11-08-2021

Industrial Pollution Engineering

(CHE 3008)

Module 1

Dr. K. Sivagami,
Associate Professor,
SCHEME
Sivagami.k@vit.ac.in

What is pollution???
The presence in or introduction into the environment of a
substance which has harmful or poisonous effects

There are Four types of Pollution

 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Soil/Land Pollution

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Five diseases in order of the number of deaths

per year

WHO in 2014 published figures for 2012.

Air Pollution
Major sources of Air Pollution

 Industries
 Automobiles and Domestic fuels
 Undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide

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Constituents of Air Pollution

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2)
particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased
ground-level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

Effects of Air Pollution

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air
Human health quality are listed as two of the world's
Animals worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008
Blacksmith Institute. According to the
Plants 2014 World Health Organization report,
The atmosphere as a whole air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of
around 7 million people worldwide.

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Water and Sanitation

The Contamination of water with undesirable substances
which make it unfit for usage is termed water pollution.
Major sources of Water Pollution
 Domestic households
 Industries
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean
drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of
human excreta and sewage.

Effects of Water Pollution and Poor sanitation

Water pollution is a major global problem. Water pollution

accounted for the deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015.
India and China are two countries with high levels of water
pollution: An estimated 580 people in India die of water
pollution related illness (including waterborne diseases) every day.
Even in developed country like USA assessed in 2009,
44 percent of assessed stream miles,
64 percent of assessed lake acres, and
30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were
classified as polluted.

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Effects of Water Pollution and Poor sanitation

From the EAWAG online

course on, “Introduction to
Household Water Treatment
and Safe Storage” in Coursera.

Effects of Water Pollution and Poor sanitation

 Approximately 2M tons of
human waste is released
annually into rivers and
streams around the globe

 A number of major rivers

around the world including the
Colorado, Rio Grande, Indus,
and Yangtze no longer reach
the sea consistently

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Effects of Water Pollution and Poor sanitation

• Cholera, a bacteria that lasts up to 3 weeks in
soil, is spread by contaminated water and food
and occasionally by person to person contact.
There are an estimated 3–5 million cholera
cases and 100 000–120 000 deaths due to cholera
every year.

• Bacillary dysentery caused by exposure to

Shigella bacteria from contaminated drinking
water, food , or flies is contagious and more
severe than amoebic dysentery. Approximately
140M people are infected annually causing
about 300K deaths, mostly among children
under the age of five.
http://www.nri.org

• Typhoid fever is contracted when people drink

water or eat food contaminated by Salmonella
typhi bacteria found in human waste. It affects
21M people worldwide annually, with
approximately 600K deaths.

No access to sanitation: 2.6 billion

61% of the world population uses improved sanitation facilities in Southern

Asia (26%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) the situation is critical

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Noise Pollution
 Noise can be simply defined as unwanted sound.
 The sound is pleasant or not depends upon its loudness,
duration, rhythm
 and the mood of the person.
 Noise pollution results in irritation and anger.

Causes of Noise Pollution

 Traffic Noise
 Air craft Noise
 Noise from construction and civil engineering works.
 Noise from the Industries.
 Noise from other sources.

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Effects of Noise Pollution

 Hearing Loss
 High Blood Pressure
 Stress
 Sleep Disturbance
 Color Blindness

Soil/Land Pollution
One fourth of earth’s surface is covered by land.
Land is an earth which is occupied by people for
shelter, occupation etc..,

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Causes of Soil/Land Pollution

 Mining and quarrying
 Sewage waste
 Household Garbage
 Industrial Waste

https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/n
oise-pollution-above-permissible-limits-in-city-542827
http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1126971/icode/
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-
need-know
https://soapboxie.com/social-issues/reduce-pollution

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How to reduce Air Pollution

https://www.activesustainability.com/environ
ment/effects-air-pollution-human-health/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/
health-matters-air-pollution/health-matters-
air-pollution

https://www.slideshare.net/LeeGuekbee1/air-
pollution-50702014

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Air Pollution (For Reference )

Atmosphere as a Resource
• Atmospheric
Composition
– Nitrogen 78.08%
– Oxygen 20.95%
– Argon 0.93%
– Carbon dioxide 0.04%
• Ecosystem services
– Blocks UV radiation
– Moderates the climate
– Redistributes water in
the hydrologic cycle

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Types and Sources of Air Pollution

• Air Pollution
– Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural
events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful
• Two categories
– Primary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
– Secondary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

Major Air Pollutants

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Major Classes of Air Pollutants

• Particulate Material
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Sulfur Oxides
• Carbon Oxides
• Hydrocarbons
• Ozone

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Particulate Material
• Thousands of different solid or liquid particles
suspended in air
– Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea
salt, and sulfuric acid droplets
• Dangerous for 2 reasons
– May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic
effects
– Extremely small particles can become lodged in
lungs

Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides

• Nitrogen Oxides
– Gases produced by the chemical interactions
between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high
temperature
– Problems
• Greenhouse gases
• Cause difficulty breathing
• Sulfur Oxides
– Gases produced by the chemical interactions
between sulfur and oxygen
– Causes acid precipitation

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Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons

• Carbon Oxides
– Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
(CO2)
– Greenhouse gases
• Hydrocarbons
– Diverse group of organic compounds that contain
only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4- methane)
– Some are related to photochemical smog and
greenhouse gases

Ozone
• Tropospheric Ozone
– Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
– Secondary air pollutant
– Component of photochemical smog
• Stratospheric Ozone
– Essential component that screens out UV
radiation in the upper atmosphere
– Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it

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Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

• Two main sources
– Transportation
– Industry
• Intentional forest
fires is also high

Urban Air Pollution

• Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below)
– Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving
sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

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Formation of Photochemical Smog

Sources of Smog in Los Angeles

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Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing and

Mexico City

• Beijing (left)
• Mexico City (above)

Effects of Air Pollution

• Low level exposure
– Irritates eyes
– Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
• Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

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Health Effects of Air Pollution

• Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
– Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs
to exchange gases
• Nitrogen Dioxides
– Causes airway restriction
• Carbon monoxide
– Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
– Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
• Ozone
– Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest
discomfort

Children and Air Pollution

• Greater health threat to children than adults
– Air pollution can restrict lung development
– Children breath more often than adults
• Children who live in high ozone areas are
more likely to develop asthma

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Controlling Air Pollution

• Smokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator
(right)

Without Electrostatic With Electrostatic

precipitator precipitator

Controlling Air Pollution

• Smokestacks with
scrubbers (right)
• Particulate material can
also be controlled by
proper excavating
techniques

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Controlling Air Pollution

• Phase I Vapor Recovery System for gasoline

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere

• Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation
– Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with
wavelengths just shorter than visible light

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Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere

• Ozone thinning/hole
– First identified in 1985 over
Antarctica
• Caused by
– human-produced bromine
and chlorine containing
chemicals
– Ex: CFCs

Effects of Ozone Depletion

• Higher levels of UV-
radiation hitting the
earth
– Eye cataracts
– Skin cancer (right)
– Weakened immunity
• May disrupt
ecosystems
• May damage crops
and forests

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Recovery of Ozone Layer

• Montreal Protocol (1987)
– Reduction of CFCs
– Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
• Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is
underway globally
• Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone
layer was recovering
• Full recovery will not occur until 2050

Acid Deposition
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions
react with water vapor in the atmosphere and
form acids that return to the surface as either
dry or wet deposition
• pH scale

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How Acid Deposition Develops

Effects of Acid Deposition

• Declining Aquatic Animal
Populations
• Thin-shelled eggs
prevent bird
reproduction
– Because calcium is
unavailable in acidic soil
• Forest decline
– Ex: Black forest in
Germany (50% is
destroyed)

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Acid Deposition and Forest Decline

Air Pollution Around the World

• Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in
developing countries
• Shenyang, China
– Residents only see sunlight a few weeks
each year
• Developing countries have older cars
– Still use leaded gasoline
• 5 worst cities in world
– Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico;
Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and
Calcutta, India

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Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants

Indoor Air
Pollution
• Pollutants can be 5-
100X greater than
outdoors
• Most common:
– Radon, cigarette
smoke, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide,
formaldehyde
pesticides, lead,
cleaning solvents,
ozone, and
asbestos

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Indoor Air Pollution - Radon

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