Parabola: Property of Cid - Deped Lipa City Under Learning From Home Scheme 2020

2 Parabola
We have already investigated some of the applications of conics, especially circle.
But now that we know how to find the center and graph the circle, we are in a better
position to define and graph the parabola. Here we learn how to graph the parabola given
an equation in vertex form, find maximum and minimum values of functions. A parabola,
just like a circle, can be seen in many places and has many applications including
architecture, engineering, and science. In this lesson, the different equations that describe
parabola will be discussed. We will see also parabolas opening to the left or right.
Applications of parabolas are presented at the end.
Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

1 From Home Scheme 2020
Module 2 Pre-Calculus- Quarter 1
Introductory Message
For the Learner,
Greetings! We have prepared this contextualized learning material with the

desire of assisting you better in your learning journey. Thus, this module, Parabola, contains
learning materials and activities designed based on the four teaching-learning phases using
IDEA structure, namely Introduction, Development, Engagement, and Assimilation.
The unit of competency, Parabola is one of the competencies of Pre-calculus,

a course designed for Senior High School to develop your critical thinking skills.
Furthermore, the aim of this material is to serve you and your teacher in Pre-calculus in
achieving the advocacy of the Department of Education in improving the quality of education
toward a better nation

Lesson 2: Parabola
A. INTRODUCTION
What I need to know?
This module will be focusing on the following competencies. These

competencies will allow you to be oriented on the knowledge/content, skills and attitude that
can be acquired.
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Week 2

The learners:
1. Define a parabola; and
2. Graph a parabola given an equation in vertex form.
Learning Objectives of the Lesson

The learners will be able to:
1. Define a parabola;
2. Derive the standard equation of a parabola;
3. Graph a parabola; and
4. Solve situational problems involving parabolas.
What is new?
This Pre-assessment introduces initial concept on the learning objectives. This will
allow you to maximize initial knowledge to meet the learning competencies.
PRE ASSESSMENT
Directions: Answer the following problems.
1. Identify the vertex of the graph. Tell whether it is a minimum or maximum.
a. (0,0); maximum c. (0,1); minimum

b. (0,1); maximum d. (0,0); minimum
2. The equation y=a ¿ is the equation of a parabola written in what form.
a. Vertex form c. Quadratic form
b. Standard form d. General form
3. The equation y=a x2 +bx +c is the equation of a parabola written in what form.
a. Vertex form c. Quadratic form
b. Standard form d. General form
4. What happens when the value of h is changed?

a. The parabola moves to the right of left. c. The parabola becomes wider.
b. The parabola becomes skinnier. d. The parabola moves up or down.
5. What happens when the value of k is changed?

a. The parabola moves to the right of left. c. The parabola becomes wider.
b. The parabola becomes skinnier. d. The parabola moves up or down.
6. Find the vertex and focus of the equation ( y−2)2=−16 (x−3).

a. V(-3,-2), F(-3,14) c. V(-3,-2), F(-7,-2)
b. V(-3,-2), F(-3,-18) d. V(3,2), F(-1,2)
7. Find the standard form of the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and focus
at (0, 7)
a. y 2=28 x b. y 2=7 x c. . x 2=28 y d. x 2=−7 y
8. Find the standard form of the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and
directrix: x = 1
a. x 2=4 y b. x 2=−4 y c. y 2=−4 y d. y 2=4 x
9. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (5, 4) and focus at (-3, 4).
a. ( y−4)2=−32( x−5) c. ( y + 4)2=−32(x−5)
b. ( y−4)2=32(x −5) d. ( y + 4)2=32( x +5)
10. What is the equation of the graph below?

a. y 2=4 x c. x 2=4 y
b. y 2=−4 x d. x 2=−4 y

B. DEVELOPMENT
What I know?
A parabola, just like circle, can be seen in many places and has many applications
including architecture, engineering, and science. Parabola was discussed in Junior High
which focusing on its basic parts. In this lesson, the different equations that describe
parabola will be discussed. We will see also parabolas opening to the left or right.
Applications of parabolas are presented at the end.
What is in?
Let’s have an activity. This activity will be showing different figures that will lead you
to differentiate different graphs.
ACTIVITY 2.1 My Vertex is (0,0)
Directions: Answer the following questions using the following figures below.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
1. Which figure/s is/are horizontal parabolas?

2. Which figure/s is/are vertical parabolas?
3. What is the common vertex of all the graphs?
4. Differentiate the focus of the above figures.
5. Differentiate the line of symmetry of the above figures.
ACTIVITY 2.2 My Vertex is (h,k)
Directions: Answer the following questions using the following figures below.
Figure 5 Figure 6
Figure 7 Figure 8
1. Which figure/s is/are horizontal parabolas?

2. Which figure/s is/are vertical parabolas?
3. What is the vertex of all the figures?
4. Differentiate the focus of the above figures.
5. Differentiate the line of symmetry of the above figures.

What is it?
Discussion
Based on the activity, we are able to differentiate the different graphs of Parabola
which is one of the conics. Conic sections are formed on a plane when that plane slices
through the edge of one or both of a pair of right circular cones stacked tip to tip. Whether
the result is a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola depends only upon the angle at which
the plane slices through. Conic sections are described mathematically by quadratic
equations—some of which contain more than one variable.
One of the conic sections is a parabola. The figure below shows how the parabola is
being created.
A parabola is the set of all points whose distance from a fixed point, called the focus,
is equalto the distance from a fixed line, called the directrix. The point halfway between the
focus and the directrix is called the vertex of the parabola. A parabola is formed when the
plane is parallel to the surface of the cone, resulting in a U-shaped curve that lies on the
plane. Every parabola has certain features:
 The directrix is c units below or above the vertex.

 The focus is c units above or below the vertex. Any point on the parabola has the
same distance from the focus as it has from the directrix.
 The axis of symmetry is the line divides the parabola into two parts which are mirror
images of each other.

Let’s Graph It!
Consider the point F (0,2) and the line l having equation y=−2 as shown in Figure
9. What are the distances of A(4,2) from F and from l ? (The latter is taken as the distance
of A from Al , the point on l closest to A ). How about the distances of B(−8,8) from F and
from l (from Bl)?

AF=4 and A Al=4
BF= √(−8−0)2+(8−2)2=10 and B Bl =10
There are other points P such that PF=P Pl (where Pl is the closest point on line l ).
The collection of all such points forms a shape called parabola.
Let F be a given point, and l is a given line not containing F . The set of all points P
such that its distances from F and from l are the same, is called a parabola. The point
F is its focus and the line l its directrix.
Consider a parabola with focus F (0 , c) and directrix l having equation y=−c . See
Figure 10. The focus and directrix are c units above and below, respectively, the origin. Let
P(x , y ) be a point on the parabola so PF=P Pl , where Pl is the point on l closest to P. The
point P has to be on the same side of the directrix as the focus (if P was below, it would be
closer to l than it is from F ).
PF=P Pl
√ x 2+( y−c)2= y− (−c )= y +c

x 2+ y 2−2 cy +c 2= y 2 +2 cy +c 2
x 2=4 cy

The vertex V is the point midway between the focus and the directrix. This equation,
x 2=4 cy , is then the standard equation of a parabola opening upward with vertex V (0 , 0).
Suppose the focus is F (0 ,−c) and the directrix is y=c . In this case, a point P on
the resulting parabola would be below the directrix (just like the focus). Instead of opening
upward, it will open downward. Consequently, PF= x 2 +( y+ c)2 and P P l=c− y (you may
√
draw a version of Figure 10 for this case). Computations similar to the one done above will
lead to the equation x 2=−4 cy .
We collect here the features of the graph of a parabola with standard equation
x 2=4 cy or x 2=−4 cy , where c >0 .

2 2
x =4 cy x =−4 cy
1. Vertex :OriginV (0,0) 1. Vertex: Origin V (0,0)

a. If the parabola opens upward, the a. If the parabola opens downward, the
vertex is the lowest point. vertex is the highest point.
2. directrix : the line y=−c 2. directrix : the line y=c
3. Focus : F( 0 , c) 3. Focus : F(0 ,−c )
4. Axis of symmetry: x = 0 (the y-axis) 4. Axis of symmetry: x = 0 (the y-axis)
On the other hand, we collect here the features of the graph of a parabola with
standard equation y 2=4 cx or y 2=−4 cx , where c >0 .
y 2=−4 cx y 2=4 cx

1. Vertex :OriginV (0,0) 1. Vertex: Origin V (0,0)
a. The parabola opens to the left. a. The parabola opens to the right.
2. directrix : the line x=c 2. directrix : the line x=−c
3. Focus : F(−c ,0) 3. Focus : F( c , 0)
4. Axis of symmetry: y = 0 (the x-axis) 4. Axis of symmetry: y = 0 (the x-axis)
Some examples follow to discuss the properties of these parabolas.
Example 2.1: Determine the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola in a vertex form with
1 2
the given equation y= x . Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and
12
axis of symmetry.
Solution:
1. The vertex is V(0,0). The parabola opens upward

and the vertex is minimum.
1
2. Since 4 c= and a=12, then 4c = 12, c = 3. The
a
focus, c = 3 units above the vertex, is F(0,3).
3. The directrix, 3 units below the vertex, is y = −3.
4. The axis of symmetry is x=0 .
5. To graph, consider the points (-6,3), (0,0) and

(6,3) which satisfy the equation. Then connect the
points.
Example 2.2: Determine the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola in vertex form with
−1 2
the given equation y= x . Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and
12
axis of symmetry.

Solution:
1. The vertex is V (0,0). The parabola opens
downward and the vertex is maximum.
1
2. Since 4 c= and a = -12, then 4c = -12, c = -3.
a
The focus, c = 3 units below the vertex, is F(0,−3).
3. The directrix, 3 units above the vertex, is y = 3.
4.The axis of symmetry is x = 0
Example 2.3: Determine the focus and directrix of the parabola with the given equation
x 2=4 y . Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and axis of symmetry.
Solution.
1. The vertex is V (0,0) and the parabola opens to

the right.
2. From 4c = 4, c = 1. The focus, c = 1 unit to the

right of vertex, is F(1,0).
3. The directrix, 1 unit, left of the vertex, is x = −1.
4. The axis of symmetry is y=0.
5. To graph, consider the points (1,2), (0,0) and

(1,-2) which satisfy the equation. Then connect the
points.
Example 2.4: Determine the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola with the given
equation x 2=−4 y . Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and axis of
symmetry.
Solution.
1. The vertex is V (0,0) and the parabola opens to

the left.
2. From 4c = -4, c = -1. The focus, c = 1 unit to the

left of vertex, is F(-1,0).
3. The directrix, 1 unit, right of the vertex, is x = −1.
The parabolas we considered are “vertical” and horizontally (to the left or right) and
have their vertices at the origin. Their standard equations and properties are discussed given
in the box. The corresponding computations were included also.
In all four cases below, we assume that c > 0. The vertex is V (h,k), and it lies
between the focus F and the directrix l . The focus F is c units away from the vertex V and
the directrix is c units away from the vertex. Recall that, for any point on the parabola, its
distance from the focus is the same as its distance from the directrix.

Note the following observations:
 The equations are in terms of x−h and y−k : the vertex coordinates are subtracted
from the corresponding variable. Thus, replacing both h and k with 0 would yield the
case where the vertex is the origin. For instance, this replacement applied to
( x−h)2=4 c ( y −k ) (parabola opening upward) would yield x 2=4 cy , the first standard
equation we encountered (parabola opening upward, vertex at the origin).
 If the x-part is squared, the parabola is “vertical”; if the y-part is squared, the parabola
is “horizontal.” In a horizontal parabola, the focus is on the left or right of the vertex,
and the directrix is vertical.
 If the coefficient of the linear (non-squared) part is positive, the parabola opens
upward or to the right; if negative, downward or to the left.
The following are examples to discuss these properties.
1
the given equation y= ( x−4 )2 +2. Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix,
12
vertex, and axis of symmetry.

Solution:
1. The vertex is V(4,2). The parabola opens

upward and the vertex is minimum.
1
2. Since 4 c= and a = 12, then 4c = 12, c = 3.
a
The focus, c = 3 units above the vertex, is F(4,5).
3. The directrix, 3 units below the vertex, is y =

−1.
4. The axis of symmetry is x=4.
−1
the given equation y= ( x +3 )2−2. Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix,
12
vertex, and axis of symmetry.
Solution:
1. The vertex is V(-3,-2). The parabola opens

upward and the vertex is maximum.
1
2. Since 4 c= and a = -12, then 4c = -12,
a
c = -3. The focus, c = 3 units below the vertex, is
F(-3,-5).
3. The directrix, 3 units above the vertex, is y = 1.
4. The axis of symmetry is x=−3 .
5. To graph, consider the points (-9,-5), (-3,-2)

and (3,-5) which satisfy the equation. Then
connect the points.
Example 2.7: Determine the vertex, focus and directrix of the parabola with the given
equation y=x 2 +4 x+5 . Sketch the graph, and indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and axis
of symmetry.

Write in a vertex form
Solution:
y = x 2+ 4 x +5
1. The vertex is V(-2,1). The parabola opens upward
y = x 2+ 4 x +4 +5−4 and the vertex is minimum.
y = ( x +2)2 +1
2. Since 4 c=1 and a = 1, then 4c = 1, c = 1/4. The
1
focus, c = 1/4 unit above the vertex, is F(-2,1 ).
4
C. ENGAGEMENT
What is more? Answer Enrichment Activity.

Directions: Solve the following problems involving parabola.
A. Identify the vertex, focus, directrix and sketch the graph.
1. x 2=16 y 3. y 2=8 x
2. x 2=−16 y 4. y 2=−8 x
B. Sketch the equation given the following conditions.
1. F ( 1,2 )∧V (0,2) 3. V (−3 ,−3 )∧F(−3 ,1)
2. Directrix : y =2∧F (0 ,−2) 4. Directrix : x=−1∧V (3,0)
What I can do? You may Practice More!

Directions: Write the following in vertex form if possible, and then determine the
vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the given equation.
Sketch the parabola, and include these points and lines.
2 −24
1. y 2=−16 x 4. ( x +3) = ( y−4)
5
2 −24
2. x = x 5. ( y +5)2=−16 (x−2)
5
3.( y +6)2=4(x + 4)
What else I can do? You may SUMMARIZE…

D. ASSIMILATION
You apply what you have learned.
Directions: Read and analyze the problem below.

The graph shows the path of a rocket fired from the deck of a barge in Lake of Pasay at
a Mall of Asia fireworks display. It is a parabola, where h the height, in meters, of the rocket
above the water and t is the time, in seconds.
a. What is the maximum height

reached by the rocket? Justify your
answer.
b. When did the rocket reach its

maximum height? Justify your
answer.
c. How high was the rocket above the

water when it was set off? Explain
your answer.
d. After how long did the rocket fall

into the water? Explain your answer.
What I can achieve?

Directions: Write the following in vertex form, and then determine the vertex, focus,
directrix, and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the given equation. Sketch the
graph, and include these points and lines.
1. −16( y+ 9)=( x−1 )2
2. 10( y −3)=(x +8)2
3. ( x +4 )2 =−12( y−2)
4.( x−7)2=14 ( y−7.5)

5. y=x 2 +4 x+3
REFLECTION
Directions: Based on the following images, give your insights about the importance of
parabola in real-life applications.
Historical Glimpse: Father of Algebra
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a 9th-century

Muslim mathematician and astronomer. He is known as the
"father of algebra", a word derived from the title of his book,
Kitab al-Jabr. His pioneering work offered practical answers for
land distribution, rules on inheritance and distributing salaries. He
was first formally devised the familiar formula for finding the roots
of a general equation, from whose name we get the word
algorithm, in about 830 A.D.
REFERENCES

PreCalculus for Senior High School, Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-
BLR) Ground Floor Bonifacio Building, DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
http://www.nhvweb.net/vhs/math/btusa/files/2015/08/Parts-of-a-Parabola-worksheet-extra-
practice.pdf Retrieved June 12, 2020
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-algebra-ii-with-trigonometry-concepts/section/5.15/ Retrieved
June 13, 2020
https://www.missdabbeekeh.com/uploads/7/5/2/3/752394/a1_m4_l3_se_investigating_the_parts_
of_a_parabola.pdf Retrieved June15, 2020
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Algebra-Poster-Parts-of-Parabola-Quadratic-
Equation-1570856 Retrieved June 15, 2020
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Geometry/Equations/EQParabola.html Retrieved June 15,2020


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2 Parabola

We have already investigated some of the applications of conics, especially circle.

Applications of parabolas are presented at the end.

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

For the Learner,

Greetings! We have prepared this contextualized learning material with the

The unit of competency, Parabola is one of the competencies of Pre-calculus,

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

What I need to know?

This module will be focusing on the following competencies. These

Most Essential Learning Competencies: Week 2

Learning Objectives of the Lesson

a. (0,0); maximum c. (0,1); minimum

4. What happens when the value of h is changed?

5. What happens when the value of k is changed?

6. Find the vertex and focus of the equation ( y−2)2=−16 (x−3).

b. ( y−4)2=32(x −5) d. ( y + 4)2=32( x +5)

10. What is the equation of the graph below?

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

ACTIVITY 2.1 My Vertex is (0,0)

1. Which figure/s is/are horizontal parabolas?

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

ACTIVITY 2.2 My Vertex is (h,k)

1. Which figure/s is/are horizontal parabolas?

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

 The directrix is c units below or above the vertex.

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

from l (from Bl)?

BF= √(−8−0)2+(8−2)2=10 and B Bl =10

√ x 2+( y−c)2= y− (−c )= y +c

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

x 2=4 cy or x 2=−4 cy , where c >0 .

1. Vertex :OriginV (0,0) 1. Vertex: Origin V (0,0)

2. directrix : the line y=−c 2. directrix : the line y=c

3. Focus : F( 0 , c) 3. Focus : F(0 ,−c )

4. Axis of symmetry: x = 0 (the y-axis) 4. Axis of symmetry: x = 0 (the y-axis)

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

2. directrix : the line x=c 2. directrix : the line x=−c

3. Focus : F(−c ,0) 3. Focus : F( c , 0)

4. Axis of symmetry: y = 0 (the x-axis) 4. Axis of symmetry: y = 0 (the x-axis)

Some examples follow to discuss the properties of these parabolas.

1. The vertex is V(0,0). The parabola opens upward

3. The directrix, 3 units below the vertex, is y = −3.

4. The axis of symmetry is x=0 .

5. To graph, consider the points (-6,3), (0,0) and

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

3. The directrix, 3 units above the vertex, is y = 3.

4.The axis of symmetry is x = 0

1. The vertex is V (0,0) and the parabola opens to

2. From 4c = 4, c = 1. The focus, c = 1 unit to the

3. The directrix, 1 unit, left of the vertex, is x = −1.

4. The axis of symmetry is y=0.

5. To graph, consider the points (1,2), (0,0) and

1. The vertex is V (0,0) and the parabola opens to

2. From 4c = -4, c = -1. The focus, c = 1 unit to the

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

Property of CID - DepED Lipa City under Learning

1. The vertex is V(4,2). The parabola opens

3. The directrix, 3 units below the vertex, is y =

4. The axis of symmetry is x=4.

1. The vertex is V(-3,-2). The parabola opens

3. The directrix, 3 units above the vertex, is y = 1.

4. The axis of symmetry is x=−3 .