1

evsjv‡`kÑ kã Avgv‡`iÑ kã
kã †hLv‡b
Rb¥f~wgÑ kã †hgb kã‡K ev‡K¨ bv wb‡qI c`
Kiv hvq, †Kej H k‡ãi
wKš‘ evsjv‡`k Avgv‡`i Rb¥f~wg|
mv‡_ GKwU wefw³ †hvM
GB ev‡K¨ evsjv‡`k, Avgv‡`i,
Ki‡j Zv Avevi c` nq|
Rb¥f~wg cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`|

Avjv`v Avjv`v k㸇jv‡K hLb †Kvb ev‡K¨

†bqv nq ZLb †mB ev‡K¨ GB k㸇jv‡K kã + wefw³ c`
Avi kã ejv hvq bv, Gi bvg cwieZ©b n‡q
c` nq| AZGe, ev‡K¨ kã _v‡K bv _v‡K
c`| c`¸‡jv‡K evK¨ †_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡j Zv w`b G w`‡b
Avevi kã n‡q hvq|

mnR K_vq, ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU mnR K_vq, wefw³ hy³

A_©‡evaK kã‡K c` e‡j| kãB c`|
2
 k‡ãi ¶z`ªZg Ask

Word Sound

eY© aŸwb
e¨vKi‡Y kã ej‡Z g~jZ Word †KB eySvq| eY© bv
_vK‡j aŸwb n‡e| eY© Ges aŸwb `y‡Uv _vK‡j ÔeY©Õ n‡e|

3
 fvlvi Dcv`vb
Sound Sound

aŸwb kã
aŸwb bv _vK‡j kã n‡e| aŸwb Ges kã `y‡Uv
_vK‡j ÔaŸwbÕ n‡e|

4
 k‡ãi ¶z`Zª g Ask Ñ eY©|
k‡ãi A_©hy³ ¶z`ªZg Ask Ñ iƒc|
nvZ n + Av + Z

kã eY©
†h‡nZz ÔnvZÕ GKwU kã Ges ÔnvZÕ kãwU‡K fvO‡j Avgiv n,
Av, Z cvB| GLv‡b Ôn, Av Ges ZÔ GK GKwU eY©|
☞ AZGe k‡ãi ¶z`ªZg Ask eY©|

5
 kã
☞ ev‡K¨i Dcv`vb Ñ kã|
m¤¢ v i
☞ ev‡K¨i ¶z`ªZg Ask Ñ kã|
☞ k‡ãi Dcv`vb Ñ eY©|
☞ k‡ãi ¶z`ªZg Ask Ñ eY©
☞ aŸwbi DcKiY ev cwic~Y© Ask Ñ kã|
☞ e‡Y©i DcKiY ev cwic~Y© Ask Ñ kã|
☞ k‡ãi DcKiY Ñ evK¨|
☞ wbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li e¯‘ I fv‡ei cÖZxK Ñ kã|
6
 wewfbœ w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvi kã mg~n‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q
kã

DrmMZ Abyhvqx-5 cÖKvi MVbvbymv‡i -2 cÖKvi A_©vbyhvqx -3 cÖKvi

Zrmg/ms¯‹…Z kã †hŠwMK kã
†gŠwjK kã
Aa©-Zrmg kã

Z™¢e kã iƒp ev iƒwp kã

mvwaZ kã
†`wk kã

we‡`wk kã †hvMiƒp kã

7
01. evsjv fvlvq kãMV‡bi cÖwµqv¸‡jv Kx Kx? D`vniYmn
cÖwµqv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [40Zg I 35Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
02. A_©MZfv‡e evsjv kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn wjLyb|
[38Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
A_ev, A‡_©i cv_©‡K¨i wePv‡i evsjv kã Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
A_ev, †h․wMK, iƒp I †hvMiƒp kã Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniYmn
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
03. mvwaZ kã Kv‡K e‡j? mvwaZ kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv¸‡jv D`vniYmn
e¨L¨v Kiæb| [36Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]

8
04. evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖYxZ cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb ixwZ Abymv‡i Zrmg
k‡ãi 6wU wbqg D`vniYmn wjLyb| [36Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
05. evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖYxZ cÖwgZ evsjv evbvb ixwZ Abymv‡i A-Zrmg
k‡ãi 6wU wbqg D`vniYmn wjLyb| [35Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
06. wb‡Pi k㸇jvi DrmMZ cwiPq wjLyb: [35Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
wKw¯Í cyjwU· †Uvci
†mvnvM cvco fvZ
cÖkœ. evsjv fvlvq kãMV‡bi cÖwµqv¸‡jv Kx Kx? D`vniYmn
cÖwµqv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [40Zg I 35Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
cÖkœ. mvwaZ kã Kv‡K e‡j? mvwaZ kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv¸‡jv
D`vniYmn e¨L¨v Kiæb| [36Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]
9
☞ kã MVb ev mvwaZ kã MVb:
†h †h Dcv‡q ev c×wZ‡Z bZyb bZyb kã MwVZ
nq †mme Dcvq ev c×wZ‡K ejv nq kã MVb
cÖwµqv| wewfbœ Dcv‡q ev cÖwµqvq kã MwVZ
nq| Dcvq¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
K. DcmM©‡hv‡M kã MVb: k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z DcmM©
e‡m bZyb bZyb kã MVb K‡i| †hgb : Av +

10
nvi = Avnvi, cÖ + nvi = cÖnvi, we + nvi =
wenvi, Abv + nvi = Abvnvi BZ¨vw`|
L. mw܇hv‡M kã MVb: cvkvcvwk `ywU aŸwbi
wgjb‡K mwÜ e‡j| `ywU eY© ev aŸwb wg‡j bZyb
bZyb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb: we`¨v + Avjq =
we`¨vjq, my + AvMZ = ¯^vMZ, †`e + Fwl =
†`ewl© BZ¨vw`|

11
M. cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M kã MVb: cÖZ¨q k‡ãi †k‡l hy³
nq n‡q bZyb bZyb kã MVb K‡i| †hgb: √Wye&
+ AšÍ =WyešÍ, BZi + Avwg = BZivwg BZ¨vw`|
N. mgvm‡hv‡M kã MVb: ci¯úi A_© msMwZ
wewkó `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c` GKc‡` cwiYZ n‡q
bZyb kã MVb K‡i| †hgb: bxj †h AvKvk =
bxjvKvk, wmsn wPwýZ Avmb = wmsnvmb|

12
O. kã ‣ØZ ev wØiæw³ †hv‡M kã MVb: GKB kã
`yBevi e¨envi K‡i bZyb A_©‡evaK kã MVb
K‡i| †hgb: R¡i R¡i, Kv‡jv Kv‡jv BZ¨vw`|

P. c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK †hv‡M kã MVb: wU, Uv,

Lvbv, Lvwb, MvQv, MvwQ, UyKz, †U, ¸jv, ¸‡jv,
¸wjb, UyKzb, †KZv, cvwU BZ¨vw` c`vwkÖZ
wb‡`©kK †hv‡M bZyb kã MVb Kiv hvq| †hgb:
13
Kjg + wU = KjgwU, `ya + UyKz = `yaUyK,
Avg + ¸‡jv = Avg¸‡jv BZ¨vw`|

Q. c` cwieZ©b K‡i kã MVb: A‡bK mgq c`

cwieZ©b K‡i bZyb bZyb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb:
my›`i > †mŠ›`h©, jeY > jveY¨, gvbe >
gvbweK, gayi > gvayh©, †jvK > †jŠwKK BZ¨vw`|

14
R. wefw³ †hv‡M kã MVb: wefw³ †hvM K‡i
bZyb bZyb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb : Kjg + G =
Kj‡g, LvZv + q = LvZvq, gvbyl + Gi=
gvby‡li BZ¨vw`|
S. eûeP‡bi gva¨‡g kã MVb: eûePbevPK
kã‡hv‡M bZyb kã MwVZ nq| †hgb: MÖš’ +
Avewj = MÖš’vewj, cvwL + me = cvwLme BZ¨vw`|

15
T. evK¨ ms‡KvP‡bi gva¨‡g kã MVb: †hgb :
jvf Kivi B”Qv = wjáv, nbb Kivi B”Qv =
wRNvsmv, L (AvKv‡k) †Z P‡o †h = ‡LPi
BZ¨vw`|
DrmMZ ev DrcwË Abyhvqx
☞ evsjv‡`‡k ZzwK© AvMgb I gymwjg kvmb cˇbi
my‡hv‡M µ‡g cÖPyi Aviwe I dviwm kã evsjv fvlvi
wbR¯^ m¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
16
 Zrmg kã
☞ †hme kã ms¯‥…Z fvlv †_‡K †mvRvmywR evsjvq
G‡m‡Q Ges hv‡`i iƒc AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q, †mme kã‡K
ejv nq Zrmg kã| Zrmg GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| ÔZrÕ
A_© Zvi ÔmgÕ A_© mgvb; Zrmg A_© ms¯‥…‡Zi mgvb|
1. mvay fvlvi 85% kãB Zrmg kã|
2. †Kvb k‡ã Y, l, ò, þ, E, C, t, ý, nè _vK‡j kãwU †Kvb
wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg kã n‡e| †hgb- ZÐzj (fvZ), PvYK¨,
gvwYK¨, FY, Z…Y, gvbyl, cvlvY, `ytL, b`x, wPý, Acivnè, ea~
BZ¨vw`|
17
3. Ô¶Õ hy³ kã †Kvb wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg kã| †hgb: b¶Î,
P¶y, e¶, wk¶v BZ¨vw`|
4. Ô²Õ hy³ kã †Kvb wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg kã| †hgb -h²v|
5. Ô¶èÕ hy³ kã †Kvb wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg kã| †hgb - Zx¶è|
6. Zrmg DcmM© Av‡Q †gvU 20 wU| h_v- ÔcÖ, civ, Ac, mg&,
wb, Aby, Ae, wbi, `yi, we, Awa, my, Dr, cwi, cÖwZ, AwZ,
Awc, Awf, Dc, AvÓ hy³ kã Zrmg kã | †hgb - cÖfve,
civRq, Acgvb, mg„×|
7. Zrmg mwÜ mg~n †Kvb wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg kã| g‡b ivL‡e,
wemM© mwÜ mg~n †Kej Zrmg k‡ãB Av‡Q, Avi ZvB mKj

18
 wemM© mwÜ mg~‡ni me¸‡jvB Zrmg kã| †hgb - evP¯úwZ,
fv¯‥i, Anwb©k, Anin BZ¨vw`|
mnR K_vq, k‡ã wemM© (t) _vK‡j kãwU wPšÍv Qvov Zrmg
kã n‡e| †hgb: `ytL, `yt¯’, gbtKó, wkitcxov BZ¨vw`|
8. Zrmg cÖZ¨q mg~n Øviv hy³ kã †Kvb wPšÍv QvovB Zrmg
kã| †hgb - KviK, kÖeY, mvwnwZ¨K, ‣ngwšÍK|
9. f~-gÐj m¤úwK©Z k㸇jvi †ewki fvMB Zrmg kã| †hgb:
P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î|
10. GQvov feb, ag©, cvÎ, cÎ Zrmg kã|

19
 Aa©-Zrmg kã
☞ evsjv fvlvq wKQy ms¯‥…Z kã wKwÂr cwiewZ©Z AvKv‡i
e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jv‡K e‡j Aa©-Zrmg kã| Zrmg gv‡b
ms¯‥…Z| Avi Aa© Zrmg gv‡b Avav ms¯‥…Z|
Aa©- Aa©- Aa©-
Zrmg Zrmg Zrmg Aa©-Zrmg Zrmg
Zrmg Zrmg Zrmg
‡R¨vrmœv †R¨vQbv iZœ iZb wbgš¿b †bgš¿b/†bgšÍb kÖv× †QivÏ
MÖvg †Mivg P›`ª P›`i cÖvY civb m~h© myiæR
M„wnYx wMbœx ¯^Y© ‡mvbv SY©v Sibv ZviKv Zviv
cÖYvg ‡cbœvg e„wó wewó KzrwmZ Kzw”QZ

20
 †`wk kã
☞ evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`g Awaevmx‡`i (‡hgb: †Kvj, gyÐv cÖf…wZ) fvlv I ms¯‥…wZi
wKQy wKQy Dcv`vb evsjvq iw¶Z i‡q‡Q| Gme kã‡K †`wk kã bv‡g AwfwnZ
Kiv nq|
1| evsjv‡`‡ki Avw`g Awaevmxi (†Kvj, gyÐvix) fvlv|
2| mgv‡Ri wbgœ¯Í‡ii fvlv, Kvgvi-Kzgvi I †R‡j‡`i fvlv|
3| Abvh© RvwZi fvlv|
†XuwK Kzjv Wyjv Pzjv (gyÐvix fvlv)
Pvj Wvj †cU (Zvwgj fvlv) Kzwo (†Kvj fvlv)
WvMi Wve Rviæj RjcvB
wWw½ †Uvci MÄ †Xvj
21
g‡b ivLvi mnR Dcvq:
Zv‡iK we‡qi ci k¦ïievwo †Mj| Zvi k¦vïwo †fv‡i Nyg
†_‡K D‡V †XuwKi g‡a¨ Pvj wb‡q ¸ov K‡i Kzjv w`‡q
†S‡i Wyjv w`‡q ay‡q Pzjvq emvj| Pvj Avi Wv‡j wg‡j
nq wLuPzwo| RvgvB G¸‡jv †c‡U fij| ïay wLuPzwo †L‡jB
Kx n‡e? bv| RvgvB‡qi Rb¨ Kzwo (20) Uv WvMi (eo)
Wve, Rviæj, RjcvB †c‡o wb‡q Avmj| Zvici RvgvB
wWw½ †b․Kvq D‡V gv_vq †Uvci c‡i †Xvj evwR‡q M‡Ä
hv‡”Q|
22
 evsjv fvlv
cÖvPxb Kv‡ji evsjv AvaywbK Kv‡ji
evsjv
cÖwgZ kã LuvwU evsjv kã
†`wk kã
PwjZ fvlvi kã Z™¢e kã

23
 evsjv fvlvi `ywU iƒc i‡q‡Q cÖvPxbKv‡ji evsjv Avi
AvaywbK evsjv|
cÖvPxb Kv‡ji evsjv: †h k㸇jv wb‡R‡`i wQj A_©vr †mB cÖvPxb
Kvj †_‡K evsjvi wbR¯^ m¤úwË †m¸‡jv GLb †`wk kã bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
AvaywbK evsjv: eZ©gv‡b Avgiv †h gvwR©Z evsjv kã e¨envi Kwi Zvi
Aci bvg LvuwU evsjv kã| Avi GB LvuwU evsjvi Aci bvgB Z™¢e
kã| Z™¢e k‡ãi Aci bvgB PwjZ fvlvi kã, PwjZ fvlvi Aci
bvg cÖwgZ fvlvi kã| cÖwgZ evsjv, Z™¢e , PwjZ fvlvi kã, LvuwU
evsjv kã, eZ©gvb ev AvaywbK Kv‡ji evsjv kã g~jZ GKB kã|

24
†`wk kã Avi LvuwU evsjv kã `y‡UvB evsjv fvlvi kã n‡jI †`wk
fvlv evsjvi wbR¯^ m¤úwË A_©vr evsjv fvlv †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q
Avi LuvwU evsjv kãwUi DrcwË Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z fvlv †_‡K|

Z™¢e kã
☞ †hme k‡ãi g~j ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cvIqv hvq, wKš‘ fvlvi
¯^vfvweK weeZ©b avivq cÖvK…Z gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡q AvaywbK
evsjv fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q, †mme kã‡K ejv nq Z™¢e
kã| Z™¢e GKwU cvwifvwlK kã| Gi A_©, ÔZrÕ (Zvi)
†_‡K ÔfeÕ (Drcbœ)|
25
Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e
†mvnvM 35 cvco
†m․fvM¨ > ... > ccU > ...... >
wewmGm (cuvco)
f³ > ... > fvZ MvÎ > ...... > Mv
g¯ÍK > ... > gv_v grm¨ > ...... > gvQ
`šÍ > ... > `vuZ f`ª > ...... > fvj
P›`« > ... > Pvu` evUx > ...... > evwo
n¯Í > ... > nvZ P¶y > ...... > AvuwL
Pg©Kvi > ... > Pvgvi e¶ > ...... > eyK
g„wËKv > ... > gvwU ¯’vb > ...... > VvuB
`wa > ... > `B Pµ > ...... > PvK
26
Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e Zrmg cÖvK…Z Z™¢e
åvšÍ > ... > fyj `y» > ...... > `ya
Kg©Kvi > ... > Kvgvi mܨv > ...... > mvuS
AÂj > ... > AuvPj eskx > ...... > euvwk
❐ we‡kl `ªóe¨ :- Z™¢e k‡ãi Aci bvg LvuwU evsjv kã wKš‘ LvuwU evsjv kã Avi
†`wk kã GK bq| ❐
we‡`wk kã
☞ ivR‣bwZK, ag©xq, ms¯‥…wZMZ I evwYwR¨K Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k
AvMZ wewfbœ fvlvfvlx gvby‡li eû kã evsjvq G‡m ¯’vb K‡i
wb‡q‡Q| Gme kã‡K ejv nq we‡`wk kã| Gme we‡`wk k‡ãi
g‡a¨ Aviwe, dviwm Ges Bs‡iwR kãB we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
27
 kã DrcwË A_©
K‡ivbv j¨vwUb gyKzU
Av¤úvb _vB AvKvk
AvB‡mv‡jkb j¨vwUb wew”QbœKiY
†Kvqv‡i›UvBb BZvwjqvb m½‡iva
jKWvDb Bs‡iwR Aeiæ×Zv
dYx ms¯‥…Z dYv Av‡Q hvi (mvc)
Rw½ dviwm I D`©y (GwU we‡klY c`) ‡h ev hviv hy× K‡i ev †hv×v|
†ivqvby gvjØx‡ci w`‡enx kã bvwi‡K‡ji †Qveovi ‣Zwi `wo|
AvBjv gvjØx‡ci w`‡enx kã Wjwdb
wmWi wmsnjx kã †PvL

28
☞ Aviwe kã `yB fv‡e evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q
1| ag© 2| cÖkvmwbK / mvs¯‹…wZK
☞ dviwm kã wZbfv‡e evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q
1| ag© 2| cÖkvmwbK / mvs¯‹…wZK 3| wewea|
g~j Aviwe dviwm evsjv A_© ms¯‥…Z
Avjøvn †Lv`v cÖfy, mªóv
mvjvZ bvgvR cÖv_©bv
mvIg †ivhv Dcevm
RvbœvZ †e‡nkZ ¯^M©
Rvnvbœvg †`vhL biK
Kei †Mvi k¥kvb

29
 hvi ZiRgv cvIqv hvq bv- Zv Aviwe kã|
nR hvKvZ †Kvievwb C`
wKqvgZ nv`xm ZIev Cgvb †Mvmj
A_©vr Avjøvn‡K †Lv`v bv‡g WvKv hvq wKš‘ nR ev hvKvZ‡K Ab¨ bv‡g WvKv
hvq bv|
☞ Avhvb Ges wKw¯Í kã `yÕwU- Aviwe I dviwm Dfq fvlviB kã|
☞ cvwievwiK m`m¨ msµvšÍ kã:
gv, fvB, †evb = Z™¢e ev LvuwU evsjv kã
Av¤§v = D`©y kã
evev = ZzwK© kã
AveŸv, Lvjv = Aviwe kã
`v`v-`vw` = ms¯‥…Z kã
PvPv-PvwP, gvgv-gvwg, bvbv-bvwb = wnw›` kã

30
 Aviwe kã
1. Av`vjZ msµvšÍ k㸇jvi †ewki fvMB Aviwe kã|
DwKj †gv³vi gyûwi GRjvm
Av`vjZ gy‡Ýd nvwKg gnKzgv
dwiqvw` gvgjv Avmvwg evw`
weevw` g~jZwe LvwiR ûKzg
ivq
☞ K‡qKRb DwKj, †gv³vi, gyûwi wg‡j Av`vj‡Z ev GRjv‡m wM‡q
gy‡Ýd I nvwK‡gi Kv‡Q gnKzgv dwiqvw` gvgjvi Avmvwgi evw` I
weevw`i ûKzg ev ivq g~jZwei ev LvwiR Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
wKš‘ †KvU©, RR©, e¨vwi÷vi, GW‡fv‡KU - Bs‡iwR kã|

31
2. G‡jg Av‡jg †`vqvZ Kjg
wKZve Mv‡qe †K”Qv Kvbyb
mb
☞ GKRb G‡jg ev Av‡jg †`vqvZ Kjg w`‡q wKZv‡e
Mv‡qe m¤úwK©Z †K”Qv, Kvbyb wjwL‡Z‡Qb|
☞ wjLvi †k‡l mb I ZvwiL wjL‡jb| (mb-Aviwe,
ZvwiL-dviwm)
wKZv‡e KvMR _v‡K ZvB, KvMR- dviwm kã|

32
☞ AvBb, Revbew›` kã `ywU dviwm kã| Z‡e dviwm bv
_vK‡j Aviwe n‡e|
3. †gvjv‡qg †g․mygx gymvwdi mvMi
we‡jZ mvjvZ RvnvR Ihy
Zejv Zvbcyiv Zmwe nvjvj
nvivg wRwKi
☞ GKw`b †g․mygx GKRb †gvjv‡qg gymvwd‡ii nvZ a‡i mvMi
cvwo w`‡q we‡jZ iIbv Ki‡jb| mvjv‡Zi mgq n‡j Rvnv‡R
e‡m Ihy K‡i Zejv, Zvbcyiv ev` w`‡q Zmwe wb‡q nvjvj nvivg
m¤ú‡K© wRwKi Ki‡Qb|
33
 dviwm kã Bivb
1. cÖkvmb msµvšÍ:-
ev`kvn& †eMg `ievi miKvwi
miKvi PvKzwi ev›`v †g_i
`dZi Rv‡bvqvi e`gvm nv½vgv
ev`kvn& `¯ÍLZ bvwjk ei`vkZ
eLwkk eiLv¯Í Rjøv` Av`wg
wR›`v M`©vb
34
☞ GKw`b ev`kvn& I †eMg `iev‡i miKvwi (miKvi) PvKzwi
GKRb ev›`v‡K w`‡Z PvB‡jb| †m †g_i wQj e‡j `dZ‡i
K‡qKRb Rv‡bvqvi, e`gvm e‡j nv½vgv ïiæ Ki‡jb| G‡Z
ev`kvn& `¯ÍLZK…Z bvwjk MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i ei`vkZ bv K‡i
eLwk‡ki cwie‡Z© eiLv¯Í Ki‡jb| Rjøv`‡K ej‡jb Av`wg‡`i
wR›`v M`©vb KvUv †nvK| (Z‡e ivRv-Zrmg kã)
2. Pkgv KviLvbv KvwiMi evRvi
†`vKvb cvBKvwi LyPiv Avg`vwb
ißvwb bM` evwK

35
☞ Pkgv KviLvbvq KvwiMiiv ‣Zix K‡i evRv‡ii
†`vKv‡b wb‡q cvBKvwi I LyPiv weµq K‡i| fvj
gv‡bi Pkgv we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb I ißvwb Kiv nq|
☞ LyPiv weµq nq `yBfv‡e-bM` I evwK| Avi GB `ywU
Aviwe kã|
3. ÔZvi ev ZvivÕ hy³ MÖvg¨ ev`¨hš¿¸‡jv †Kvb wPšÍv
QvovB dviwm kã|
GKZviv †`vZiv ‡mZviv ‡mZvi
‡eZvi
36
4. mvaviYZ mKj is-Gi bvg dviwm kã| †hgb: jvj,
meyR, mv`v, Avmgvwb ev AvKvkx| Z‡e-
☞ bxj- Zrmg kã ☞ Kv‡jv- †`wk
☞ †e¸wb- Z™¢e ☞ g¨v‡R›Uv- BZvwj

5. dviwm DcmM©: Òei, e`, Kg, bv, †e, e, wbg, wd, `i,
KviÓ hy³ mKj kãB dviwm kã| †hgb:
eiLv¯Í e`bvg Kg‡Rvi bvPvi
bvjv‡qK †eAv`e †eZvi wbgivwR
wd-eQi `icvÆv `i`vjvb KviLvbv
37
6. dviwm cÖZ¨q: ÒMi, ew›`, evR, `vi, mBÓ cÖZ¨qhy³ mKj
kãB dviwm kã| †hgb:
KvwiMi Revbew›` PvcvevR Lei`vi
†P․wK`vi gvbvbmB `v½vevR hyMjew›`
7. Rwg, Rg, Rvg w`‡q MwVZ kã
Rwg`vi RgRg Rvg`vwb RvgvB
RvgvB cvÄvwe cvRvgv iægvj
†cvjvI wewiqvbx R`©v ‡gviM
gyiMx ZigyR kvjMg gwiP
mewR
38
☞ RvgvB we‡q Kivi mgq cvÄvwe, cvRvgv c‡i gy‡L iægvj
†`q| we‡q‡Z †cvjvI, wewiqvbx, R`©v, †gviM I gyiMxi †iv÷
†`qv nj| RvgvB Gme bv †L‡q ZigyR, kvjMg I gwi‡Pi
mewR LvIqv ïiæ Kij|
8. evMvb evwMPv †Mvjvc MvwjPv
9. bvgvR †ivRv ¸bvn †e‡nkZ
cqM¤^i †d‡ikZv ‡Lv`v †`vhL
☞ bvgvR †ivRv bv ivL‡j ¸bvn nq, ZvB †e‡nk‡Z †h‡Z
cvi‡e bv| ZLb cqM¤^i I †d‡ikZviv †Lv`vi wb‡`©‡k
†`vh‡L wb‡q hv‡e|
39
 cZz©wMR kã

1. wLª÷ag© msµvšÍ k㸇jv cZ©ywMR kã

whï MxR©v cvw`ª
µyk †gwi gvBwi
2. Rvbvjv eviv›`v †K`viv AvPvi
gvK©v cvDiæwU Kveve †envjv
40
☞ Rvbvjvi cv‡k eviv›`vi †K`vivq e‡m AvPvi gvK©v
cvDiæwU Kveve †L‡q †envjv evRvq|
3. cvw`ª Avbvim †cu‡c †cqviv
Avjwcb evjwZ mvevb AvjKvZiv
Avjgvwi †gwi wc¯Íj †evgv
☞ GKw`b GK cvw`ª Avbvim, †cu‡c Avi †cqvivi wfZi
Avjwcb XzwK‡q evjwZ‡Z †i‡L mvevb Avi AvjKvZiv
†g‡L Avjgvwi‡Z e‡m †L‡Z ejj| bv †L‡j †m †gwi‡K
wc¯Íj †evgv dvwU‡q †g‡i †dj‡e|
41
 ZzwK© kã
†gvNj Lvb evnv`yi jvk
SK&gK `v‡ivMv Kvw eveywP©
†Zvc Kzwj KvwPu Lvu
Kvey
☞ †gvNj Lvb evnv`y‡ii jvk SK&gK KiwQj| ZLb
`v‡ivMv Kvw nv‡Z eveywP©‡K †Zvc w`w”Q‡jb, wKfv‡e
Kzwjiv KvwPu w`‡q Lvu mv‡ne‡K Kvey Ki‡jb|
42
 divwm (d«vÝ) kã
Bs‡iR Ij›`vR AuvZvZ †iu‡bmv
†iu‡¯Íviv K¨v‡d Kzcb wnw›`
wW‡cv KvZ©yR
☞ GKRb Bs‡iR I GKRb Ij›`vR wg‡j AuvZvZ (‡Mvcb
Pyw³) Ki‡Z †iu‡bmv †i‡¯Íviuv ev K¨v‡d †M‡jb| Kzcb †`Iqv
n‡j Zviv wnw›`‡Z ejj GK wW‡cv (¸`vg), KvZ©yR (ey‡j‡Ui
†Lvmv) Lve|
☞ Bs‡iR - divwm (bv _vK‡j cZ©ywMR); Bs‡iwR -cZ©ywMR

43
 wgkª kã
☞ Zrmg, Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk k‡ãi wgj‡b bZzb †h kã MwVZ
nq Zv‡K wgkÖ kã e‡j| wgkª k‡ãi Aci bvg msKi kã|
 cyjwU· = dviwm + Bs‡iwR 35 wewmGm
 AvBbRxex = dviwm + Zrmg / Aviwe+Zrmg
 kvKmewR = Zrmg + dviwm
 ivRv-ev`kv = Zrmg + dviwm
 †P․-nwÏ = dviwm + Aviwe (Pviw`‡Ki mxgvbv)
 nvU-evRvi = evsjv + dviwm
 †nW-cwÐZ = Bs‡iwR + Zrmg

44
 †nW-‡g․jfx =Bs‡iwR + dviwm
 †nW-gv÷vi = Bs‡iwR + Bs‡iwR
 wLª÷vã (wLª÷ + Aã) = Bs‡iwR + Zrmg
 c‡KUgvi = Bs‡iwR + evsjv
 †evgvevR = cZ©ywMR + dviwm
 Wv³vi-Lvbv = Bs‡iwR + dviwm
 †WcywUwMwi = Bs‡iwR + dviwm
 gv÷vigkvB = Bs‡iwR + Z™¢e
 dzj‡gvRv = Bs‡iwR + dviwm
 †mvbvi nwiY = evsjv + Zrmg
 †eUvBg = dviwm + Bs‡iwR
45
 ivRvDwRi = Zrmg + Aviwe
 ¸iæwMwi = Zrmg + dviwm
 †eAvgj = dviwm + Aviwe
 †e‡nW = dviwm + Bs‡iwR
 wbUj = evsjv + Zrmg
 KvwjKjg = evsjv + Aviwe
 wn›`yZ¡ = dviwm + ms¯‹…Z
 kªwgK-gvwjK = Zrmg + Aviwe
 PvweKvwV = cZ©ywMR + evsjv

46
 †RvoKjg kã
☞ `ywU kã _vK‡e| cÖ_g k‡ãi †kl Ask Ges wØZxq k‡ãi 1g
Ask †jvc †c‡q evwK Ask¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i bZzb †h kã
•Zwi nq Zv‡K †Rvo Kjg kã e‡j| †hgb:
†auvqv + Kzqvkv = †auvqvkv wgbZ + webwZ = wgbwZ
wbðj + Pzc = wbðzc c‡qvai + fvi = c‡qvfvi
MVbMZ Abyhvqx kã - 2 cÖKvi

†g․wjK kã mvwaZ kã

47
☞ †g․wjK kã :
†h k‡ãi we‡kølY ev fv½‡j H kã Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb kã cvIqv hvq bv, Zv‡K †g․wjK
kã e‡j| ZvB †g․wjK kã n‡”Q fvlvi AwefvR¨ ¯úó A_©hy³ kã| Gme kã‡K
fvO‡j ev we‡kølY Ki‡jI †Kv‡bv A_© Luy‡R cvIqv hvq bv| Gme kã c~Y© A_© cÖKvk
K‡i e‡j G‡`i‡K ¯^qswm× kãI ejv nq| †hgb- nvZ, †Mvjvc, Kjg, dzj, eK, eB
BZ¨vw`|
†g․wjK kã †g․wjK kã mvwaZ kã
nvZ nvZv / nvwZ / nvZj
¯^qswm× kã wefw³nxb kã dzj dz‡jj
†Mvjvc †Mvjvcx
GK A¶i wewkó cÖK…wZ cÖvwZcw`K Kjg Kjwg
k㸇jv †gN †gNjv
kã cÖK…wZ bvg cÖK…wZ Kvb Kvbv
Pzj Pzjv
†g․wjK k㸇jvB n‡”Q fvlvi gyL gyLiv
g~j DcKiY eB eB‡qi

48
☞ mvwaZ kã:
†h me kã‡K we‡kølY Kiv n‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK kã cvIqv hvq,
†m¸‡jv‡K mvwaZ kã e‡j| mnR K_vq †g․wjK kã e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj
kãB mvwaZ kã| mvwaZ kã we‡kølY Ki‡j GK ev GKvwaK †g․wjK
kã cvIqv hvq|
†hgb-nvZv = nvZ + Av, †Mvjvcx = †Mvjvc + C| GQvov Kjwg,
dz‡jj BZ¨vw`|
cÖkœ. A_©MZfv‡e evsjv kã KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn wjLyb| [38Zg wewmGm (wjwLZ)]

A_©MZ Abyhvqx kã - 3 cÖKvi

†h․wMK kã iƒp ev iƒwp kã †hvMiƒp kã

49
 †h․wMK kã
 †h․wMK kã: †h mKj k‡ãi e¨enviMZ A_© I ey¨rcwËMZ A_© GKB
_v‡K, Zv‡K †h․wMK kã e‡j|

†Mvjvwc †Mvjvc + B

†Mvjv‡ci gZ iO †Mvjv‡ci gZ iO
e¨enviMZ A_© ey¨rcwËMZ A_©
e¨enviMZ A_© Avi ey¨rcwËMZ A_©
GKB ZvB †h․wMK kã

50
 †h․wMK kã we‡kølY ey¨rcwËMZ A_© e¨enviMZ A_©
†Mvjvwc †Mvjvc + B †Mvjv‡ci gZ iO †Mvjv‡ci gZ iO
†`․wnÎ `ywnZv (‡g‡q) + ò¨ Kb¨vi cyÎ, bvwZ Kb¨vi cyÎ, bvwZ
eveyqvbv evey + Avbv eveyi gZ fve eveyi gZ fve
wgZvwj wgZv (eÜy) + Avwj eÜyi gZ fve eÜyi gZ fve
cvMjvwg cvMj + Avwg cvM‡ji gZ fve cvM‡ji gZ fve
gayi gay + i gayi gZ wgwó ¸Y hy³ gayi gZ wgwó ¸Y hy³
MvqK ‣M + YK (AK) Mvb K‡i †h Mvb K‡i †h
KZ©e¨ K… + Ze¨ hv Kiv DwPZ hv Kiv DwPZ
wPKvgviv wPKv + gviv †`Iqvj wjLb †`Iqvj wjLb
PvjK Pj + AK †h Pvjvq †h Pvjvq
c¶x c¶ + Bb hvi c¶ ev Wvbv Av‡Q hvi c¶ ev Wvbv Av‡Q
wcZ…nxb wcZ… + nxb hvi wcZv †bB hvi wcZv †bB

51
e¨enviMZ A_© nj- ev¯Í‡e Avgiv kãwU †h A‡_© e¨envi Kwi|
ey¨rcwËMZ A_© gv‡b nj - kãwU‡K fvO‡j ev we‡kølY Ki‡j
Avgiv †h Ask ¸‡jv cvB †m Ask¸‡jvi †h A_© nq †mB A_©B
ey¨rcwËMZ A_©|
☞†hfv‡e g‡b ivL‡eb: GK`v †Mvjvcx wcZ…nxb gayi
MvqK Pvj‡Ki †cÖ‡g c‡o cvMjvwg KivUv KZ©e¨ g‡b
Ki‡jb| †m Zvi †`․wn·K w`‡q GKwU c¶x Dcnvi w`‡Z
†M‡j PvjK eveyqvbv Avi wPKvgviv fve wb‡q †cÖg bv K‡i
wgZvwj wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡jb|
52
 iƒp ev iƒwp kã iƒp = √iæn& + Z
iƒwp = √iæn& + wZ
 iƒp ev iƒwp kã:- †h mKj kã cÖZ¨q ev
DcmM©‡hv‡M g~j k‡ãi A‡_©i AbyMvgx bv n‡q Ab¨
†Kv‡bv wewkó A_© Ávcb K‡i, Zv‡K iƒwp kã e‡j|
mnR K_vq: †h mKj k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I
e¨enviMZ A_© `y‡Uv G‡Kev‡iB wfbœ A_©vr GK bq,
Zv‡K iƒp ev iƒwp kã e‡j|

53
M‡elYv †Mv GlYv

e¨vcK Aa¨qb Miæ †LuvRv

ey¨rcwËMZ A_©
e¨enviMZ A_©
54
iƒp ev iƒwp kã we‡kølY ey¨rcwËMZ A_© e¨enviMZ A_©
e¨vcK Aa¨qb I
M‡elYv †Mv + GlYv Miæ †LvuRv
ch©v‡jvPbv
cÖK…ó iƒ‡c exY
cÖexY cÖ + exY eq¯‥ e¨w³
evRv‡Z cv‡ib whwb
k¦ (LvIqv) + ïi
k¦ïi `ªæZ Lvq whwb ¯^vgx ev ¯¿xi evev
(`ªæZ)
nwiY ü + Bb ü`q niYKvix cï we‡kl
n¯Íx n¯Í + Bb n¯Í Av‡Q hvi cï we‡kl
`ywnZv `yn& + Z… †h †`vnb K‡i Kb¨v
AwZw_ AZ& + Bw_ hvi wZw_ †bB †gngvb

55
iƒp ev iƒwp kã we‡kølY ey¨rcwËMZ A_© e¨enviMZ A_©
Kzk + jv (MÖnY) wbcyY, `¶,
Kzkj †h Kzk AvniY K‡i
+A AwfÁ
¯^Zš¿ ¯^ + Zš¿ hvi wb‡Ri Zš¿ Av‡Q `jfz³ bq, ¯^vaxb
ivLvj ivL + Avj †h iv‡L ev i¶v K‡i †h cï Povq
evuk w`‡q ‣Zwi †h GK ai‡bi
evuwk evuk + B
†Kvb e¯Íy ev`¨hš¿
m‡›`k mg& + †`k †Kvb †`‡ki msev` wgóvbœ we‡kl
†Z‡ji ‣Zwi †Kvb Dw™¢¾ c`v_©RvZ
‰Zj wZj + ò
c`v_© †mœn c`v_©
Aa©vw½bx Aa©v½ + Bbx Aa© A‡½i AwaKvix ¯¿x

56
iƒp ev iƒwp kã we‡kølY ey¨rcwËMZ A_© e¨enviMZ A_©
ïkÖælv kÖæ + mb& + A + Av †kvbvi B”Qv †ivMxi †mev Kiv
gvsm gv + Ask gv‡qi Ask gvsm
cj (gvsm) +
cjvk gvsm wgwkÖZ fvZ GK ai‡bi dzj
Avk (fvZ)
R¨vVvwg R¨vVv + Avwg PvPvi gZ †`L‡Z †evKvwg
GK ai‡bi
cvÄvwe cvÄve + B cvÄv‡ei Awaevmx
†cvkvK
†Mv + Aÿ
Mev¶ Miæi †PvL Rvbvjv
(Aw¶)
¯œvZK ¯œv + AK / YK ¯œvbKvix we.G wWMÖxavix

57
☞ †hfv‡e g‡b ivL‡eb: GKw`b GKRb cÖexY Zvi Aa©vw½bx
Avi `ywnZv‡K wb‡q Zvi k¦ï‡ii M‡elYvMv‡i AwZw_ n‡q Avm‡jb|
†mLv‡b ¯œvZK cvk Kiv GK ivLvj cvÄvwe c‡o nwiY Avi n¯Íxi
gvsm •Zj w`‡q ivbœv KiwQ‡jb| Hw`b iv‡Z `ywnZv GKwU cjvk
dzj nv‡Z wb‡q ivLvj‡K Kzkj Rvbv‡Z Avm‡j ivLvj R¨vVvwgi fve
K‡i Mev‡¶i cv‡k ewm‡q evwkui myi kywb‡q `ywnZv‡K ïkÖƒlv
Ki‡Qb Avi m‡›`k LvIqv‡”Qb|
†hvMiƒp kã
 †hvMiƒp kã :- mgvm wb®úbœ †h c`wU m¤ú~Y© fv‡e mgm¨gvb
c`mg~‡ni Abyhvqx bv n‡q we‡kl A_© Ávcb ev cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB
†hvMiƒp kã|
58
†hvMiƒp kã ev mg¯Íc` e¨vmevK¨
hv w`‡q †Kej GKwU eySv‡e hv w`‡q A‡bK¸‡jv eySv‡e

Dw™¢` gvwU †f` K‡i D‡V hv

Av‡MœqwMwi wewìs †Ku‡Pv

gvwU †f` K‡i DV‡Z cv‡i

59
†hvMiƒp kã e¨vm evK¨ Ges e¨L¨v †hvMiƒp A_©
Rj aviY K‡i hv (Møvm, b`x, mvMi,
Rjwa mgy`ª
cyKzi, †evZj Rj aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i)|
Rj †`q †h (e„wó, wUDeI‡qj,Iqvmv
Rj` †gN
BZ¨vw` Rj †`q)
ej †`q †h (‡gwkb ev kw³kvjx †Kvb
ej` †evKv
cÖvwY ej ev kw³ w`‡Z cv‡i)
ivRvi cyÎ (ivRvi †h †Kvb cyÎ n‡Z RvwZ-Zz”Qv‡_©
ivRcyZ
cv‡i) wKš‘ ivRcyÎ-‡h․wMK kã ev AeÁv‡_©
my›`i ü`q hvi (†h †Kvb e¨w³iB
myü` eÜy
my›`i ü`q _vK‡Z cv‡i)

60
†hvMiƒp kã e¨vm evK¨ Ges e¨L¨v †hvMiƒp A_©
gvwU †f` K‡i D‡V hv (Av‡MœqwMwi,
Dw™¢` wewìs, †Ku‡Pv gvwU †f` K‡i DV‡Z e„¶
cv‡i)
c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv (‣kevj,kvjyK,cÙdyj cÖf…wZ
c¼R cÙdyj
bvbvwea Dw™¢` c‡¼ ev Kv`vq R‡b¥)
m‡ive‡i (cyKzi, w`wN) R‡b¥ hv
m‡ivR (‣kevj, kvjyK, cÙdyj cÖf…wZ bvbvwea cÙdyj
Dw™¢` cyKzi ev w`wN‡Z Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i)
gnvmgv‡iv‡n hvÎv (we‡q ev wgwQ‡j
gnvhvÎv g„Zz¨
gnvmgv‡iv‡n hvÎv nq)

61
†hvMiƒp kã e¨vm evK¨ Ges e¨L¨v †hvMiƒp A_©
Kwe‡`i ¸iæ whwb (cÖ‡Z¨KwU KweiB ¸iæ iex›`ªbv †_‡K
Kwe¸iæ
ev wk¶K Av‡Q ev _vK‡Z cv‡i) †evSv‡Z
†bB Zvi hvi (A‡bK wKQyiB Zvi bv
†eZvi ev`¨hš¿
_vK‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-†gvevBj)
Z¡iv‡Z (`ªæZ) Mgb K‡i hv (Ggb A‡bK
Zzi½g wKQzB Av‡Q hv `ªæZ Mgb K‡i| †hgb:- †Nvov
i‡KU, †Uªb, Mvwo BZ¨vw`)
Aw`wZ b›`b ev Aw`wZi cyÎ (Aw`wZi
Avw`Z¨ m~h©
12 Rb mšÍvb)
MwZnxb ev hv P‡j bv (Ggb A‡bK wKQzB
APj ce©Z
Av‡Q MwZnxb)
62
☞ †hfv‡e g‡b ivL‡eb: GK ej` ivRcyZ myü`
Avw`Z¨‡K wb‡q Rj` †`L‡Z Rjwa‡Z †M‡jb|
†mLv‡b Kwe¸iæ Dw™¢‡`i Dci e‡m APj †eZv‡i
KweZv ïbwQ‡jb| GB `„k¨ †`‡L ivRcy‡Zi
Zzi½g c¼R I m‡ivR †L‡q gnvhvÎv Kij|

ab¨ev` mv‡_ _vKvi Rb¨

63