THE OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO,

MOCHE VALLEY, PERU

Gregory D. Lockard

The archaeological site of Galindo, located in the Moche Valley, is one of the most important Late Moche (ca. A.D. 600—
800) centers on the North Coast of Peru. The site was once thought to have been occupied only after the nearby Huacas de
Moche, the paramount Middle Moche (ca. A.D. 300-600) center in the valley, was abandoned. Recent radiocarbon dates
from the Huacas de Moche, however, indicate that it continued to be occupied well into the eighth century A.D. This paper
presents data on the occupational history of Galindo recently obtained during the Galindo Archaeological Project (GAP).
These data, along with similar data from the Huacas de Moche, present a new understanding of the occupational history
of the Moche Valley during the first half of the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600-1000).

El sitio arqueologico de Galindo, ubicado en el valle de Moche, es uno de los centros Moche Tardio (ca. 600-800 d.C.) mas
importante en la costa norte del Peru. El sitio era antes pensado haber sido ocupado solamente despues del sitio cercano de
las Huacas de Moche, el centro principal Moche Medio (ca. 300-600 d. C) en el valle, fue abandonado. Fechas radiocarbonicas
recientes de las Huacas de Moche, sin embargo, indican que lo continuaba estar ocupado bien entrado el siglo octavo d.C.
Este articulo presenta datos sobre la historia ocupacional de Galindo recientemente obtenido durante del Proyecto Arque-
ologico Galindo (GAP). Estos datos, junto con datos similares de las Huacas de Moche, presentan una comprension nueva
sobre la historia ocupacional del valle de Moche durante la primera mitad del Horizonte Medio (600-1000 d. C).

T
he prehistory of the Moche Valley, located
on the North Coast of Peru, has been exten-
sively researched over the past century
(Bawden 1977; Billman 1996; Brennan 1978; Don-
nan and Mackey 1978; Kroeber 1926,1930; Mose-
ley and Cordy-Collins 1990; Moseley and Day
1982; Moseley and Mackey 1974; S. Pozorski
1976; T. Pozorski 1976; T. Topic 1977; Uceda et
al. 1997, 1998, 2000; Uhle 1913). This research
includes surveys of the lower and middle valleys
and numerous site-specific projects, many of which
have included extensive excavations. As a result of
this research, we now know a great deal about the
valley's occupational history. There are two prob-
lems, however, with our current knowledge of this
issue. First, the valley's occupational history is con-
ceptualized only in terms of ceramic phases.
Although the relative chronology of these phases
is well established, in most cases the absolute dates
traditionally assigned to them are not supported by
chronometric dates (e.g., Chapdelaine 2001,2003).
Second, there is a considerable gap in the valley's
presumed absolute chronology during the Middle
Horizon (A.D. 600-1000).
The Huacas de Moche is believed to have been
the capital of a multi-valley polity during the fifth
and sixth centuries A.D. (e.g., Bawden 1996; Shi-
mada 1994). In the past, the site was believed to
have been abandoned around A.D. 600. This inter-
pretation was based on the fact that the majority of
the diagnostic ceramics from the final occupational
levels at the site correspond to Phase IV in Larco's
(1948) sequence of Moche stirrup spout bottles
(traditionally assigned to the fifth and sixth cen-
turies A.D.; e.g., Shimada 1994, Table 1). The
nearby site of Galindo was thought to have devel-
oped into a major political center sometime after
A.D. 600, and abandoned around A.D. 750 (Baw-
den 1977, 1996; Shimada 1994). This was due to
the fact that the majority of diagnostic ceramics

Gregory D. Lockard • Environmental Resources Management, Av. Felipe Pardo y Aliaga No. 640, Of. 1102, San Isidro,
Lima 27, Peru (gdlockard@yahoo.com)

Latin American Antiquity 20(2), 2009, pp. 279-302

Copyright ©2009 by the Society for American Archaeology

279

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 280 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY
recovered from the site correspond to Phase V in
Larco's (1948) sequence (traditionally assigned to
the seventh and eighth centuries A.D.). There is then
a gap in the occupational history of the Moche Val-
ley from around A.D. 750 to the founding of Chan
Chan in approximately A.D. 900 (J. Topic and
Moseley 1983).
In the last few years, radiocarbon dates from the
Huacas de Moche have called into question the
presumed absolute chronology of the Moche Val-
ley during the first half of the Middle Horizon.
These dates indicate that the urban zone at the Hua-
cas de Moche was occupied until at least A.D. 700
(Chapdelaine 1998,2001,2003). Few Moche Phase
V ceramics, however, have been recovered from the
site. The late radiocarbon dates and absence of
Phase V ceramics at the Huacas de Moche can be
explained by one of the two following hypotheses:
1. The Phase V occupation of Galindo was much
later than previously thought, ranging from some-
time after A.D. 700 to the founding of Chan Chan
in around A.D. 900. If this is the case, Galindo still
postdates the Huacas de Moche and the gap
between A.D. 750 and 900 in the traditional
absolute chronology of the Moche Valley is elim-
inated; or
2. Galindo was occupied at the same time as the
Huacas de Moche. Phase IV ceramics from the
Huacas de Moche would therefore be at least partly
contemporaneous with Phase V ceramics from
Galindo. If this is the case, then (a) the Phase V
occupation of Galindo overlaps with but persists
beyond the abandonment of the Huacas de Moche
until the founding of Chan Chan; (b) there was no
major center in the Moche Valley after the aban-
donment of the Huacas de Moche and Galindo and
before the founding of Chan Chan; or (c) Chan
Chan was founded significantly earlier than A.D.
900.
The evaluation of these hypotheses requires data
on the occupational history of the three major cen-
ters in the Moche Valley occupied during the Mid-
dle Horizon: the Huacas de Moche, Galindo, and
Chan Chan. Recent ceramic analyses and associ-
ated chronometric dates from the Huacas de Moche
have greatly enhanced our understanding of the
site's occupational history (Chapdelaine 1998,
2001,2003). This paper presents similar data con-
cerning the occupational history of Galindo.
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[Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009
The Archaeological Site of Galindo
The archaeological site of Galindo is located in the
Moche Valley on the North Coast of Peru (Figure
1). Like other rivers on the North Coast, the Moche
River flows westward from the Andes to the Pacific
Ocean. In its upper courses, the river is closely
flanked by mountains of decreasing altitude, and
ultimately hills. Eventually, the river emerges from
these hills at the valley neck approximately 20 km
from the Pacific Ocean. Cerro Oreja marks the
south bank and Cerro Galindo marks the north bank
of the valley neck. The archaeological site of
Galindo is located at the base of the latter.
The site of Galindo is characterized by a num-
ber of topographical features (Figure 2). The dom-
inant features are two large hills: Cerro Galindo and
Cerro Muerto. Cerro Muerto lies to the northwest
of Cerro Galindo. Upon its slopes is the Quebrada
del Norte, and located between Cerro Muerto and
Cerro Galindo is the Quebrada Caballo Muerto and
its three main tributaries. Lying to the west of Cerro
Galindo and to the south of Cerro Muerto is a fan-
shaped alluvial plain, which is divided into unequal
portions by the outwash channel of the Quebrada
Caballo Muerto. The site of Galindo covers the
lower slopes of Cerro Galindo and Cerro Muerto
and the fan-shaped alluvial plain in between, an area
of approximately six square kilometers.
Physical features and cultural features (i.e., walls
and ditches) divide the site of Galindo into at least
six distinct zones (Figure 2). According to Bawden
(1977, 1982a), architectural remains within each
of these zones are relatively homogenous and func-
tionally differentiated from that of other areas of
the site. The following is a list and brief descrip-
tion of the six functionally differentiated zones
identified by Bawden at Galindo:
1. Hillside A (the lower slopes of Cerro
Galindo): Hillside A is separated from the alluvial
plain below by Ditch A and Wall A. Based on the
existence of architecture built on top of Ditch A and
associated with Wall A, the former appears to pre-
date the latter. Architecture on Hillside A is mostly
residential;
2. Hillside B (the lower slopes of Cerro Muerto):
Architecture on Hillside B is located along the
flanks of the Quebrada del Norte and its tributaries.
Most of the structures appear to have been storage
facilities;
 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 281

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Figure 1. Principal archaeological sites in the Moche Valley.

3. Hillside C (the terraced flanks of the trunk of
the Quebrada Caballo Muerto and its tributaries):
Hillside C is separated from the rest of the site by
the steep bluffs of Cerro Galindo and Cerro Muerto.
Most of the structures on Hillside C appear to have
been storage facilities;
4. Plain Al (the northeast third of the portion of
the alluvial plain to the northwest of the outwash
channel of the Quebrada Caballo Muerto): Plain A1
is dominated by large structures known as cer-
caduras, of which there are three (Cercaduras A-
C). These structures, which are only found in this
zone of the site, contain very little domestic refuse
and appear to be administrative in function. Plain
Al also contains residential structures, many of
which appear to be associated with the cercaduras;
5. Plain A2 (the southwest two thirds of the por-
tion of the alluvial plain to the northwest of the out-
wash channel of the Quebrada Caballo Muerto):
Architecture on Plain A2 is mostly residential; and
6. Plain B (the portion of the alluvial plain to
the southeast of the outwash channel of the Que-
brada Caballo Muerto): Plain B is separated from
Hillside A by Ditch A and Wall A. Two platform
mound complexes (the Huaca de las Abejas and the
Huaca de las Lagartijas) and two smaller platforms
(Platforms C and D) are located on Plain B. Plat-
form mounds are not found in any other zone at
Galindo. Plain B therefore appears to be civic/cer-
emonial in function.
The Galindo Archaeological Project
This paper presents data obtained during the
Galindo Archaeological Project (GAP). The GAP,
directed by the author, took place over the course
of three field seasons. The initial field season took
place in June and July of 2000. Fieldwork involved
the excavation of a stratigraphic cut (Stratigraphic
Cut 101) across the large wall (Wall A) that extends
along the base of Cerro Galindo, excavations in two
low-status Moche residences (Structures 39 and
40), and an informal survey of the entire site
(Lockard 2001). The secondfieldseason took place
in July and August of 2001. Fieldwork involved
excavations in two high-status Moche residential
structures (Structures 41 and 42) and Platform B
and Terrace 2a of the Huaca de las Lagartijas

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 282 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

MN 0 50 100 ISO 200

meters

KEY
c Cercadura (A-C)
w Wall (A-G)
p Platform (A-D)
D Ditch (A-B)

Figure 2. Map of Galindo. indicating GAP excavation areas. Adapted from Bawden 1977: Figures 121-124. Based on
S.A.N, aerial photographs 140-463, 464, 490, 491, 492, and 493. Survey and original drawing by J. Rosell.

(Lockard 2002). The final field season took place
between June and September of 2002. Fieldwork
involved excavations in residential and civic/cere-
monial contexts (Lockard 2003). The residential
contexts consisted of three Chimu residences
(Structures 47, 48, and 49), a low-status Moche
storage structure (Structure 46), a low-status Moche
residence (Structure 50), and two moderate-status
Moche residences (Structures 51 and 52). The
civic/ceremonial contexts consisted of Platform A
andPlazas 1 and3of the Huacade las Abejas, areas
to the west and south of the Huaca de las Abejas,
and Platform B of the Huaca de las Lagartijas.
Excavations also occurred in three structures

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 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 283

(Structures 43,44, and 45) within the plazas of the structures associated with significant quantities of
Huaca de las Abejas. Middle Moche ceramics have been excavated at
The principal goal of the GAP was to study the Galindo. Ceramics characteristic of the Chimu cul-
political power of Galindo's Late Moche rulers and ture (ca. A.D. 900-1470) have also been recovered
from Galindo (Lockard 2005:110-111). These
to compare it to that of rulers at antecedent and con-
temporary centers on the North Coast of Peru. In ceramics are confined to residential structures
order to accomplish this goal, a determination of located in the southern half of Hillside A.
exactly when Galindo was occupied compared to Moche Ceramics. The most ubiquitous tempo-
these other Moche centers was required. As a result, rally diagnostic artifacts at Galindo are Moche fine-
a secondary (although equally important) goal of line ceramics. Moche fineline ceramics are
the GAP was to reconstruct the occupational his- characterized by dark ochre slip paint applied with
tory of the site. This paper presents the results of fine brush strokes to a light slip background (Don-
this aspect of the GAP. The results of the study of nan and McClelland 1999) or, less commonly, vice
the political power of Galindo's Late Moche rulers versa.' During the GAP, 246 Moche fineline sherds
will be published elsewhere. were encountered (217 after refits) (Figure 3). All
Previous research at Galindo indicated that the of the civic/ceremonial contexts and most of the res-
site had both Moche and Chimu occupations (Baw- idential contexts excavated during the GAP are
den 1977). Before the GAP, however, the duration strongly associated with this ware (Table l). 2
and absolute dates associated with the Moche and The most common Moche fineline vessel form
Chimu occupations were unclear. These issues is the stirrup spout bottle. Based on changes in the
were addressed during the GAP via ceramic analy- morphology of these vessels, and especially their
sis, the excavation of a stratigraphic cut, and the spouts, the Moche culture can be divided into five
radiocarbon analysis of samples recovered from phases (Larco 1948). During the GAP, 17 stirrup
both Moche and Chimu contexts at Galindo. spout fragments were encountered. Only one of
these fragments, however, includes the entire spout.
The spout is tapered, which is characteristic of
Relative Dating
Phase V (Figure 3a). Another vessel form that has
formal attributes that vary by phase is the flo re ro
Ceramics (Bawden 1977:311), also known as the "flaring
The most useful artifacts for the relative dating of bowl" (e.g., Donnan and McClelland 1999). Phase
archaeological sites on the North Coast of Peru are V floreros tend to be taller and have smaller bases
ceramics. In the Moche Valley, ceramics, and espe- than those of earlier phases. They also tend to have
cially finewares, underwent significant changes rims that are notched in a step pattern (Donnan and
from their first appearance around 2000 B.C. until McClelland 1999:146; "castellated" in Bawden's
the Spanish conquest of Peru in A.D. 1532. As in 1977:311 terminology). When the rims offloreros
other parts of the world, changes in ceramic tech- are flat, a painted repeating step motif usually takes
nology and decoration have been utilized to divide the place of the notched step pattern (Lockard
the prehistory of the Moche Valley and the North 2005:296). Bawden has demonstrated that bowls
Coast as a whole into various archaeological cul- with step-notched rims are also characteristic of
tures and/or phases. In most cases, these cultures Phase V at Galindo (1977:311). All of the diag-
and phases are thought to also be culturally and/or nostic florero and bowl fragments recovered from
politically significant. Moche contexts during the GAP are characteristic
of Phase V.
The majority of temporally diagnostic surface
ceramics at Galindo and those recovered during The designs on Moche finelines also vary to
excavations at the site are Moche Phase V in form some degree by phase. In general, Phase V designs
and/or decorative style (Bawden 1977; Lockard are more crowded and complex and utilize thinner
2005:105-106). Surface ceramics that are charac- lines than those of earlier phases (Bawden
teristically Middle Moche are present at the site, 1977:306; Donnan and McClelland 1999:152). In
but confined to the northern portion of the lower addition, the stirrups and spouts of Phase V vessels
slopes of Cerro Galindo (Hillside A). To date, no are more frequently decorated with painted designs

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 284 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Figure 3. Moche Phase V ceramics recovered from Galindo during the GAP. (a) Stirrup spout fragments, (b) Florero
(flaring bowl) rim sherds, (c) Bowl rim sherd, (d) Jar sherds.

than those of Phase I-IV vessels (Bawden
1977:306; Donnan and McClelland 1999:168).
Finally, the colors of the slip paints utilized to dec-
orate Phase V vessels are often different from those
of earlier phases as a result of differences in firing.
The dark slip of Phase V vessels is often gray or
black rather than red, and the light slip is often
gray-white rather than cream (Donnan and McClel-
land 1999:162). The vast majority of Moche fine-
lines recovered from Galindo have designs
characteristic of Phase V (Lockard 2005:105-106).
A wide variety of utilitarian wares were pro-
duced by the Moche, including jars, bowls, ollas,
and cdntaros. As Theresa Topic (1977) demon-
strated in her study of thousands of sherds from sev-
eral stratigraphic cuts at the Huacas de Moche,
however, changes through time in these Moche
wares were minimal in the Moche Valley. In fact,
few differences have been found between the util-
itarian wares of the Moche culture and those of the
preceding Gallinazo Phase in the Moche Valley
(Billman 1996:293). Moche utilitarian wares there-
fore tend to be of little use in distinguishing between
Early, Middle, and Late Moche occupations. The
analysis of thousands of domestic ware sherds
recovered during the GAP failed to encounter any
temporally diagnostic attributes for Moche utili-
tarian wares at Galindo.3 Utilitarian wares from
Moche contexts, however, do differ significantly
from those from Chimu contexts. The most signif-

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 Table 1. Temporally Diagnostic Sherds from Galindo Contexts.

Moche Finelines Galindo Atypical Chi mu Other

Total Total Total %of %of %of Cupisnique Gallinazo Cajamarca
Area Count Diagnostics Analyzed Quantity Diagnostics Quantity Analyzed Quantity Analyzed Quantity Quantity Quantity
Area 101 473 473 42 8 1.7% .0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 102 452 452 99 28 6.2% 19 19.2% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 103 322 322 321 18 5.6% 2 .6% 4 1.2% 1 1 0
Area 201 100 100 101 32 320% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 202 29 29 29 6 20.7% 0 0% 1 3.4% 0 0 0
Area 203 318 318 317 44 13.8% 2 .6% 1 .3% 0 0 0
Area 204 213 213 213 18 8.5% 3 1.4% 0 0% 0 0 2
Area 301 58 58 58 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 302 40 40 40 4 100% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 303 14 14 14 1 7.1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Areas 304-306 30 30 30 2 6.7% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 307, SA 1 716 283 12 10 3.5% 5 41.7% 0 0% 0 0 0

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Area 307, SA2 203 203 99 1 .5% 0 0% 11 11.1% 0 0 0
Area 307, SA3 164 164 23 2 1.2% 0 0% 1 4.3% 0 0 0
Area 307, SA4-6 901 901 602 0 0% 1 .2% 59 9.8% 0 0 0
Area 308 24 24 0 5 20.8% 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0
Area 309 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 0 0
Area 310 78 78 56 5 6.4% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Area 311 161 161 116 62 38.5% 1 .9% 0 0% 0 0 0
TOTALS 4296 3863 2172 246 6.4% 33 1.5% 77 3.5% 1 1 2

Stratigraphic Cut 1-1 322 321 18 5.6% 2 .6% 4 1.2% 1 1 0

Huaca de las Abejas 128 128 6 4.7% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
Huaca de las Lagartijas 129 130 38 29.5% 0 0% 1 .8% 0 0 0
Moche Residential Contexts 2002 855 180 90% 30 3.5% 1 .1% 0 0 2
Chimu Residential Contexts 1268 724 3 .2% 1 .1% 71 9.8% 0 0 0
Other 14 14 1 7.1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0 0
TOTALS 3863 2172 246 6.4% 33 1.5% 77 3.5% 1 1 2

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 286 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

icant differences are a reduction in the number of

forms present, different proportions of vessel, neck,
andrimforms, and paste color or firing atmosphere
(Schleher and Lockard 2003). Most of the utilitar-
ian wares recovered from Moche contexts during
the GAP were fired in an oxidizing atmosphere
(resulting in sherds with red or orange paste), while
most of those recovered from Chimu contexts were
fired in a reducing atmosphere (resulting in sherds
with gray or black paste).
Galindo Atypical Ceramics. During his work at
Galindo, Bawden (1977:333-354, 1987, 1994)
identified five ceramic types that were not previ-
ously documented anywhere on the North Coast of
Peru. Most of these "Galindo Atypical" ceramics
were found in association with Moche Phase V
ceramics. Three of the Galindo Atypical vessel
types have mold-impressed designs and two are
undecorated. The decorated types are necked jars,
square bowls, and double-chambered vessels. The
undecorated types are angle-rimmed bowls and
polished shallow bowls. All of the Galindo Atypi-
cal ceramics identified by Bawden are graywares,
indicating that they were fired in a reducing atmos-
phere. None of the ceramics identified by Bawden
utilized decorative techniques other than mold
impressions.
During the analysis of sherds recovered during
the GAP from undisturbed contexts, 33 sherds
were classified as Galindo Atypical ceramics.
Necked jars, square bowls, and angle-rimmed
bowls are represented in this sample (Figure 4).
Most of the Galindo Atypical ceramics were recov-
ered from residential contexts associated with
Moche Phase V ceramics (Table 1). Although the
proportion of Galindo Atypical sherds within each 0 I 2 3cm

residence varies considerably, the ware does not

seem to be associated with a particular status group
or location within the site (Bawden 1977, 1987,
1994; Lockard 2005: Appendix 3). The absence of
Galindo Atypical sherds from some of the resi-
dences that contained Moche Phase V ceramics,
Figure 4. Galindo atypical ceramics recovered from
Galindo during the GAP. Drawings by Jorge Chiguala. (a)
Square bowl with molded decoration, (b) Square bowl
with molded decoration, (c) Body sherd with molded dec-
oration and white slip paint, indicated by hatching.

however, suggests that there may be some tempo-

ral difference between the wares. If this is the case,
Galindo Atypical ceramics were probably intro-
duced after Moche Phase V ceramics. This
assumption is in fact supported by the vertical dis-
tribution of the wares in Stratigraphic Cut 101 (see
below). Residences in which Phase V ceramics
are present and Galindo Atypical ceramics are
absent may therefore predate residences with both
wares.
Several sherds were encountered during the
GAP that have mold-impressed designs similar or
identical to those of Galindo Atypical ceramics but
were fired in an oxidizing rather than a reducing
atmosphere. At least one of these sherds is also

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 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 287

0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 5. Chimu ceramics recovered from Galindo during the GAP. Drawings by Jorge Chiguala. (a) Carinated olla.
(b) Face neck jar. (c) Large, handled olla. (d) Small, handled olla. (e) Plan view of plate, (f) Profile of plate.

embellished with white slip paint (Figure 4c). These
sherds appear to represent an early style of the
Galindo Atypical ware, in which mold-impressed
designs appear on vessels fired in a manner char-
acteristic of Moche ceramics. The majority of
Galindo Atypical ceramics encountered during the
GAP have darker paste than Moche ceramics,
although they are not as uniformly dark as Chimu
ceramics. Often, the paste color is not consistent
across the vessel, being considerably darker in some
locations than others. This appears to indicate
experimentation in the firing of pottery in a reduc-
ing atmosphere (Schleher and Lockard 2003).
While reduced wares were made by the Moche at
sites other than Galindo, this firing technique was
confined to a very small number of highly polished
finewares made by skilled artisans. Galindo Atyp-
ical ceramics are considerably more rudimentary
than these Moche blackwares.
Little is known concerning the origin and dis-
tribution of Galindo Atypical ceramics. Presently,
they have only been documented at one other loca-
tion. Pimentel and Paredes (2003, Figure 9.23)
encountered sherds similar in design if not tech-
nology to Galindo Atypical wares at a series of
small sites located along prehistoric roads on the
Pampa Colorada, located between the Santa and
Chao valleys. The sherds were found along with

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 288 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Moche fineline sherds with Phase V designs iden- ical of the Gallinazo culture (ca. A.D. 1-200 in the
tical to those documented at Galindo (Lockard Moche Valley; Figure 6c), which also predates the
2005:309-310). Moche occupation of Galindo. Similar vessels con-
Chimu Ceramics. During the excavation of sev- tinued to be produced by the Moche. At Galindo,
eral structures in Area 307 on Hillside A, it became however, other sherds of this type have not been
apparent that the structures were not occupied dur- documented. The possible Cupisnique and Galli-
ing the Moche culture. The vast majority of the nazo sherds may be isolated objects deposited at
sherds recovered from these contexts are reduced Galindo before its principal occupation. An alter-
wares. Although blackwares were produced by the native explanation is that they were picked up from
Moche, they were much more commonly produced other sites and brought to Galindo by the Moche.
by the Chimu. Several of the blackware sherds con- Caballo Muerto and Cerro Oreja, the largest sites
tained mold-impressed designs, including "piel de in the Moche Valley during the Guafiape and Gal-
ganzo," which are also characteristic of the Chimu linazo phases, respectively, are in fact both located
culture. One sherd is a jar neck containing an near Galindo.
applique figure with Chimu or Lambayeque attrib- In addition, two Cajamarca sherds were encoun-
utes (Figure 5b). In addition, the residences con- tered in Structure 42 (Area 204) on the Quebrada
tained ceramics with forms different from those Terrace (Figure 6b). Access to the Quebrada Ter-
recovered from Moche contexts at Galindo. The race is highly restricted and characterized by the
most common vessel forms are ollas with carinated presence of the most elite residential architecture
necks (Figure 5a), large and small ollas with short found at Galindo (Bawden 1977, 1982b). As a
everted necks and solid handles (Figure 5c-d), and result, these Cajamarca sherds probably represent
plates (Figure 5e-f)- These forms compare favor- imported tradewares. Out of a sample of 4,296
ably with Late Chimu (ca. A.D. 1300-1470) ceram- sherds encountered during the GAP, these are the
ics from Chan Chan (J. Topic and Moseley 1983, only two sherds characteristic of a highland cul-
Figures 4a and 4b). ture. Bawden recovered over 23,000 sherds during
During the analysis of sherds recovered from his work at Galindo and did not report any high-
undisturbed contexts, 77 sherds were classified as land ceramics. At the Late Moche site of San Jose
Chimu. All but two of these sherds were recovered de Moro, Cajamarca wares, along with Nivierfa
from one of three residences excavated in the south- wares from the Central Coast, are common. These
ern portion of Hillside A (Structures 47, 48, and wares, however, have largely been recovered from
49) or Stratigraphic Cut 101 (Table 1). One of the elite burials. The small number of foreign wares
other two sherds was encountered in Terrace 2a recovered from Galindo by Bawden and during the
(Area 202) of the Huaca de las Lagartijas. The sec- GAP may be the result of the fact that most of these
ond sherd was recovered from Structure 41 (Area ceramics were recovered from residential and
203), which is located in an enclosed elite resi- civic/ceremonial contexts rather than elite burials.
dential area (the Quebrada Terrace) on Plain Al. An alternative explanation for the lack of foreign
The vast majority of temporally diagnostic sherds wares at Galindo is that its inhabitants had a very
from these two structures are Moche Phase V. The different relationship with foreign societies than the
two Chimu sherds from these contexts are there- elites buried at San Jose de Moro. Galindo rulers
fore most likely intrusive. appear to have attempted, in the end unsuccessfully,
to maintain the traditional political ideology of
Other Temporally Diagnostic Ceramics. During
Middle Moche rulers from the Southern Moche
the excavation of Unit 1 of Stratigraphic Cut 101,
Region (Lockard 2005). At San Jose de Moro, on
two sherds were encountered in the lower levels of
the other hand, Late Moche rulers adopted certain
the stratigraphy that are diagnostic of earlier cul-
aspects of the political ideologies of foreign cul-
tures. The first sherd is similar to those documented
tures from the highlands and Central Coast (Castillo
at Cupisnique sites in the Moche Valley (Figure 6a).
2001,2003).
Cupisnique (or Guafiape Phase, ca. 1800-400 B.C.
in the Moche Valley) ceramics were produced sev-
eral hundred years before the Moche occupation Stratigraphy
of Galindo (Billman 1996). The second sherd is typ- In order to better understand the entire occupa-

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 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 289

Figure 6. Other temporally diagnostic ceramics recovered from Galindo during the GAP. (a) Possible Cupisnique sherd
recovered from Unit 1 of Stratigraphic Cut 101. (b) Possible Gallinazo rim sherd recovered from Unit 1 of Stratigraphic
Cut 101. (c) Cajamarca rim sherd recovered from Structure 42 (Area 204), located on the Quebrada Terrace.

tional history of Galindo, one of the goals of the
GAP was to excavate a stratigraphic cut in an area
with deep deposits. Unfortunately, however, such
deposits are rare at Galindo. The architectural ter-
races on Hillsides A-C generally have single occu-
pational surfaces, which are buried only by wall fall
and thin colluvial deposits. The architecture of
Plains A and B also tend to have single occupational
surfaces, which are buried only by wall fall and thin
aeolian deposits. When multiple floors are present,
they are generally directly on top of each other or
separated by only a very thin layer of sedimentary
fill.
During an informal survey of Galindo in 2000,
only one area of the site was found to have signif-
icant stratigraphic deposits. This area is directly
behind Wall A. Wall A is the largest wall at Galindo,
averaging 3.5 meters in height and 2 meters in base
thickness. The wall extends for approximately 900
meters along the lower slopes of Cerro Galindo. Its
location on a sloped surface below the dense resi-
dential architecture of Hillside A makes the area
behind it ideal for stratigraphic excavation. Artifacts
and colluvial deposits eroding from Hillside A have
slowly accumulated behind the wall ever since its
initial construction, creating a record of the occu-
pational history of the site from the time the wall
was constructed to the site's final abandonment. In
addition, surface ceramics and ceramics recovered
from excavations indicate that the earliest and lat-
est occupations of the site were located on Hillside
A. For all these reasons, a stratigraphic cut was
excavated behind Wall A during the 2000fieldsea-
son of the GAP.
Unit 1, Stratigraphic Cut 101. Several factors
played a role in deciding where behind Wall A to
locate Stratigraphic Cut 101. First, the cut is located
in a topographical depression, where colluvial
deposits are deepest. Second, it is located downhill
from and between the small Middle Moche occu-
pation to the north and the Chimu occupation to
the south. Third, it is located directly adjacent to a

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 290 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Figure 7. South profile of the eastern portion of Unit 1, Stratigraphic Cut 101 (Area 103, Subarea 1).

very deep looter's pit. This allowed for an exami-
nation of the stratigraphy before excavation. The
profile of the looter's pit revealed a complex stratig-
raphy composed of alternating layers of colluvial
sediment and adobe melt from the wall. These strata
are highly irregular and amorphous (Figure 7). As
a result, the stratigraphic cut was excavated in arbi-
trary 10 cm levels instead of by natural strata. Unit
1 of Stratigraphy Cut 101 extends from the looter's
pit to Wall A. This unit was originally a 2 by 4.5
meter excavation. After the excavation of Unit 1,
the stratigraphic cut was extended across Wall A
and onto the hillside below. This extension (Unit
2) was a 1 by 4 meter excavation. As significant
stratigraphic deposits were only encountered
behind the wall, only the excavation of Unit 1 is
herein described.
Few artifacts were recovered during the exca-
vation of the first four levels of Unit 1, which were
composed of colluvial deposits and adobe melt
from Wall A. A poorly preserved bench surface
(mostly clean of cultural materials) was encoun-
tered during the excavation of Level 5, after which
excavation occurred only in the 2 by 2.5 meters to
the east of the bench. Beginning in Level 8, collu-
vial deposits and adobe melt were mixed with sub-
stantial cultural fill. A significant ash deposit was
encountered along the eastern edge of the unit in
Levels 9 and 10. This ash deposit was associated
with the remains of a north-south adobe wall to the
west and a quincha wall and two burned adobe
fragments to the east. A poorly preserved living sur-
face was encountered in the northeast corner of the
unit at the base of Level 17. This surface was asso-
ciated with several small ash deposits. Sterile
deposits (Casma Formation) were encountered just
below this living surface at the base of Level 18.
Table 2 presents the distribution by level of the
temporally diagnostic sherds recovered during the
excavation of Unit 1 of Stratigraphic Cut 101.4 No
stirrup spout fragments were recovered from the
trench. As a result, no ceramics diagnostic of Phases
III or IV were recovered. Several fragments of
ceramic forms that are characteristically Middle
Moche, however, were recovered from the lower
levels of the stratigraphy (Figure 8). These sherds
were followed without overlap by ceramics that
are characteristically Late Moche, including Moche
fineline sherds with designs characteristic of Phase
V, in the middle levels of the stratigraphy. Galindo

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 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 291

Table 2. Temporally Diagnostic Sherds from Unit 1, Stratigraphic Cut 101 (Area 103, Subarea 1).

Early Middle Late G-alindo

Level PD Elevations (cm) Cupisnique Gallinazo Moche Moche Moche Atypical Chimu Totals
1 177 136-150
2 178 150-158 1 /l? 1/1?
3 179 158-167
4 180 167-180
5 181 180-190
6 182 190-200
7 183 200-210
8 184 210-215 - 3 1 1 5
9 185 215-223 - 1 1 1 3
10 186 223-236 - 1 - - 1
11 187 236-243 - 3 - - 3
12 188 243-250 - 7 - - 7
13 189 250-260 1? - 3 - - 3/1?
14 190 260-270 - 1 - - 1
15 191 270-280 1? - - - 1?
16 192 280-290 1? 3 - - - 3/1?
17 193 290-300
18 194 300-304 4 _ _ _ 4
Totals 1? 1? 7/1? 19 2 3/1? 31 / 4 ?

Atypical and Chimu ceramics co-occur with Late
Moche sherds in the upper of the Late Moche lev-
els. Although the number of temporally diagnostic
sherds recovered from the stratigraphic cut is low,
the distribution presented in Table 2 suggests a pro-
gression from a Middle Moche to a Late Moche
ceramic phase, followed by levels in which Late
Moche, Galindo Atypical, and Chimu ceramics co-
occur. The fact that Galindo Atypical sherds only
occur in the upper of the Late Moche levels sug-
gests that Galindo Atypical ceramics were pro-
duced only in the later half of Galindo's Late Moche
occupation. Two Chimu sherds were also found in
these levels, however, indicating that they are most
likely disturbed.
Chronometric Dating
Radiocarbon Dates from Galindo
Radiocarbon dating was the chronometric dating
technique chosen for the GAP because of the ease
of collecting samples, the small size of the samples
(which facilitates transportation from the field),
and its cost effectiveness. Radiocarbon samples
analyzed by the GAP were sent to an accelerated
mass spectrometry (AMS) lab because the AMS
technique can be performed on small samples and
provides more precise results.
Before the GAP, four radiocarbon dates were
performed on samples from Galindo. Geoffrey
Conrad (1974) and Garth Bawden (1977) each sub-
mitted two of these samples. Due to their high stan-
dard deviations, however, these dates are
unfortunately of little use in addressing the refined
chronological questions posed at the beginning of
this paper. Furthermore, one of Bawden's dates
(K4649-D-1) is unacceptably old considering its
context (a hearth in a Moche Phase V residence).
Nevertheless, all four of the dates are reported in
Table 3. Fortunately, radiocarbon dating technol-
ogy has advanced considerably in the past few
decades, especially with the advent of the AMS
technique. As a result, radiocarbon dates are much
more precise today than they were when Conrad
and Bawden submitted their samples in the 1970s.
During the GAP, 17 samples were selected for
radiocarbon analysis. These samples come from a
variety of contexts and are associated with both the
Moche and Chimu occupations of the site. Each of
the 17 analyzed samples was calibrated using the
Southern Hemisphere calibration dataset (McCor-
mac et al. 2004) in CALIB Rev. 5.1beta (Stuiver
and Reimer 1993). The calibrated dates are pre-
sented in Table 4 and Figure 9. The following is a
description of the context and a discussion of the
dates obtained from each of the GAP radiocarbon
samples.

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 292 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Figure 8. Middle Moche ceramics recovered from Unit 1 of Stratigraphic Cut 101. (a) Face neck jar sherds, (b) Face neck
jar sherd, (c) Fineline sherd, (d) Figurine fragment.

Table 3. Previous Radiocarbon Dates from Galindo.

Lab Radiocarbon Calibrated

Number Source Description AgeB.P. (1CT) Age
K4649-RC14-5 Bawden 1977:410 Structure 11 (not provided) A.D. 690 ± 140
(Appendix) Late Moche ceramic workshop
Ash level
K4649-D-1 Bawden 1977:410 Structure 18, Plain A2 (not provided) 385 ± 175 B.C.
(Appendix) Late Moche residence (rejected as too old)
Hearth
GX-3256 Conrad 1974:740 Huaca de las Abejas 1,415 ± 185 A.D. 570-590 ± 185
(Table 37) Room F, Plaza 2
Charcoal from hearth
GX-3257 Conrad 1974:740 Huaca de las Abejas 1,325 ± 165 A.D. 650-670 ± 165
(Table 37) Room H, Plaza 3
Charcoal from floor

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 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 293

Unit 1, Stratigraphic Cut 101. Two radiocarbon was a reed (Phragmites sp.) fragment. The dates of
dates were performed on maize cobs from Unit 1 all five samples are consistent, ranging from 1373
of Stratigraphic Cut 101. The first sample to 1335 B.P. Calibration of the dates produced two-
(AA56782) is from Level 11, which is associated sigma ranges of A.D. 641-860 and median proba-
with Late Moche ceramics. The sample was dated bilities of A.D. 703-730 (McCormac et al. 2004).
to 1372 ± 37 B.P. Calibration of the date produced These dates indicate that the Phase V residential
a two-sigma range of A.D. 649-775 and a median occupation at Galindo, at least in those residential
probability of A.D. 702 (McCormac et al. 2004).5 zones that were sampled (i.e., the Quebrada Ter-
This date places Level 11 between A.D. 600 and race and the northernmost portion of Plain B), most
800. The second sample (AA56783) is from Level likely occurred between A.D. 600 and 800. In fact,
17, which is associated with ceramics that are char- it was probably confined to the eighth century A.D.
acteristically Middle Moche. This sample was As mentioned above, all of the GAP dates from
dated to 1290 ± 34 B.P. Calibration of the date pro- Moche contexts at Galindo are statistically the same
duced a two-sigma range of A.D. 687-882 and a at the 95 percent level. The Phase V residential
median probability of A.D. 782 (McCormac et al. occupation at Galindo therefore appears to be con-
2004). The date produced by sample AA56783 is temporaneous with the construction of Platform A
later than that of sample AA56782, taken from a of the Huaca de las Abejas and Platform B of the
level associated with Late Moche ceramics. These Huaca de las Lagartijas. At the very least, the radio-
two dates, however, along with all of the other GAP carbon technique is insufficiently fine-grained to
dates from Moche contexts at Galindo, are statis- differentiate between these two events.
tically the same at the 95 percent level (T = Chimu Contexts. Four radiocarbon dates were
14.45083 and x2 = 21). The radiocarbon technique performed on samples from hearths in residences
is therefore insufficiently fine-grained to differen- associated with Chimu ceramics. These samples
tiate between the ages of the two samples from were from: (1) Structure 47, Feature 4; (2) Struc-
Stratigraphic Cut 101, or in fact any of the GAP ture 48, Feature 3; (3) Structure 49, Feature 6; and
samples from Moche contexts at Galindo. (4) Structure 49, Feature 12. Three of the samples
Moche Contexts. Six radiocarbon dates were were maize cob fragments and the other was wood
performed on samples from Moche civic/ceremo- charcoal. The purpose of dating the latter was to
nial contexts. Four of these samples were taken compare the results of dating wood charcoal and
from Platform A of the Huaca de las Abejas and maize cobs from the same general context (the
two were taken from Platform B of the Huaca de Chimu occupation of Galindo). The dates of all
las Lagartijas. AH six of the samples were wood four of the samples are remarkably consistent, rang-
charcoal, as this was the only organic material ing from 566 to 514 B.P. Calibration of the dates
recovered from the two platforms. The dates from produced two-sigma ranges of A.D. 1393-1455
these samples range from 1441 to 1285 B.P. Cali- and median probabilities of A.D. 1416-1435
bration of the dates produced two-sigma ranges of (McCormac et al. 2004). All four of the GAP dates
A.D. 572-884 and median probabilities of A.D. from Chimu contexts at Galindo are statistically the
647-792 (McCormac et al. 2004). These dates indi- same at the 95 percent level (T =2.154018 and
2
cate that Platforms A and B were most likely con- X =7.81). These dates indicate that the Chimu occu-
structed between A.D. 600 and 800. In fact, they pation of Galindo occurred during the late thir-
were probably built during the eighth century A.D. teenth and/or early fourteenth centuries A.D. The
(only one date, AA56785, has a median probabil- Chimu occupation of Galindo therefore took place
ity outside of the eighth century A.D.). after an approximately 500-year period of aban-
donment following the Moche occupation. Surface
Five radiocarbon dates were performed on sam-
ceramics indicate that the Chimu occupation of
ples from hearths in Moche residential structures.
Galindo was small, covering only the southern por-
These samples were from: (1) Structure 39, Fea-
tion of the lower slopes of Cerro Galindo (Hillside
ture 1; (2) Structure 40, Feature 2; (3) Structure 41,
A).
Feature 1; (4) Structure 42, Feature 2; and (5) Struc-
ture 42, Feature 3. Two of the samples were maize Problems Associated with the Dating of Wood
cob fragments, two were maize kernels, and one Charcoal. A brief discussion of the problems asso-

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 294 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Table 4. GAP AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Galindo.

Relative Area
Lab Radiocarbon Calibrated Age Under the Prob. Median
Number Description Age B.P. Range A.D. (2a) Distribution Prob. A.D.
AA56785 Huaca de las Abejas 1,441 ±40 572-694 .975 647
A301 (Platform A), SA2, U6 703-706 .002
Charcoal from bottom level of adobes 749-764 .023
AA56782 Stratigraphic Cut 101 1,372 ±37 649-775 1.000 702
Area 103, Unit 1
Maize from Level 11
AA61597 Structure 40 1,373 ±41 641-779 .992 703
A102, SA1, Ul, Feature 2 793-802 .008
Maize from Late Moche hearth
AA61600 Structure 42 1,360 ±36 650-779 711
A204, SA1.U4, Feature 2 795-797 .002
Maize from Late Moche hearth
AA61601 Structure 42 1,358 ± 36 651-779 .993 712
A204, SA3, U3, Feature 3 794-800 .007
Maize from Late Moche hearth
AA56792 Huaca de las Lagartijas 1,349 ± 3 0 659-777 1.000 716
A201 (Platform B), SA6, Ul
Charcoal from 3rd level above base
AA61599 Structure 41 1,341 ± 36 656-783 .942 725
A203, SA3, U5, Feature 1 788-815 .042
Reed from Late Moche hearth 843-858 .016
AA61598 Structure 39 1,335 ±36 659-783 .913 730
A101, SA1,U1, Feature 1 788-822 .063
Maize from Late Moche hearth 842-860 .024
AA56793 Huaca de las Lagartijas 1,319 ±29 668-784 .873 737
A201 (Platform B), SA6, Ul 787-826 .089
Charcoal from floor below platform 840-862 .038
AA56786 Huaca de las Abejas 1,327 ±40 662-830 .938 738
A301 (Platform A), SA3, Ul 837-866 .062
Charcoal from 3rd level above base
AA56784 Huaca de las Abejas 1,322 ±35 665-828 .946 739
A301 (Platform A), SA2, U6 837-865 .054
Charcoal from 4th level above base
AA56783 Stratigraphic Cut 101 1,290 ±34 687-882 1.000 782
Area 103, Unit 1
Maize from Level 17
AA56787 Huaca de las Abejas 1,285 ±32 688-753 .305 792
A301 (Platform A), SA3, Ul 758-884 .695
Charcoal from bottom level of adobes
AA56788 Structure 48 566 ± 28 1393-1443 1.000 1416
A307, SA3, Ul, Feature 3
Charcoal from Chimu hearth
AA56789 Structure 49 543 ± 28 1402-1447 1.000 1425
A307, SA4, U3, Feature 6
Maize from Chimu hearth
AA56791 Structure 49 520 ± 28 1409-1453 1.000 1433
A307, SA4, U14, Feature 12
Maize from Chimu hearth
AA56790 Structure 47 514 ±28 1410-1455 1.000 1435
A307, SA2, Ul-2, Feature 4
Maize from Chimu hearth

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 OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 295

iiii

••>

I I I i•

Figure 9. GAP AMS radiocarbon dates from Galindo. (Note: Bold vertical lines depict the date ranges with the highest
relative areas and horizontal lines depict the median probabilities).

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 296 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY
ciated with the radiocarbon dating of wood char-
coal from the North Coast of Peru is warranted, as
all of the samples analyzed by Bawden and Con-
rad and seven of the GAP samples were of this
material. Before the Spanish conquest, the most
commonly utilized wood for construction and fuel
was that of the algarroba tree. The problem with
dating algarroba wood is that the species lives for
a long time, sometimes hundreds of years. If the
outer ring of an algarroba tree trunk is dated, it will
give a much later date than if the core of the trunk
is dated. Furthermore, as wood is a rare commod-
ity on the North Coast, wood beams were often
reutilized. As a result, the date in which the tree
was cut down (which is the date produced by radio-
carbon dating its outer ring) may significantly pre-
cede the construction of the building associated
with the wood. A considerable amount of error can
thus be introduced to the radiocarbon dating of
algarroba wood samples. This "old wood" problem
(Schiffer 1986), however, can to some extent be
mitigated. First, samples should be taken from the
outer rings of trunks or large branches if possible.
This ensures that the sample will provide the date
at which the tree was cut down, rather than the date
at which the tree first began to grow. Second, it is
better to date small branches than large branches
or trunks. This is because the wood of small
branches was most likely still alive at the time the
tree was cut down. Small branches are most often
utilized as fuel, while large branches and trunks are
more often utilized as construction materials. The
dating of wood charcoal from a hearth is therefore
preferable to the dating of a construction beam
fragment. Furthermore, it is highly unlikely that
small branches were reutilized, especially those
used for fuel. It is much more likely that large
branches and trunks used as structural beams were
reutilized. The old wood problem can also be mit-
igated by the dating of multiple samples from the
same context. If all ofthe samples provide similar
dates, it is unlikely that all ofthe samples are incor-
rect by the same amount. This is especially true if
small branches used as fuel are dated.
All of the wood charcoal radiocarbon samples
recovered from Platforms A and B were most likely
algarroba, although they were not analyzed by a
specialist. All ofthe samples, however, were small
pieces of wood charcoal within the clay matrix of
adobes or adobe mortar. As such, they most likely
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[Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009
represent the waste material from hearths located
near the source ofthe clay utilized to construct the
platforms. As mentioned, all ofthe GAP dates from
Moche contexts at Galindo are statistically the same
at the 95 percent level, as are all of the GAP dates
from Chimu contexts. As a result, none ofthe dates
appear to have been significantly affected by the
old wood problem.
Comparison of Moche Context Radiocarbon
Dates from Galindo with those of other Moche
Sites
In order to place the Phase V occupation of Galindo
within the broader perspective of Moche history,
the radiocarbon dates from Moche contexts at
Galindo were compared to those reported from
other Moche sites. The dates from Moche contexts
at Galindo include those obtained from samples
from Unit 1 of Stratigraphic Cut 101. Only recently
reported radiocarbon dates from other sites were
included in the comparison, as older dates have the
same problem of large standard deviations as the
Galindo dates submitted by Conrad (1974) and
Bawden (1977). In addition, only dates from large
sites associated with Moche Phase III, IV, or V
ceramics were included. This amounted to two
sites: the Huacas de Moche and Cerro Mayal. The
dates from the Huacas de Moche are reported by
Claude Chapdelaine (2003, Table 22.2). Chapde-
laine submitted 24 samples, all of which were wood
or wood charcoal. One of the samples was from
Platform I and another was from Platform II ofthe
Huaca de la Luna. The remaining 22 samples were
from the urban zone located between the Huaca de
la Luna and the Huaca del Sol. Two of the dates
are rejected as too late (Beta-96025 and Beta-
84844) and one of the dates is rejected as too early
(Beta-108281; see Chapdelaine et al. 1998) to be
associated with the Moche occupation of the site.
The remaining 21 dates were included in the com-
parison. The dates from Cerro Mayal are reported
by Glenn Russell (1998, Table 1). All nine of the
samples were associated with Moche Phase IV
ceramics.
In order to make all ofthe dates comparable, the
dates from the Huacas de Moche and Cerro Mayal
were recalibrated using the same method utilized
for the calibration of GAP dates. In other words,
they were calibrated using the Southern Hemi-
sphere calibration dataset (McCormac et al. 2004)
 Lockard] OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO
in CALIB Rev. 5.1 beta (Stuiver and Reimer 1993)
(Table 5). The recalibrated dates from the Huacas
de Moche and Cerro Mayal are compared to the
calibrated GAP dates from Galindo in Figure 10.
The 12 dates with the most recent median proba-
bilities (A.D. 617-800) and the GAP dates from
Moche contexts at Galindo are statistically the same
at the 95 percent level (7=31.90544 and x2 = 36.4).
The radiocarbon dates from these two sites there-
fore challenge the conventional view that the Phase
V occupation at Galindo took place after the aban-
donment of the Huacas de Moche (e.g., Bawden
1996; Shimada 1994). Instead, the Phase V occu-
pation at Galindo appears to be contemporaneous
with the later portion of the Phase IV occupation
of the Huacas de Moche.6 At the very least, the
radiocarbon technique is insufficiently fine grained
to differentiate between these two occupations.
The calibrated dates from Cerro Mayal and the
GAP dates from Moche contexts at Galindo are sta-
tistically different at the 95 percent level (T =
46.39421 and x 2 = 32.7). If the two dates from
Cerro Mayal with the latest median probabilities
(A.D. 881 and 894) are excluded, however, the
dates are statistically the same at the 95 percent level
(T= 30.01285 and x 2 = 30.1). This analysis sug-
gests that the Phase IV occupation at Cerro Mayal
did not predate, and may have even continued after,
the Phase V occupation at Galindo. This premise
should be treated as a hypothesis for further eval-
uation rather than a firm conclusion. At the very
least, however, the analysis does indicate that the
two sites were at least partially contemporaneous.
This does not mean that Phase V ceramics from
Galindo are completely contemporaneous with all
Phase IV ceramics from the Chicama Valley. The
radiocarbon dates reported above indicate that
Phase V ceramics from Galindo were only pro-
duced during the later portion of the Phase IV occu-
;
pation at the Huacas de Moche. Phase V ceramics
from Galindo were probably likewise only pro-
duced during the later portion of Phase IV in the
ChicamaValley. Furthermore, there is currently no
data available to test the contemporaneity of Phase
V ceramics from the Chicama Valley and those
from Galindo. It is quite possible that the former
postdate the latter. This should come as no sur-
prise, as there is often time lag in the appearance
and disappearance of ceramic types in geographi-
cally distinct areas (O'Brien and Lyman 1999:46).
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297
Furthermore, there is often considerable overlap
between ceramic types within a discrete geographic
area such as the Chicama Valley. Larco's (1948)
sequence is therefore most likely correct for the
ChicamaValley, especially considering the fact that
the sequence was largely developed from his seri-
ation of ceramics from Chicama burials.
Radiocarbon dates from Pampa Grande,
although they have fairly large standard deviations,
at least suggest that this site was contemporaneous
with the Phase V occupation of Galindo. The dates
from Pampa Grande are reported by Shimada
(1994, Table 2). All five of the samples were asso-
ciated with Moche Phase V ceramics. One of the
samples was a burnt wooden post, two were charred
cotton, one was burnt cane, and the last was car-
bonized maize kernels.
Finally, Franco et al. (2003, Table 19.2) report
a single radiocarbon date from a sample from a
Phase IV construction (i.e., Edificio A) of the Huaca
Cao Viejo. Edificio A is in fact the huaca's final
addition. The date obtained from the sample, recal-
ibrated by the author utilizing the methods
described above, indicates that this construction
took place around A.D. 600.
Conclusion
Temporally diagnostic ceramics from surface and
archaeologically excavated contexts and AMS
radiocarbon dates paint the same picture of the
occupational history of Galindo. Prior to Phase V,
the site appears to have been a small rural site con-
fined to the lower slopes of Cerro Galindo (i.e., Hill-
side A). During the eighth century A.D., Galindo
quickly and dramatically grew to its maximum size,
covering the lower slopes of Cerro Galindo and
extending across the lower slopes of Cerro Muerto
and the alluvial plain below. During this time, the
civic/ceremonial architecture on Plain B was con-
structed. Galindo was suddenly and completely
abandoned sometime before or during the ninth
century A.D. The southern portion of Hillside A was
then reoccupied hundreds of years later during the
late thirteenth or early fourteenth century A.D.
These data have a significant impact on our
understanding of the occupational history of the
Moche Valley. The traditional interpretation that
Galindo was occupied only after the abandonment
of the Huacas de Moche should be reevaluated.
 298 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009

Table 5. Recalibrated Radiocarbon Dates from the Huacas de Moche (from Chapdelaine 2003, Table 22.2) and Cerro
Mayal (from Russell 1998, Table 1).

Calibrated Calibrated Calibrated Calibrated

Radiocarbon age range age range age range age range Median
age A.D. Relative A.D. Relative A.D. Relative A.D. Relative Prob.
Lab Number Site B.P. (2a) Area (2(7) Area (2o-) Area (2CT) Area A.D.
Beta-121762 Moche 1680 ± 60 257-300 .062 317-568 .938 436
Beta-121761 Moche 1630 ± 70 269-271 .002 336-637 .998 485
Beta-96028 Moche 1530 ± 60 433-495 .149 503-659 .851 580
Beta-96033 Moche 1520 ± 50 436-489 .077 512-516 .004 529-662 .919 593
Beta-108280 Moche 1510 ±60 434-493 .096 506-521 .018 526-670 .886 596
Beta-121763 Moche 1500 ± 70 428-689 .997 754-758 .003 600
Beta-84846 Moche 1500 ±60 434-492 .073 507-519 .011 527-680 .916 603
Beta-96031 Moche 1490 ± 60 435-491 .055 508-518 .007 528-688 .936 754-757 .002 610
Beta-121764 Moche 1490 ± 60 435-491 .055 508-518 .007 528-688 .936 754-757 .002 610
Beta-96030* Moche 1480 ± 60 439-486 .037 531-695 .944 699-707 .005 748-765 .014 617
Beta-96035* Moche 1470 ± 80 433-495 .072 504-774 .928 622
Beta-96032* Moche 1460 ± 60 537-726 .956 738-771 .044 631
Beta-96026* Moche 1430 ± 50 572-725 .911 739-771 .089 655
Beta-84843* Moche 1410 ± 60 563-782 .985 790-810 .015 675
Beta-96029* Moche 1400 ± 60 575-783 .964 788-815 .025 843-859 .011 685
Beta-84845* Moche 1370 ± 50 636-784 .929 787-827 .048 839-863 .022 711
Beta-96034* Moche 1380 ± 70 601-880 1.000 711
Beta-111544* Moche 1360 ±60 640-879 1.000 725
Beta-111545* Moche 1360 ±70 614-887 1.000 730
Beta-108279* Moche 1330 ± 60 653-886 1.000 748
Beta-96027* Moche 1280 ±60 666-900 .943 918-953 .054 958-960 .003 800
DRI2857* Cerro Mayal 1491 ± 52 444-449 .003 463-483 .015 533-682 .982 612
Beta-71083* Cerro Mayal 1450 ± 50 554-711 .969 747-766 .031 640
Beta-71080* Cerro Mayal 1390 ± 50 603-781 .987 791-807 .013 691
DRI2858* Cerro Mayal 1365 ±46 642-783 .946 788-820 .039 843-859 .015 713
Beta-71079* Cerro Mayal 1330 ±50 659-872 1.000 743
Beta-71081* Cerro Mayal 1320 ±50 663-878 1.000 750
Beta-71085* Cerro Mayal 1280 ±50 671-896 .977 923-940 .023 798
Beta-71082 Cerro Mayal 1210 ±50 721-741 .021 770-990 .979 881
Beta-71084 Cerro Mayal 1200 ±50 727-737 .009 771-994 .991 894
(Note: Asterisks indicate dates that are statistically the same at the 95 percent level to GAP dates from Moche contexts at
Galindo.)

The Phase V occupation at Galindo was probably
confined to the eighth century A.D. At this time,
the Moche occupation and the production of Phase
IV ceramics in the urban zone at the Huacas de
Moche appears to have continued. Although com-
mon sense suggests that the Phase V occupation at
Galindo extended beyond the Phase IV occupation
at the Huacas de Moche, this supposition is not sup-
ported by radiocarbon dates that are currently avail-
able from the two sites. In all probability, the Moche
Valley was divided into two camps during the
eighth century A.D.: those who continued to pro-
duce Phase IV ceramics, and those who abandoned
the production of Phase IV ceramics in favor of
Phase V ceramics. Unfortunately, the social and
political implications of this situation remain
unclear at this time. The former sites were proba-
bly socially and/or politically linked to the Huacas
de Moche, however, and the latter sites were prob-
ably likewise linked to Galindo.
The occupational history of the Moche Valley
after the abandonment of Galindo and before the
traditional date assigned to the emergence of Chan
Chan (i.e., A.D. 900) is still a mystery. It is possi-
ble that there was no major center located in the
Moche Valley at this time. Surveys of the lower and
middle valley, however, have failed to locate sites
of any size that postdate the Moche culture and pre-
date the Chimu culture. Perhaps the best explana-
tion for this phenomenon is that Early Chimu
ceramics predate the age traditionally assigned to
the emergence of the Chimu culture. In other words,

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 OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY OF GALINDO 299
Lockard]

AD 1000 •

AD 900 -.* —•

AD 800

AD 700

AD 600

II
AD 500 -

AD 400
Galindo Huacas de Moche Cerro Mayal
(from Chapdelaine 2003, Table 22.2) (from Russell 1998, Table 1)
(GAP)

Figure 10. Comparison of Moche context radiocarbon dates from Galindo, the Huacas de Moche, and Cerro Mayal.
(Note: Bold vertical lines depict the date ranges with the highest relative areas and horizontal lines depict the median
probabilities).

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 300 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY
Early Chimu ceramics may have been produced in
the Moche Valley as early as the ninth century A.D.
Unfortunately, Early Chimu sites in the Moche Val-
ley have yet to be extensively researched, and
chronometric dates associated with Early Chimu
ceramics in the valley are lacking. If Early Chimu
ceramics do date as early as the ninth century A.D.,
it is not unreasonable to hypothesize that Chan
Chan itself may have been occupied at this time.
The early occupation of Chan Chan is as yet poorly
understood, as many of the earliest structures and
middens at the site are buried by overlying cultural
deposits. Ceramic analyses and associated chrono-
metric dates from the Huacas de Moche and
Galindo have contributed to a greater understand-
ing of the occupational history of the Moche Val-
ley during the first half of the Middle Horizon.
Before a similar understanding of the valley's occu-
pational history in the second half of the Middle
Horizon can be reached, however, chronometric
dates must be performed on cultural remains recov-
ered from the earliest occupational levels at Chan
Chan.
Acknowledgments. I would like to express my sincere grati-
tude to my dissertation committee, Garth Bawden (chair),
Jane Buikstra, the late Robert Santley, and Luis Jaime
Castillo, for their support during my dissertation research, of
which this paper is a part. I would also like to thank George
Gumerman IV for his support and collaboration during the
Galindo Archaeological Project (GAP), and John Isaacson
for reading an earlier draft of this paper. The GAP was
largely funded by a NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant
(BCS-0120114). Additional financial support was provided
by two Maxwell Center for Anthropology research grants, a
Student Research Allocation Committee grant awarded by
the Graduate and Professional Student Association at the
University of New Mexico, and a Graduate, Research,
Project, and Travel grant awarded by the Office of Graduate
Studies at the University of New Mexico. Finally, I would
like to thank my friends and family, and especially my wife,
Hannah D. Lockard, and our daughters Fiona and Sarah, for
their unwavering and all-encompassing support.
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Notes
1. Although some Moche archaeologists only refer to
Phase IV-V or Phase V ceramics with intricate painted
designs as Moche fineline ceramics (e.g., Castillo 2001,
2003), I follow Donnan and McClelland (1999) in referring to
all Moche finewares with dark slip paint on a light slip back-
ground (or vice versa) as Moche fineline ceramics.
2. "Diagnostics" refers to rim and/or decorated sherds,
which are not necessarily temporally diagnostic. All ceramics
were retained during the excavation of Area 307, Subarea 1.
In all other areas, however, only diagnostics were retained
during the GAP. All sherds recovered during the GAP were
catalogued (a preliminary analysis), whereas only sherds
from undisturbed, non-surface contexts were fully "ana-
lyzed" (for 16 attributes - see Lockard 2005:Appendix 3). All
"Moche Finelines," however, were identified during artifact
cataloguing. As a result, the percentage of Moche fineline
 302 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009]

sherds could be calculated from the total number of diagnos- 6. A similar argument has been made by Chapdelaine,
tic sherds, whereas the percentage of Galindo Atypical and who states "the Moche IV population continued to occupy the
Chimu sherds could only be calculated from the total number site (the Huacas de Moche) at the same time that Galindo, a
of analyzed sherds. Moche V center, developed on the northern side of the Moche
3. As determined by Kari Schleher, the ceramic analyst valley" (2001:71-73).
for the 2002 field season of the GAP.
4. As determined by Lie. Flor Diaz, the ceramic analyst
for the 2000 field season of the GAP.
5. It has been argued that the median probability of the
probability distribution is a more stable estimate of sample
calendar age than intercepts with the calibration curve Submitted December 24, 2006; Accepted: February 19,
(Telford et al. 2004). 2007.

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