House. The lower fill,
from a depth of 6 m. to the bottom, consisted
of Hellenistic debris which had accumulated
in the shop from the time of the Mummian
destruction in 146 B.C. to the first Roman
restoration of the Stoa after 46 B.C. Among
the contents of this fill were some pieces of
Stoa roof tiles; nearly all the fragments of the
well curb; a considerable amount of late Hel-
lenistic pottery, including Megarianbowls and
amphorahandles of the first half of the second
century B.C.; lumps of white, yellow, and red
pigments; 175 small terracotta tubes, for
which no convincing explanation has been
found;24 and 12 coins, the latest of which ex-
tend to the second century B.C. No rec-
ognizable object in this deposit can be dated
later than the destruction of Corinth in
146 B.C.
The fill from 1.70-6 m. contained mixed Hel-
lenistic and Roman objects, including tiles
from the Stoa roof; much pottery, both Greek
and Roman; lamps of types XVI, XVIII and
XIX;25 lumps of red and blue pigments; a
24
Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 241-42, pl. LXII, 22.
25Corinth, IV, ii, pp. 56-70.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
large variety of miscellaneous metal objects;
and a coin, containing the names of two
duovirs, INST(eius ?) and L(ucius) CAS(tricius
Regulus?), whose year of office has been
placed in the early years of the Roman col-
ony.26 At the top of the well was a fill of
rubble and stones, among which was found a
small sherd of Arretine ware.
The mouth of the well was securely sealed
over by the marble flooring of room "F",
which thus is later than any object from the
well shaft. Beneath the marble floor the heavy
poros foundation covers the entire area of shop
and rear room XV, including the waste space
to the south of room "F". The purpose of this
foundation, which contains much re-used ma-
terial from the Greek shops, is uncertain. It
does not seem to have been laid merely as a
bedding for the marblefloor; it is unnecessarily
solid for such a purpose; besides, it extends
ca. 2.60 m. farther south than the floor. The
rubble south wall of room "F" rests upon the
poros foundation. When this foundation was
laid the well in shop XV was still used for some
purpose, although the shaft, from a depth of
6 m. to the bottom, a total of ca. 4.50 m., had
already then been filled up with destruction
debris. There was a small aperture, only
0.80 m. in diameter, through the poros foun-
dation, above the well, and some fragments of
the well curb were too large to go through this
narrow opening. Thus the poros foundation
had been laid at some time after the cleaning
up of the Stoa in early Roman times but
before the construction of room "F". Al-
though no very exact date can be assigned to
the late fill at the top of the shaft it seems to
extend into the first century of our era. Fur-
thermore allowance must be made for two
periods of construction between 46 B.C. and
the laying of the marble floor.
The type of flooring used both in the
Fountain House and in room "F", thin slabs
of marblein a variety of colors, was introduced
26Katharine M. Edwards, Corinth, VI, Coins, p. 6.
127
at Pompeii about the middle of the first cen-
tury after Christ.MarionE. Blake27makes the
statement that "although the type was started
in the period of the third style, its chief de-
velopment occurred during the time of the
fourth." No systematic study has been made
of floor construction in Greece, and it would
be unsafe to conclude that this chronology
applies equally well in Greece where marble
and mosaic floors may have followed different
traditions. A comparable, though far more
elaborate, example of polychrome opus sectile
flooringis found in the Odeionin the Athenian
Agora, which is dated in the time of Augustus,
and was probably begun at the time of the
Athenian visit of the donor, M. Vipsanius
Agrippa, in 16 or 14 B.C.28It seems necessary
to assume that the variegated marble floor
came into use in Greece as early as the be-
ginning of Augustus' reign and continued in
use for some two centuries. The pavement of
the orchestra in the Theater of Dionysos in
Athens,29 probably a part of the Neronian
reconstruction, shows a comparable use of
squares and colored marble.
The Bema complex and East Central Shops
in Corinth30provide the closest parallels to the
Fountain House and room "F", so close, indeed
that the two sets of buildings must be ap-
proximately contemporary.The superiorqual-
ity of the marble carving of the Bema and its
scholae compareswell, in quality more than in
design, with the marble work of the two
buildings in the Stoa area. The Bema, how-
ever, was designed as an unroofed structure,
in which the marble covering of floors and
walls had to be correspondingly heavy. The
central room in the eastern group of the Cen-
tral Shops was constructed and decorated like
the Fountain House and room "F". The walls
of this shop, unlike those of the smaller shops
27 Marion E. Blake, op. cit., pp. 45, 49, pls. 8, 9.
28 Homer A.
Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pp. 59-60,
87-88.
29 A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The Theatreof Dionysus in
Athens, pp. 257-258, fig. 121.
30 Robert L.
Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 91-117.
128
on either side, were built of poros blocks and
revetted, at least to the height of the dado,
with marble slabs backed by heavy plaster.
The variegated floor pavement, the design of
which centers around a rectangular slab of
onyx31 identical with the stone used for the
central panel in front of the basin in the
Fountain House, gives the surest indication of
the contemporaneity of the two buildings. The
date of the Bema complex has been fixed to
the period shortly before the middle of the
first century after Christ, and the shops are
little if any later than the Bema. All the
evidence points to this time as the most likely
period of construction of the Fountain House
and its annex, room "F", to the west.
THE KENCHREAN ROAD
Over the area of shop and rear room XVI
there is a road pavement (PI. 42 i; Plans III,
XVII) of heavy limestone blocks similar to
those used for the pavement of the Lechaion
Road. They are 0.10 m. to 0.20 m. thick and
vary considerably in size, one of the largest
measuring1.62 m. x1.03 m.i n area. The pave-
ment extends up to the very north edge of the
shop and fits closely to the partition walls on
the east and west sides; this indicates that
when the pavement was laid these walls were
standing, at least to a height of the orthostate
course. Where the pavement terminates at the
front wall of the shop there was a gateway,
somewhat less than 3 m. in width. There are
traces of large circular cuttings at the ends
of the threshold, indicating that a double gate
closed the entrance at this point. The long
marble block, which is now used as a step at
the north edge of the pavement, was placed
there in early Christian times, but the dif-
ference in level between the road pavement
and the Stoa floor required a step like that
restored in Plan XVII. At the line of the par-
tition wall between shop and rear room XVI,
31Probably a stalagmitic form of onyx marble.
CORINTH
there was a low step, only 0.132 m. high, in the
road pavement and farther south along the
line of the rear wall of the Stoa there were
two steps, probably of slightly greater height.
Since the pavement occupies the full area of
the shop and rear room, its width through the
Stoa is ca. 4.50 m., but directly behind the
Stoa it cannot have been more than ca. 3.35 m.
Its east wall makes a jog ca. 0.90 m. deep, then
turns slightly westward. The west edge of the
pavement is not preservedat this point, but it
seems to have continued approximately par-
allel to the east edge for a distance of 3 m.,
then turning an almost right angle toward the
west it probably extended up to the wall of
the Bouleuterion. At the distance of ca. 13 m.
south of the Stoa there seems to have been
another step, but the pavement is here very
poorly preserved. The road may have turned
eastward at a point slightly south of the South
Basilica and then joined with another road
out of the city in the direction of the harbor
at Kenchreai.
The road enters the Agora a little to the
east of the axis of the South Stoa, which is
also the middle of the Upper Agora (Plan
XXI). A short distance to the north of the
Stoa, directly in front of the point where the
road emerged into the Agora, stood the
Rostra (Bema) which was the focal center in
the Administrative section of the city. The
Lechaion Road, the principal approach to the
city from the north, also points towards the
Rostra.32In the first century after Christ, at
the time of St. Paul's visits to Corinth, these
two roads were probably the principal thor-
oughfares into the city from the two harbors.
Since both were interrupted by steps they
could not have been used for wheel traffic. The
merchants who brought their wares on carts,
if they came by these roads, had to unload
32 The course of the Lechaion Road was determined
before the Bema and Central Shops were laid out. The
Kenchrean Road, approximately contemporary with the
Bema, seems to have been laid out with reference to it and
to the Lechaion Road.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
before they reached the principal business
section, and take their goods on pack animals
or by hand into the city.
The road issuing into the Agora through
shop XVI was not the only approachfrom the
south. At the west end of the South Stoa there
was a road, whose successive layers can be
traced from the level of the Stoa floor up to
the present ground level. In the bank of earth
at the edge of the excavation appears the east
edge of a paved roadway, sloping toward the
north and entering the Agora at its southwest
corner.Beforethe constructionof the Southeast
Building closed the entrance, a road from the
south seems to have led to the Agora at that
point also. Both there and at the west end, the
Agora could be entered through the South
Stoa; the heavy wear on the stylobate between
the corner columns and the corresponding
antae shows that these entrances were in fre-
quent use. After the construction of the road
leading into the Agora through the middle of
the Stoa this would offer the most convenient
approach to the city to visitors arriving from
the harbor at Kenchreai.
For the date of the pavement there is no
certain evidence, but the awkward jogs it
makes south of the Stoa can best be explained
on the supposition that the road was in ex-
istence before the construction of the Bou-
leuterion, but later than room "F". If the
waste space between the east wall of the Bou-
leuterion and the road had been available (see
below, p. 130) it seems likely that it wouldhave
been utilized so as to make the road of ap-
proximately uniform width throughout. When
the pavement was laid, shop XVII was pre-
sumably still in use and the road builders
were restricted to the width of a single shop.
Once the roadhad been made and the gateway
constructed, it seems to have remained un-
changed throughout the Roman period. The
well of shop XVI, beneath the road pavement,
contained no objects of Roman times except
two coinsfromthe fourthcenturyafterChrist. areaare standingto a heightof 0.22m. above
129
The shaft was found empty to a depth of
5.70 m., but a hole in the pavement directly
above the well was covered with a loose marble
slab, and the two coins could have been carried
by streams of water forming on the sloping
pavement during heavy rains.
THE BOULEUTERION
The first of the Roman buildingsconstructed
to the west of the Kenchrean Road is the
elliptical structure identified as the Bou-
leuterion, whose massive walls are the most
prominent of the ruins in this section of the
city (P1. 41; Plans III, XVII). Between its
eastern wall and the west edge of the road
there is a space, ca. 1.35 m. wide, where the
walls of the Greek building seem to have been
left standing, at least to the height of the road
pavement and possibly higher. What purpose
this space served after the construction of the
Bouleuterion is not apparent. The partition
wall between shop and rear room XVII has
been removed, but a new cross wall, built
directly south of this partition, divides the
space between the road and the Bouleuterion
into two sections of unequal length. The par-
tition wall between rearrooms XVI and XVII,
which became the west edge of the road, may
have continued standing to the level of the
original ceiling over the two rear rooms, and
the space between this wall and the Bou-
leuterion could have been roofed over and
used as a storeroomor tool shed.
In the southeast corner of rear room XVII,
the L-shaped orthostate block of the Greek
building is standing in its originalposition, and
the top, which was only slightly below the
level of the road pavement, shows signs of
wear. Between this block and the east wall
of the Bouleuterion, there is an opening,
1.05 m. wide, through which it was possible to
reach the eastern end of the paved area behind
rear room XVII. The enclosing walls of the
130 CORINTH
toichobate level. The south wall lines the
north edge of the great drain, and at this
point, close to the wall of the Bouleuterion,
was found a poorly constructed latrine (see
above, p. 66, P1. 16 3), which seems to have
undergone several modifications during its
period of use. The three sides of the niche are
made of separate stones, ill fitted together,
and the seat block is very crudely carved as a
separate piece. Unlike the seat in the latrine
behind shop XXVII (P1. 16 4), which was
carved out of a single block, the patch work
arrangement of this structure has no trace of
cement lining. That it continued in use after
the construction of the Bouleuterion is shown
by the fact that a small block in the wall of the
Bouleuterion has been notched at the back to
make room for the west side of the latrine
niche (P1.43 i).
The Bouleuterion or Council House of
Roman Corinth is of unique design (Plan
XVII). It consists of a truncated ellipse, the
inside width of which is 11.80 m. at the widest
point; the greatest length of the large chamber
is 13.85 m. on the axis. At the north, open end
the walls turn and extend in a straight line for
a distance of ca. 2 m. as far as the front wall of
the building, which had three doors, a wider
one in the middle and narrower ones on the
flanks. The middle doorway had an opening
somewhat over 2 m. in width. The original
door jambs are missing, and two upright
stones inserted at a later date have narrowed
the doorway to slightly over 1 m. (P1. 42 2).
A Corinthiananta capital of marble (P1.43 3),
now placed on the east side of the door, may
have occupied this position at a higher level.
The western side entrance now has a door
opening 1.26 m. wide, but a cutting for the
east door jamb seems to indicate that the
original door was only ca. 1.00 m. in width.
The correspondingdoorway on the east side is
not preserved, but the wall between the east
side door and the central doorway is still
standingto a heightof 1.70m.
In front of the north wall with the three
doorways there was a shallow porch, 2.60 m.
in depth, terminating in an apse at either end.
A colonnade of four columns, spaced in pairs,
has been restored on the foundations for the
front walls of the shops, and a marble block,
found at the east end of the porch (P1. 42 2,
lower left comer), probably formed the east
anta. On the front and right side are sunk
panels surrounded by mouldings; the other
two sides are rough, showing that they were
covered by masonry. Both this anta block
and the Corinthian capital of the doorway
may be from a reconstruction; in the first
period the entire building may have been of
poros. A base and a capital of a poros pier with
an attached half column were found in the
vicinity (P1.43 4); it is not unlikely that these
were originally used on the fagade.
The west wall of the elliptical porch is
standing at one point to a height of five courses,
2.83 m. above the floor of the building, and at
the south end four courses of the wall are
preserved. The east wall, with the exception
of five blocks of the orthostate, was missing
at the time of excavation, but a number of
curved wall blocks found within the building
and in the vicinity have been placed upon the
foundation.
The west wall shows signs of fire near the
floor, probably caused by the same fire that
destroyed shops XX and XXI in A.D. 267
(see below p. 134). A headless statue of a man
wearingthe toga was found in the building and
is now standing against the east wall.
Among the poros blocks removed from the
mediaeval walls within the building are several
pieces from a bench with profiled front, the
curvature of which correspondsapproximately
to that of the elliptical wall. They are ca.
0.40 m. in height, but their width and depth
vary considerably. In the top are shallow
grooves which may have held arm supports of
wood. Eleven pieces of various lengths have
been found and placed against the rear wall
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
of the building (P1. 42 2; Plan XVII). They
may have been used originally as a continuous
bench running along the walls of the entire
room.
The pavement within the large room seems
to have consisted of packed earth mixed with
clay. The ground level was much disturbed by
building activities in the middle ages, but in
many places the originalfloorlevel is preserved,
and it seems unlikely that all traces of a hard
flooring should have disappeared had it once
existed. The floor sloped gently down from the
south end of the chamber to the entrance on
the north. Immediately inside the doors it was
about level with the toichobate course of the
Greek shops, which is preserved across the
entire width of the chamber. At the south end
the floor covered the retaining walls around
the paved areas behind rear rooms XVII to
XIX, and these walls are ca. 0.17 m. above
toichobate level. In the southwest corner of
the area behind rear room XVIII a part of the
hard pebble pavement is still preserved, and
near the east end of the area there is a funnel-
like cutting in the south retaining wall which
provided an outlet into the great drain. The
paved area behind shop XVII, which was cut
in two by the east wall of the Bouleuterion,
has two such outlets into the drain, one just
inside the Bouleutprion and the other at the
east end where the late latrine was discovered.
The roofingof a building of this shape would
have presented great difficulties to the archi-
tect. The simple expedient of constructing a
rectangle around the ellipse as support for the
roof was not adopted, although the original
shop walls might have been partly utilized for
such a purpose. No tiles of peculiar shape have
been found that would indicate a roof made
to fit the elliptical chamber,nor are there any
bases for interior supports. Possibly the cham-
ber had no permanent roof, but merely an
awning of a type used in outdoor theaters33
33In theaters and
amphitheaters such use of awnings is
well known. See Lucretius IV, 75; Ovid, Art. Amat. I, 103;
R. Cagnat, I.G.R.R.P., IV, 1632. The canvas was stretched
131
to protect the members against the sun and
rain. Furthermore,the treatment of the walls,
which are neither revetted with marble nor
very smoothly finished on the inside but have
only the joints touched up with mortar, and
the absence of a hard flooring would be more
suitable in a building without a permanent
roof. This would also account for the gradual
slope of the floor from south to north, a nec-
essary precaution to provide drainage in an
unroofed building.
The area to the south of the Bouleuterion
(Plan III) presents a confused picture of walls
and floor levels from different periods. The
ground level in Roman times was here ca.
1.50 m. above the floor of the Bouleuterion,
and at that level there is a terracotta water
channel close to the rear wall. The preserved
section, which is only 1.55 m. long, slopes
steeply down towards the east. Farther east
another channel, built of rubble masonry and
using large tiles for the floor, extended from
south to north for a distance of 3 m., until it
reached the wall of the Bouleuterion, where it
turned northeastward and probably emptied
into the large drain behind the Stoa. This
drain was in use until mediaeval times, as is
shown by the fact that many of the late chan-
nels at high levels pouredtheir contents into it.
Evidence for the date of the Bouleuterionis
not abundant. Of the three shop wells under-
lying the building, one, XVII, is unexcavated;
the fill of the other two, XVIII and XIX,
contained Roman pottery of the first century
after Christ. Well XIX, however, seems to
have been openedat a later period, toward the
end of the second century, but this might be
due to settling and an accidental break-
through in the floor of the portico. So far as
the contents of the wells offer any evidence,
the building might have been constructed any
time before the end of the first century after
Christ. The masonry is very similar to that of
from masts anchored in the rear of the wall encircling the
auditorium.
132 CORINTH
the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, in
which we find the same type of large poros
blocks, the joints similarly touched up with
mortar on the inside. Both the South Basilica
and the Julian Basilica, in which the same
kind of stone work is found, appear to have
been constructed in the time of Claudius, and
the Bouleuterionprobably belongs to the same
era of expansion and lively building activity
in Corinth.34
For the identification of the building as the
Council House or Bouleuterion, the peculiar
shape alone would offer sufficient evidence.35
Although no very close parallel to the shape
is known, there is a general resemblanceto the
Bouleuterion at Olympia. The shape lends
itself best to an assembly hall, and the curved
seats found within the building indicate that
the chamber was so used. Furthermore, its
central position in the administrative section
of the Agora and its location in relation to that
of the Bema, which is rather similar to the
position of the Curia relative to the Rostra in
the Roman Forum, are in keeping with this
identification. There seems to be little doubt
that the elliptical structure was the meeting
place of the legislative body of Roman Corinth.
AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION
West of the Bouleuterion two shops and
rear rooms, XX and XXI, appear to have
remained standing with some modifications
throughout Roman times and into the early
34 Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 130ff., connects
this burst of building activity with the administrative change
of the provincial government between A.D. 15 and 44, when
the Province of Achaia was placed under the governor of
Moesia.
35The portico with its two apses is
very similar to the
entrance hall of the Church of Santa Costanza in Rome, but
there the main chamber is circular. See Michael Stettler,
Rom. Mitt., LVIII, 1943, pp. 76ff., and Beilage 1. For the
elliptical shape of the main room I know of no close parallels,
but the south wing of the Bouleuterion at Olympia with its
apse, its curving side walls, and front porch is an early
ancestor of the type. It is possible that Plutarch (Cleomenes,
19, 1), speaking of the liberation of Corinth by Aratus but
with the Roman city of his own time in mind, refers to the
Bouleuterion, as William A. McDonald, The Political Meeting
Places of the Greeks,p. 149, has suggested.
Christianera (P1.441; Plans IV, XVIII). Most
of the orthostates are still standing in their
original position, and many of the wall blocks
in the first course are in place.
The orthostates in the front wall of shop XX
are preserved to the east of the doorway, and
the doorjamb on the east side is still standing,
but its west face and the door trim have been
roughly hacked away. The distance from the
east wall to the east edge of the door trim
measures 1.755 m. at the height of 0.50 m.
above toichobate level. A rough cutting in the
south face of the orthostate block east of the
doorway measures ca. 1 m. in height and
0.65 m. in width, but does not extend through
the full thickness of the block. A small hole,
ca. 0.10 m. in diameter, extends from the top
of the block into the cutting, and near the
bottom is a somewhat larger, irregular hole
through the north face of the block. These
small holes appear to be water-worn on the
edges, indicating that the larger cutting served
some function in connection with the drainage
of the shop in post-classical times when the
floor was at a higher level. Here, as elsewhere
throughout the building, the north face of the
shop wall is much worn from long exposure to
the elements.
Of the door jamb on the west side nothing
is left, and the original condition of the door
sill has been obliterated through later alter-
ations. A threshold block of pinkish grey
limestone, now in place, belongs to one of the
Roman reconstructions. It measures 0.55 m.
in width, 1.75 m. in length, and 0.12-0.18 m. in
height. It has a pivot hole at either end and
two smaller cuttings, resembling pry-holes,
along the long axis of the block. To judge by
the position of the pivot holes, the late door-
way represented by the limestone threshold
measured approximately 1.75 m. in width,
some twenty centimeters more than a normal
shop doorway.
In the northeast comer of the shop the T-
shaped orthostate block is preserved; but its
 THE STOA IN-ROMANTIMES 133

height of the orthostate, and in the threshold

eastern arm, which extended in front of shop
are cuttings for doors enlargedand reshapedin
XIX, has been cut away. The east wall of shop
XX shows a number of changes which must later times. The west wall of shop XX is pre-
have taken place prior to the construction of
served for a distance of 1.80 m. from the south-
the Bouleuterion. At the distance of 0.59 m.
west cornerof the shop; ca. 0.50 m. to the east
from the northeast comer a door opening, of this wall runs the tiled water channel de-
0.91 m. wide, was cut through the wall (a scribed below.
similar opening in the same relative positionThe inside of the walls preserve traces of a
may be observed in the partition wall between
late stucco, extending from the top down
shops XXX and XXXI). The door opening in to within ca. 0.15 m. of the toichobate in the
the east wall of shop XX has been neatly northeast corner of the shop. In the southeast
filled up with blocks taken from the shop walls.
comer the level was higher, indicating that
Since the space between shop XX and the the floor sloped perceptibly toward the north.
Bouleuterion is too narrow to serve as a pas-
The stucco is of a poor, rough quality and left
unpainted at the base, but at a height of
sageway and its walls are too irregular on the
ca. 0.83 m. above orthostate level there was a
inside to have been visible, the door in the
east wall of shop XX must have been in usewide red band. Underneath the final coat of
before the construction of the Bouleuterion,
stucco are traces of earlier stucco with paint,
which seems to have been applied in patterns.
either during the first period of reconstruction
after the founding of the Roman colony, or Beneath the partition wall between the shop
before the destruction of 146 B.C. and rear room a rough hole, ca. 0.25 m. in
diameter, has been cut in the top of the
To the south of the opening a small piece of
toichobate course, probably as inlet for a
the second orthostate block and most of the
third orthostate remain in their original po-
water channel which is not preserved. At the
distance of 0.89 m. from the northeast corner
sition; but the top has been partly cut away at
of the rear room a door opening, 0.915 m. in
some late period. South of the third orthostate
width, has been cut in the east wall, and
block a second opening was made in the wall,
0.335 m. farther south there is a second
having a width of 1.46 m. It is not clear what
opening of slightly smaller dimensions. Both
purpose this served, but its period seems to be
have been blocked up in a manner similar to
the same as that of the door farther north, and
that of the two openings in the east wall of
it has been similarly filled up very carefully
with masonry made of blocks from the Stoa.shop XX. In the south opening of the rear
Both the larger opening and the smaller room the toichobate is deeply worn as if this
doorway were walled up prior to the con- doorway had been in use through a long
struction of the Bouleuterion, which blocked
period.
communicationwith the area to the east. Nothing remains in situ of the south wall of
The partition wall between shop XX and rear room XX except a small bit of the ortho-
rear room XX is partly preserved.The western
state in the southeast corer. The orthostates
arm of the cross-shaped block in the comerof the west wall are all preservedexcept for an
and the orthostate block adjoining it remain
opening, 1.15 m. wide, close to the southwest
in their original position, and in the top are
corner of the room.
In late Roman times the rear wall of rear
rough cuttings for two late doorways, 0.44 and
0.25 m. above toichobate level respectively.
room XX was removed and an addition was
The western half of the wall has been removed,
made, extending ca. 3.33 m. towards the south.
but the west door jamb is preservedto the The east and west walls of this extension are
134 CORINTH
made of Stoa blocks, probably from the re-
moved original rear wall of the room. The
south wall of the extension was built of tall
upright blocks from the Stoa, set far apart, and
the spaces between them were filledwith rough
masonry of smaller stones and tile fragments.
At the time that the southward extension was
made the floor level was ca. 0.45 m. above
toichobate level. This floor, sloping gently
from south to north, could be traced over the
entire area occupied by shop XX and its en-
larged rear room. At the time of the excavation
a well marked layer of ash was found above
the floor, and near the center of the rear room
was found a cache of 64 coins, much corroded
and damagedby fire. Fifty of the coins could be
identified as follows :36
MarcusAurelius (A.D. 161-180) 1
Septimus Severus (193-211) 1
Caracalla,Patras (198-217) 1
Alexander Severus (222-235) 2
Julia Mamea 1
Maximinus I (235-238) 1
Valerian I (252-259) 3
Valerian I or Gallienus1
Gallienus (253-268) 27
Salonina 5
Salonina or Gallienus 1
Obverse illegible, but reverse of
Gallienus6
Wholly illegible 14
With the coins were found the iron trim-
mings of the box in which the cash had been
kept at the time of the fire. The preponderance
of coins of Gallienus and his wife Salonina
indicates that the fire took place during their
reign, and this correspondsto the date of the
invasion by the Heruliansin A.D. 267. Further
evidence for the extent and magnitude of the
fire is furnished by a limestone statue base,
86
Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145. The
destruction wrought by the Herulians in Athens has received
factual documentation from several discoveries in tbAAgora;
Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 202, 206;
XVIII, 1949, p. 217.
standing close to the east wall of the room.37
The top of the block has disintegrated in the
fire, but the lower part, which was probably
covered by debris, is well preserved. The base
has been twice inscribed, the first dedication
having been erased to make room for the
second. The latter contains a dedication to the
Roman colony of Corinth, whose complete
name, COLONIALAVS IVLIACORINTHIENSIS,
became known for the first time from this
inscription. The base must have supported a
statue in the form of a personificationof ti'e
colony,38but in the position in which it was
found it probably served a less important
function as support for some store furnitureor
household object.
Against the south wall of the southward
extension stands a rather carelessly construct-
ed base, which in its present condition rises to
a maximum of 0.60 m. above the late floor of
the building. Among the ashes in front of this
structure was found a marble head of Serapis
(P]. 442), wearingthe polos. Though the head
was damaged and cracked in the fire, it was
possible to determine that the face had origi-
nally been entirely covered with gold leaf,
and much of the gold still adheres to the
marble. There were no traces of any other
parts of the statue, which were probably of
wood and would thus have perished in the
fire. The rubble structure in front of which the
head was found may have been some kind of
house altar, but is too poorly preserved to
make any kind of reconstructionpossible.
Beneath the late Roman floor is a complex
of poorly constructed walls and an open drain,
ca. 0.21 m. wide, sloping from northwest to
southeast and originally emptying into the
large sewage canal south of the Stoa. Under-
neath these late ruins there are traces of the
original refuse area. The walls of rear room
87 Hesperia, X, 1941, pp. 388-390.
38 Some coins of Corinth represent the Genius of the
Colony in the form of a male figure holding cornucopia and
patera. Br. Mus. Cat. of GreekCoins, Corinth,etc. Nos. 553,
558, 560; Katharine Edwards, Corinth,VI, Coins, p. 9, Nos.
104, 123.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
XX, together with those of the southward
extension, were covered on the inside with a
poor, crumbly plaster applied in several layers.
At the bottom is a band painted in a speckled
grey and white, probably to imitate common
stone. A black horizontal line separated this
from the upper section of the wall, which was
decorated in a marbled red and yellow color
scheme. Part of the wall seems to have carried
a figure decoration, of which only uncertain
traces now remain. The stucco also covered
the rubble structure tentatively identified
above as a house altar.
The front wall of shop XXI has been entirely
removed down to the level of the toichobate,
and for a distance of almost 2.50 m. the foun-
dation too is missing, but in the southeast
comer the walls are preservedto the top of the
orthostate. In the wall between the shop and
the rear room, at a distance of 1.00 m. from
the east wall, there is a cutting in the top of
the orthostate for a late doorway, ca. 1.13 m.
wide, at the height of 0.68 m. above the
toichobate. The entire length of this wall is in
place, and the original Greekdoorway between
shop XXI and its rear room is comparatively
well preserved.The door opening, at a distance
of 2.88 m. from the east wall, measures
1.405 m. in width at the bottom. At the time
of excavation two large blocks filled the door-
way, the lower of which rested on a fill of earth,
0.19 m. thick, in which are further traces of
the fire that gutted the two shops and rear
rooms. Thus the doorway must have been
blocked some time after the fire.
The east wall of rear room XXI is well pre-
served to the top of the orthostate, except for
the opening in the southeast comer, made at
some late period to provide communication
between rear rooms XX and XXI. The rear
wall of rear room XXI is preserved to the top
of the first course of wall blocks, a total height
of 1.605 m. The orthostate blocks have the
normal length of ca. 1.24 m., and the normal
wall blocks are of the same length. In the respondingto that lowerline of the stuccohas
135
southwest corer the doorway, ca. 0.92 m. in
width, into the paved area has been filled
with rubble masonry resting on a layer of
earth, 0.28 m. thick. Like the fill in the door-
way between the shop and the rear room, this
represents the floor level in late Roman times.
The fill of the doorway in the south wall,
however, seems to antedate the destruction
of A.D. 267. The wall block east of the doorway
has a length of 1.38 m., and the block at the
east end of the wall is 1.42 m. long (see above
p. 58).
The west wall of rear room XXI is com-
pletely preservedto the top of the orthostates.
It was left standing when the large room "H"
with the marble floor to the west was built and
probably owes its preservation to this con-
struction. The inside of the walls in rear room
XXI are covered with a crumbly stucco, the
lower edge of which is 0.25 m. to 0.40 m. above
toichobate level. Here, as in the adjoining rear
room XX, the floor level in Roman times
sloped perceptibly to the north.
At a distance of over three meters to the
south of rear rooms XX and XXI there is a
terracewall (P1.44 i; Plan XVIII) constructed
out of small stones with a few pieces of tiles
intermixed. Its good face is on the north, its
other face having been concealedby the higher
groundlevel to the south. The wall has a thick-
ness of 0.65 m., and at one point it is pre-
served to a height of ca. 1.00 m. Its north face
was at one time covered with stucco, and the
same coat of stucco extended over the east
face of the west wall and on the south face of
the rear wall of rear room XXI. Here the
lower edge of the stucco extends down to
within 0.62 m. of the Stoa toichobate, where
the ground level was at the time that the
stucco was applied.
The area between the rear wall of rear room
XXI and the terrace wall served some im-
portant use requiring that the walls be stuc-
coed. No very clearly defined floor level cor-
136 CORINTH

been observed, however, and the exact use to of the same area the rubble wall turns a right
angle and extends eastward for a distance of
which the area was put in its earliest phase is
uncertain. The terracewall originallyextendedca. 2 m. along the south wall of rearroomXXI.
eastward from the southeast corner of room The face of this wall was stuccoed. At the same
"H" as far as the east wall of shop and rear time the floor level was raised to ca. 0.90 m.
room XX. It does not run exactly parallel to above toichobate level at the west end of the
the line of the Stoa. At the east end of the ter-
area; it slopes towards the east and north
race wall the distance between it and the Stoa
until in the northeast comer it is only about
measures 2.60 m. as comparedwith 3.17 m. at 0.45 m. above the Stoa toichobate. Along the
its west end. Since the rear wall of rear room
west edge this area was paved with large tiles,
XX was removed and the addition made at a 0.57 m. square; the rest is covered with a
late period, it is impossible to determine water-tight stuccoshowing a striatedtreatment
whether the whole area between the terrace of the surface. This floor extends eastward as
wall and rear rooms XX and XXI formed a far as the east wall of rear room XXI, where
single unit prior to these alterations. We may
there is a cross wall constructed out of re-
assume, however, that this was the case, since
used material, probably from the demolished
the north face of the terrace wall retains traces
rear wall of room XX. In the northeast corner
of stucco where it was hidden by the south of this area there is a doorway, 0.91 m. wide,
wall of the extension to rear room XX. It is and the cement floorextends into the doorway.
likely that the roughly built walls and the Theremay have been a low cross wall here, but
curving water channel south of rear room XX the flooring is so poorly preserved that the
were somehow connected with the use of this exact arrangement remains doubtful. Just
area. The water from the roofs of the sur- inside the cross wall, close to the northeast
rounding buildings may have been collected corner of the area, the cement flooring slopes
and led off through the curving channel intodown and forms an outlet through a terracotta
the large drain behind the Stoa. pipe, which opens into a terracotta channel
Regarding the date of the terrace wall there
extending northward through rear room and
is more definite evidence at hand. Its west end
shop XX. Except at the very mouth of the
abuts against the southeast comer of room channel, where the water pours through a
"H", and the stucco on the east face of the tubular terracotta pipe, the channel is rec-
east wall of this room was applied after thetangular in section, built of tiles with flat
construction of the terrace wall. Hence the bottom and vertical edges and covered with
terrace wall is probablycontemporarywith, orsquare tiles. It measures 0.19 m. in width and
not much later than, the construction of room
0.10 m. in depth, and has a slope towards the
"H", the south wall of which, as will be north. Its cover tiles were just a little below
shown below, had buttresses and served as a the floor level represented by the layer of ash
terrace wall to support the fill to the south
from the Herulian destruction. At the par-
where the ground level was much higher. tition wall between shop XX and its rearroom,
At a period subsequent to the construction
the channel rests on the original stone sill of
of the terrace wall and room "H" the area the doorway, where the floor level at that
behind rear rooms XX and XXI underwent period seems to have been about 0.25 m. above
considerable modification. A rubble wall con-toichobate level. At the north wall of shop XX
structed of small stones and tile fragments was
the level of the channel is low enough to pass
built against the east wall of room "H", at the
under the limestone thresholddescribedabove.
west end of this area.At the northwestcorner No trace of the channel has been found north
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
of this point, where mediaeval cellars and
storage pits have caused the complete removal
of the earlierfloorlevels. It is obvious from the
care with which the water channel was con-
structed, that the water collected in the area
behind rear room XXI was intended for use,
and we may thus interpret this enclosed area
in its latest phase as a collection tank for the
water from the roofs of the adjoiningbuildings.
In the tank were found numerous fragments
of Roman eaves tiles terminating in a spout
(P1.44 3) which may have served some purpose
in connection with the collection of rain water
from the roofs. The water may have been
brought through the channel to the vicinity of
the Bema. At the time when the tank was used
for the collection of water, the area behind
rear room XX had already been added as an
annex to this room, perhaps to serve as a
shrine. The south wall of this extension is built
directly against the terrace wall, and rests
partly upon the cover slabs of the great drain
which have been trimmed down to make a
bedding for the wall.
The history of the space covered by shops
and rear rooms XX and XXI seems to be as
follows. In the pre-Roman period the two
shops were used, like those of the rest of the
building, as taverns and places of entertain-
ment. The floorlevel at that time was probably
not much below the level of the toichobate, but
nowhere have any traces of the Greek shop
floors been discovered. In the space between
the back wall of rear room XX and the great
drain was the refuse area, the level of which
was only a few centimeters above toichobate
level. The first Roman reconstructionmay be
represented by the doorways in the east wall
of shop and rear room XX, antedating the
construction of the Bouleuterion, and pro-
viding communicationwith the shops and rear
rooms toward the east. Then followed the con-
struction of the Bouleuterion, probably about
the middle of the first century of our era, and
at that time the doorwayshad alreadybeen rear room XXI was now convertedinto a
137
closed and the masonry covered with stucco.
The floors of that period must have been lower
than the floor level of Greek times, as shown
by coins and Roman lamps found in the fill
considerablybelow the toichobate of the shops.
Room "H", west of shop and rear room XXI,
was built later than the Bouleuterion,certainly
as late as the Antonine period. By the time of
its construction the two shops and rear rooms
just described had probably acquired some
official use in connection with the functions of
the Bouleuterion, perhaps as club rooms for
the magistrates and administrative staff, or
possibly they continued to function as shops
until their destruction by the Herulians.
The next period is represented by the con-
struction of the terrace wall on the south and
the stucco on all the walls surroundingthe area
enclosed on the south by the terrace wall. At
this time the rear wall of rear room XX was
probably still standing, but the rear doorway
in the southwest cornerof rear room XXI had
already been closed, as is shown by the stucco
on the rear face of the south wall which ex-
tends across the rubble filling of the doorway.
The floor within the building had now risen to
some 0.25 m. above the Stoa toichobate; its
level is indicated by the rubble wall of the
doorway which rests on an earth fill of that
thickness.
In the next period the back wall of rear
room XX was removed, the extension to the
south was constructed, and a cross wall built
along the line of the partition wall between
rear rooms XX and XXI, extending as far
south as the terrace wall. This enlarged rear
room was now stuccoed and decorated with
conventional patterns and perhaps with wall
paintings. Not much later the bench-like
structure against the south wall was built,
apparently to serve some religious purpose.
Its occupants were foreigners or at least wor-
shipers of foreign gods, as indicated by the
discovery of the Serapishead. The area behind
138 CORINTH
collection tank for rain water and the terra-
cotta conduit was laid, bringing the water into
the Agora. This represents the latest recon-
struction of Classical Roman times, and the
building probably continued to serve some
commercial purpose even at this late date. It
was totally gutted by fire resulting from the
invasion by the Herulians in A.D. 267, and
subsequently fell into ruins. Its post-classical
occupations are represented by the doorways
cut in the wall between the shops and rear
rooms; the later history of the area belongs to
a study of Mediaeval Corinth.
The largest of the Roman administrative
buildings (Plan XVIII, "H") constructed over
the rear half of the South Stoa is an almost
square room with an inside measurement of
14.18 m. from east to west and 13.75 m. from
north to south. On the south side it extends
ca. 3.82 m. south of the Stoa wall. At the
present time its east wall, and parts of its west
and south walls are preservedto the top of the
orthostates. The Greek partition wall between
shops XXI and XXII was left standing, at
least to orthostate height; the building ma-
terial taken from the demolished shop walls
was used in the construction of the southward
extension. Along the north wall of this large
hall there is now a late wall (P1. 45 1), con-
structed entirely from re-used material and
standing to a height of more than two meters.
This massive wall covers the foundations for
the fagade, but on the north edge of the Stoa
toichobate may be observed the cuttings for
four piers and a projecting anta on either side.
There were five openings into the building,
the central one being the widest (Plan XVIII).
Whether the supports consisted of square piers
or columns cannot at present be determined,
nor are there any blocks in the vicinity that
can have served as columns or piers. It seems
unlikely that all five openings in the front wall
were intended for the use of doors, and we may
reconstruct a series of five arches with a door
in the centerand windowsin the otherarches. white marblemoulding,on whichthe colored
Since the middle wall of the Stoa probably
remained standing and carried the roof, such
a fa9ade with arches would provide better sup-
port than a colonnade.
The south wall is constructed entirely out
of re-used material from the shop walls de-
molished when room "H" was constructed.
The T-shaped orthostate blocks at the back
of the rear rooms were reversedso that the tail
of the T is turned to the south, forming a
series of outside buttresses. Since the ground
level on the south side was probably higher
than the top of the orthostates, these ready-
made buttresses are on the wrong side of the
wall for effective support. A bench or dais
was constructed against the south wall of the
room. Only the base moulding at the east end
is preserved (P1. 44 , center right), but the
traces left on the wall and the floor indicate
that it was ca. 0.42 m. high and projected
0.82 m. from the face of the marble veneer
on the wall. If it was placed symmetrically
against the wall, as is likely, its length was
ca. 7.70 m.
The interior of this large hall was covered
with marble veneer, at least to the height of
the orthostates. The floor is made of very thin
marble slabs, some of which are only a little
over a centimeter in thickness, and as much
as 1.60 x0.90 m. in area. Such thin slabs can
hardly have been intended for heavy wear, nor
do they show any signs of long, continued use.
The lower part of the walls is covered with
slabs of a multicolored gray, white and pink
marble, of a very brittle nature, much thicker
than the slabs of the floor. They are attached
to the poros walls by mortar bedding, in some
places having a thickness of 0.10 m., and at
the top they were fastened to the orthostates
by iron dowels imbedded in hard cement. The
end of the dowel attached to the marble slab
is hooked, the other is straight and inserted
into a small hole in the poros wall and made
fast with cement. At the wall base runs a
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
slabs rest. Above orthostate height the walls
were presumablystuccoed.
For the west wall of the room the partition
wall between shops and rear rooms XXIV and
XXV was used. The orthostate blocks of this
partition now support the east wall of a
Roman bath of later date (see below p. 145).
The fact that no wall blocks are here pre-
served above the orthostate level shows that
the Greek wall had already been demolished
before the Roman bath was constructed. It is
clear that room "H" had fallen into disuse
and that the ground level had risen to 1.50-
1.65 m. above the marble floor before the bath
was built. Two cold water basins, which were
part of the baths, were constructed in the
northwest comer of room "H", and the con-
dition of the walls of these basins indicates
that the ground level was ca. 1.60 m. above
the marble flooring at the time of their con-
struction (P1. 45 2; Plan XXI).
A considerableportion of the marbleflooring
still remains in place (Pls. 44 l, 46 1) and the
mortar bedding for the marble slabs is intact
over most of the area where the slabs are
missing. In spite of the large dimensions of the
room, there were no columns or other interior
supports, and we must assume that the roof
was carried on large trusses.
There is no evidence of alteration in the
building between the time of its construction
and the late third century after Christ, when
its floors became buried in a deep deposit of
debris and several walls were built over it. In
the southern part of the room there is a well
constructed wall (Pls. 45 2, 46 1, right center;
Plan IV) preserved to a height of 2.30 m., and
measuring ca. 8.65 m. in length from east to
west. Its orientation is different from that of
the earlier building. It rests directly on the
mortar bedding for the floor of room "H"; the
marble floor slabs had been removed along
the line of the wall before its foundation was
laid. North of the wall the floor slabs were in
place at the time of excavation,quite intact
139
up to the very edge of the wall, but on the
south side only in a few places is the marble
flooring preserved. The ends of the wall are
irregular,as if they had abutted against a bank
of earth, and only the south face of the wall
is smooth with carefully plastered joints from
the bottom to the preserved top. In the upper
section the stones have been roughly outlined
with double strokes of a trowel, and near the
west end of the wall the rough outline of a fish
was similarly traced in the plaster (P1. 43 2).39
The north face of the wall is rough and un-
plastered to a height 1.65 m. above the marble
flooring, but the upper part is more smoothly
finished. At the east end a roughly constructed
wall extended at nearly right angles toward
the south (see Plan IV), where it abutted
against the rear wall of room "H". It was
loosely built and unplastered, and has since
been partly removed to give access to the area
south of the late wall. A second wall extends
southward from the west end of the long wall
for a distance of ca. 4.70 m., where it crosses
the south wall of room "H" and continues into
the unexcavated area to the south. Its east
face is smooth, except for the lowest part to a
height of ca. 0.50 m. above the floor level.
Those two north-south walls are not bonded
into the east-west wall, which extends 0.90 m.
west of the juncture with the westernmost of
the two north-south walls. It is not clear what
purpose these late walls served, but they may
have been built partly as terrace walls at a
time when the ground level had risen to ca.
1.65 m. above the marble floor of room "H".
The north wall of room "H" with its five
doorways had been entirely removed before
the Roman baths were built. On the foun-
dations for the front wall of the shops now
stands the heavy wall of late construction
referred to above (P1. 45 1), which is made
entirely of re-used material of the Stoa. Its
39Such
figures of fish have been observed elsewhere in
Corinth on walls from Early Christian buildings; Broneer,
'Apx. 'Eq., 1937 A, pp. 129ff.; A.J.A., XXX, 1926, p. 50;
cf. J. F. deWaele, A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, pp. 453f.
140 CORINTH
east end, as now preserved, reaches almost to
the northeast corner of room "H"; its west
end abuts against the west door jamb of shop
XXIV, where it is continued by the Greek
shop wall, here preserved to a height of two
courses above the orthostate level (cf. P1. 50 2,
extreme left). The north face of this north wall
is smooth and was apparently exposed from
the toichobate level up to its preserved top. On
its south face the lowest section, to a height of
1.50 m., is rough and unfinished(P1. 51 2). Here,
as in the southernhalf of room "H", the ground
level, as stated above, was 1.50 m. to 1.65 m.
above the marble floor at the time when these
late walls were constructed. The high north wall
consists of four courses of large blocks. In the
lowest course are short blocks, measuring ca.
0.57 m. in length and 0.56 m. in height, some
of which seem to have been removed from the
demolished foundation of the east-west wall
between shops and rear rooms XXII-XXIV
(Pls. 44 , 46 i; Plan IV). The floor of room
"H" originally extended over this foundation,
which was crudely broken up after the room
had fallen into disuse and the toichobate blocks
were removed to be used in the late north wall.
The blocks in the second and third courses in
the high wall were taken chiefly from the inner
fagade of the Stoa at the height of the frieze
course (see above p. 81, and Fig. 59). The
fourth course consisted of frieze blocks from
the north fagade of the Stoa, trimmed down to
give the desired thickness. The regulae and
taeniae and the rear face have been chiseled
away; but the original length, 2.34 m., and
height, 0.75 m., of the blocks are preserved.
Upon the foundation for the partition wall
between shops XXIII and XXIV now rests a
late wall built of small stones laid in earth
(P1. 46 1, lower right corner). Its north end
abuts against the rear face of the long north
wall in such a way as to indicate that the
north-south wall is of later date. In the middle
of this wall is a doorway, 0.74 m. in width, its
doorjambsmadeof largere-usedblocksset on drainis here lowerthan the level of the pipe
end (P1.45 2, left center). Its poor construction
would seem to place this wall at a very late
date, but its east face is finished down to the
level of the marble flooring, which, as in-
dicated above, had become buried beneath a
deep layer of earth before the long north wall
was constructed. The short north-south wall
may have been part of a cellar excavated in
this fill not long after the high north wall was
constructed. Since the door opens into a small
space to the east of the unfinished back wall
of the two cold water tanks of the Roman bath
(see below), the cellar must have been in use
before the construction of the tanks and the
Roman Bath. There are traces of a similar
cross wall along the line of the partition wall
between shops XXII and XXIII (P1. 461,
center foreground), but the doorway, if one
existed here, has disappeared.These two walls
extend southward to the line of the wall
between the shops and the rear rooms. There
probably was a late wall constructed along
this line, joining the south ends of the two
north-south walls, but this is not preserved.
Near the west edge of room "H" and ca.
5 m. north of its south wall is a large manhole,
ca. 0.70 m. square (P1. 46 1, right center; Plan
IV), leading down to a drain running from
south to north. The mouth around the man-
hole, which is 1.55 m. above the marble
flooring, is built largely out of re-used stones,
several of which are Doric cornice blocks of
late, careless workmanship.The regulae meas-
ure 0.31 m. in width and the viae are 0.06 m.
wide. The floor of the drain, at 2.10 m. below
the marble pavement, consists of large tiles
which project beneath the poros block on
either side of the manhole. A terracotta pipe
with an inner diameter of ca. 0.18 m. lies ca.
0.15 m. below the tile floor. It is preservedfor
a distance of ca. 0.80 m. to the south of the
manhole, where it is broken off irregularly.
How far it extended in this direction cannot
be determined, since the existing floor of the
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
would have been. This water pipe and the
drain offer the best evidence for the date of
construction and later history of room "H".
About 0.50 m. south of the large manhole is
a smaller opening, now covered at the top with
a slab. This too is encased with poros blocks,
extending down to ca. 0.50 m. above the tile
flooring of the drain. The sides of the drain
are here cut in stereo, and the roof is made of
large poros blocks. About 1 m. south of the
manhole the drain passes under the foun-
dations for the south wall of the Stoa, which
extend down to within 0.70 m. of the tile
floor of the drain. At a distance of ca. 2.00 m.
to the south of the large manhole, within the
paved waste disposal area of shop XXIV, the
drain passes through a circularwell. The shaft
is larger in diameter, ca. 1 m., than the wells
of Classical Greek times, and its sides and toe
holds are less carefully cut. The fill below the
bottom of the drain contained very little
pottery, a few coarse sherds and some of
distinctly Roman character. The shaft stopped
5.75 m. below the Stoa toichobate, before
any water can have been reached, and it is
obvious that the well was left unfinished. In
the lowest toe hold on the north side a lamp
was found of local make, type XXVII B, with
the signature CEKOYNDOY impressedin the wet
clay before baking (P1. 46 2, a). It had prob-
ably been used by the diggers and inadvert-
ently left standing when the well was aban-
doned about the middle of the second century
after Christ.
The drain, which runs through the top of
the well, was made or re-opened after room
"H" had been abandoned. To tile rear of the
Stoa, where the sides of the channel were built
and covered with stone slabs, the mortar bed-
ding for the marble floor has been broken
through and the loose black fill extending
down to the top of the channel contained
lamps (P1. 46 2, c) and pottery of the fourth
century after Christ. The well must have been
dug and abandonedbeforethe channelin its tinues towards the south. It is here cut in
141
present form was made, and before the con-
struction of room "H"; it is unthinkable that
a crude well shaft was sunk through the
marble floor and left unfinished while the
room was in use. When the drain was made,
probably not earlierthan A.D. 400, the square
manhole near the west edge of the marble
room must have been built to give access from
the higher level to which the ground had risen
by that time. There may be a purely acciden-
tal connection between the drainand the terra-
cotta conduit at its bottom, which certainly
antedates the construction of room "H". The
southern extension of the conduit was ap-
parently destroyed when the drain in its
latest form was made. It is impossible at the
present time to determine where the conduit
started or where the sourcefor its water supply
was located. All we know for certain is that
the water flowed from a source south of the
Stoa toward the north, where it was probably
used to supply some fountain in the Agora.
Since the conduit lies deep below the foun-
dations of the Stoa, it could have existed be-
fore the erection of this building, but this is
unlikely. The channelin which the conduit was
laid was apparently rediscovered by the
makers of the drainin the second century after
Christ, who enlarged and used the same chan-
nel for their own purposes.
South of the well in which the Secundus
lamp was found, for a distance of about 1 m.,
the lower part of the drain is cut in stereo, but
the upper part is constructed of bricks and
small stones laid in mortar. At the point where
the drain passed through the large drainage
canal south of the Stoa the sides of the north-
south drain are likewise built up of rubble
masonry. The top consists of poros slabs laid
at a height of 1.50 m. above the bottom. The
drain has been cleared for a distance of
3.50 m. south of the unfinished well, and at
that point there is a short brick wall across
the top, and below the wall the channel con-
142 CORINTH
stereo and is only 0.45 m. wide, barely enough
to permit a man to work.
We return now to the large, square manhole
into the drain, at the bottom of which there
is a circulardepression,0.60 m. in diameter and
0.42 m. in depth, cut through the tile floor of
the channel. In the sides of this hollow, the top
of the terracotta pipe appears. North of the
manhole the drain was apparently at one time
interrupted by a poros block, 0.43 m. high,
through which a narrow channel was sub-
sequently cut. Farther north the drain is cut
in stereo for a distance of 2.90 m., and then
passes under the east-west partition wall
between the shops and the rear rooms. North
of these foundations the drain has a cover
consisting of marble slabs and one unfluted
poros column. The well of shop XXIV, which
has not been excavated, opens out from the
side of the drain, at a distance of 2 m. to the
south of the foundations for the front wall of
the shop. The upper part of the shop well is
lined with poros slabs carefully cut in a per-
fect circle with a diameter of 0.75 m. North of
the well an unfluted column like that men-
tioned above serves as cover over the drain.
Up to this point our digging operations were
carried on underground through the square
manhole, but directly south of the front walls
of the shops, i. e. in the rear of the high north
wall, a pit was sunk through the mortar bed-
ding of the floor in order to reach the drain
from the top. There were no tiles on the floor
of the drain, but the terracotta pipe en-
countered below the manhole was found in-
tact at this point. The channel continues
under the foundations for the front wall of
the shops, where its sides are cut in stereo, the
Greek foundations forming the roof over the
channel. North of this point poros slabs cover
the drain at a somewhat lower level than the
foundations for the shop walls.
In the Stoa proper, close to the base of
interior column 25 and ca. 5 m. north of the
front walls of the shops, a sectionof the con-
duit was exposed for a length of a little more
than 2 m. The channel is here cut entirely in
stereo, and no cover slabs were found. It
measures only 0.47 m. in width at the bottom.
A well preservedstretch of the terracotta pipe
was exposed, one section of which has a hole
in the top, ca. 0.04 m. in diameter, apparently
made for cleaning.
Directly south of the front foundations of
the Stoa, another section of the drain was
cleared. The top of the pipe at this point is
2.50 m. below stylobate level as compared
with 2.35 m. south of the front walls of the
shops. Thus on a distance of ca. 12 m. the
northward slope of the terracotta pipe is ca.
0.17 m. (the stylobate of the north fagade is
here ca. 0.02 m. lower than the toichobate at
the front of the shops). Sections of the pipe
measure 0.37 m. in length, exclusive of the
flange fitting into the next section. The joints
between sections are filled with a white sub-
stance, which appears to be pure lime. A
tunnel, 0.50 m. wide and 1.30 m. high, had
been cut through the foundations of the Stoa
fagade and in it the terracotta pipe was laid,
ca. 0.27 m. below the lowest course of the
foundations. It is clear from the nature of the
tunnel that it was cut after the construction of
the Stoa. At this point there is no sign of a
flooring above the pipe, as is the case far-
ther north and at the manhole in room "H".
The fill of the tunnel through the Stoa foun-
dation consisted of loose black earth with
many animal bones and some fragments of
nondescript pottery.
North of the Stoa the drain continues un-
derneath the ruins of a mediaeval bath40(see
40 The bath is mentioned in the excavation
report for
1950; Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 297. In that brief campaign a
marble relief of a maenad was found built into the hypocaust
of the bath. The ruins were apparently laid bare in 1937, but
there is no reference to it in the report for that year, A.J.A.,
XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370. Cf. plan in A.J.A., XLIII, 1939,
p. 256, fig. 1, which shows boundariesof the areas clearedin the
campaigns of 1936-1938. This late bathing establishment,
which goes beyond the chronological limits for a publication
of the South Stoa, will be published by Robert L. Scranton,
who is making a study of the post-classical building remains
of Corinth.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
below p. 145), near the west edge of whlichand
4 m. from the Stoa faqade a broken section of
the terracotta pipe was found. Here the sides
of the channel are built with stones and
mortar and the flooring is made of marble
slabs. The west wall of the channel in places
extends below the level of the marble floor
slabs, which are laid against the wall, whereas
the east wall rests upon the slabs. There
is a cover of poros slabs over the channel,
ca. 1.14 m. above the level of the marble
flooring.
At a distance of 8 m. north of the Stoa, the
terracotta pipe was again found intact, and
at ca. 10.50 m. from the Stoa the pipe emptied
into the lower half of a terracotta jar, with an
inside diameter of 0.54 m. Originally a pipe
issuing from the basin extended toward the
west, but the opening has been blocked with a
stone packed around with lime. The jar con-
tained some loose fill and at the bottom were
found two bronze coins, one of which is too
poorly preserved to be identified, the other is
a coin of Lucius Verus. This coin offers con-
clusive evidence for the use of the water pipe
in the second half of the second century after
Christ. North of the jar the drain divides, one
channel continuing almost due north and an-
other in a northeasterlydirection. The northern
branch may have led to a reservoir at the
north edge of the upper Agora, and its wa-
ter was probably here used to feed a public
fountain.
From this description of the water pipe and
the later drain, it becomes clear that the con-
struction of room "H" is not earlier than the
Antonine period and may be as late as A.D.
200. The technique of the marble veneer is
similar to that in room "F", which may have
been built before the middle of the second
century after Christ. The same type of veneer
was used in the Odeion at Corinth, which was
rebuilt and revetted with marbleat the expense
of Herodes Atticus, as late as ca. A.D. 175.41
41Corinth, X, The Odeum,p. 146.
143
The lamp with the Secundus signature, from
the middle of the second century, and a Co-
rinthian coin of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-
180), found in what seems to have been undis-
turbed earth packed against the south wall of
the room, give the terminus post quem for the
construction. The top of another lamp of the
same type (P1.46 2, b) but of a definitely more
advanced date came from the fill of well
XXII, which was covered over by the floor of
room "H". It cannot be earlier than the last
quarter of the second century after Christ and
may even date from the beginning of the third
century. In the same well were found quan-
tities of Roman roof tiles, some with stamps
of the first century after Christ. They had
probably been used for the roof over the
shops demolished before the construction of
room "H".
The sequence of events in this area may be
summed up as follows. Before room "H" was
built, while the shops in the rear of the Stoa
were still standing, a conduit was laid beneath
the Stoa foundations, bringing water from
somewhere south of the Stoa into the Agora.
The well dug in the paved area behind rear
room XXIV may have been intended as the
source of the water, or it may have been dug
merely to test the ground. In any event it was
dug about the middle of the second century
but was abandoned before being finished.
Water was probably found at some source
farther south, and the pipe continued to bring
water into the Agorauntil late in the Antonine
period. At that time shops and rear rooms
XXII-XXIV were demolished and the ma-
terial used in the construction of room "H",
the largest single unit created by the program
of reorganizationwhich turned the south half
of the Stoa into the administrative sector of
the city. The building continued in use for
some three quarters of a century until the
Herulian destruction. After this event the
debris was allowed to accumulate over the
marblefloorto a depth of 1.50 m. About the
144 CORINTH
end of the third century the dilapidated walls
and fagade of the Stoa were taken down and
the high north wall was built along the front of
room "H". Perhaps at that time it was in-
tended to serve as a retaining wall for the fill
that had collected on the floor of room "H"
since the destruction of 267. The floor in the
Stoa proper seems to have remained at about
its original level until the end of the fourth
century after Christ, whereas the level in the
South half of the building rose rapidly after
the destruction. A little later than the con-
struction of the high north wall the fill to the
south was removed and two cellars were con-
structed in the area of the Greekshops XXIII
and XXIV. Probably not long after that, about
A.D. 300, the Roman bath was built, partly
over the area of room "H", and the basements
then became useless and were abandoned. In
the course of the fourth century, another
building was constructed in the south half of
room "H", and the channel dug to contain the
water pipe was now rediscoveredand enlarged
to be used as a drain. The square manhole was
then built, giving access to this channel, which
seems to have continued in use into the Middle
Ages.
Nothing has been found in room "H" to
indicate what purposeit served. From its large
dimensions and sumptuous interior finish it
would seem to have been an important unit in
the complex of administrative buildings of
Corinth. It might have served as office of the
chief executives, the duovirs, who were the
colonial counterparts of the Roman consuls.
Against that interpretationit could be pointed
out that the building came late into existence
and remained in use only for a comparatively
short time. It is quite large enough to house a
large body of people, and, though it is not
constructed as an assembly hall, it might con-
ceivably have been intended as an annex to
the Bouleuterion to provide a comfortable
meeting place for the senate in times of in-
clementweather.
AREA NORTHOF SHOPSXX-XXIV
Over most of this area (Plan IV) the mediae-
val ground level was lower than that of clas-
sical times; Byzantine cellars and storage jars
have been sunk deep below the Stoa floor. In
front of Shop XXI the foundation for the front
colonnade is missing for a distance of about
5 m. Of the foundations for the inner colon-
nade that of column 20 has been entirely re-
moved, those of 21, 22, and 23 partially pre-
served. Of the foundation for column 24 only
the cutting in stereo is left; one stone of the
foundation for column 25 remains in place,
but other blocks found in the vicinity have
been used to restore the foundation to its
full height. In the south half of the area the
original floor level of the Stoa is preservedin
some places. Stereo comes here to within 0.30
to 0.40 m. below toichobate level.
The pre-Stoa wall described on p. 8 has
well marked wheel ruts in the top, which run
approximately parallel to the Stoa at a dis-
tance of 1.60 to 3.40 m. north of the shop
fronts. Similar wheel ruts are visible at the
east end of the Stoa where they cross the
foundations between the eastern anta and the
corner column of the north facade. In late
Roman times, but before the Stoa proper had
been entirely demolished a wagon road seems
to have run from one end of the building to the
other.
Along the southeast face of the pre-Stoa
wall a narrowchannel had been cut in stereo to
a depth of ca. 0.55 m. below the top of the
wall, and a terracotta water pipe with an inner
diameter of 0.13 to 0.19 m. laid in the channel
(Plan IV). The sections measure 0.41 m. ex-
clusive of the flange, which is 0.06 m. long. The
pipe runs diagonally across the Stoa and has
been followed eastward to a point north of
shop XVIII; farther east it has been destroyed
by later intrusions. At the southwest end of the
pre-Stoa wall a late, probably a Turkish, pit
hascausedthe destructionboth of thewall and
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
the water pipe. The latter must have curved
at that point following a line parallel to
the Stoa. A short, well preserved section has
been exposed in front of shop XXIII (Plan
IV), and in front of shops XXVII and XXVIII
(Plan V) the pipe is preserved for a distance
of nearly three meters. It is here only 0.30 m.
below the toichobate, as comparedwith 0.70 m.
at a point 20 m. farther east in front of shop
XXIII. Thus the water flowed from west to
east, but neither its source nor its purpose has
been determined.
The area between the north fagade of the
Stoa and the terrace wall north of shops
XXII-XXIII is occupied by the ruins of
some mediaeval structure with a poorly pre-
served hypocaust (Plan IV). On the east side
three vats or basins can be distinguished, still
containing the water-tight lime mortar on the
floors and walls. They may have originally
connected with each other but the evidence
for any such arrangementhas been obliterated.
The hypocaust was heated from the east
through a vaulted passage between the north
and the middle basins. A narrow passage ex-
tends from the furnace toward the north and
south, passing beneath the floors of the three
basins and terminating in vertical flues at
either end. The floor of the hypocaust, ca.
7 m. square, consisted of irregular slabs of
poros and an assortment of marble blocks of
various shapes. The ancient drain from below
shop XXIV (see above p. 142) passes under the
west edge of the room with the hypocaust.
When the building was constructed the facade
of the Stoa had long since been removed and
the foundations had been demolished to the
fourth course below the stylobate. The south
wall of the room with the hypocaust and the
southernmost of the three basins at the east
end rest on the lower courses of the Stoa
foundations. The orientation of the late
building is differentfrom that of the Stoa. The
masonry consists of a mixture of ancient
blocks, bricks and mortar, forming a fairly
145
hard opus incertum.Probably the building was
a bath, a late successor to the more elaborate
establishment to the west of the marble room
"H". It shows the unmistakable earmarks of
mediaeval times; a more detailed study of its
meager remains will be made in connection
with the other post-classical remains of Co-
rinth.
THE ROMAN BATHS
West of room "H" a bath of late Roman
times (Plans V, XIX, XX) occupies the area
of shopsand rearroomsXXV-XXVII. In the
south half of the building are three chambers
(P1. 47), oriented north to south. The largest
is on the east side, a rectangular room,
measuring 4.85 m. in length and 1.80 m. in
width on the inside. The air space and brick
lining of the walls, traces of which remain at
the floor, had a thickness of ca. 0.10 m., thus
reducing the width to ca. 1.60 m. The walls
show a mixture of stone and brick construc-
tion, and the inside, exposed to the heat from
the hypocaust, is lined with bricks, liberally
interspersed with stone masonry. The bricks
were originallysquare, measuring0.29-0.30 m.
on the side, and 0.03-0.04 m. in thickness, but
they were normally cut in half and laid so that
the finished edges are turned toward the face
of the wall. The mortar between the courses of
bricks is 0.02-0.03 m. thick.
The east wall of the room rests on the ortho-
states between rear rooms XXIV and XXV,
which had been left standing and became part
of the west wall of room "H". The base mould-
ing and marble veneer of room "H" still
adheres in places to the east surface of the
orthostate blocks. That room "H" had fallen
into disuse already before the construction of
the bath is indicated by two large poros blocks
(see Plan V), projectingirregularlybeyond the
line of marble veneer at the south end of the
wall. At the time when the baths were con-
structed,the groundlevel over the area was
146 CORINTH
ca. 1.50 m. above the marble floor. Above that
level the east wall of the Baths is smoothly
finished on the east side.
The west wall, dividing the east room from
the middle room of the bath, is constructed
chiefly out of poros blocks and rubble masonry
with a scant interspersal of brick masonry,
but its west face is lined with brick. Brick and
rubble constructions are so thoroughly inter-
mixed that there can be no question that these
types of masonry belong to the same period.
The south wall is faced with bricks on the
inside, the outside showing the usual com-
bination of brick and rubble (P1. 48 1, right).
The floor of the east room, which is well pre-
served over most of the area, was ca. 1 m.
above Stoa toichobate level at the north end,
rising gently towards the south. It was origi-
nally paved with large bricks, ca. 0.58 m.
square and 0.04 m. thick, but there has been
some patching, chiefly along the east wall,
where a large marble slab has been inserted
among the bricks. At the south end of the
room are traces of a rectangular basin, ca.
1.25 m. wide and probably about 1.75 m. long
(Plan XIX). In the north wall of the room are
cuttings for a threshold, where the principal
entrance to the bath from the north room
seems to have been. A doorway, ca. 1 m. wide,
provided communication between the east
room and the next room to the west. The walls
in the east room lack the usual flues, except at
one point in the east wall, 0.75 m. from the
northeast corner of the room, where there is a
shallow flue beginning at the height of the
orthostate, here ca. 0.12 m. above the floor of
the bath. The inside lining of the wall con-
sisted of square bricks with bosses, 0.06 m. in
length, which served to separate the brick
lining from the wall. This air space connected
with the hypocaust and allowed the circulation
of hot air through the walls. The floor over the
hypocaust is supported by four rows of col-
umns constructed of circularbricks ca. 0.20 m.
in diameterand 0.06 m. in thickness (Plan at the east end, measures1.98 m. in widthand
XX). The bricks set close to the walls were
shaved off on one side so as to form engaged
columns. All the columns were originally
covered with a heavy stucco, very little of
which now remainsin place. The circularbrick
columns, five in each row, extend from the
north end of the hypocaust to a point 2.75 m.
north of the south wall; the south end of the
room with the basin is supported on rec-
tangular brick piers. The piers in the first row
from the north, which measure 0.88 m. in
length and 0.28 m. in width, are built of
square bricks similar to those used in the con-
struction of the walls. The piers in the second
row are only 0.20 m. long, and engaged half
piers are set against the walls on the east, west
and south sides. The hypocaust has a clear
height of 0.78 m., and the floor above it, which
has a total thickness of 0.27 m., consists of four
layers of large bricks separated by thick layers
of lime mortar. The hypocaust was heated from
the south end (P1. 48 l, right center) where
there is an opening for stoking, 0.40 m. wide
and ca. 1.10 m. high, at the entrance. The
opening is spanned by large bricks, above
which is a brick arch. The south wall rests on
the toichobate of the south wall of the Stoa,
which has been cut down beneath the opening
to permit cleaning of the hypocaust. The east
room was seldom heated, as we may judge by
the fact that the opening and the hypocaust
show only slight traces of the effect of fire. A
rectangularroom in front of the furnace south
of the east room, measuring 1.58 x2.00 m. on
the inside, probably served originally as a
storeroom for the fuel, but it seems to have
been constructed later than the baths. In its
south wall is an outlet into the large drainage
canal. At a late period, probably after the
baths had ceased to function, part of this room
was converted into a lime pit, the floor of
which was ca. 0.25 m. above the Stoa toicho-
bate.
The middle room (P1.49), which has an apse
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
3.45 m. in length at the middle of the apse;
like the other two large rooms it had a hy-
pocaust which has largely disappeared. The
floor of the hypocaust consists of rough stones,
about the size of a fist, laid in a thick layer of
mortar, which rests on a loose fill containing
many broken roof tiles and bricks. In a pit
dug close to the north wall a second floor level,
consisting of trodden earth, was encountered
at a slightly lower level. Only a centimeter or
two below it is a layer of loosely fitted poros
blocks, probably inserted to fill a pit of pre-
Stoa date (see above p. 67). The north wall of
the room extends down to the deeper floor
level, which continues beneath the wall, show-
ing that the trodden earth floor antedates the
bath. The west wall rests on the toichobate of
the partition between rear rooms XXV and
XXVI. All the walls up to a height above the
hypocaust, ca. 1 m. above the floor, are en-
tirely lined with brick, similar to the brick
masonry of the east room. The upper parts of
the walls, less exposed to the heat, are con-
structed of mixed brick and rubble.
The wall of the apse is standing to a height
of 2.20 m. above the floor of the hypocaust,
which is approximately the same as the
toichobate level of the Stoa. Since the floor
of the middle room is not preserved and even
the inside linings of the walls have disappeared,
it is not clear whether there was a semicircular
basin in the apse, similar to that in the west
room, but we may assume that this was the
case. The fact that the room had its own
furnace, although its hypocaust is connected
with that of the west room, may be regarded
as evidence for the presence of a basin directly
above the fire. There are four vertical flues in
the walls, beginning 0.12-0.15 m. above the
hypocaust floor. The opening through which
the hypocaust communicates with that of the
west room (P1.49, lower right) is 0.39 m. wide
and 0.90 m. high. The lintel consists of a
double thickness of large bricks surmounted
by an almost horizontalbrick arch. A trian- againstthe wallsandon circularcolumns,each
147
gular flue to the south of the opening and a
smaller flue farther south also provided cir-
culation between the two rooms. There is at
present no communication between the hy-
pocausts of the middle and east rooms, and it
is unlikely that one ever existed. The hypo-
caust of the middle room was stoked from the
south through an opening, 0.51 m. wide, in the
axis of the room (Pls. 48 1, center; 49, center).
It seems to have been arched over, but the
present brick arch is modern, built to prevent
the further destruction of the ancient masonry.
The sides of this opening are completely
crumbled and corroded from intense heat. At
a level slightly above the main floor the door-
way, previously described,communicatedwith
the east room, and another doorway in the
west wall, 0.90 m. wide, with a preserved
marble threshold provided access to the west
room. At the west edge of the door opening are
two shallow cuttings presumablyfor the pivots
on which the door swung. As there seems to
have been no doorin the north wall, the middle
chamber could be entered only through the
east room.
South of the middle room is an enclosure,
measuring 2.18 m. from east to west and ca.
2.80 m. from north to south which may have
been partly open to the sky (P1. 48 1). It was
from this area that the hypocaust of this room
was stoked. In the west wall of this enclosure
is preserved an orthostate block of the Stoa,
showing the cuttings for the rear doorway (P1.
13 3) and for the wooden threshold, and at the
height of 0.45 m. above toichobate level there
is a hole for the wooden dowel by which the
door frame was fastened.
The westernmost of the three compartments
in the south half of the bath consists of an
almost square chamber, measuring ca. 2.40 m.
on the side, from which an apse extends toward
the south (Pls. 47, 48 2). Like the other two
rooms it has a hypocaust, with a clear height
of 0.95 m., supported on square piers set
148 CORINTH
resting on a square brick. The flooring of the
hypocaust is made like that of the middle
chamber of small stones set in mortar. The
piers and apparently the walls were originally
covered with a heavy plaster, most of which
has disappeared,and only a part of the ceiling
above the hypocaust is preserved (P1. 47). It
consists of two layers of large bricks separated
by a thick layer of mortar and supporting a
thick flooring of rubble masonry. The total
thickness is more than 0.30 m. There are five
vertical flues, two in each of the east and north
walls, and one in the west wall close to the
northwest corner. In the west wall of the
hypocaust is an opening, 0.39 m. in width and
0.80 m. in length, spannedby large bricksabove
which is a horizontal brick arch. The room is
apsidal on the south end. The hypocaust in the
apse is entirely preserved and, like the other
hypocausts, its ceiling rests on brick columns
covered with mortar. A brick wall separates
the apsidal part of the hypocaust from that
under the square room. In the middle of this
wall is an opening0.41 ni. wide and 0.68 m. high,
and on the east side is a triangular flue. There
is now a second openingclose to the west wall,
but this does not seem to have been part of the
original construction.
The floor of the square room was originally
covered with bricks or marble slabs, probably
the latter. Only the mortar bedding remains,
but pieces of marble veneer adhere to the
lower sections of the walls. The square room is
separated from the apse by a thin wall, whose
originalheight was probably 0.55 m. Thereis a
single step for descent into the basin, the floor
of which was 0.42 m. lower than the floor of
the square room. The walls were lined with
mortar and revetted with marble, and two
large marble slabs still cover the floor. The
water was led into the basin through a pipe at
the southwest corner of the square room, and
a small lead pipe at the bottom of the basin
provided a means of emptying out the water.
The inner wall of the apse, made entirely of tank. The water flowedout into a small area
brick, has a thickness of only 0.13-0.19 m. and
is separated from the outer, heavier wall by an
air space, ca. 0.09 m. wide (P1. 48 2, center).
The outer wall is of conglomerate masonry,
lined with bricks on the inside; two large up-
right flues in this wall communicate with the
hypocaust. To the south of the apse the
orthostateblocksof the South Stoa are standing
in their original position (P1. 50 1), and the
ground level at this point was higher than
the top of the orthostates.
West of the square chamber was a small
rectangulartank (P1. 50 1), entered by a single
step from the squareroom,and underneaththis
tank was a hypocaust, communicating with
that under the west room. In the west wall
of the hypocaust beneath the tank was the
furnace for heating this part of the bath. It is
lined with a heavy coat of mortar, and the
stones and bricks of the sides have disinte-
grated from the intense heat. Therewas a brick
arch above the opening, but only the spring of
the arch on either side is preserved. The tank
had an inside measurementof ca. 1.40 x0.97m.,
and the depth seems to have been ca. 0.60 m.
Its floor and walls were originally covered with
marble slabs. Like the walls of the semicircular
basin, the walls of the tank have an air space
in which bossed tiles separate the inner thin
lining from the heavier outside walls. Two
rectangular flues, one in the north and the
other in the south wall, communicated with
the hypocaust. The tank was apparently used
to heat the water piped to the semicircular
basin of the west room, which had no furnace
of its own. Being directly above the spot where
the hypocaust was fired, the water in the tank
could be quickly heated and led off to the
basin, but the tank was provided with a step
on the side of the door and would thus have
been used as a hot water tub. The pipe bringing
the water from the outside into the bath has
not been found; a hole through the south wall
near the bottom was used for emptying the
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
lined with bricks south of the tank (P1. 48 2,
lower left), and from there a tile drain at one
time led southward to the main drainage
channel behind the South Stoa. The lead pipe
from the semicircularbasin of the west room
emptied into the same brick-lined area. The
floor of this area is now ca. 0.60 m. above the
Stoa toichobate, but may have been lower
during the first period of the bath. A drain
covered with marble slabs and rough stones
leads diagonally across rear room XXVII at a
level slightly below the toichobate (Plan XX).
There is a roughly cut opening for the drain
through the toichobate course of the par-
tition wall between rear rooms XXVI and
XXVII.
The space of rear room XXVII was ap-
parently used for storage of the fuel required
to heat the bath. The orthostates of the south
and east walls are standing in most places to
their original height, except at the opening
into the hypocaust of the tank where a lined
tunnel was made for the stoking of the bath.
In the center of rear room XXVII is a rough
unfluted column, 0.52 m. in diameter, and
correspondingto it a pier, consisting of a single
block, stands against the east wall. These were
probably used to support the ceiling over the
room duringthe last period of the bath. A short
spur wall abutting against the south wall of
the room may have served the same purpose.
The west wall of rear room XXVII is the
best preserved part of the whole Stoa (see
above, p. P1. 13 4). It has a total height of
2.65 m. and consists of three regular wall
courses above the orthostate course. The wall
between rear room XXVII and its shop has
been almost entirely removed, and slightly
farther south there is now a late wall of re-used
blocks consisting of a single course of large
building blocks from the demolished walls of
the Stoa (P1. 50 2, center foreground). The
bottom of the wall is ca. 1 m. above the toicho-
bate level. When the baths were constructed
the originalwall between the rear room and
149
the shop with its doorway at the west end was
probably standing.
The north half of the baths consisted of a
large rectangular chamber, from the east end
of which are the descents into two water tanks,
probably used for cold plunges (P1. 51 1-2).
Though built over the marble floor of room
"H" (P1. 45 ; Plan XIX), these tanks are
clearly part of the bath establishment. The
walls are built of the same type of rubble
masonry as the rest of the bath, and the drain
from the two tanks is joined by the drain from
the east room. The walls of the tanks are very
heavy, constructed largely of poros blocks and
rubble masonry with some bricks and tiles
interspersed. The south wall of the smaller,
southern tank, which measures 0.60 m. in
thickness, is rough on the south side up to a
height of ca. 1.80 m. The east wall, which has
a total thickness of 1.15 m., is also rough on the
outside, showing that the ground level in the
area occupied by room "H" had risen to a
height of over 1.50 m. at the time when the
bath was constructed.
The smaller tank, measuring 1.19 X1.12 m.
on the inside at the bottom, was entered from
the west by a series of three steps (P1. 51 1),
the lower two of which are preserved.Both the
steps and the inside walls were lined with
marble slabs of different colors, and on the
north side is preserved a large slab of mottled
grey and white granite. At the height of
1.18 m. above the marblefloora strip of marble
is laid flat with the edge toward the inside, and
0.20 m. above that there is a similar strip, the
two beingdivided by narrowslabsof alternating
white and colored marble. This forms a frieze,
dividing the dado from the upper part of the
walls, where the marble veneer continued. The
effect of this polychrome covering of the walls
is pleasing, but the workmanship is careless
and the different colors of the marble are
fitted together without much regard for reg-
ularity or symmetry. Unlike the semicircular
basin and the tank at the west end, which
150 CORINTH
were obviously made for hot water, the two
tanks at the east end have solid walls and no
hypocaust. At the northwest corner of the
smaller tank a lead pipe passed under the
steps and emptied into a tile drain to the north
(Plan XX).
The partition wall between the two tanks,
which has a thickness of 0.55 m., exclusive of
the marble veneer, is built of rubble masonry
with very sparing use of bricks. The east wall
of the larger tank has about the same thick-
ness at the top as the partition, but is con-
siderably thicker at the bottom. Here large,
re-used building blocks were employed, with
rubble masonry and brick filling the inter-
stices. For its north wall the larger tank makes
use of the late poros wall constructed in front
of the room "H", but since this wall is very
uneven on the south side, it has been lined
with rubble masonry and marble (P1. 51 2,
center). The descent into the large tank was
from the west by means of three steps. The
inside measurements at the bottom are
1.68 m. x 2.37 m.; floor and walls, as well as
the steps on the west side, were lined with
marble slabs set in mortar and fastened with
iron clamps. The marble veneer was obviously
taken from other buildings, and one slab
retains the original moulding, which is out of
place in its present position.
Although the south wall of the larger tank
is preserved to a height of 1.65 m., there is no
trace of the inlet for the water, which must
have come in above that level. An outlet is
provided near the southwest corner, where a
lead pipe passed under the steps and west wall
and emptied into a small clearing basin, with
a length of 1.29 m., a maximum width of
0.48 m., and a preserved depth of 0.86 m.
(P1. 47, lower left corner, Plan XX). The
water from the largertank entered the clearing
basin at a height of 0.45 m. above the floor of
the basin; the tile drain from the smaller tank
emptied into the basin at a higher level. A
third pipe, also built of tiles, led the water this largeroom,it was obviouslythe entrance
from a small catch basin in front of the east
room into the clearing basin at a height of
0.78 m. above the bottom. This pipe, which
has since disappeared, is clearly visible in
Plate 47, lower left. The outlet from the
clearing basin was at the west end, where a
tile drain takes off at 0.27 m. above the floor.
On the bottom of the basin was found a layer
of sand extending to the height of the outlet,
and in this silt were found twenty-two small
bronze coins in very poor condition. Only
eleven survived the cleaning process, and of
these only one is sufficiently distinct to be
identified. It appears to be a coin of Julian II
(A.D. 355-366), and the rest seem to be coins
of the late fourth century.
The north hall of the baths, west of the two
cold water tanks, has suffered so much from
mediaeval intrusions that its original con-
dition can only be conjectured.A small section
of the Greek wall is standing to a height of
two courses above the orthostate in the north-
east corner of shop XXV (P1. 50 2, left) and
one orthostate block remains in situ in the
northeast corner of shop XXVI. In the door-
way of shop XXV there is a late threshold,
0.62 m. above the Stoa toichobate (P1. 52 1,
lower left), which represents the approximate
ground level in this area at the time when the
baths were in use. On the south wall of the
room the plaster extended down to the same
level, and in the southwest corner is a short
wall reaching the same height above the Stoa
toichobate. At the west end of the area, close
to the partition wall between shops XXVI and
XXVII, a piece of mortarbedding is preserved
with impressions from the brick flooring,
0.70 m. above toichobate level. These scanty
remains tend to show that the area occupied
by shops XXV and XXVI was a single large
hall, the floor of which was about level with
the floors of the three rooms to the south, and
since the two cold plunges as well as the three
heated rooms could be reached only through
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
hall of the baths, but may also have served
as dressing room (apodyterium).
Although a very small and unpretentious
structure, this late bathing establishment con-
tains all the essential features of the large
Roman thermae. The westernmost of the
three principal compartmentswith its two hot
water basins was the warmest part of the
building and probably served as sudatorium.
The central chamber, which had its own fur-
nace, was doubtless the calidarium; and the
large eastern room, though equipped for
heating, seems to have been used as tepidarium.
Thus the bather after undressing in the
apodyterium would first enter the tepidarium
and pass through all the rooms to the west
end; then, beginning in the sudatorium he
would go from a warmer to a colder chamber
until he reached one of the unheated tanks of
the frigidarium, where he could take a cold
plunge before returning to the dressingroom.42
The baths were the last of the buildings of
any pretention to be constructed over the
shops and rear rooms of the Stoa. The question
of the date of their construction is closely re-
lated to the period of use and destruction of
room "H", which, as shown above, was built
not earlier than the last quarter of the second
century and was destroyed in the Herulian
invasion in A.D. 267. The baths cannot have
been constructed before the ground level had
risen to a height of ca. 1.50 m. above the
marble floor of room "H" and not before the
high wall had been built along the north
faqade of the room. The north fagade of the
Stoa was demolished at that time and the
material built into the wall. If we allow time
42
The disposition of the rooms in the Roman thermae
seems to have remained substantially unchanged from early
imperial times. Few of the small Roman baths in Greecehave
received much attention from the excavators. One, re-
sembling very closely the Baths in the South Stoa, though
of earlier date, was excavated in Athens southwest of the
Agora. See Rodney S. Young, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 279ff.
A small bath, probably of a private establishment which was
excavated in Corinth in 1932 west of the Oakley House An-
nex, has not been published. It is very similar, both in plan
and construction, to the Baths in the South Stoa, and is
probably of approximately the same date.
151
for these changes to take place before the
baths were built, we must bring their con-
struction down to about A.D. 300.
A marble moulding (P1. 52 2)43 of late
design, found in the bath, may have been used
at one time as architectural decoration of the
building. The coins found in the clearing basin
beneath the floor of the apodyteriumshow that
the baths were in use as late as the second half
of the fourth century. The last definite date
relating to the building is provided by a hoard
of 387 coins found in 1937 within the hypo-
caust of the east room. With the exception
of one Sikyonian piece from the third century
B.C., these coins range in date from the time
of Numerianus (A.D. 282-284) to the time of
Justinian I (A.D. 527-565).44 As there were
only six coins of Justinian and ninety-two of
his predecessor, Anastasios I (A.D. 491-518),
it seems likely that the hoard, which was found
concealed in a terracotta jug, had been buried
during the early years of Justinian's reign.
While it does not necessarily follow that the
baths were in actual use at the time when the
hoard was deposited, the building cannot have
been completely in ruins, since the access to
the hypocaust was still open.
THE ROMAN LATRINE
West of the Roman baths is the large build-
ing "J" (P1.53 i; Plan XIX), consisting of two
parts, an entrance room on the north side, the
floor of which was ca. 0.30 m. above the Stoa
toichobate, and a larger room to the south,
where the floor level was ca. 1 m. above
toichobate level. It was entered from the north
through a large hall, measuring 6.60 m. in
width and 4.85 m. in depth on the inside. In
the center was an impluvium, ca. 2 m. x
2.25 m. in plan and sunk ca. 0.15 m. below the
43 The design of the rinceaux seems too late for the original
construction of the Baths. If it belongs to the building it is
likely to be from a reconstruction; more likely it has come
from some other building of early Byzantine times.
44Charles H. Morgan, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, p. 363; Jo-
sephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145.
152 CORINTH
level of the surrounding area. The floor was
once covered by marble slabs; at present only
the mortar bedding remains and through it
several pits have been dug for late burials and
other purposes. The toichobate of the fa9ade
is not preserved, but there were probably two
doors with a solid wall between them in front
of the impluvium. Several voussoir blocks of
poros were found in the vicinity; these may
have come from arches over doors or windows
of the fa9ade. The north half of the building
may have been unroofed, like the entrance
court in front of the South Basilica, which also
had an impluvium; more likely the court in
"J" had a roof on four sides shedding the
water into the impluvium. From this lower
area on the north two stairways, 3.51 m. apart,
led to the higher floor level on the south. The
eastern stairway, which is the better pre-
served, had an inner width of ca. 1 m.
In the south half of the building at the
higher level was a roofed colonnade, ca.
3.65 m. in depth, and an open court in the
center, the floor of which was slightly lower
than that of the colonnade. The building had
a total width from east to west of 11.90 m.,
measured on the inside. The east wall of the
Roman structure incorporated the Greek par-
tition wall between rear rooms XXVII and
XXVIII of the Stoa, here preserved to a
height of 2.65 m. (P1. 53 , left center). The
western wall consists of rubble masonry lined
with bricks on the inside. On at least three
sides of the building, north, east and west, ran
a channel with an inner width of ca. 0.47 m.
and a total depth of ca. 1.05 m. below the cover
slabs. The floor of the channel is made of flat
roof tiles laid end to end (P1. 53 2), and the
walls of the east and west branches were lined
with bricks. This brick construction returns at
the northeast and northwest corners and con-
tinues for a distance of over 2 m., but the
middle section of the channel on the north side
lacks the brick lining. Where the bricks are
missing, especially along the east wall, the
poros orthostate blocks of the Greek building
have disintegratedto such an extent that wide
openings have formed along the vertical joints
(P1. 53 2). The clue to the purpose of this
channel and of the building is given by the
discovery of several fragments of marble slabs
with circularholes, the typical seat blocks in a
Roman latrine (P1. 53 3).45 None of the slabs
was found in situ and only some small pieces
are preserved, but the purpose they served is
unmistakable. Only the north half of the
building has been excavated. The east and
west channelsextending toward the rear prob-
ably connected with a fourth channel along
the south wall.
On the north side of the large room there
was an exedra between the two stairways,
with an inner measurement of 2.48 x ca. 1 m.
This may have been employed as a niche for
statuary. In front of the exedra and the stair-
ways the north channel is covered with heavy
poros blocks, 0.46 m. in height, and since this
is only a connecting channel no brick lining
was required. The interior of the building was
encrustedwith marble. Numerousfragmentsof
very thin slabs were found in the fill, in-
cluding a wide variety of stones of many
colors, some cut into narrow strips, which
appear to have been used for decoration in
opus sectile (P1. 54 i). There were also a few
mouldings of white marble, mostly rather flat
and obviously late Roman work. The building
does not seem to be earlierthan the end of the
second century after Christ.46Possibly it was
part of a larger establishment, perhaps a gym-
nasium extending towards the south, to which
45A better
preserved, smaller latrine with seats of poros
stone has been excavated on the east side of the Lechaion
Road, near the ruins of a large Roman bath. See Guide to
the Excavations of Ancient Corinth, Fourth Ed., p. 22. A
very elegant latrine, exceptionally well preserved, was found
in the gymnasium at Philippi; see P. Lemerle, B.C.H., LIX,
1935, p. 288; Paul Collart, Philippes ville de Macedoine, p.
365, pl. LV, 1. The excavators suggest the Antonine period
as the date of the Gymnasium.
46 Opus sectile decoration of a similar character formed an
important element in the second period of the Odeion at
Corinth, dated in the time of Herodes Atticus; Corinth, X,
The Odeum,p. 145.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
the Roman baths were added about a century
later. There were no clear indications of fire
among the marble fragments; presumably the
fire which destroyed the structures west of the
Bouleuterionin A.D. 267 did not extend so far
toward the west, nor could there have been
many things that would have burned in a
building of this kind. Just above the tile
pavement of the east channel was found a coin
of Gallienus(A.D. 253-268), and from the west
channel, among the pieces of marble revet-
ments and fragments of the seats, came a coin
of Theodosius I (A.D. 379-395). The latter
probably dates the destruction of the building.
THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE
ROMAN TIMES
The Roman baths and the latrine would
have utilized a considerableamount of water,
and the disposal of sewage from these adjacent
buildings became a matter of special im-
portance in late Roman times. The large
drainage canal in the rear of the Stoa was
probably filled up, and its very existence for-
gotten by the beginning of the fourth century
after Christ. At the time when the Roman
baths were built and even somewhat earlier,
a new set of channels was constructed, leading
off the waste water toward the north. An outlet
was found through an earlier pre-Stoa drain
(Plan XX, "a"),47extending diagonally across
the Agora from the southwest corner toward
the center, where it was joined by the large
east-west drainage canal in front of the Bema.
Slightly north of the Stoa terrace, directly in
front of column 65, there is a square opening,
measuring ca. 0.80 m. on the side, into which
all the many drains in this area poured their
contents.
The earliest of these (Plan XX, "b") takes
off from the west end of the marble gutter, in
front of the seventh Doric column from the
47Charles H. Morgan, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 134ff.,
fig. 1; Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, p. 75.
153
west end of the Stoa (inner column 32) where
a small hole (seenin Plate 1 i, lower left corer)
is cut through the north edge of the gutter to
permit the water to flow into the drain. There
may have been an earlier channel slightly
further west, where there is another outlet
from the gutter. Here a late building north of
the Stoa seems to have caused the displace-
ment of the drain. Channel"b", which follows
the east wall of this building, is ca. 0.25 m.
wide and 0.24 m. deep, built of small stones
and brick and floored with overlapping roof
tiles. It may have been intended to be left
open, as indicated by a tile covering on its east
wall; later it was roofed with marble slabs,
which seem to have been taken from the Agora
pavement. At the Stoa terracethe channel was
cut through the terrace wall. At this point
another late drain (not labeled in Plan XX),
conducting rain water from some mediaeval
structure, joins channel "b" whose course has
been altered to a certain extent by the con-
struction of the new channel. The early date
of "b" is indicated by the fact that its water
came from the Stoa roof, which must have
been taken down before the construction of
the Roman bath. In its latest period of use
"b" poured its water into a large channel "c",
0.43 m. wide and ca. 0.50 m. deep, which in
turn emptied into the large opening in "a".
Channel "c" runs from west to east, but a
mediaeval wine vat interrupts it, and its fur-
ther extension toward the west has not been
investigated.
The next channel (Plan XX, "d") in chro-
nological sequence comes from shop XXX. It
began apparently as an open gutter, in the
southeast corner of the shop, where the rain
water from the near-by roofs, especially of the
Latrine, poured through a vertical channel
into "d". Following the south wall of shop
XXX to the southwest cornerit turned a right
angle, and continued along the west wall of
the shop. It is here ca. 0.50 m. wide and 1.15 m.
deep; its walls are built of bricksand covered
154 CORINTH
with stucco, and its floor is paved with roof
tiles. At the northwest corner of the shop this
deep gutter emptied into the covered drain
"d", which passed through a hole in the front
foundation of the shop, then across the Stoa
close to inner column 32 and through the
foundation for the north fa9ade. Its bottom
was here covered with tiles, 1.40 m. below
stylobate level (one tile from the floor of "d"
is seen in Plate 5 3, at the top of the third
course from the bottom). North of the Stoa
fagade "d" turned slightly eastward and con-
tinued for a distance of ca. 5 m. and then
merged with channel "e", which took the
water from the Roman bath. Channel "d" is
now blocked at the junction where it emptied
into "e", but originally it must have followed
channel "e" as far as the opening into the
large drain "a". Channel "e" comes from the
rear part of the Roman bath, whereit provided
an outlet for the waste waters from the suda-
toriumat the west end. Close to the north wall
of shop XXVII it was joined by channel "f",
which served as outlet for the water used in
the tepidariumand the two cold water tanks
at the east end. How the water from the middle
room (calidarium)was disposed of is not clear,
but there may have been a connection with
the eastern chamber, which poured its waste
waters into the clearing basin in front of the
large basin of the frigidarium.From the coins
found in the basin and in the hypocaust it
appears that the baths were in use as late as
the end of the fourth century and probably up
to the time of Justinian. By that time channel
"d" had fallen into disuse and its outlet was
blocked. Within shop XXX it was partly
destroyed and completely buried when a tile
floorwas laid over the area at a level ca. 0.15 m.
above the Stoa toichobate and 1.25 m. above
the bottom of the channel. The tile floor
probably belongs to a period after the de-
struction of the Roman latrine, when channel
"d" was no longer needed, and its outlet into
channel"e" could be blockedup to prevent
the waters from the bath from backing up
through "d" into the area of the Stoa.
The gradual demolition of the rear half of
the Stoa to make room for Roman buildings
did not extend all the way to the west end. The
last three shops, XXXI-XXXIII, together
with their rear compartments apparently re-
mained standing until mediaeval times (P1.
54 2); and, if we may judge from the large
number of coins found on their floors,48they
continued in use as commercialestablishments
at least as late as the sixth century of our era.
Not only did the rear half of the building at
this end escape the complete remodeling that
the rest of the shop area underwent, but the
fagade of the Stoa seems to have retained its
original characteruntil the end of the classical
era. This is indicated by the fact that the
marble gutter and marble steps inserted in
Roman times extended from the east end of
the Stoa only as far as the sixty-fifth Doric
column north of shop XXXI, where the gutter
poured its water into drain "b". From this
point to the west end of the building, a
stretch of ca. 13.50 m., the steps and the gutter
are of poros, the original stones having been
replaced by new blocks in the same material.
It is quite likely that the repairs in poros,
which certainly antedate the marble steps and
gutter, extended farther toward the east, pos-
sibly along the entire fagade, and that the
repairs in marble represent a second recon-
struction which stopped short of the west end
of the building. The abrupt termination of the
marblegutter in front of the sixty-fifth column
and the absence of wear and weatheringon the
remaining portion give the impression that
this part of the fagade was somehow protected
or covered over in late Roman times. There
are ruins of a late foundation, extending from
the west end of the marble gutter to the west
end of the Stoa (Plans VI, XX), but its con-
struction is so irregular and its remains so
48 Katharine M. Edwards, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 249; cf.
A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 565f.
 THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES
scanty that no intelligible plan can be restored
from them.
The problem is further complicated by the
heavy foundation at the west end of the area
supporting a row of archaic monolithic col-
umns (P1. 542, right of center; Plan XXI),
which seem to have been taken from the in-
terior of the Archaic Temple.49This colonnade,
continuing the line of the Stoa west wall
toward the north for a distance of ca. 25 m.,
carried an aqueduct that brought water to a
large tank at the west end of the central shop
complex. A heavy mass of masonry abutting
49 See
A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566. T. W. Heermance,
who discovered a capital of one of these columns in 1904,
commented on the similarity of its profile to that of the
columns in the "Temple of Apollo"; A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p.
439.
155
against the Stoa foundation at the northwest
corner of the building probably supported the
westward extension of the aqueduct, which
may be part of the Hadrianicwater works that
brought water to Corinth from Lake Stym-
phalos. A final publication of this interesting
structure, which closed the quadrangle of the
upper Agora at the west end, must await the
excavation of the area west of the Stoa. The
paved way that entered the Agora from the
south at this point is at least partly preserved,
and the place where it passed under the
aqueduct may have been markedby a gateway
correspondingto the gate at the north end of
the Kenchrean Road, and the Propylaia
through which the Lechaion Road entered the
Agora.
 CHAPTER
SUMMARY
The great South Stoa with its impressive
array of Doric columns on the facade became
the dominant architectural feature of the
CorinthianAgora. Before its erection the area
appears to have been fairly crowded with
smaller buildings, mostly private houses and
individual establishments. Until a complete
study has been made of the pre-Stoa building
remains, it is too early to comment on the
character of the city square in that era. The
important fact in connection with the new city
plan is that the South Stoa cut ruthlesslyacross
the lines of streets and buildings of the earlier
period. Its effect upon the whole aspect of the
Agora was one of complete dominance with a
total disregardfor anything that went before.
Such a break in architectural development
and city planning presupposes a decisive turn
in the city's political history. The date of the
building, as indicated by its architectural
features, by the pottery found in areas con-
cealed by the construction of the Stoa, and by
lamps and vases from the shop wells, coincides
with the historical changes occasioned by the
defeat of the united Greeks at Chaironeiain
338 B.C. The victorious Philip embraced the
policy of Panhellenism and chose Corinth as
the administrative center of the new Hellenic
world.1In this programof united efforts,under
the strong hand of Macedon, the unique plan
and immense size of the South Stoa at Corinth
find a logical explanation.
The fourth century B.C. was a period of un-
precedented progress in the development of
civic architecture throughout Greece. In
1 On the events relating to the organization of the Hellenic
League and the settlements between Philip and the members
of the League, see Carl Roebuck, C.P., XLIII, 1948, pp.
73ff., and the referencesgiven in his notes.
156
V
Athens it was the era of Demosthenes and of
his associate Lykourgos, under whose ad-
ministration more non-religiousbuildings were
erected than at any earlierperiodin the history
of the city.2 At Epidauros and Olympia and
other cult centers many large buildings arose
to serve the needs created by the movement
toward world unity. At Megalopolis, which
another conqueror, Epaminondas of Thebes,
had founded in 371 B.C. to be the capital of the
united Arcadians, the market square received
organic form through the erection of an
immense stoa named Philippeion3in honor of
the Macedonianbenefactor.
The choice of Corinth as the capital of
United Greece was hardly accidental. A con-
tributing reason may have been the fact that
the Corinthians had taken no active part in
the war against Macedon,but the geographical
location alone would have been enough to
recommend the city as the most suitable
center of the Hellenic League. The honor
bestowed by Philip upon Corinth was doubt-
less accompaniedby more materialadvantages.
Delegates from most of the Greek states came
to Corinthfor the sessions of the assembly, and
this obviously stimulated traffic and com-
merce with all the cities represented by the
2 Note especially the stoas projected (although never
completed) on the Pnyx; Hesperia, XII, 1943, pp. 269ff.,
fig. 7. A much smaller building with a plan rather similar
to that of the South Stoa at Corinth, though without the pro-
jecting wings in the rear, has just been excavated along the
south side of the Athenian Agora, Homer A. Thompson, Hes-
peria, XXIII, 1954, pp. 34, 39-45, fig. 1; it has been dated at
the end of the fifth century B.C. and is referred to as South
Stoa I.
3 E. A. Gardner, et al, Excavations at Megalopolis, pp.
59ff. In details the Stoa at Megalopolisdiffers markedly from
the South Stoa, but its plan, with projecting wings on the
facade and two exedras in the rear, shows a certain re-
lationship to the Corinth building.
 SUMMARY
League. Those who had goods or talents to
offer for sale would be on hand to take ad-
vantage of the congregation of visitors from
out of town.
The South Stoa seems to have been planned
originally as a Grand Hotel, in which the im-
portant delegates and other distinguished
guests could be housed and entertained in a
manner suitable to the high purpose of Pan-
hellenic organization under the patronage of
Philip. Work on its plans may have begun
shortly after the victory of Philip at Chairo-
neia, before the first assembly was held at
Corinthunder Philip's presidencyin the winter
of 337. With unlimited funds available, the
construction probably proceeded very rapidly
but even so it must have requiredconsiderable
time to complete the gigantic structure. There
is nothing in the building to suggest a change
in plan or delay in construction; on the other
hand, the meticulous care with which every
detail was finishedgives no indication of haste.
If it was begun shortly after the League was
organized, it can hardly have been finished
during Philip's lifetime, nor is it likely to have
been ready to receive delegates at the time of
Alexander'svisit in 336 B.C., when the Greeks
assembled at the Isthmia and voted for his
leadership in the expedition against Persia.
The architect of the South Stoa deserves a
special place of honor in the history of ar-
chitectural design. Facing the task of creating
a suitable building to house the representatives
of a new world order, he accomplished his
purpose with inventiveness and ingenuity
without departing from the accepted canons
of architectural form. He chose an existing
type for the basic plan of the new building and
by dividing it into two parts, a double one-
story colonnade in front, and a two-story
complex of small roomsin the rear, he was able
to combine the elements of monumentality,
diversity and practical use in a successful
design. He lavished his attention on subtle
refinementsandmeticulousexecutionof detail, Macedonianoccupation in 243 B.C., when
157
which seem almost out of place in a secular
structure. He invented a practical system of
refrigeration and added measures of sanita-
tion and sewage disposal unparalleled in an-
cient Greek architecture. The facade of the
building containing these utilitarian features
he designed as a gigantic curtain, screening
the Agora from the private city quarters that
probably extended up the lower slope of Acro-
corinth. But such are the gaps in our knowl-
edge of the architectureof the Greeksthat no
information about the South Stoa has come
down to us from ancient authors and the ar-
chitect's name is likely to remain unknown.
How long the Stoa continued to serve its
original purpose we do not know. In the con-
fusion created by the death of Alexander, the
Panhellenic movement could not prosper, and
the League, like so many later efforts to unite
the feuding factions of any geographical area,
was destined to early failure. Steps were taken
to revive the League near the end of the cen-
tury under Demetrios Poliorketes, but this
abortive attempt to stem the tide of disinte-
gration came to no lasting results. The South
Stoa remainedas a monumental symbol of the
hope and frustration of the Greek people in
their first effort to unite and live as a single
nation.
The impetus given to trade and commerce
by the founding of the Greek capital at Co-
rinth doubtless continued after the League
had ceased to function. Even before the time
of Philip, Corinthhad traded on its reputation
as the amusement center of Greece, and the
entrepreneurs who leased the shops on the
ground floor of the Stoa doubtless did every-
thing they could to enhance this reputation.
The building itself, erected to serve a more
sublime purpose, was well adapted to become
the locale of the world's most celebratedenter-
tainers. As the center of such enterprise, Co-
rinth continued to attract people from all the
world. After the liberation of the city from
158 CORINTH
Corinth became the head of the Achaian form in which they had been left a century
League, the Stoa may have revertedto the earlier. The South Stoa was restuccoed and
use for whichit was constructed.In 196 B.C. reroofed. The decayed wood work and other
the Greek people were summoned to the damaged parts of the building were replaced,
IsthmianSanctuaryto hear the proclamation and for some years the building appears to
of the freedomofferedby Rome,but the period have functioned more or less in its original
of hope was destinedto be of short duration. capacity, except that the shop wells were
The Greekswereslow to lear that liberation largely discarded and filled up. After the first
acceptedas a gift becomessynonymouswith two or three decades, characterized by the
foreign conquest. The Achaian League soon completion of many such emergency projects,
becamea thornin the fleshto the worldrulers a new era of city planning began in which the
at Rome, and Corinth - like Carthage in civic center was converted from its original
North Africa - was too important a rival to Greek form of agora to a Roman forum. The
remainunpunished.Exactly fifty years after immense Stoa with its numerous small sub-
the "liberation"it was sacked by the libera- divisions in the rear did not fit into the new
tors. This time the destructionwas thorough. city plan, which, however, did not entail the
The city becamedepopulated,its womenand complete destruction and removal of the
childrenwere carriedaway into slavery, the building. The colonnade itself, reconstructed
male populationgiven to the sword. For a and partially refitted with new interior col-
little overa centuryCorinthwas a ghosttown, umns, continued to serve as a monumental
its lands occupiedby neighboringcities, its backdrop to the daily drama enacted in the
buildingsand public monumentsdemolished Agora by the new settlers. Only the south
and carriedaway to embellishthe capitaland half of the building was gradually sacrificedto
private villas of the conquerors.The bronze make room for a series of structures required
statues,whichhad gracedthe approachto the to serve the public life of the city. The Co-
Stoa, were wrestedfrom their bases and the rinthian Agora, one of the largest known, now
dedicatoryinscriptionsbrokenup andusedfor became divided into two parts, the lower and
other purposes.Overthe foundationsof these largerof which became the forum of the people,
structures,two cart roads now crossed the the upper and smaller section the admini-
Agora;theirrutscut deepinto the foundations strative quarter. The conversion of the build-
of the monumentsby the cartsuponwhichthe ing began at the east end and proceededin no
buildingmaterialand artistic treasureof the strict order toward the west. The first three of
city werehauledaway. the new structures, "A", "B" and "C", were
In this generaldestructionthe South Stoa erected in the area vacated by shops and rear
itself appearsto have escaped,with only such rooms I-VII. Room "C" doubtless served as
damagesas time and the elementswould in- the office of the Agonothetes, and possibly
fict. A century later Corinthwas chosen by "A" and "B" provided office space for other
Julius Caesaras the site of a new colony and officials connected with the Isthmian games.
was destinedonce moreto becomea centerof The next in chronological order are the
commerce and the hub of communication Fountain House and its annex, room "F",
between the East and the West. When the probably erected shortly before the middle of
new colonistsarrivedfromacrossthe sea there the first century after Christ. This may have
was little time for elaboratecity planning. been part of a larger building project, in-
Whateverbuildingsexistedin conditionto be cludingthe Southeast Building, with its Portico
used,the colonistsrestoredmoreor less in the at the east end of the Upper Agora, and
 SUMMARY
the Bema and Central Shops separating the
Upper from the Lower Agora. Not much later,
about the middle of the century, followed the
construction of the South Basilica and its twin
creation, the Julian Basilica. At about the
same time or somewhat later a new entrance
was made into the Agora close to the middle of
the South Stoa, where a paved roadway was
constructed, which probably communicated
with the eastern harborat Kenchreai. This was
followed by the construction of the Bouleuter-
ion, which may have been built as late as the
reign of Nero.
In the time of Hadrian a new building
period was inaugurated. West of the Agono-
theteion, room "D" was constructed, possibly
to serve as office of the procuratorof the Pro-
vince of Achaia, and about this time the cryp-
toporticus of the South Basilica was filled up.
About the middle of the second century a new
imposing entrance was made from the Stoa to
the main floor of the South Basilica. Toward
the end of the Antonine period, but probably
before the beginning of the third century, a
large square room "H" with marble-en-
crusted floors and walls was constructed west
of the Bouleuterion,but what purposeit served
remains unknown. About the same time, the
large latrine was built near the west end of the
Stoa, perhaps as a part of a more extensive
building complex, which still remains to be
excavated. In the area between the Bouleu-
terion and room "H", shops and rear rooms
XX and XXI continued to function either as
commercialestablishments or as public build-
ings of some kind.
The next important event in the history of
the Stoa is the invasion of the Herulians in
A.D. 267 during the reign of Gallienus. The
Bouleuterion and the area to the west of it
were gutted by fire, and over the marble
flooringin room "H" the debris was allowed to
accumulate. The Herulian destruction marks
the end of the South Stoa as a colonnade. The
fa9ade was now, at least partly, demolished tistic declineand civic helplessness.
159
and its material re-usedfor retainingwalls, and
here and there cellars were dug down to the
originalfloorlevel. Perhaps some columnswere
still standing, but the vast area of the Stoa
must have presented a picture of devastation
and neglect. For a time the Stoa may have
served as a thoroughfare between the south-
east and southwest corners of the Agora. It
was probably in the reign of Diocletian that
the small Roman bath was constructed in the
space originally occupied by shops and rear
roomsXXV-XXVII. Its east end encroached
upon the area of room "H", which by this
time was completely buried. The baths were
the last unit of any importance to be con-
structed in the area of the Stoa during the
Roman period; they continued in use at least
as late as the end of the fourth century and
possibly into the reign of the Emperor Justi-
nian. After their destruction and possibly to
take their place, another bath was constructed
to the north using the type of masonry com-
mon to post-classicaltimes.
The last quarter of the fourth century was
a period of destruction and general decline in
Corinth as in the rest of Greece. The earth-
quake of A.D. 375 caused the demolition of
many buildings, but during the next twenty
years efforts were made to rebuildthem. So far
as it is possible to trace the effects of the earth-
quake and the character of the subsequent
repairs, the picture it presents is one of over-
whelming disaster and material decay, re-
flecting a general exhaustion and deterioration
of the creative ability of the people. In A.D.
395 the invading Goths under Alaric delivered
the coup de grace to this unhappy period of
twilight of Classical Corinth. After this de-
struction Corinth ceased to exist as a Greco-
Roman city. In the Early Christian period
and during the first centuries of the Byzantine
Empire, many of the classical buildings con-
tinued to be used, but the ruins of that era
bear the marks of material dilapidation, ar-
160 CORINTH

Before that state is reached the story of the
South Stoa comes to an end. In the minds
of later generations a picture remained, dis-
torted and misjudged, of a pagan past which
made Corinth a synonym for luxury, beauty
and moral corruption. The South Stoa, more
than any other of the ancient buildings, has
helped to remove the disfiguring additions of
later times and to reveal the originalcolors and
clear contours of that picture; its ruins pre-
serve a reflection of the brief era of Hellenic
unity during which Corinth bore the distinc-
tion of being capital of the ancient world.
 INDEX

ACHAIA, provinceof, 113, 132 n. 34, 159. Attalos, Stoa of, Athens,42 n. 17, 48 n. 20.
Abacus,32, 45, 102. Axial distances,20 n. 6, 22, 24, 25 n. 9, 33, 85.
Acroteria,83. Axis, 92.
Administrativebuildings,Roman, 23, 104, 106, 138.
Adonismosaicin Antioch, 109. BACON, F. H., 56 n. 23, 86 n. 40.
Aegae, 56 n. 23, 59 n. 24. Barrier,15.
Agonotheteion,124. Base: circular,3, 5; marble, 113, 117; pilaster, 118,
Agora:Athenian,120 n. 18, 127; Corinthian,3 and n. 119.
Basin, 143, 145, 148, 151; circular,69; coldwater,139;
1, 4, 5, 7, 30, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 124 n. 22, 138, 141,
143, 153, 156, 158; lower, 3 n. 2, 159; upper, 128, of fountain,116, 119, 120; in mosaic,108; rectangu-
143, 158, 159; see also MarketPlace. lar, 146; semicircular,148, 149.
Agrippa,M. Vipsanius,127. Baths, 8; medieval, 142, 145; Roman, 10, 60, 67,
Akarnania,64 n. 30. 145-151, 153, 154, 159.
Alaric, 159. Batter, of doorjamb, 56.
Alexanderthe Great,98, 157. Beams: marble,120; wooden,81.
AlexanderSeverus,134. Beam cuttings, 53.
Altar, 10 n. 4, 134. Bema, 5, 34, 120 n. 18, 127, 128, 132, 159.
Alterations,pre-Roman,93-94, 97. Bench,28, 101, 138; marble,111;marblecovered,107,
Amphitheaters, 131 n. 33. 108; poros,22, 130, 131; stone, 30, 93.
Amusementcenter, 99. Beveling, 24, 40, 42.
AnastasiosI, 151. Beyen, H. G., 110 n. 10.
Anathyrosis,19, 22, 33, 58, 77, 82, 107, 113. Birds, 108.
Animaldrawings,105. Blake, MarionE., 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6,108 n. 7, 127 and
Annulets, 32. n. 27.
Anta, 19, 22, 39, 40, 70, 77, 111, 115, 121, 123, 138. Blister ware, 95.
Anta capital,40, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 100, 130. Bohn, Richard,56 n. 23, 59 n. 24.
Ante-chambersof secondstory, 75, 76, 77, 98. Bonding of courses, 25.
Antefix, 85, 86 and n. 41, 87. Boukrania,117.
Antigonos Gonatas, 97. Bouleuterion, 66, 67,128,129-132 andn. 35, 144,159;
Antioch, mosaicsfrom, 108. constructionof, 137; at Olympia,132 and n. 35.
Aphrodite, 8, 10; on Acrocorinth,99; in mosaic, Bowls: large, 62; Megarian,126; mixing, 98.
Antioch, 109. Bricks, 55 and n. 22, 112, 141, 145, 149, 150, 153;
Apodyterium, 151. circular,146; lozenge-shaped,121; square,122 and
Apse, 130, 146, 147, 148. n. 19; unbaked,69.
Aqueduct,90, 123, 155. Buttresses,75, 76, 77, 123, 136, 138.
Arcadians,156.
Arches,105, 123, 138, 152; brick, 146, 147, 148. CAESAR,62, 100, 158.
Architrave,33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 120, 121; backers,33, Cagnat,R., 131 n. 33.
79; coloron, 34; of innerfagade,80. Calidarium,151, 154.
Argos,97. Cantilevers,36.
Aristophanes,61 n. 25. Canvas,131 n. 33.
Arretineware, 127. Capitals:Doric,30, 32 and n. 13, 36, 73, 74, 77; Ionic,
Arris,30. 38, 45, 46, 81, 102; of miniaturecolumns,79; pi-
Asklepieion,17 n. 9, 89 n. 46. laster,119, 120; seealsoColumns.
Assos, 56 n. 23. Caracalla,134.
Astragals,38, 64, 98, 102. Casa del Citarista,Pompeii, 106 n. 4; delle Danza-
61
Athenaios, n. 25. trici, 106 n. 4; dei Gladiatori,107 n. 6; see also
Athens, 28 n 1, 96. House.
Athlete, 108. Cash box, 134.
AtriumHouse, Antioch, 108, 109. Cassander,64 n. 30.
161
162 INDEX
Catchbasin, 13, 16, 29, 122, 150. Cornucopia,134 n. 38.
Ceiling,6, 13, 14, 15, 44, 57, 76, 81, 102, 105, 112, 148, Corridor,57, 75, 76; see also Passage.
149; beams of, 35, 38, 53, 54, 55, 79, 81, 82, 93; Counters,64.
domed,105; heightof, 53, 57; slanting,76; wooden, Courby,C. M., 96 n. 59.
113. Coursingof wall blocks,40.
Cellars,137, 140, 144, 159. Court,8, 152.
Cement,11, 12, 16, 55, 60, 87, 105, 138; pebble, 42, Cryptoporticus,50, 115, 125, 132, 159.
65, 66, 67, 69, 70; water-tight,17, 97, 116. Cubicles,8.
Cemetery,8. Cultbuilding, 123.
CentralShops, 5, 128 n. 32, 159. Cultimage, 126.
Cerialis,Gaius,113, 114. Cult rooms,124, 126.
Chaironeia,battle of, 98, 156, 157. Cups,63, 95, 97, 98.
Chamber,15, 121, 123; rectangular,149. Curia,132.
Chamonard,Joseph, 74 n. 35, 110 n. 10. Curtains,75, 76.
Channel:on doorway,55; water, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, Curvature:horizontal,91-92; of Parthenon,91 n. 49;
16, 22, 59, 61 n. 25, 65, 68, 69, 93 n. 52, 96, 122, see also Refinements.
131, 133, 136, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153.
Chevrons,38. DADO,105, 111, 128, 149.
Chronology,62; see also Date of Stoa. Daimon,64.
Cistern,7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 28. Date of Stoa, 13 n. 8, 94-99.
City planning,156, 158. Davidson (Weinberg),GladysR., 11 n. 7, 97 n. 65.
Clamps,6, 33, 36, 41, 82, 96, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119. Deities, 63, 64.
Clampcuttings, 38, 112, 120. Delegates,accommodationof, 98, 99, 157.
Clearingbasin, 28, 150, 154. Delos, 74 n. 35, 109, 110 n. 10.
Clerestory,57, 76. Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96.
Cock,108. Demeter,64.
Coffers,81. DemetriosPoliorketes,64 n. 30, 97, 157.
Coins,65, 94, 97, 110, 114, 126, 127, 129, 134, 137, Demosthenes,156.
143, 150, 154; silver, 64 n. 30, 67. Deposit: destruction,64, 95, 101, 109; habitational,
Collart,Paul, 152 n. 45. 62, 95, 98, 99, 109; of pottery, 94; of terracotta
Colonnade,152, 155; Doric, 18, 28, 32; of Fountain objects, 94, 96, 97.
House, 115. Destruction:Herulian,135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 159;
Colonnettes,unfluted,121. by Mummius,62, 67, 68, 79,89,93,99,109,126,158.
Colony,Roman, 62, 89, 134, 158. Destructiondebris,see Deposit.
Color,6, 34, 38, 46, 84, 100, 105, 108, 109, 113. Diamondpattern, 107, 108.
Colorscheme,125, 135. Dice, 64.
Columns,69, 79, 111, 117, 142, 149; archaic,mono- Dimensions:of CorinthianAgora,3 n. 1; of reardoors,
lithic, 4, 90, 155; brick,146, 147, 148; Doric,outer, 58; of shops, 24, 48; of Stoa, 33.
6, 19, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 80, 91, 92, 93, 102, 153; Diminutionof columns,30, 91.
height of, 32, 34; spacing of, 101; Doric, small in Dinsmoor,WilliamB., 3 n. 4, 33 n. 14, 87 n. 42, 91 n.
second story, 73, 74, 76, 77, 100; Doric unfluted, 49, 96 n. 60.
Roman, 105, 124; Ionic, interior, Greek,4, 8, 12, Diocletian,159.
13, 22, 23, 33, 38, 45-48, 64, 81, 82, 100, 102, 104; Doors, 93, 133, 152; front, of shops, 41, 48-52, 57,
Ionic, interior,Roman, 102-104, 110. 70, 76; inner, 55, 56, 57, 68, 69; in partition walls,
Columndrums,height of, 32. 93; in rear wall, 42, 44, 58, 68, 93.
Compartments,rear, 6, 55, 57, 58, 68 and n. 33, 69, Doorframe, 93; wooden,48, 50, 52, 58.
82, 99, 104, 154; of secondstory, 75. Doorjamb, 48, 49, 50, 55, 58, 69, 78, 93, 107, 111, 130,
Conduit,28; terracotta,124, 138, 141. 132, 140.
Construction,of Bouleuterion,133; of Stoa, 18, 96. Door trim, 48, 49, 50, 52, 132; of inner door, 56, 57.
Coolers,61 and n. 25, 98. Doorway,15, 49, 52, 58, 100, 111, 113, 130, 132, 135,
CorinthianLeague,98 and n. 69, 99, 157. 136, 146, 149, 150; normal,49, 50; rear, 147.
Corners:drafted,83; projecting,23, 25, 26. Dorpfeld,W., 87 n. 42.
Cornercontraction,30. Doves, 10.
Cornice,54, 58, 59,62,64; Doric,horizontal,33, 36-39, Dowels, 36, 38, 120, 138; cylindrical, 121; wooden,
42, 44, 81, 83, 84, 100, 104, 140; raking,42; Ionic, 49, 147.
121. Dowel cuttings, 33, 48, 50, 56, 111, 120.
Cornicecourse,83. Drafting,20, 22, 44.
 INDEX 163

Drain,28, 60, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 154; great, Flues, 145-148.
42, 65-68, 93, 94, 122, 130, 131, 146; tile, 118, 150, Flutes: of bone and ivory, 98; on columns, 80; on
153. pilasters,118, 120.
Dressingroom, 151. Foot length, 25.
DrinkingContestmosaic, Antioch, 109. Forum,Roman, 3 n. 1, 158.
Drinkingparties, 64. Foundations,7, 8, 10-15, 18-26, 28, 33, 67, 89, 92,
Dunbabin,T. J., 17 n. 9. 104, 106, 114, 125, 127, 145, 154; of interiorcolon-
Dungeon,15. nade, 22; of South Basilica,66; of terracewall, 90.
Duovirs, 127, 144. Fountain, of Hadji-Mustapha,16.
Dwellings,see Houses. FountainHouse,Roman,109, 115-124, 127, 128, 158.
Dyggve, E., 87 n. 42, 96 n. 60. Frieze, Doric, 24, 33, 34-36, 40, 42, 79, 81, 140; of
inner fa9ade,80, 140; in cold water tank, 149.
EARTHQUAKES,107 n. 6, 109, 159. Frigidarium,151, 154.
East CentralShops, 127. Fuel, storageof, 146, 149.
East Portico, 7, 19, 89 n. 45. Furnace,145, 148.
Eaves, 44, 82.
Echinus, 32. GABLE, 83; east, 85, 86.
Echo Colonnadeat Olympia,95 n. 58, 96. Galleries,12-17.
Edwards, G. Roger, 62, 64 n. 30, 95, 96. Gallienus,134, 153, 159.
Edwards,KatharineM., 127n. 26, 134n. 38, 154n. 48. Gambling,64.
Eisagogeus,111. Gamingboards,64, 98.
Eleusis, 61 n. 25. Gardner,E. A., 156 n. 3.
Elevation, rear, 42-44 and n. 18. Gateway,155.
Ellipse, 130, 131. Geniusof the colony, 134 n. 38.
Empolion, 31, 32, 46. Glauke,fountainof, 17 n. 9.
"Encrustationstyle", 110 n. 10. Goddess,8, 64 and n. 29; of GoodFortune,108.
Entablature,19, 38, 40, 44, 100; see also Architrave, Gods,foreign,137.
Cornice,Frieze. Goths, 159.
Entasis, 30, 91. Graffiti,65, 101.
Entrance,to Roman Bath, 146, 150; ornamental,to Granite,149.
South Basilica, 115, 123. Graves,10.
Epaminondas,156. Grill,56.
Epidauros,5 n. 10, 156. Groag,Edmund,113 n. 12.
Epigram,Latin, 89 n. 46. Guillochepattern, 108.
Erechtheion,46 n. 19, 58 n. 24. Gutta, 33, 34.
Euthynteria, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 91, 92. Gutter, of Roman Fountain, 118, 122; of Stoa, 18,
Exedra, 112, 114, 152. 28-30, 101,153, 154.
Gymnasium,152; at Philippi, 152 n. 45.
FAiADE, north, Doric, 22, 26, 30-38, 39, 81, 83, 88,
91, 100, 140, 151, 154; inner, 27, 80, 81, 101, 140; HADJI-MUSTAPHA, Fountainof, 16.
ornamental,115. Hadrian,113, 159.
Fasciae, 22, 78, 79. Half-column,79, 121, 123, 130.
Female head, 124. Handles, stampedamphora,62, 126.
Figurines,7, 8, 10, 11, 97. Harbors,128.
Fire, 130, 134, 138, 153, 159; pre-Mummian,109; see Harris, JosephineM., 89 n. 46, 134 n. 36, 151 n. 44.
also Destruction. Headers,18, 19, 23.
Fish, 139. Heermance,TheodoreW., 4, 5, 22 n. 8, 25 n. 9, 94,
Flank, 82; east, 29, 30, 42; west, 29, 30, 40, 41. 155 n. 49.
Floor, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 76, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, HellenicLeague, 156 n. 1.
148; cement, 68; late Roman, 134; marble, 106, Hellenodikai,110.
141, et passim; packed earth, 90, 104, 147; pebble HerodesAtticus, 143, 152 n. 46.
cement, 12, 90; tile, 142. Herring-bonepattern, 121, 123.
Floor level, 18, 122. Herulians,134 and n. 36, 136, 137, 138, 143, 151, 159.
Floor space, 6. Hill, Bert H., 5.
Flooring, 55, 60, 148; brick, 150; cement, 136; in Hill, Ida Thallon,83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2.
shops, 97. Hinks, R. P., 108 n. 7.
Flowers, 108. Holland,Marian,28 n. 11.
164 INDEX

House, of the Faun, Pompeii, 110 n. 10; of Polyphe- Lerna, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46.

mus, Antioch, 108, 109; of Sallust, Pompeii, 110 n. Levels, 18 n. 3.
10; see also Casa. Lime pit, 146.
Houses, 8, 10. Lining, brick, 152.
Housholder, F. W., 101 n. 1. Lintel, 15, 41, 50-53, 56, 57, 147.
Hypocaust, 67, 142 n. 40, 145-149, 151, 154. Lintel course, 55, 58.
Hypocaust Bath at Olympia, 55 n. 22. Lion's head spout, 84, 85.
Loomweights, 96.
IMPLUVIUM, 151, 152. Lucius, 101.
Inscriptions, 63, 134. Lucius Verus, 143.
Intercolumniations, 4, 19, 48. Lucretius, 131 n. 33.
Intersection of walls, 19, 25, 26. Lykourgos, 96, 156.
Inundations, 5.
Invasion, Herulian, 151, 159. MACEDON,156.
Isthmia, 157. Male head, bearded, 124.
Isthmian Games, 110, 158. Manhole, 7,11,16,17,24,59,60,95,140,141,142,144.
Isthmian Sanctuary, 89 n. 46, 158. Marble: from Karystos, 116; from Skyros, 115, 116.
Marcus Aurelius, 134, 143.
JAMBS, see Doorjamb. Market Place, 3; see Agora.
Jar, 67, 68, 143. Masonry, 145; brick, 146, 147; rubble, 146, 147, 148,
Joint, 22, 24; beveled, 20. 149, 150.
Judeich, W., 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Masons' marks, 26-28.
Julia Mamea, 134. Masts, 131 n. 33.
Julian II, 150. Mau, August, 110 n. 10.
Julian Basilica, 132, 159. Maximinus I, 134.
Justinian I, 151, 154, 159. McDonald, W. A., 132 n. 35.
Meander pattern, 84.
KALYDON, 87 n. 42. Measurements, see Dimensions.
Kameiros, 5 n. 10, 61 n. 25. Megalopolis, 156 and n. 3.
Kantharos, 95 n. 53. Metopes, 34, 40, 41, 100.
Karystos marble, 116. Middle Stoa, in Athenian Agora, 74 n. 35.
Kavvadias, P., 5 n. 10. Mitering, 96.
Kenchreai, 129, 159. Modillions, 121.
Kenchrean Road, 66, 128 n. 32, 128-129. Moesia, governor of, 132 n. 34.
Kent, John H., 91 n. 48, 113 n. 12. Morgan, Charles H., 5, 8, 10, 90 n. 47, 151 n. 44, 153
King, Lida Shaw, 83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2. n. 47.
Kitchen, 10. Mortar, 11, 55, 87, 121, 131, 132; earth, 106; lime, 52,
Kitchen ware, 62. 100, 104, 105, 111, 145, 146.
Knucklebones, 64. Mortar bedding, 110, 112, 118, 138, 139, 142, 148, 150,
Kotyle, 95 n. 58. 152.
Kourouniotes, K., 61 n. 25. Mosaic, 107-110, 114.
Kunze, Emil, 55 n. 22, 95 n. 54, 107 n. 6. Moulding, 55, 57, 75, 78,79, 81, 93,112,113,116,119,
121, 124, 126 and n. 23, 151, 152; base, 117, 118,
LAGYNOS,29, 62. 119, 121, 138, 145; cavetto, 52, 85; crowning, 119;
Laidlaw, W. A., 110 n. 10. cyma recta, 117, 118, 119; cyma reversa, 38, 45, 54,
Lake Stymphalos, 123, 155. 85, 117, 119, 120, 126; hawksbeak, 38, 40, 42, 52,
Lamps, 13 n. 8, 64 n. 30, 89 n. 46, 95, 96, 156; Roman, 54, 96; ovolo, 84, 85, 120; scotia, 126; torus, 117,
109, 114, 137, 141. 126.
Lang, Mabel, 62 n. 26. Moulds, 84, 97.
Latrines, 65, 66, 67, 68, 130, 131; Roman, 151-153, Mummius, 30, 62, 64, 67, 89, 93, 100, 109, 126.
159. Mutules, 36.
League: Achaian, 158; Aitolian, 67, 68; Corinthian
(Hellenic), 98, 99, 156 and n. 1, 157. NECKS, fluted, 74 n. 35.
Lechaion Road, 3, 4, 128 and n. 32, 152 n. 45. Nemea, 85 n. 38.
Lekythos, 95. Nero, 159.
Lemerle, P., 152 n. 45. Niche, 10, 15, 112, 152.
Leonidaion at Olympia, 5 n. 10, 96. Nilsson, Martin P., 10 n. 4, 63 n. 27.
 INDEX 165

Notches, 22, 84, 86. Plaster, 128, 135, 139, 148, 150; Greek, 52.
Numerianus, 151. Plinth, 60, 111; marble, 118.
Pnyx, 156 n. 2.
ODEION OF AGRIPPA,in Athens, 110, 120 n. 18, 127. Pompeii, 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6, 109, 127.
Odeion at Corinth, 143, 152 n. 46. Porch, 130; of South Basilica, 115; see also Portico.
Olympia, 5 n. 10, 55 n. 22, 87 n. 42, 95 n. 54, 96, 98 Poros stone, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, et passim.
n. 69, 107 n. 6, 110, 132 and n. 35, 156. Portico, 111, 131; see also Porch.
Olynthos, 95 and n. 53, 96. Posts, wooden, 75.
"Onyx", 116, 128. Pottery, 7 and n. 1, 8, 10, 11, 13 n. 8, 14, 62, 65, 94,
Opus incertum, 105, 145; see also Masonry, rubble. 95, 96, 97, 98, 114, 126, 141, 142, 156; Roman, 109,
Opus sectile, 127, 152. 131.
Orientation, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 116, 139, 145. Pour channel, 111, 113, 120.
Orthostates, 6, 39, 40, 50, 93, 105, 107, 113, 124, 125, Preservation, state of, 3, 4, 17.
129, 130, 132, 133, 139, 145, 147, 148, 149. Priene, 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35.
Orthostate level, 3, 22, 42, 43, 55, 56, 104. Procurator, 113, 114.
Overflow from fountain, 122. Proportions, 46 n. 19.
Ovid, 131 n. 33. Pry-hole, 52, 82, 132.
Ptolemy III, 97.
PALM BRANCH, 108. Purlin, 82, 102.
Palmettes, on Ionic capital, 45, 102; ridge, 86, 88, 101. Purpose, of Stoa, 94-99, 157.
Pandroseion, 59 n. 24.
Panels: marble, 106, 107, 116,119,126,130; of mosaic, QUARRIES,89.
108, 109; stuccoed, 105, 109. RABBET,38, 55, 76, 90, 113.
Parapet, 71, 72, 76, 77, 120. Rafters, 38, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83.
Parrot, 108. Rebuilding, of Stoa, 102.
Parthenon, 91 n. 49. Recesses, 112.
Partridge, 108. Reconstructions, latest, 138; Roman, 18, 107, 124,
Passage, 69, 75. 130, 132, 137; see also Alterations, Repairs.
Patching, 108, 113. Refinements, 6, 91-93, 157; see also Curvature.
Patera, 134 n. 38. Refreshments, 64.
Paton, James M., 46 n. 19. Refrigeration, 61, 98, 157.
Pausanias, 3 n. 2, 4. Regula, 33, 34.
Paved areas, 42, 58, 65, 66,67,68,88,93,131,135,136. Relief, of maenad, 142 n. 40.
Pavement, 104,128,131; cement, 94; marble, of Agora, Relieving surface, 32, 45.
89, 153; pebble, 131; of road 128. Remodeling, of Fountain House, 118.
Pease, M. Z., 95 n. 55. Repairs, 93, 94, 97, 110; pre-Roman, 88; early Roman,
Pedestal, 116, 120, 123; poros, 118. 100-102, 104, 124; to roof, 84, 94, 101; see also
Peirene, Fountain of, 5, 15, 17 n. 9, 59; channels of, 96. Alterations, Reconstructions.
Perachora, 17 n. 9. Reservoir, 7, 11-17, 22, 24, 61 n. 25, 91, 92, 95 n. 58,
Peristyle, 74 n. 35. 143.
Pernice, Erich, 106 n. 4. Retouching, 84.
Personification, 63. Revetments, 115; marble, 116, 118.
Philinus, Cn. Babbius, 89 n. 45. Richardson, Rufus B., 3 n. 2, 4.
Philip, 98, 156, 157. Riser, 20.
Philippeion: at Megalopolis, 156; at Olympia, 96. Road, 4, 8, 30, 89, 90, 93, 129; modern, 4, 19 n. 5, 65;
Philippi, 152 n. 45. wagon, 100, 144, 158.
Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 127 n. 29. Road level, west of Stoa, 22.
Piers, 14, 100, 105, 111, 138, 149; brick, 146; capital Robinson, D. M., 95 n. 53, 96 n. 61.
of, 79; low, of second story, 76; poros, 130; thin, Roebuck, Carl, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46, 98 n. 69.
of second story, 70, 71, 72, 77, 81. Roebuck, Mary C., 83 n. 37, 101 n. 2.
Pigments, 126. Roman Forum, 132.
Pilasters, 117, 119, 120, 123. Roof, 36, 41, 42, 74, 82, 83, 88, 93, 101, 131, 138;
Pins, metal, 84. arched, of reservoir, 13, 15, 16, 17.
Pipe: lead, 148, 149, 150; terracotta, 67, 68, 122, 123, Rosette, 120, 121.
125, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145. Rostra, 128, see Bema; in Roman Forum, 132.
Pitchers, 62, 98.
Pivot holes, 48, 49, 107, 111, 132, 147. SACREDFOUNTAIN, 90, 91.
166 INDEX

Saint Paul, 101 n. 1, 128. Stoa of Attalos, Athens, 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20.

Salonina,134. Storagejars, terracotta,62, 97, 144.
Sanctuary,8. Storagepits, 10.
Sandpiper,108. Storerooms,68 n. 33, 146.
Santa Costanza,Churchof, 132 n. 35. Story: lower,74 etpassim;second,6, 70-79,80,82,98.
Schede,Martin,48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 96 n. 62. Stove, terracotta,98.
Schleif,H., 55 n. 22, 107 n. 6. Stretchers,18, 19, 20, 23, 24.
Scholae,127. String course,54, 55.
Schrader,H., 74 n. 35. Stucco, 6, 13, 28, 29, 34, 40, 52, 56, 72, 73, 79, 100,
Scranton,Robert L., 3 n. 2, 89 n. 45, 120 n. 18, 127 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 135, 136, 137, 146, 154.
n. 30, 132 n. 34, 142 n. 40, 153 n. 47. Stylobate,3, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 33, 39, 88, 91, 101.
Screen,76, 79. Subdivision,25 n. 9.
Seat block, 29, 94. Substructures,23.
Secundus,141, 143. Sudatorium,151, 154.
Septimius Severus,134. Swan, 8.
Serapis,head of, 134, 137. Symmetry,44.
Setting line, 26, 42, 52, 82, 107.
Sewage,disposalof, 59, 153, 157, seealsoPaved areas. TABLE, 8; marble, 64, 98.
Shaft: of pier, 14; unfluted,74 and n. 35; of wells, 13, Taenia, 33, 34, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 81, 83, 93;
16, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 95, 127. slanting, 44, 82.
Shelves, 121, 123. Tank,137, 149, 150, 155; cold water,140, 154; rectan-
Sherds,see Pottery. gular, 148.
Shield, 108; terracotta,96. Tavern,10, 12, 17, 98, 99, 137.
Shoe, Lucy T., 96. Taylor,Lily R., 89 n. 46.
Shrine,137; underground,8, 12; see also Sanctuary. Temple:of "Apollo",3 n. 2,4; of Apolloin Athens,96;
Shutter,wooden,56. of Apolloat Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96; Archaic,3, 18 n.
Sikyon, 97. 3, 155; of Ares in Athens, 28 n. 11; of Jupiter at
Sill: of anta, 22 n. 7; of door, 48, 50, 104, 132, 136; Pompeii,110 n. 10; at Tegea,96; of Zeusat Nemea,
of window,56. 85 n. 38, 96.
Sima,horizontal,38, 44, 84-87, 101; marble,85 n. 38; Tepidarium,151, 154.
raking,44,85,86,87,101; Roman,102,109,123,124. Terracewall, 7, 8, 9, 10, 88-91, 93, 100, 135, 136, 137,
Skias, A. N., 3. 139, 145, 153.
Skyphos,95. Terracottas,architectural,62, 79, 83 n. 37, 96.
Skyros,marblefrom, 115, 116, 126. Terracottaobjects, deposit of, 94.
Sleepingquarters,99. Tetrapod,10 n. 4.
Slots, 84. Theater: at Corinth,28 n. 10, 88 n. 43; of Dionysos
Snakes,10. in Athens, 127 and n. 29.
Soffit, 42. Theaters,awningsin, 131 n. 33.
South Basilica, 50, 66 and n. 32, 101, 109, 114, 115, TheodosiusI, 153.
122, 123, 125, 128, 132, 159. Thermae,151; see Baths, Roman.
SoutheastBuilding,89, 129, 158. Tholosin Athens, 87 n. 42.
Spintharos,96. Thompson,HomerA., 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 87 n. 42, 95
Square,public, see MarketPlace, Agora. n. 54, 96 n. 60, 110n. 11, 120 n. 18, 127 n. 28, 134
Stage, 8. n. 36, 156 n. 2.
Stairways,6, 13, 16, 24, 48, 68-70, 75, 77, 94, 152; ThrasyllosMonument,96.
marble,115. Threshold,48, 49, 68, 104, 107, 111, 113, 128, 132,
Stamps: on amphorahandles,62; on tiles, 88. 133, 136, 146, 147, 150.
Statue, 10, 93, 113, 134, 158; equestrian,89. Thrust,38.
Statue bases, 89, 90. Thyrreion,64 n. 30.
Steps, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 29, 30, 39, 101, 148; Tiles, 14; bossed,148; in drain,140, 149; roof: 44, 62,
marble,18, 19, 154. 64, 65, 68, 83-88, 101, 126; half, with upturned
Stereo, 18 n. 2. edge, 82, 87; Lakonian,88 and notes 43, 44; opaion,
Stettler, Michael,132 n. 35. 87; overlapping,153; ridge cover, 83; Roman, 67,
Stevens, GorhamP., 46 n. 19, 59 n. 24, 86 n. 40, 91 102, 109, 137, 143, 152, 154; saddle, 86; size of, 86
n. 49, 92 n. 50. n. 40; with trough,87.
Stillwlll, Richard,5 8 28 n. , 10, 88 nn. 43, 115 n. Toe holds, 12, 13, 15, 60, 141.
15, 120 n. 17. Toga, 130.
 INDEX 167

Toichobate,8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18 n. 3, 19 n. 4, 20, DE WAELE, JOSEPH, 89 n. 46, 139 n. 39.
22 and n. 7, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 39, 55, 56, 58, 65, Walls: cross, 114, 129, 137; east, 27, 39, 40, 93; in-
66, 69, 70, 92, 104, 114. terior east-west, 25; middle, 41; partition, 25, 50,
Tomb, 8. 54, 69, 70, 75, 82, 92, 93, 101, 104, 106, 109, 110,
Tonguepattern, Doric, 38. 114, 115, 133, 150, 152; rear, south, 25, 43, 48, 68,
Tread,19, 20. 93 n. 52, 104; rubble, 137; west, 27, 40, 41, 93.
Triglyphs,34, 35, 41, 85. Wall decoration, 126.
Troizen,coins of, 97. Water tank, 38, 122, 123.
Trusses,139. Water works 12-17; Hadrianic, 155.
Tub, hot water, 148. Weinberg, Saul S., 5 n. 8, 63 n. 27, 66 n. 32, 114 n. 13,
Tunnel,13, 60, 122, 142. 115 n. 14.
Tympanum,42. Wells, 7, 11, 13, 15; in shops, 5, 11, 59-65, 99, 156.
Well curbs, 60-65, 68, 70, 97, 124, 126, 127.
UNIFORMITY,50. West, Allen B., 89 notes 45, 46.
Units, of length, 24, 25. Wheel ruts, 8, 89, 90, 144.
Wiegand, Th., 74 n. 35.
VALERIAN I, 134. Windows, 43 and n. 18, 56, 57, 58, 78, 100, 101, 104,
Valve, of door, 49. 109, 138; clerestory, 82; rear, 43, 44; second story,
Vases, see Pottery. 72, 76, 77, 80, 81; service, 57; slit, 42, 58.
Veneer,marble,106, 111, 112, 115,120, 121,138, 143, Wings, 6, 42, 44, 58, 82, 156 n. 2; east, 42, 58, 87;
145, 148, 149. west, 20, 82, 87.
Vespasian,109. Wreath, 108.
Vessel, in mosaic, 108.
Vessels,drinking,10. 88 and n. 44, 93.
XENOLAOS,
Vesuvius,eruptionof, 109.
Vitruvius,3 n. 1, 92 n. 50. YOUNG, RODNEY S., 151 n. 42.
Volutes, 45.
Votives, 97, 99. ZEUS, OF PHEIDIAS, AT OLYMPIA, 124.
Voussoir,105, 152.
 PLAT E S AND PLANS
NOTE: In the titles of the PLANS the names of the rooms
are listed from right to left, following the order of dis-
cussion in the text.
 PLATE 1

AP
*:. ? . A _
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PLATE 26

-MAI
4

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1 PIECE OF SIMA, IONI COUM ;WS ::......

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3 10NIC COLUMN DRUMS, EAST END OF STOA

 PLATBs 27

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EAST END OF STOA (1933) SHOWING MARBLF, FLOOR OF ROOM "B"

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1 ROOM "C" IN COURSE OF EXCAVATION (1933)

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