Reverse Vending Machines: A Potential Solution For The Plastic Waste Management of Ibaan

Saint James Academy
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
REVERSE VENDING MACHINES: A POTENTIAL
SOLUTION FOR THE PLASTIC WASTE

MANAGEMENT OF IBAAN
A Research Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of Senior High School Department
Saint James Academy
Ibaan, Batangas
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
Research /Capstone Project
GUERRA, Helaiena Mae S.
JAVIER, Diana Mae U.
MIÑAS, Aira Carmela R.
2021
Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

1
Saint James Academy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE......................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................1
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND........................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................3
Objectives of the Study....................................................................................................8
Significance of the Study...............................................................................................10
Scope and Delimitations of the Study...........................................................................11
Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................13
Definition of Terms.......................................................................................................16
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..........................................20
I. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE............................................................................20
Solid Wate................................................................................................................20
Types of Waste..........................................................................................................21
Solid Waste Management.........................................................................................23
Reverse Vending Machine........................................................................................24
Sensor Unit................................................................................................................30
Waste Disposal.........................................................................................................32
Efficiency of Reverse Vending Machine...................................................................33

2
Saint James Academy
Testing and Experimentation.....................................................................................35
II. RELATED STUDIES.............................................................................................36
Local Studies.............................................................................................................36
Foreign Studies..........................................................................................................39
III. SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY............................................................................43
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................45
Research Design............................................................................................................45
Conceptualization and Development of Prototype........................................................46
Design of Reverse Vending Machine............................................................................47
Operating Parameters of the Prototype..........................................................................49
Integration of Software and Development of Software.................................................51
Preliminary Testing of the Reverse Vending Machine..................................................55
Preliminary Testing of the Sensors of the Reverse Vending Machine..........................56
Troubleshooting of the Reverse Vending Machine.......................................................56
Final Testing of the Reverse Vending Machine............................................................57
REFERENCE LIST.........................................................................................................59

3
Saint James Academy
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter discusses the introduction, background of the study,
conceptual framework, conceptual paradigm, statement of the problem, the
significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of terms.
Introduction
The population in earth increases more often which includes the solid
wastes. Solid waste are any garbage or discarded materials including solid, liquid,
semi-solid, or gaseous materials coming from industrial, commercial, agricultural,
and residential operations. These wastes are disposed through solid waste
management. It is a process wherein solid wastes are collected and treated. Solid
waste management includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste,
together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process. It is
implemented for it helps in protecting the environment and the health of the
population. Chemicals and toxins emitted by waste can cause air and water
pollution. It also may harm people and cause diseases such as Meningitis,

4
Saint James Academy
Hepatitis, and Skin infections. Solid waste management reduces these negative
effects and helps in improving the environmental state of the world.
However, improper solid waste management may also cause harmful
effects to the environment and the people. It leads to soil, water, and air
contamination, spreading of infectious diseases, and loss of biodiversity. It is one
of the major environmental problems in different municipalities. Lack of proper
solid waste management and inadequate space for these wastes are evident in
some areas. In the municipality of Ibaan, three thousand two hundred eighty-five
cubic meters of solid wastes are collected every year wherein nine cubic meters of
solid wastes that are limited to only seven barangays of the town are collected and
disposed per day. Thus, losing space for the collected wastes and causing negative
impacts to the town.
The municipality of Ibaan has difficulty in disposing of solid wastes
especially plastics. Plastic are a type of solid waste made of long chains of
synthetic and usually use polymer as the main ingredient. These are generally
cheap and inexpensive. Thus, many companies use plastics for its durability and
for being lightweight at low cost. It is preferred to use by many because plastic is
strong enough for their weight and has resistance to shock, corrosion, chemicals,
and water. These are more efficient in protecting and preserving products and food
in terms of packaging. Due to being lightweight, plastics reduce weight in

5
Saint James Academy
transportation that saves fuel and decrease emission of greenhouse gases. These
are also used in developing technologies such as computers, cellphones,
televisions and microwaves. Having the characteristics of being durable and
lightweight at same time affordable, plastics help in revolutionizing and improving
electronics we use in daily basis. Plastics are then for an indispensable part in our
everyday life.
On the other hand, plastics are made of polymers, which do not break into
natural and environmental state. It also takes years to decompose. The plastics
bags that are used today can take up to one thousand years to break down, while
the plastic bottles can take up four hundred fifty years or more. As the result of the
blessing of Plastics’ durability, it becomes non-biodegradable and turns into the
curse of imperishability.
The high rate of consumption of plastics in the Philippines is challenging
the disposal capacity of waste authorities with more than seventeen billion five
hundred million are being consumed and thrown away into the environment,
mostly in oceans, by Filipinos according to Marjaleen Ramos (2020). Most of the
time, residents burn down their plastic wastes or their local government collects
and disposes them into landfills. Both ways are useful in disposing plastics waste
however neither of the ways are environmental-friendly and ecological.

6
Saint James Academy
Moreover, burning of plastics releases toxic gases (dioxins, furans, mercury
and polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.) into the atmosphere which indicates threat to
vegetation, human, and animal life. It also damages the earth’s ozone layer that
aggravates global warming and climate change and if not restrained might lead to
extinctions in the majority of the world especially its valuable ecosystems.
Plastics are evident and used everywhere. Companies, factories, markets,
and restaurants use plastics for packaging and protecting their product and food.
Vending machines contains products that are made of plastic packaging such as
snacks and beverages. Many consumers use vending machine because it is
convenient, affordable, and has wide range of items to choose from. Commonly,
the consumer feeds bill or coins into the vending machine to purchase their desire
item.
Subsequently, this study was formulated to be a potential solution to
improve and enhance the solid waste management and plastic waste disposal in the
municipality of Ibaan. It is inspired from the conveniency of vending machines. It
focuses on developing a reverse vending machine wherein instead of purchasing
items, consumers will benefit and make money out of it. In this reverse vending
machine, consumers will feed the machine with plastic bottles and will receive a
designated amount of money based on how many plastic bottles are inserted in the
machine. Its system will operate with the use of Arduino microcontroller and

7
Saint James Academy
several sensors. Once it recognizes the correct components for plastic bottles, the
machine will automatically give the users an amount of money based on what is
programmed within the system. The reverse vending machine contains its own
built-in shredder to increase the machine’s capacity and to give ease and
conveniency while transporting the collected plastic waste.
The shredded plastic bottles are collected and transferred to a grinding
factory to pulverize that will serve as an ingredient in making concrete hollow
blocks. These are then sold off at the market. The income earned through selling
concrete hollow blocks will then be used to fund the money placed on the reverse
vending machines.
This study will discuss applicability of the reverse vending machines as a
potential solution for the management of the plastic waste in Ibaan. It will be
conducted in order to develop an automated recycling mechanism using an
Arduino Uno operated system that would help in improving the present plastic
waste management. This is a recycling system for plastic bottles based on the
implementation of reverse vending machines, stressing the importance of the
creation of policies that promote recycling and public participation.
Hence, this study was conceptualized to test the solid and plastic waste
management of Ibaan after the development of the reverse vending machine. This

8
Saint James Academy
innovation would suffice the needs of proper solid waste management since it
recycles plastic bottles and therefore, helping and saving the environment.
Objectives of the Study
The main extent of the study is to design a prototype called Reverse
Vending Machine (RVM) that can be a potential solution to minimize the plastic
waste and improve plastic waste management based on the implementation of the
recycling system and to promote recycling and public participation in the
Municipality of Ibaan.
Specifically, the study aims:
1. To design a reverse vending machine taking into considerations the
following:
1.1. System Components
1.2. Materials Specifications
1.3. Safety Mechanism
2. To determine the operating parameters of Reverse Vending Machines in
terms of:
2.1. Capacity
2.2. Properties of Plastic Bottles
2.3. Sizes of Plastic Bottles

9
Saint James Academy
2.4. Working Duration
3. To develop program that will be used in the Reverse Vending Machine
using Arduino considering the following sensors:
3.1. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
3.2. Strain Gauge Weight Sensor
3.3. Ultrasonic Sensor
4. To test the efficiency of the sensors of the Reverse Vending Machine
considering the following:
4.1. Speed of Sensors
4.2. Operating Capacity
5. To test the efficiency of the develop Reverse Vending Machine in terms of:
5.1. Responsiveness
5.2. Sensitivity
Hypothesis
This research study aims to develop a reverse vending machine that would
improve the locality of Ibaan in terms of plastic waste management and recycling
system. This section provides a formulated hypothesis which serves as a guide for
the researchers in the conduction of the study.

10
Saint James Academy
H0: There is a significant difference between the present plastic waste
management of Ibaan and proposed plastic waste management and recycling
system using the develop reverse vending machine.
Significance of the Study
The current study aims to design a Reverse Vending Machine that can be a
potential solution to minimize the plastic waste in the Municipality of Ibaan and
improve the plastic waste management and recycling system of the said
municipality.
The study also accommodates benefits to the following:
To the Environment. This will help the environment as one of its major
problems is the increasing rate of plastic waste used by the humanity and this
study is a big help for the environment as plastic waste are not soluble in water.
To the Community. This will allow the community to prevent negative
impacts on the environment caused by the outraging number of plastic wastes in
the community. This will utilize the effectiveness of waste segregation and
recycling in solving environmental problems regarding wastes to achieve more
control in collecting wastes in the community.

11
Saint James Academy
To the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This will be
beneficial to this sector to give them knowledge that some of the individuals are
willing to take part or support their programs that will help the surroundings to be
a healthy condition.
To the researchers. This will involve their intellectual creativity in
designing machines and enhance their knowledge which they can apply the
acquired learning and information in this study for the near future or even in their
daily lives.
To future researchers. The researchers who will conduct a study parallel to
this could gain insights and will help them explore and create more effective
researches for the improvement of plastic waste management in the community.
This will be a functional tool serving as a basis, source or reference to their future
and effective studies of the same context.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This research study will focus on the development of reverse vending
machine as a potential solution for the plastic waste management of Ibaan to help
the environment in reducing plastics. This is a great way to lessen the often-
scattered plastic bottles in Ibaan. This machine is only intended for plastics that
will ultimately help reduce waste and will ultimately help for a small amount of

12
Saint James Academy
money. It will cover the process of making a reverse vending machine process by
accepting plastic items and gives coins as a reward according to the weight of
plastic bottles.
The concept of reverse vending machine is an approach towards green
engineering technology. The reverse vending machine is an integration of
sensorics, LabVIEW programming along with data acquisition and pneumatics
technology. This machine is a low-cost automatic machine, which crushes the
plastic bottle to a reduced size, thereby, requiring less storage space for final
disposal. the operating parameters of Reverse Vending Machines in terms of
capacity, properties of plastic bottles, sizes of plastic bottles, and working
duration.
The system is implemented with an Arduino microcontroller and several
sensors. The program that will be used in the Reverse Vending Machine using
Arduino considering the capacitive proximity Sensor, strain gauge weight sensor
and ultrasonic sensor.
The initial research testing will be carried out using the Reverse Vending
Machine, its sensors, to assess and test the efficiency of the sensors of the machine
considering the speed of sensors and the operating capacity. This will be achieved
throughout the Municipality of Ibaan to evaluate whether there is a decrease in the

13
Saint James Academy
reduction of plastic bottles. This method of prototyping will concentrate on
lessening and recycling of plastic bottles.
However, this study will not conduct to remove all the plastic waste in the
said municipality but to lessen the time in minimizing plastic waste. The volume
capacity and the power supply are limited as the basis of assessing the efficacy of
Arduino system. The researchers will not use any other microcontroller other than
indicated in the study. Moreover, this study will focus on the efficiency of
recycling of plastic bottles with the help of the designed reverse vending machine.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is the blueprint of the study wherein principle
and assumptions hold together the ideas incorporating the whole concept of the
study. The study is based on the efficiency of reverse vending machine that will
minimize the plastic waste based on the implementation of the recycling system
and to promote recycling and public participation in the Municipality of Ibaan.
In order to have an intensified overview of the paper, the researchers
constructed a conceptual paradigm in a Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate or
CDIO model that illustrated the development stages for the assessment of the
study.

14
Saint James Academy
In the Conceive Stage, the researchers will establish and present the
knowledge and hardware requirements that is essential to the study. Knowledge
and process about basic electronics, programming and troubleshooting, basic
programmable logic controller (PLC), and robotics technology are necessary and
required. Furthermore, hardware requirements which includes Arduino Mega,
Breakout Board, Inductive Proximity Sensor, Capacitive Proximity Sensor, Micro-
servo Motor, Alphanumeric LCD Ultrasonic Sensor and Bread Board were also
vital to the study. Software requirement such as VM Controller is critical
requirement to accomplish this study.
In the Design Stage, the researchers will use the Auto Cad and SketchUp
program in creating the plan and structure of the reverse vending machine.
In the Implement Stage, conceptualization of the prototype design will be
prepared and organized. Hardware requirements will be combined and then, a
software that will recognize the different solid waste inserted in the machine will
be developed. Next, software and hardware requirements will be completely
combined and after, a preliminary testing of the designed reverse vending machine
will be conducted. Performing troubleshooting process will help improve the
operation of the prototype. And lastly, the accuracy and efficacy of the reverse
vending machine will be tested and evaluated further.

15
Saint James Academy
In the Operate Phase, the researcher will be able to develop reverse
vending machine that is able to shred plastic bottles that often gives back a deposit
or refund in exchange.
Vending Machine
Effective Reverse
Operated by
Operate
Arduino
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

ine the hardware
ss to improve the
uct a preliminary
ivity of different
ate the accuracy

fficiency of the
am and test the
Design
ine prototype

ated reverse
ptualize the
ements and
ng machine
e vending
e vending
tion of the
leshooting
 System components
g of the
ment
e and
type.
type.
rm a
o Power Supply
ine.
rs.
n.
tr
E
P
d
v
p
p
o
p
c
a
I
s
s
r
r
t
16
Saint James Academy
Micro-servo Motor
Programming and
Ultrasonic Sensor
Proximity Sensor
Basic Electronics
Logic Controller
Troubleshooting
Switch Actuator
Breakout Board
VM Controller
Weight Sensor
Programmable
Arduino Mega
Requirements:
Alphanumeric
Potentiometer
Buzzer, Piezo
requirements:
Strain Gauge
GPS Module
Bread Board
Jump Wires
Technology
Single turn
Capacitive
Hardware
Software
Robotics
Battery
(PLC)
Basic
2560
LCD
LED
Definition of Terms
For clarity and better understanding of this study, the following terms are
hereby defined operationally.
Arduino Uno. A popularly used open-source micro-controller board that
runs on ATmega 328P micro-controller. This board is developed by Arduino.cc
which is an Italy based hardware company. This board contains a set of digital and
analog I/O data pins that are used to interface this board with other electronic
components (Iyer A. B., 2018).

17
Saint James Academy
Codes. It is used to describe text that is written using the protocol of a
particular language by a computer programmer [ CITATION Com17 \l 13321 ]. As to be
used in the study, it is to utilize the use of programming of Arduino Uno as
instructions to produce the reverse vending machine.
Environment. It is comprised of the interacting systems of physical,
biological and cultural elements which are interlinked both individually and
collectively. Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has
to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and development of
living forms[ CITATION Puj19 \l 13321 ].
Imperishability. As to be used in the study, it is a property of plastic that
causes resistance to decomposition.
LabVIEW. Is systems engineering software for applications that require
test, measurement, and control with rapid access to hardware and data insights. It
is a visual programming language; a system-design platform and development
environment that was aimed at enabling all forms of system to be developed.
Microcontroller. MCU or Microcontroller Unit. It is a single Integrated
Circuit (IC) that gathers input, processes this information, and outputs a certain
action based on the information gathered. Microcontrollers usually operate at
lower speeds, around the 1MHz to 200 MHz range, and need to be designed to
consume less power because they are embedded inside other devices that can have

18
Saint James Academy
greater power consumptions in other areas.is typically used for a specific
application and designed to implement certain tasks (Gudino, 2018).
Plastic. It is a polymeric material that has the capability of being molded or
shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure. This property of plasticity,
often found in combination with other special properties such as low density, low
electrical conductivity, transparency, and toughness, allows plastics to be made
into a great variety of products (Rodriguez,2020).
Polymer. Any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of
very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler
chemical units called monomers. Polymer makes up many of the materials in
living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. It
forms the basis of such minerals as diamond, quartz, and feldspar and such man-
made materials as concrete, glass, paper, plastics, and rubbers.
Programming. It is the art of developing computer programs with the aid of
selected programming language by a computer programmer. It is a special skill
whose quality is tested by the quality of the resulting program or software. In
programming, programming stages must be properly followed, i.e from problem
definition to maintenance and review (Lateef, Abimbola , Owoade, & Ogunsanwo,
2016).

19
Saint James Academy
Reverse Vending Machine. Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) is used in
an automated way to collect, sort and handle the return of used drink containers. It
is a machine where people can return empty beverage containers like bottles and
cans for recycling.
Sensors. It is a device that receives a stimulus and responds with an
electrical signal (Sinha, 2017). As to be used in the study, this is the material
measured in producing the prototype that signals to classify the plastic bottles
inserted in the machine.
Servo Motors. It is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object
with great precision [ CITATION Apo15 \l 13321 ]. As to be used in the study, the servo
motors will connect directly to Arduino to control the shaft position of objects and
move sensors very precisely.
Waste Management. It is the collection, transport, treatment and disposal
of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal
and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing
guidance on recycling.

20
Saint James Academy
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents different concepts and theories that provide
significant relation to the project. For the purpose of this research study, sources

21
Saint James Academy
primarily from 2008 to present were utilized, except for earlier literature that was
used for a historical perspective.
I. Conceptual Literature
1. Solid Waste
Waste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the
industrial revolution. Besides the waste we create at home, school, and other
public places, there are also those from hospitals, industries, farms, and other
sources. [CITATION eSc191 \t \l 13321 ].
Solid wastes are any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment
plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other
discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations and from community activities. Solid waste damps are seriously
spoiling the environmental conditions in developing countries. Negative
environmental impacts from improper solid waste dumping can be easily observed
everywhere in the developing world. [CITATION Her13 \l 13321 ]
2. Types of Solid Waste
Solid waste includes garbage containing solid, liquid, semi-liquid, gaseous
materials, although generally, Solid waste is solid. There are various types but
mainly there are six kinds of solid wastes:

22
Saint James Academy
2.1. Municipal Waste
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are non-hazardous solid wastes coming
from city, towns, or villages including private homes, commercial establishments,
schools, and other institutions. It contains a wide variety of materials such as food
waste, plastic, paper, tetra pack, plastic cans, newspaper, glass bottles, cardboard
boxes, aluminum foil, meta items, wood pieces. Municipal wastes are different
from every municipal and are changing constantly.
2.2. Hazardous Waste
Waste is considered as hazardous waste if it contains characteristics of
physical or chemical properties of toxicity, reactivity ignitability and corrosively.
Hazardous wastes are collected from Chemical manufacturing companies,
petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters and other industries and are treated
before disposing it. Hazardous wastes cause harmful effects to humans and the
environment.
2.3. Industrial Waste
Industrial wastes have more toxins and chemicals contents and need special
treatment before disposing. It is discharged from Food processing industries,
metallurgical chemical and pharmaceutical unit’s breweries, sugar mills, paper

23
Saint James Academy
and pulp industries, fertilizer and pesticide industries. The environment and the
people living close to dumpsites are deeply affected by industrial wastes.
2.4. Agricultural Waste
Agricultural wastes are waste coming from farms and agricultural
operations including crops and live stocks. Most of these wastes do not usually
cause problems and are sometimes used for fertilizers, manure, and biogas.
2.5. Bio-Medical Waste
Bio-Medical wastes are any waste discharged from clinics, hospitals,
medical colleges, research centers, etc. This kind of waste is treated by an
authorized person to avoid adverse effect to humans and the environment.
3. Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is an essential service in any society. It is the
process of collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful [ CITATION Jer20 \l 13321 ].
Solid waste is the discipline associated with control of generation, storage,
collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in

24
Saint James Academy
a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation, economic,
aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations [ CITATION Ric20 \l
13321 ].
3.1. The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
The Republic Act (RA) 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000, provides the necessary policy framework,
institutional mechanisms and mandate to the local government unites (LGUs) to
achieve 25% waste reduction through establishing an integrated solid waste
management plans based on 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling). [CITATION GAM13 \l
13321 ]. This law requires all Local Government Units in the country to implement
an ecological solid waste management program with their jurisdiction and provide
mechanisms that are necessary to attain the objective.
3.2. Present Waste Management Status
In the 2017 baseline data report of waste management of the municipality
of Ibaan, solid waste management is one of the primary challenges in the
municipal because of the constant growth of the municipal’s population and
industrialization such as emerging businesses and commercial establishments.

25
Saint James Academy
Improper solid waste disposal, and inadequate space for collected waste are
considered as top factors that affects the municipal’s waste management.
However, the institution of Saint James Academy ought to propose and
provide a possible solution for the solid waste management of Ibaan through
developing and implementing a reverse vending machine.
4. Reverse Vending Machine
Figure 2. Reverse Vending Machine

Source: Environmental XPRT
The reverse vending machine is a machine where people can return empty
beverage containers such as bottles and cans for recycling. The machine often
returns the amount of the deposit or refund to the end user in the form of money.
This is what makes it a "reverse" vending vehicle: instead of the user putting in the
money and getting out the product, the user puts in the product and gets out the
money.

26
Saint James Academy
4.1. Basic Electronics
Basic electronics comprises the minimal “electronics components” that
make up a part of everyday electronics equipment. These electronic components
include resistors, transistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, and transformers.
Powered by a battery, they are designed to work under certain physics laws and
principles. Basic electronics also concerns the measurement of voltage, current
(electron flow) and resistance in the assembled working "circuit."
Basic electronics measures the knowledge and ability to apply concepts,
terms, and principle involved in working on or near electrical and electronic
equipment. Electronics is the branch of science and engineering dealing with the
theory and use of a class of devices in which electrons are transported through a
vacuum, gas, or semiconductor. (Paul, O.,2017)
4.2. Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing the source of a problem. It is
used to fix problems with hardware, software, and many other products. The basic
theory of troubleshooting is that you start with the most general possible problems,
and then narrow it down to more specific issues. Troubleshooting requires for
measurements to be made and tests to be performed. [CITATION Bes17 \l 13321 ].

27
Saint James Academy
4.3. Basic Programmable Logic Controller
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a special form of
microprocessor-based controller that uses a programmable memory to store
instructions and execute functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and
arithmetic to monitor machines and processes and is designed to be controlled by
engineers with probably minimal programming and computer language skills
(Bolton, 2006).
4.4. Robotics Technology
Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector of science and engineering dedicated
to the design, construction and use of mechanical robots. Our guide will give you a
concrete grasp of robotics, including different types of robots and how they're
being applied across industries. Robotics involves the design and creation of
robotic systems. A robotic system has the capability of performing tasks and
duties for humans to simplify life and streamline work processes. The people who
design robotic systems are robotics engineers with specialized training in electrical
and mechanical engineering [ CITATION Ric19 \l 13321 ].
The robot technology is being applied in so many domains such as for
healthcare, medical and surgery, body-machine interface, telepresence robotics,
cyborgs, exoskeletons, and wearable robotics, humanoids, industrial,
housekeeping, collaborative robots, military robotics, underwater, flying and self

28
Saint James Academy
-driving machines, space robots, entertainment, art, environmental and alternately
powered robots, swarm and microbats, robotic networks, and modular robotics
(Pagliarini & Hautop Lund, 2017).
4.5. Reverse Vending Machine using Arduino
4.5.1. Arduino
Arduino is a great platform for prototyping projects and inventions. The
Arduino is a platform for the development of microcontrollers coupled with an
intuitive programming language that you develop using the Arduino Integrated
development environment. You can the Arduino into a programmable “brain” for
just about any control system by equipping the Arduino with sensors, lights,
speakers, additional module (called shields) and other integrated circuits [ CITATION
Blu13 \l 1033 ].
It is a small computer that can be programmed to process inputs and outputs
between your device and external components that was developed way back in
2005 by Massimo Banzi in Italy for non-engineers as a simple tool for creating
hardware projects but in a low cost. It was released under a Creative Commons
license which allows anyone to produce their own board. It is an open-source
electronic platform which means that it is an interactive system that interacts with
its surroundings [ CITATION MMc10 \l 1033 ].
4.5.2. Arduino Uno

29
Saint James Academy
One of the most popular Arduino boards out there is the Arduino Uno.
While it was not actually the first board to be released, it remains to be the most
actively used and most widely documented on the market. Because of its extreme
popularity, the Arduino Uno has a ton of project tutorials and forums around the
web that can help you get started or out of a jam (Everything you need to know
about Arduino Code, n.d.).
The main workhouse in the Arduino family is the Uno. It is based on the
ATmega328 microcontroller and has a clock speed of 16MHz. it has 6 analog
input pins and 14 digital input/output pins. It can be powered by a USB connection
or a DC barrel connector, or by using power input pin headers (Craft, 2013).
4.5.3. Arduino Micro-controller
An Atmel microcontroller unit (MCU) is at the heart of each Arduino. Most
Arduino boards use the AVR ATMega microcontroller, including the Arduino
Uno. The microcontroller holds all your compiled code and executes the
commands that you specify [ CITATION Blu13 \l 1033 ]. Microcontroller is a small
computer that carries out menial decision-making tasks that can be tedious, too
fast, too slow or irritating for a person to do. It can be meaningful and react to
events in the real world by doing something [ CITATION BCr13 \l 1033 ].

30
Saint James Academy
4.5.4. Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software platform
that enables a user to program Arduino or any controller of the ATmega family.
This IDE provides a user the liberty to program an Arduino using C language. It
connects to the Arduino and hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them[CITATION Placeholder1 \l 1033 ].
The IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is free to download and
will run on Windows, Macintosh OS X, and Linux. This enables the users to write
computer programs (a set of step-by-step instructions, known as sketches in the
Arduino world) that will then be uploaded to the Arduino using USB cable. The
Arduino will carry out the instructions based on its interaction with the outside
world [ CITATION MGe16 \l 1033 ].
The IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a special program
running on your computer that enables you to write codes for the Arduino board in
a simple language modeled after the processing which will then be converted to C
language when the user uploads the codes to the board itself. It will then be passed
to the AVR-CC compiler, the piece of open-source software that will make the
final translation of the language to be understood by the microcontroller. The final
step is very important because this is where Arduino makes programming easy

31
Saint James Academy
without any knowledge of the complexity of programming microcontroller
[ CITATION MBa09 \l 1033 ].
5. Sensor Unit
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment. Light, fire, motion, moisture, friction, or any one of a
vast range of other environmental phenomena may be the relevant input. The
output is usually a signal that is transformed at the sensor position to a human-
readable display or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or
further. (Automated Garbage Segregator for St. John Technological College of the
Philippines, 2012)
5.1. Capacitive Proximity Sensor
Capacitive proximity sensors are non-contact devices which, irrespective of
material, can detect the presence or lack of virtually any object. Based on a change
in the electrical field around the active face of the sensor, they use the electrical
property of capacitance and the change of capacitance.
Like a basic capacitor, a capacitive sensor works. A metal plate is
electrically connected to an internal oscillator circuit in the sensing face of the
sensor and the target to be sensed serves as the capacitor's second plate. A

32
Saint James Academy
capacitive sensor generates an electrostatic field, unlike an inductive sensor that
produces an electromagnetic field. (Automation Insights, 2018)
5.2. Strain Gauge Weight Sensor
Strain gauges are sensors which are used in variety of physical
measurements. They change resistance when they are stretched or compressed.
Because of this property, strain gauges often are bonded to a solid surface and
used for measuring acceleration, pressure, tension and force. We can use the
measurement of tension to determine the weight applied to the load cell.
(Strogonovs, 2013)
5.3. Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an
object using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to
send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s
proximity. High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce
distinct echo patterns. Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a
frequency above the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as
a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like
many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The
sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the
sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. (Burnett, 2020)

33
Saint James Academy
5.4. IR Sensor
An IR proximity sensor works by applying a voltage to a pair of IR light
emitting diodes (LED’s) which in turn, emit infrared light. This light travels
through the air and once it comes in contact with an object, it is reflected back
towards the detector. The waste is dumped into the AWS and comes in proximity
of IR proximity sensor module which marks the entry of the waste. When the IR
sensing unit becomes active, it sends a corresponding signal to controller which
in turn activates the other sensors[CITATION Sen \l 1033 ].
6. Wastes Disposal
Waste disposal has a huge cause for concern in the present world.
Disposing of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious
problems. [ CITATION Env \l 13321 ]
7. Efficiency of the Reverse Vending Machine
In order for the prototype to be successful, it would be observed and
evaluated in terms of specific factors. Testing of the prototype will assess the
viability of the proposed design and indicate unseen errors. The effectiveness of
the Reverse Vending Machine is based on the results of the tests.
7.1. Accuracy of Sensors

34
Saint James Academy
The accuracy of sensors is the maximum difference that will exist between
the standard value and the indicated value of the output of the sensors in the
prototype which can be expressed in percentage, or absolute terms. It measures the
degree of closeness of the output sensors to the typical accuracy level. The
accuracy would be tested through comparing several readings of the prototype’s
sensors and the standard accuracy of sensors.
7.1.1. IR Sensor
Infrared sensor detects and measures infrared radiation from its
surroundings. It meant to be used in the prototype as a proximity sensor which
will sense if there is a bottle inserted in the machine. The accuracy of the IR
sensor would be tested through collecting the indicated value of the IR sensor’s
output. The data collected would then be compared to standard accuracy value of
the IR sensor to identify if the sensor is working properly and not below average.
IR sensor has an accuracy percentage of around ninety-two percent to ninety-five
percent and a repeatability of around ninety-seven percent (Mohammad, 2019).
7.1.2. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor releases ultrasonic sound waves which measure the
distance of an object. The reflected sounds are converted into electrical signals. In
the prototype, the sensor would sense if there is a bottle inserted through the sound
emitted by the bottle when it landed on the open-close mechanism. The Ultrasonic

35
Saint James Academy
sensor would be evaluated and tested to ensure its efficiency. The test will
consider the standard accuracy of the Ultrasonic sensor as the level needed to be
reached to guarantee that the sensor to be used is operating efficiently. The
accuracy of Ultrasonic sensor refers to the difference between the output value
that is measured by the ultrasonic sensor and the actual target distance. Accuracies
of one percent to three percent are realistic and standard in industrial applications
for ultrasonic sensors in the operating range of negative twenty-five degrees
Celsius to seventy degrees Celsius (Pepperl-Fuchs, 2015)
7.1.3. Capacitive Sensor
Capacitive proximity sensors are non-contact devices that can detect the
presence or absence of virtually any object regardless of material. It makes use of
capacitance's electrical property and the change in capacitance caused by a change
in the electrical field around the sensor's active face. Capacitive sensors can be
effective in measuring presence, density, thickness, and location of non-
conductors as well. To test its accuracy, it requires the measurements be made
under the same conditions in which the sensor was calibrated. The capacitive
sensor has a standard accuracy that switches between eighty percent and one
hundred twenty percent of the effective sensing distance. (Kinney, 2015)
7.1.4. Strain Gauge Sensor

36
Saint James Academy
Strain gauge sensor is a resistor used to measure strain on an object and
used as a precautionary measure in many testing applications. When a strain
gauge reads a certain value, a warning is normally triggered to warn the user that
the capacity has been reached, allowing the problem to be resolved before it
becomes dangerous. The standard accuracy of the strain gauge sensor will be used
to determine the degree of accuracy required to ensure that the sensor of the
machine is working properly. The strain gauge sensor has a standard accuracy of
one hundred to one hundred twenty percent of the effective sensing distance.
(Zdero, 2015)
8. Testing and Experimentation
8.1. Preliminary Testing
Preliminary testing is a prior trial which evaluates the reliability and
validity of the system, and if the program and sensors are suitable and functioning
properly. It is done in order to see errors and malfunctions which can be a serious
factor for failure in the later part of the study. The system and sensors would
undergo preliminary testing to ensure its effectiveness and accuracy. If the system
and sensors showed errors, the codes and program would be changed and
improved until it reached the appropriate system to be used for the study.
8.2. Final Testing

37
Saint James Academy
Final testing is done when all needed factors for the prototype are
completed and examined wherein the prototype as a whole is tested to ensure its
responsiveness and efficiency. It also helps in finding unexpected errors in the
system which then are solved and enhanced. In the final testing, the overall
performance of the prototype would be observed and evaluated. The results in the
final testing would justify if the developed design of the Reverse Vending
Machine is effective and works properly and accordingly.
II. Related Literature
1. Local Literature
In the paper presented by A. J. Rubio and J. Lazaro (2016) entitled “Solar
Powered Reverse Trash Vendo Machine” the reverse vending machine is
developed to reduce the improper waste disposal practices of Filipino citizens and
promote recycling. Upon conducting the study, the device has been proven to
detect if scanned material is a plastic bottle or aluminum can and give each
material with a respective monetary value of compensation. Gizduino X ATMega
1281, and the Gizduino 644 controlled the entire process in the Solar Powered
Reverse Trash Vendo Machine. The Gizduino X was connected along with
inductive sensors to recognize the waste material and the servo motor connected
to the device will shift depending on what type of waste material has been
identified. Gizduino X uses same micro controller as the Arduino Uno and is

38
Saint James Academy
100% compatible with the Arduino Uno board. Thus, manifesting that Arduino
Uno can be used in creating the system for the reverse vending machine. From
determining the input, to the outputs of the LCD display, to the crushing of the
input, to the dispensing of equivalent monetary value of the inputs, and up to the
communication between the device and the owner through the GSM shield and
the Android messaging application. The proponent has successfully integrated the
concept of trash can and reverse vending machines into a device that is economic
and environmentally friendly. [CITATION Placeholder2 \l 13321 ]
Moreover, in a study entitled “Two-Way Powered Microcontroller-
Based Plastic Bottles ‘Drop-And-Tap’ Reverse Vending Machine with
Stored Value System using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Scanner Technology” conducted by W.G. Dumpayan et al (2017), that aims
to address the garbage problem of Metro Manila. The researchers have
designed a Reverse Vending Machine to help facilitate a better waste
management system inside the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. The center of
the machine is a microcontroller that controls the operation of the different
inputs (sensors and keypads) and outputs (displays and motors) of the devices
connected to it. The machine accepts plastic bottles and credits them as points
which, in turn, can be used to purchase products. The operation of the system
demonstrated consistency in the identification of RFID accounts, the
difference between plastic and non-plastic bottles, the storing or upgrading of

39
Saint James Academy
points for each account, and the dispensing of the products to be purchased.
The installation of a solar panel and a battery not only generates a clean
energy supply but also acts as a back-up capacity in the case of commercial
power interruptions. The findings of the survey have shown that the Colegio
supports the concept of having a Reverse-Vending Machine and assumes that
the implementation of the machine would improve the existing waste
separation scheme of the Colegio.
In addition, in a study conducted by A.J. Exito (2015), entitled
“Development of a Micro-controller based Solar-powered Reversed
Vending Machine for the Potential Application on Barangays in the
Philippines”, the prototype for this Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) will
have a brand name of “WISE Recycle Bin”. RVM is a device that accepts used
(empty) beverage containers and usually returns money to the user (the reverse
of typical vending cycle). Their solar-powered prototype enables the user to
recycle plastic bottle beverage containers and gives a mobile charging time in
return. The prototype of this study will be developed using the integration of
the commercially available Proximity Sensor Circuits, PIC16F48A
Microcontroller, Solar-Power System Package, and as addons, a Display
Screen and Street Lamp. Microcontroller PIC16F84A receives input from
sensor circuits, and gives a necessary output. The prototype of Reverse
Vending Machine was successfully built and the whole system can function

40
Saint James Academy
successfully. The prototype is then ready to be introduced in different
communities/barangays in the Philippines. Reverse Vending Machines are
available on other countries, yet, its popularity in the Philippines is still on a
low side. Though simpler unlike the existing RVMs, this development of
RVM in the Philippines will introduce a technology that would really
showcase the potential of renewable energies while promoting proper waste
disposal.
2. Foreign Literature
2.1. Reverse vending machine using Arduino
In a research study conducted by K. K. Wong et al (2019), entitled
“Development of Reverse Vending Machine using Recycled Materials and
Arduino Microcontroller” the Arduino’s main function is to control the system
and separate different materials found in waste streams and minimizing the
amount of goods sent to landfill. It controls the timer and sensor so the time
consuming to sort the machine will be much effective and efficiently. The machine
was developed to detect metal components and have a reward feature. The results
obtained from the number of metals detected and recycled by the reverse vending
machine was reliable and accurate to give users reward fairly. Through the use of
Arduino, the reverse vending machine constructed was capable to detect the
presence of metal object (tin). The Arduino was used to detect the properties of

41
Saint James Academy
metal and in the case of the study being conducted the Arduino will be used to
detect properties of plastic bottles instead. The study proves that using Arduino as
the main microcontroller of the system makes the machine to function efficiently. [
CITATION Won19 \l 13321 ]
Moreover, in a study conducted by R. Tomari et al (2016), entitled
“Development of Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) Framework for
Implementation to a Standard Recycle Bin” that was about the reverse
vending machine concept. The aim of the study was to develop an automated
recycle bin with a reward feature derived from a reverse vending machine
(RVM) concept. The prototype was equipped with microcontroller and
collection of sensors wherein the sensors are responsible for the weight scale and
converting the weight into corresponding points. This differs from the study
being conducted in terms of design and reward feature. The study being
conducted has an extra feature which is the shedder mechanism that will increase
the machines storage capacity and instead of points, users are to receive
corresponding monetary value. However, both studies are similar in terms of
system. Both studies use a microcontroller as the main controller of the process
and sensors to detect and identify the materials inserted in the machine. The
system has been implemented in a small-scale user testing and the framework
shows its effectiveness for handling the whole process. The prototype of Reverse

42
Saint James Academy
Machine prototype that can be fitted to a standard recycle bin provided by the
local municipal is successfully develop and tested. [ CITATION Kad16 \l 13321 ]
In addition, Shilpa Sambhi & Preeti Dahiya (2020) in their study
“Reverse Vending Machine for Managing Plastic Waste” states that
managing plastic waste is an important point of concern these days. Presenting
the concept of reverse vending machine which is proposed to serve as a solution
to the problem of pollution caused due to plastic items especially plastic bottles,
which are commonly used for storing cold drink, fruit juices etc. The concept of
reverse vending machine is an approach towards green engineering technology.
This machine is a low-cost automatic machine, which crushes the plastic bottle
to a reduced size, thereby, requiring less storage space for final disposal. The
reverse vending machine also focuses on the concept of cash-from-trash, where
recycled plastic can be used to produce useful products and help in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
Moreover, according to the study of Tomari, Zakaria, Kadir, Nurshazwani,,
Mohd & Wahab (2019) which is entitled “Empirical Framework of Reverse
Vending Machine (RVM) with Material Identification Capability to Improve
Recycling”, recycling is one of the keyways to efficiently handle waste. A
Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) with a material recognition module is proposed
to accept only empty recycling products to fix such a problem and reject the rest.

43
Saint James Academy
The built device consists of a revolving mechanism and sensor array that can
detect empty PET bottles and aluminum. Such skill demonstrates a promising
outcome for preventing the misuse of recycling bins and can be used by adding an
incentive to the individual who correctly recycles to understand the RVM
definition.
In a research study conducted by Balubai, VamsikiranSure, Reddy,
Gowtham, & Subbiah (2017), entitled “A New Approach in Manufacturing of
Reverse Vending Machine”, a reverse vending machine is a concept or an idea
which inculcate the habit of recycling the waste materials. Reverse vending
machine will be working by taking recyclable waste into the machine and gives
a use full thing as a token of appreciation. The mechanical component is used to
crush the recyclable waste that is held in the machine so that it is possible to
recycle and store more plastic and cans. The electronics part, consisting of a
sensor and microcontroller, is used as an LCD display to take the right input and
segregate the waste into its respective categories and provide a token of
appreciation. With the world's dwindling resources, we need to begin to protect
them and put an end to waste. We are developing and manufacturing reverse
vending machines to promote recycling through a rewards scheme.

44
Saint James Academy
Synthesis of the Study
The amount of waste produced by human's are increasing and landfill sites
for dumping waste are limited these days and recycling is one of the innovative
approaches to manage the waste effectively. The present recycling practice in
which the people need to bring the waste in bulk to the recycling centre might
bother and become a discouraging factor for them to recycle. To overcome such an
issue, an automated recycle bin designed and installed in many countries on
subways, malls etc. with a reward featured is developed from a reverse vending
machine (RVM) concept. In present time, Reverse Vending Machine is become
very popular in countries like Greece, Japan, Europe, South Korea, America and
China. Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) reduce employee work, saves time and
energy also motivate human's being, even cost effective. The proponents of the
present study aim to design a Reverse Vending Machine with the help of Arduino
to minimize the plastic waste in the Municipality of Ibaan. The review of related
literatures and studies provided sufficient and feasible information that was
utilized by the researchers to help further advance and have a better understanding
of the study regarding Arduino as the core of the system and the monitoring
mechanism of the prototype. With these, the researchers were able to come up

45
Saint James Academy
with a study that integrates all the various technology to be able to create a
machine that is both efficient and effective.
Other studies have clear and comprehensible similarities with the present
study conducted by the researchers including the proving and testing of the use of
the sensors. Moreover, almost all of the Reverse Vending Machine studies have
very attractive rewards for the users of Reverse Vending Machine, they get coins
as a reward or points to purchase items. In addition, the studies shared similar
implications and thrust in the search for the right sensors to be used. The
researchers also considered the use of Arduino Uno as suggested in the studies.
The studies also promote to be environmentally friendly and will be prove to be a
stepping stone in utilizing recycling that can be cultivated and improved through
research.
In conclusion, the studies have both similarities and differences with the
present study. The researchers find substantial number of related studies and
literature that will be used as references of ideas, which will provide viable
information that, will improve the results. The information source will be able to
help in developing a reverse vending machine due to having supporting details that
will prove reliability and accuracy in the study and its functionality and purpose.

46
Saint James Academy
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the discussion of the design, plan, analysis, and
evaluation of the variables that would be used in the paper. Various research
methodologies would be utilized in order to achieve and acquire the needed data in
the study.
Research Design

47
Saint James Academy
Conceptualization and Development of Prototype
The developed prototype that was responsible for collecting used plastic
bottles would utilize the following parts that would be considered for the
prototype:
o System Components and Material specification
The machine would be composed of locally available materials. The
following were the materials that would be used in making the prototype
according to the components:
o Power Supply Unit: Electric outlets
o Open-close Mechanism: Aluminum, Servo Motor, Screws
o System Board: Aluminum Metal, Servo Motor, Screws
o Storage Bin: Metal Garbage Bin
o Sensors: Capacitive Proximity Sensor, Strain Gauge Weight Sensor,
Ultrasonic Sensor
o Coin Dispenser: Aluminum Metal, Servo Motors
o LCD Screen: 11x11 inches LCD

48
Saint James Academy
o Shredder: Metal, Screws
o RVM Cabinet: Textured Metal Steel (White), Screws, Hinges
o Case Structure: Aluminum Metal, Screws, Hinges
o Door: Aluminum Metal, Hinges
o Roof: Aluminum Metal
Design of Reverse Vending Machine
Figure 3.0. Front view of the design and its parts

49
Saint James Academy
Figure 3.1. Back view of the design
Figure 3.2. Left side view Figure 3.3. Right side view

50
Saint James Academy
Figure 3.4. Interior design of the machine
o Safety Mechanism
Safety Measures would be taken to ensure that the materials that would be
used to construct the machine, and products used or created during its use, do not
endanger safety or health of people. The proponents of the machine ensure that the
design of the Reverse Vending Machine would not harm individuals who will use
the machine and near the area where it will be located. The shredder would be
placed inside the machine and it would be surrounded by metal casing. The
machine itself would be secured with a metal door and a cabinet where all the
important features of the machine mainly the coin dispenser for security purposes.

51
Saint James Academy
Operating Parameters of the Prototype
o Capacity
In constructing the prototype, the capacity of the storage bin would be
considered. The Reverse Vending Machine would consider how many bottles can
it process per minute and the total possible capacity of its bin. The operating
parameters of the prototype’s capacity would keep track of the deposited bottles
collectively in its lifetime. When tested, the proponents would set an amount of
weight that would be the limit of the capacity of the machine and when reached,
the shredded plastic bottles would be ready for picking up and transporting to
processing facilities. Considering the capacity of the storage bin, it would allow
for optimal cleanliness and effectiveness, and will be emptied and cleaned daily
by a designated Municipal employee.
o Properties of Plastic Bottles
The properties of a plastic bottles would be considered while making the
prototype and programming the system. In constructing the prototype, materials
that can operate, shred, and store plastic bottles considering their properties would
be utilize. The properties of plastic bottles such as strength, durability, and
moisture content would be assessed in order for the study to choose what materials

52
Saint James Academy
to be used for shredding and storing and what codes and commands to be
programmed. The Reverse Vending Machine would be constructed with materials
that would function effectively for a long period of time while taking the
properties of plastic bottles in consideration.
o Sizes of Plastic Bottles
Plastic bottles have a huge variety of sizes. The study would also be
considering the sizes of plastic bottles in choosing materials for shredding and
storing. The Reverse Vending Machine would only intake and process limited
sizes of plastic bottles. The size range of the plastic bottles that can be inserted is
from eight ounces or zero point two hundred thirty-seven liter to sixty-seven
ounces or two liters. The bottles whose sizes are not included in the given range
would be rejected and discarded.
o Working duration
The working duration of a reverse vending machine will be depending on
the type of power supply to be used. Power and electricity coming from electric
outlets would be used in order for the machine to operate efficiently and longer.
The machine would run and operate on 115 volts at about 10.5 amps. There would
still be a pre-testing to check if the voltage to be used is appropriate for the
machine to work properly.

53
Saint James Academy
Integration of Hardware and Development of Software
In order for the researchers to develop and construct a Reverse Vending
Machine, they would follow this systematic process.
o Fabricating
1. Collect materials which are available locally that would be used in
the making the Reverse Vending Machine.
2. Assemble and construct the case structure of the Reverse Vending
Machine as the base of the prototype.
3. Attach the shredding machine inside the prototype where the plastics
bottles will be shredded before going to the storage bin.
4. Install the open-close mechanism at the upper portion of the
prototype.
5. Attach an initial container wherein the inserted bottles will be
detected and classified by the different sensors connected to the
open-close mechanism.
6. Install the Arduino UNO microcontroller, different sensors, and
motor drivers into the prototype orderly.
7. Lastly, paint the Reverse Vending Machine which will make the
prototype appealing and engaging.

54
Saint James Academy
o Programming
To develop the Reverse Vending Machine, programming the Arduino
board is needed. The Arduino IDE is the software to be used in order to
program the Arduino board. With the use of commands and codes that will be
uploaded to the Arduino board, the Reverse Vending Machine would be able
to operate effectively and accordingly.
o Flow Chart
The algorithm of this project is as follows:
Step 1: The bottles enter the Reverse Vending Machine.
Step 2: The bottles are then sensed by the IR sensor.
Step 3: The microcontroller, motors, and sensors are turned on.
Step 4: The proximity sensor is turned on to count how many bottles
were inserted and transfer the data to the system.
Step 5: A notification will appear in the LCD to address the user
about the rewards to be given. The system will give the user
corresponding rewards based on the number of bottles
inserted.
Step 6: The open-close mechanism will operate when the bottles are
classified as plastic. The doorway will lead to the machine’s

55
Saint James Academy
built-in shredder which will reduce the size of the bottles for
better and larger storage capacity.
Step 7: Finally, the shredded plastic bottles are dropped to the bin
and the process is completed. The system will proceed back
to its initial position. The Ultrasonic sensor is always turned
on to send signal if the bins are full already.

56
Saint James Academy
Figure 4. Flow Chart

57
Saint James Academy
Preliminary Testing of the Reverse Vending Machine
Conducting a preliminary testing is a vital and an essential part for the
performance of the Reverse Vending Machine. An unbiased and objective test
should be conducted and the prototype must be assessed first for a Reverse
Vending Machine to happen. The following factors would be needed to consider
first for the Reverse Vending Machine:
o Operating Capacity
The prototype would be considering the storage bin as its main body. The
bin has a rectangular external form. The volume capacity of it would be identified
through its height and weight. The shredded bottles would be measured and
computed which would provide the study the average weight of the shredded
bottles. Thus, enabling the study to identify the operating capacity of storage bin
to be used in the Reverse Vending Machine.
o Speed of Sensors in Sorting Waste
The different sensors such as IR sensor, proximity sensor, and ultrasonic
sensor are mainly used in terms of the process in the machine. Speed would be
measured and tested during the testing of the prototype. The speed of each sensors
to detect and store the inserted bottles would depend on the power supply used.
Electricity coming from electric outlets is the power supply to be used. The power

58
Saint James Academy
supply has great efficiency and relatively long working duration which is needed
by the prototype. The speed of the sensors would be compared to the standard
specification of the sensors.
Preliminary Testing of the Sensors of the Reverse Vending Machine
The effectiveness and accurateness of each sensors would be measured by
testing the sensors’ sensitivity on how the machine would detect the inserted
bottles and continue its process. The duration of process would be considered on
how the sensors would operate accurately and quickly in the Reverse Vending
Machine.
Troubleshooting of Reverse Vending Machine
Troubleshooting is the method of deciding what is missing from the
prototype and what needs to be changed. Data faults and errors are fixed as part of
the troubleshooting process. The troubleshooting process would help the Reverse
Vending Machine develop more effectively. It would be necessary to test the
function of each component of the machine to establish a program and a prototype
that would help improve the municipality's plastic waste management.

59
Saint James Academy
Final Testing and Evaluation of the Reverse Vending Machine
After the troubleshooting, a comprehensive evaluation of the Arduino
system base's output is needed. The following parameters will be used to test the
Reverse Vending Machine:
o Efficiency
The system's efficiency will be measured and tweaked so that it could
operate efficiently and continuously. This will include how the Reverse Vending
Machine's overall working time would react. The accuracy of the sensors will be
used to assess the system's effectiveness. The system must sense the plastic wastes
that will undergo recycling. The procedure that would be conducted was adopted
from the study of Sambhi S. & Dahiya, P. The method has included the testing of
the system, the accuracy in identifying the plastic waste and by recycling it by the
used of the machine.
o Responsiveness
The machine was modified to be able to be responsive by detecting plastic
bottles considering that the sensors will help the machine to shred all the plastic
bottles. When the required number of plastic bottles to be shred is completed, it
will eventually give a coin or reward. The responsiveness of the reverse vending

60
Saint James Academy
machines will benefit the environment, end users and the municipality by
collecting bottles for recycling plastic wastes.
o Sensitivity
The machine was modified to detect the plastic bottles based on the
sensitivity of the sensors that will ensure that the plastic bottles to be put will be
crushed and shred. The sensitivity of the sensors measured the responsiveness of
the machine due to recycling plastic bottles. The overall impact and sensitivity of
the sensors will be the necessary equipment that will ensure that the machine could
recycle all the plastic bottles also considering the sensitivity and effectiveness of
the reverse vending machine.

61
Saint James Academy
Reference List
Apoorve. (2015). Servo Motor: Basics, Theory & Working Principle. Circuit Digest.
Banzi, M. (2009). Getting Stared with Arduino. Milano: Tecniche nuove.

Basics., S. (2017). What is an Inductive Proximity Sensor? . Retrieved from
Keyence:https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/sensor/sensorbasics/proximity/inf
o/.
Baumer, T. E. (2020). Functionality and technology of inductive sensors. Retrieved from

Baumer: https://www.baumer.com/ch/en/service-support/function-
principle/functionality-and-technology-of-inductive-sensors/a/Know-
how_Function_Inductive-sensors#:~:text=the%20rated%20value.-,For
%20inductive%20proximity%20switches%20it%20must%20be%20between
%2090%25
Blum, J. (2013). Exploring Arduiono. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley.
Bolton, W. (2006). Programmable Logic Controller. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284696480_Programmable_Logic_Cont
rollers.
Britannica, T. E. (2020, May 22). Polymer. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer
Built In. (2018). Robotics: What is Robotics?. Retrieved from

https://builtin.com/robotics.
Burnett, R. (2020). Understanding How Ultrasonic Sensors Work. Retrieved from

MaxBotix Inc: https://www.maxbotix.com/articles/how-ultrasonic-sensors-
work.htm.
Computer Hope. (2020). What is Code?. Retrieved from Computer Hope

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/code.htm#:~:text=1.,language%20by
%20a%20computer%20programmer.
Craft, B. (2013). Arduino Projects for Dummies. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Dumpayan, W., De Mesa, M., Yucor, N., Gabion, E., Reynoso, J., & Geslani, G. (2017).
Two-way powered microcontroller-based plastic bottles ‘drop-and-tap’ reverse
vending machine with stored value system using radio frequency identification

62
Saint James Academy
(RFID) scanner technology. Retrieved from Ieeexplore.ieee.org:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8269433.
Exito, J. (2015). Development of a Microcontroller-based Solar Powered Reversed

Vending Machine for the Potential Application on Barangays in the Philippines.
Retrieved from Docplayer.net: https://docplayer.net/44005343-Development-of-a-
microcontroller-based-solarpowered-reversed-vending-machine-for-the-potential-
application-on-barangays-in-the-philippines.html.
Everything you need to know about Arduino Code. (n.d.). Retrieved from circuito.io's
online circuit builder: www.circuit.io/blog/arduino-code.amp/
Gudino, M. (2018, February 26). Introduction to Microcontrollers. Retrieved from

Arrow: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/engineering-
basics-what-is-a-microcontroller
Heritage. (2013, July 2013). What is a Solid Waste? Retrieved from Heritage:
https://www.heritage-enviro.com/what-is-a-solid-waste/
Iyer, A. B. (2018, October 20). Arduino Based Automated Waste Segregator Final Year
Project. Retrieved from Electronics Lovers ~ Technology We Love:
https://www.electronicslovers.com/2018/10/arduino-based-automated-waste-
segregator-final-year-project.html
JagathPremakumara, A. l., L.Caneteb, A. M., MasayaNagaishic, &

AgustionoKurniawand, T. (2014). Policy implementation of the Republic Act
(RA) No. 9003 in the Philippines: A case study of Cebu city. Waste Management,
971-979.
Jost, D. (2019, July 9). What is a proximity sensor? Retrieved from Fierce Electronics:
https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/what-a-proximity-sensor
Jost, D. (2019, July 29). What is an IR sensor? Retrieved from Fierce Electronics:
https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/what-ir-sensor
Jost, D. (2019, October 7). What is an Ultrasonic Sensor? Retrieved from Fierce
Electronics: https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/what-ultrasonic-sensor
Kinney, T. (2015). Machine Design. Retrieved from Proximity Sensors Compared:

Inductive, Capacitive, Photoelectric, and Ultrasonic:
https://www.machinedesign.com/automation-
iiot/sensors/article/21831577/proximity-sensors-compared-inductive-capacitive-
phot

63
Saint James Academy
Lateef, U. O. Abimbola, B., Owoade, A., & Ogunsanwo, G. (2016). Introduction to

Computer Programming (Basic). Introduction to Computer Programming (Basic).
Retrieved from Research Gate
:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317182495_INTRODUCTION_TO_C
OMPUTER_PROGRAMMING_BASIC.
Leblanc, R. (2020, October 28). An Introduction to Solid Waste Management. Retrieved

from The Balance Small Business: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-
introduction-to-solid-waste-management-2878102
McRoberts, M. (2010). Beginning Arduino. Berkeley, CA: Apress.
Moermond, J. (2018). What is a Capacitive Sensor? . Retrieved from Automation

Insights: https://automation-insights.blog/2017/06/07/what-is-a-capacitive-
sensor/.
Mohammad, T. (2019). Using Ultrasonic and Infrared Sensors for Distance

Measurement. Retrieved from CiteSeerX:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
doi=10.1.1.193.4326&rank=1&q=Using%20Ultrasonic%20and%20Infrared
%20Sensors&osm=&ossid=
Mondal, P. (2019). Meaning, Definition and Components of Environment.
Mondal, P. (2016). 6 Main Types of Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from Your
Article Library: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/solid-waste/6-main-types-of-
solid-waste-management/30162
Nathanson, J. A. (2020, November 10). Solid-waste management. Retrieved from

Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-
management
Ni. (2020). What is LabVIEW. .Retrieved from Ni. https://www.ni.com/en-

ph/shop/labview.html
Pagliarini, L. & Hautop, L. (2017). The Future of Robotics Technology. Retrieved from
Research Gate: Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315986147_The_future_of_Robotics_T
echnology.

64
Saint James Academy
Paull, O. (2017). What is Basic Electronics? . Retrieved from Sciencing:

https://sciencing.com/what-is-basic-electronics-13580662.html.
Pepperl-Fuchs, T. E. (2015, January 14). Ultrasonic Sensors Knowledge (Part 4):

Influences on Measurement Accuracy. Retrieved from Pepperl-Fuchs:
https://www.pepperl-fuchs.com/global/en/25518.htm#:~:text=Accuracy
%2Fabsolute%20accuracy%20refers%20to,C%20to%20%2B70%C2%B0%20C.
Projects., E. (2017). Electronics Troubleshooting Techniques. . Retrieved from Best

Engineering Projects: https://bestengineeringprojects.com/electronics-
troubleshooting-techniques/
Richards, L. (2019). A Guide to Robotics Technology. MAPCON MAINTENANCE

SOFTWARE ARTICLE INDEX.
Rodriguez, F. (2020, November 10). Plastic. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic
Rubio, A. J., & Lazaro, J. P. (2016, March 31). Solar Powered Reverse Trash Vendo
Machin. Retrieved from Scopus Preview:
https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-
85016125381&origin=inward&txGid=dd2b4df6f700d3fff404a035575cd07c
Sambhi, S. &.Dahiya P. (2020). Reverse Vending Machine for Managing Plastic Waste. .
Retrieved from Ideas:
https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ijsaem/v11y2020i3d10.1007_s13198-020-00967-
y.html
Strogonovs, R. (2013). Strain Gauge based weight sensor (load cell). Retrieved from
MORF - Coding and Engineering: https://morf.lv/strain-gauge-based-weight-
sensor-load-cell.
Tomari, R., Kadir, K. A., Zakaria, W. W., & Zakaria, M. F. (2017, December).
Development of Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) Framework for Implementation
to a Standard Recycle Bin. Retrieved from ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314139977_Development_of_Reverse_
Vending_Machine_RVM_Framework_for_Implementation_to_a_Standard_Recy
cle_Bin
W.A.F.W. OthmanWong, K. K., Samah, N. A., & Sahimi, M. S. (2019, March 29).
Development of Reverse Vending Machine using Recycled Materials and Arduino

65
Saint James Academy
Microcontroller. Retrieved from International Journal of Engineering, Creativity

& Innovation: http://www.technical-journals.org/index.php/IJECI/article/view/22
Wilson, J. S. (n.d.). Sensor Technology Handbook. 2005.

Zdero, R. &. (2015). Surface Strain Gage Testing . Retrieved from Science Direct:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/strain-gage

Reverse Vending Machines: A Potential Solution For The Plastic Waste Management of Ibaan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reverse Vending Machines: A Potential Solution For The Plastic Waste Management of Ibaan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saint James Academy

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

REVERSE VENDING MACHINES: A POTENTIAL

SOLUTION FOR THE PLASTIC WASTE

A Research Proposal Presented to the

GUERRA, Helaiena Mae S.

JAVIER, Diana Mae U.

MIÑAS, Aira Carmela R.

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND........................................3

Objectives of the Study....................................................................................................8

Significance of the Study...............................................................................................10

Scope and Delimitations of the Study...........................................................................11

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..........................................20

Solid Waste Management.........................................................................................23

Reverse Vending Machine........................................................................................24

Efficiency of Reverse Vending Machine...................................................................33

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Testing and Experimentation.....................................................................................35

II. RELATED STUDIES.............................................................................................36

III. SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY............................................................................43

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................45

Conceptualization and Development of Prototype........................................................46

Design of Reverse Vending Machine............................................................................47

Operating Parameters of the Prototype..........................................................................49

Integration of Software and Development of Software.................................................51

Preliminary Testing of the Reverse Vending Machine..................................................55

Preliminary Testing of the Sensors of the Reverse Vending Machine..........................56

Troubleshooting of the Reverse Vending Machine.......................................................56

Final Testing of the Reverse Vending Machine............................................................57

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the introduction, background of the study,

conceptual framework, conceptual paradigm, statement of the problem, the

significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of terms.

semi-solid, or gaseous materials coming from industrial, commercial, agricultural,

waste management includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste,

together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process. It is

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

effects and helps in improving the environmental state of the world.

However, improper solid waste management may also cause harmful

contamination, spreading of infectious diseases, and loss of biodiversity. It is one

of the major environmental problems in different municipalities. Lack of proper

impacts to the town.

The municipality of Ibaan has difficulty in disposing of solid wastes

in terms of packaging. Due to being lightweight, plastics reduce weight in

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

are also used in developing technologies such as computers, cellphones,

televisions and microwaves. Having the characteristics of being durable and

lightweight at same time affordable, plastics help in revolutionizing and improving

blessing of Plastics’ durability, it becomes non-biodegradable and turns into the

The high rate of consumption of plastics in the Philippines is challenging

mostly in oceans, by Filipinos according to Marjaleen Ramos (2020). Most of the

however neither of the ways are environmental-friendly and ecological.

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Moreover, burning of plastics releases toxic gases (dioxins, furans, mercury

extinctions in the majority of the world especially its valuable ecosystems.

Plastics are evident and used everywhere. Companies, factories, markets,

snacks and beverages. Many consumers use vending machine because it is

Subsequently, this study was formulated to be a potential solution to

municipality of Ibaan. It is inspired from the conveniency of vending machines. It

focuses on developing a reverse vending machine wherein instead of purchasing

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools