Readings 

Woo (2019). Chapter 11 Chapter 12. p. 204 –

209;
Chapter
5 (review ethical concerns in sampling)   
Lintona,
& Farrell, (2009). 
Mizock, Russinova, & Millner, (2014).
Lovric, Farcic, Miksic, & Vcev, (2020).
Sterling, Tseng, Poon, Cho, Avgar, Kern, et al (2020).
Sun, Wei, Shi, Jiao, Song,
Ma, et al (2020).
 
Learning Objectives
1. To describe the general process of analyzing qualitative data

2. To identify the analysis processes specific to: grounded theory & phenomenology

3. To identify the dimensions of evaluation of data quality in qualitative data analysis

Phenomenology
Phenomenology is concerned
about the lived experiences of people. Its core
assumption is that the essence
of a phenomenon can be understood; and the
truth about reality is grounded in
peoples’ experiences of life.
 
There are two types of
phenomenology:
descriptive or what we know as
persons, the meaning of the experience
interpretive or hermeneutic;
understanding what it means to be.
 
The
focus of phenomenology is to understand what the person’s experience is
in
regard to the phenomena (descriptive) and the person’s interpretation of
that
phenomenon (hermeneutic)
 
The
goal of phenomenology is to describe the lived experience from four
aspects:
Spatiality:
which is the person’s lived space
Corporeality:
which is the person’s lived body
Temporality:
which is the person’s lived time
Relationally;
which is the person’s life in relation to others
 
Ethnography
Ethnography is a qualitative design that focuses on the culture of a group of people which guides a group member's view of the world. The purpose
of the design is to learn from the people rather than to study them. It includes two perspectives:

Test Yourself
Emic is the perspective of
Etic perspective is the perspective of

Ethnographic research seeks inferred knowledge. It requires extensive field work, as much as months to years, and the development of intimacy with
members of the culture group. The researcher becomes a member of the group to some extent. The researcher is an instrument of the research
process. The researcher is interested in understanding and describing the cultural behavior, artifacts and speech of the group. The data process
involves lengthy, in depth interviews with at least 25 to 50 informants.
The outcome or product of research includes rich, holistic descriptions of the culture and its normative behavioral and social patterns, its health care
practices.

Grounded Theory
Grounded theory has its origins in symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological term which means the interpretations that people
give to social symbols and social interactions between them. This qualitative methodology focuses on how people make sense of social interactions
and the interpretations they attach to verbal and non verbal symbols of communication. As such the link with grounded theory is that the focus of this
research is on the evolution of social experience, the social process and social structures. The outcome or product of grounded theory is a
comprehensive explanation of the phenomenon which is grounded in reality. Theory may be developed from this research through numerous steps of
verification of interpretation by the researcher back to the participant and then back to the researcher for theory revision and then back to the
participant for verification.
The approach to the data collection is such that questions emerge from the narratives (or data) that are shared. So that data collection, sampling and
analysis occur simultaneously, back and forth between the researcher and the participant. The researcher constantly compares his/her interpretation
of the participant’s explanation of the social phenomenon with the participant him/herself to ensure accuracy of meaning.
As in other qualitative methodologies the data is gathered through in-depth interviews and observations of the participants. Existing documents that
reflect the social phenomenon may also be analyzed. The number of participants is few, about 25.

Critical Social Theory

Critical social theory is an action type of qualitative research. The researchers study a social condition or problem and disclose the assumptions, the
underlying values and discordant views. It brings a self reflection for enlightenment and change to public, conscious awareness. It is a collaborative
process among the participants and the researcher. Critical social theory is described as a theory of “self, society, and history” ( Fay, 1987, as cited in
Dickinson, 1999, p. 146)
It integrates theory and practice to the disclose lack of congruence between the two, i.e. values and beliefs that are not inherently practiced. It makes
transparent the contradictions between them and thereby facilitates a vision for a change. Forexample: the value that all humans are equal is
disparate from the social practice in which women did not have the right to vote, own property, have jobs etc; hence the women’s movement and
eventually feminist theory.  
Critical Social Theory is socially and politically action oriented. It assumes that society is essentially oppressive but that people have the capacity to
change it.
Quantitative approaches to unfolding ‘truth’, in critical social theory, are not considered appropriate as they too are thought to be oppressive by
denying human autonomy as the members of society seeks to change their own social changes, so the subjectivity that is inherent in qualitative
research is essential in critical social theory to discover 'truth'. It utilizes subjectivity, self-awareness and reflection of the investigator and the
participants and holds itself accountable for outcomes of the change processes. Its critically analysis of social conditions is from multiple perspectives
or triangulation, seeking the participants expert insights on the phenomenon of interest.

Participatory Action, Historical Research

Participatory Action Research
The focus of participatory action research is founded upon a paradigm of liberation to co-create an understanding of human experience.  The
interaction between the researcher and the participant creates the design of the study, the purpose of the study and the study actions. The goal of
this methodology is to empower the participants who are part of the research process to solve their own real world problems---hence action research.
Process is critical to the research and a great deal of attention is paid to it. The research empowers the participants to act and implement their
solutions to their problems in their own way. 

Historical Research
Historical research is as the name implies …research about the events, people or ideas of the past; or social, biographical or intellectual research.
Historical documents are the primary source and are usually qualitative although quantitative sources of data such as survey, epidemiological, and
other sources of statistics may be incorporated. It looks for new knowledge rather than a chronological accounting of past events.     
The common characteristics of these methods are that they are context bound or determined by the context of the situation only and do not attempt
to address problems beyond the realm of the participants. 

Group Discussions on Research Articles

Discussion
Research Article 1.
For both of the following articles answer the questions below.
Lintona, J., & Farrell, M. (2009).  Nurses’ perceptions of leadership in an adult
intensive care unit: A phenomenology study. Intensive and
Critical Care Nursing 25, 64-71.
 
 
Mizock, l., Russinova, Z., & Millner, U.
(2014). Acceptance of mental illness: Core components of a multifaceted
construct. Psychological
Services, 11,(1),
97-104.

1. Describe and critique the data analysis process.

2. What strategies were used to address data quality?
3. Discuss and critique the data quality.
4. Describe and critique the research findings and limitations as they relate to study purpose and/or question, and/or methodology including
data analysis and data quality.
5. Describe and critique the implications of this study for nursing practice.