The course of lectures by Alexander Tikhomirov,

Associate Professor at the Department of Energy Systems and Heat Engines in

Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. He earned his Ph.D. in 1991 at
Moscow Automechanic Institute.
His research interests are in Internal combustion engines, especially in Alternative
fuels and Gas supplying systems for ICE. He delivers his lectures about different
energy systems to the students of the NNSTU.

Essential idea of this course:

The production of energy has wide economic, environmental, moral and ethical
dimensions. The production of power involves many different scientific disciplines
and requires the evaluation of scientific information.

Duration: 1 semester, from October to January.

Volume of classes: lectures/seminars 2 hours every week.
Forms of control: 1 credit.

Bibliography:
1. US Environmental Protection Agency, Catalog of CHP technologies. – 2017, 150 p.
2. Kenneth C. Weston: Energy conversion. – electronic edition 2000, 320 p.
3. John B. Heywood: Internal combustion engines fundamentals. – 1988, 930 p.
4. Sandip A. Kale, Renewable energy systems. – 2017, 282 p.
 Introduction
Turn on a lamp, put the television or start a car are so common in our daily routine
that we usually forget where the energy we use comes from, the huge infrastructure
that makes it possible and how lucky we are to have a supply of energy!
All the human history can be told in terms of the history of energy. The discovery of
fire, the domestication of animals, the discovery of fossil fuels, the electrification of
cities, the oil wars in the Middle East, and advances in nuclear physics are all pivotal
points in human history. Man has magnified his own tiny energies with power
borrowed from nature. (бурлаки)

Guess, how much is the human power?

Normal human metabolism produces heat at a basal metabolic rate of around
80 watts. During a bicycle race, an elite cyclist can produce close to
400 watts of mechanical power over an hour and in short bursts over double that —
1000 to 1100 watts. An adult of good fitness is more likely to average between 50
and 150 watts for an hour of vigorous exercise. Over an 8-hour work shift, an
average, healthy, well-fed and motivated manual laborer may sustain an output of
around 75 watts of power.
Energy is central concept to science and education, it plays pivotal role in economic
growth. The chief business of an increasing fraction of the human race is the
transformation and transportation of energy — mechanical, hydraulic, electrical,
chemical, thermal, etc.
Mechanical force is found in nature in only two elementary ways. The first is when
gravitation finds chance to move them and to destroy their relative separation.
Such action is called a manifestation of ''potential” energy. A tensioned device such
as a spring or a rock, though at rest, has the potential for creating motion; it
contains potential energy because of its configuration.

The other instance occurs when forces find chance to produce or destroy any two
bodies relative motion. Such action is called a manifestation of "kinetic” energy.
Any given body has kinetic energy if it is in motion.

It is to be noted carefully that it is neither space nor motion alone which constitutes
energy. Only change in space or motion creates the energy. A suspended weight
possesses no energy if it never can fall. A flying cannon-ball can overcome NO
resistance if nothing ever interferes with it to stop it.
So, in physics, Energy is the capacity for doing work.
Except the mechanical forms there are
Thermal form, We use thermal energy to heat our homes

Nuclear form, nuclear energy is potential energy because it results from the
configuration of subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

Electrical, chemical or other various forms. Notice, electrical form of energy is most
convenient.

We hardly ever use nuclear, chemical, potential or kinetic energy in regular

household.
Usable mechanical or electrical energy is produced by many kinds of devices,
including fuel-burning heat engines, generators, batteries, fuel cells, and wind turbine
systems.

But prior converting we have to get the certain quantity of energy.

We have to find resources of energy.
Primary energy: is an energy form found in nature. It is energy contained in
raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a system. There are two
main groups of primary energy resources.
First of all – Energy resources are the Natural resource. Imagine hydrogen. We
cannot call hydrogen the Energy resource, because there are no natural deposits
of hydrogen. We have to produce it in some way.

So, the main group is - NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES

These are natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale
comparable to its consumption. It is obvious that COAL, PETROLEUM, AND
GAS are considered nonrenewable because they cannot be replenished in a short
period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

Specific energy and energy density of fuel

sources
Specific energy ESP is how much energy
(J) you can get per unit mass (kg) from a
fuel. Its units are J/kg.
Energy density ED is how much energy
(J) you can get per unit volume (m3). Its
units are J/m3.

Here is the energy yield of various fuels:

RENEWABLE RESOURCES in contrary are natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period of time.
Among them ● Solar ● Geothermal ● Wind ● Water energies.

As you can see renewable energy sources make up a significantly smaller share
among all natural resources.
Primary energy sources cannot be produced. They must be available to society to
enable the production of energy carriers.
Secondary energy (Energy carriers): Primary energy sources are transformed
in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy that can
directly be used by society, such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or
synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel.
All the people do is the converting of energy. Fortunately, energy can be converted
from one form to another in various ways. There are multiple devices for energy
transformations and all of them are called Energy machines.

Unfortunately these machines couldn’t convert their primary energy to the second
form completely.
Here we meet EFFICIENCY, the main term of your education.
The embodied energy of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around 70% is
typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy.
There is a similar 60-80% conversion loss when solar and wind energy is
converted to electricity.

The conversion of moving air molecules to rotational (mechanical) energy by the

rotor of a wind turbine, in turn may be converted to electrical energy by the wind
turbine generator. Part of the energy from the source is converted into unusable
heat energy or, loosely speaking, is “lost.”
Rotors, gearboxes or generators are never 100 percent efficient because of heat
losses due to friction in the bearings, or friction between air molecules. These
losses are attributable to the second law of thermodynamics.
Efficiencies for various “machines” are shown in the table.