Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Exp 8 16

Group 5:
Dayot, De la Rosa, Diesto, Pilla, Yulo
Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 | Practical Lab Manual
Experiment No. 08
Introduction to Biostatistics and its applications

Objectives
 To introduce Biostatistics and its applications to the students.
Statistics:
By definition, it is the science of compiling, classifying & tabulating numerical data &
expressing results in mathematical or graphical form.
Biostatistics:
It is medical statistics which deals with development and application of the most
appropriate methods for the:
· Collection of data.
· Presentation of the collected data.
· Analysis and interpretation of the results.
Purpose & Uses:
· To be familiar with the problems arising in the planning of projects & making it
presentable with elimination of errors.
· To enable a scientist to place his results in more precise & scientifically acceptable
manner.
Observation:
It is an event, which is seen to occur. Usually the observation is measurement of

expression of both the event and its measurement.
Ø We take five students of a class and record their weight

Ø These are five observations
Ø The number of observation is taken as “n”
Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Data:
A set of information is called data. It is classified as qualitative and quantitative data.
Qualitative data: Arise when individuals may fall into separate classes, such as diagnosis or sex.
For example:
Ø Male pt. or female pt.etc
Ø Cancer, Hepatitis etc
Ø Intensity of pain etc
Quantitative data: are numerical values, arising from counts or measurements.
· 4 Patients got fever 100, 102, 100, 103

Methods of presentation of data
· Numerical presentation
· Graphical presentation
· Mathematical presentation
Numerical presentation
Ø Tabular presentation (Simple-Complex)

Ø Simple frequency distribution table (S.F.D.T)
Graphical presentation
Ø Line graphs
Ø Statistical maps
Ø Pi Chart
Mathematical presentation
Ø Measures of location
Variable:
In statistics, we use the turn variable to mean a quality or quantity which varies from one
member of a sample or population to another.
· Systolic blood pressure is a variable, which varies both from person to person and from
measurement to measurement within the same.
Arithmetic Mean:

It implies arithmetic average or arithmetic mean which is obtained by summing up all the
observations and diving by the total number of observations.
E.g. ESR of 7 patients is: 7,5,4,6,4,5,9
_
̅ = ∑ / = 7 + 5 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 5 + 9 / 7 = 40/7 = 5.71
(Mean is equal to the summation of all scores present/total number of population)
Median:
The middle item of the arranged data is called Median. . In this when all observations are
arranged in either ascending or descending order, the middle observation is called Median; i.e.
mid value of series.
For odd number of values: Arrange them in ascending or descending order, the middle value is
median.
68, 69, 79, 80, 84, 93, 96
Median = 80
For even number of values: Arrange them in ascending or descending order, add middle two
values and divide them by two.
E.g. 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 7, 6
Median = 2+3/ 2 = 2.5
Mode:
The value which occurs with the greatest frequency; i.e. the most common value.
E.g. In the given number of values,
85,75,51,79,71,95,75,77,75,90,71,75,79,95,75,77,54,75,81,75
Mode = 75
Range of dispersion:
It is defined as difference between the highest and lowest figures in a given samples.

Range = Max. Value- Minimum Value
Deviation:
It is difference of individual observation from their arithmetic mean

_
D = X-
Standard Deviation (SD):
It is defined as positive square root of AM (Arithmetic Mean) of the square deviation

from the mean of distribution.
S.D = √∑( − )²/ –
Standard error SE:
S.E = S.D / √
T-test:
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic which is used to determine if there is a significant
difference between the means of two groups which may be related in certain features.
t = 1 - 2 /√ +
Degree of freedom:
DOF = n1+ n2 – 2
P-Value: It is calculated via frequency distribution table.
A small p-value (P ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you
reject the null hypothesis. A large p-value (P>0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null
hypothesis, so you fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Example:
Take the healthy human volunteers and divide them equally into two groups (4 groups
each). Measure the blood pressure of the volunteers and arrange the data (only take the systolic
pressure). Calculate the Mode, Median and apply the student t test.
1st group
● 90/70
● 110/80
● 120/90
● 110/80
MODE
120,110,110,90
mode= 110
MEDIAN
median= 110
STANDARD DEVIATION
SD= 12.58
Standard error SE:
SE= 6.29

2nd group
● 120/80
● 110/90
● 130/80
● 120/70
MODE
120,110,130,120
mode= 120
MEDIAN
median= 110 and 130
STANDARD DEVIATION
518,600/3=√172,866.67= 415.73
Standard error SE:
415.73/ √4= 207.87
T-test:
= 107.5-120 C
√6.29+207.87
=12.5
14.63
= 0.85 C there is not significant difference between sample
Degree of freedom:
DOF = 4+ 4 – 2 = 6

Experiment No. 09
Different formulas used in calculating a child’s dose
Objectives
 Familiarized the students with the different formulas used in calculating a child’s dose
Dose
The amount of a particular medication to be administered.
Strength/Potency
Strength or potency of a drug is the amount or quantity of the active pharmaceutical

ingredient.
Pediatric Dose calculation:
Young's Rule: It is pediatric formula based on Age. This one is valid for a patients
under the age of 12.
Child Dose = Age in years

Adult Dose x
Age in years + 12
Clark’s Rule: It is not used clinically, but it is a popular dosage calculation formula
formpediatric nursing instructors
Child Dose = Weight (lb) ×
150
Fried's Rule: It is another method used to calculate the correct dose of medication for the
pediatric patient when given only the adult dose.

Child Dose = Age (months) ×
150
Dose calculation on basis of Body Surface Area
Dose calculation on basis of BSA is required in pedia and oncology. BSA can be
calculated by following formula
=√ . /
Where:
A = is BSA in m2
W = is weight in kg
H = is height in centimeters
3600 is a factor
Patient Dose =
Patient′s BSA m²
× Adult Dose
1.73

Calculations
Normal dose of paracetamol of 60 year old is 500 mg. calculate the dose of
paracetamol for a 2 month infant.
Child dose = Age (month) × adult dose/ 150= dose for child
2 x 500mg/150 = 6.6 mg
A 70 kg patient is receiving 500 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. How much volume of

syrup containing ciprofloxacin 100 mg/5 ml will be required for child of 22 lb.
Child dose = weight (lbs)/150 × adult dose = dose for child
= 22lb x 1000mg
= 2200/150 = 15mg
If the adult dose of a drug is 25 mg, what would be the dose for a child weighing40
lb. and measuring 32 in. in height.
(Patient’s BSA m2 )/(1.73 m2) x Adult dose
= (0.60 m2)/(1.73 m2 ) x 25 mg
= 0.347 x 25 mg= 8.67 mg or 9 mg
The physician prescribed Benadryl 150mg/m²/ day for an 8-year old child who
weighs 75 pounds and is 4 feet 2 inches tall. The normal adult dose is 25 mg q. i.
d. How many mg of Benadryl will be administered four times a day for the child?
ft -- in. = 4x12 = 48+2 = 50 in
A= √((weight x height )/3131)
= √((75lb x 50in )/3131)
= 1.09 m2
(pt.BSA m2 )/(1.73 m2) x Adult dose

= 1.09m2/1.73m2 x 25mg
= 0.63 x 25 mg = 15.75mg or 16mg q.i.d.

Experiment No. 10
Loading and maintenance dose and dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment
Objective
 To understand how loading and maintenance dose and dose adjustment in renal patients
are determined.
Loading dose
When the time to reach steady state is appreciable, as it is for drugs with long half-lives,
it may be desirable to administer a loading dose that promptly raises the concentration of drug in
plasma to the target concentration (Tc). If a loading dose is to achieve the target concentration,
then from equation:
Loading dose = volume of distribution (Vd) ×Tc
dose
Maintenance
In most clinical situations, drugs are administered in such a way as to maintain a steady
state (ss) of drug in the body, ie, just enough drug is given in each dose to replace the drug
eliminated since the preceding dose. Thus, calculation of the appropriate maintenance dose is a
primary goal. Clearance is the most important pharmacokinetic term to be considered in defining
a rational steady-state drug dosage regimen. At steady state, the dosing rate (“rate in”) must
equal the rate of elimination (“rate out”). Substitution of the target concentration (Tc) for
concentration (C) in equation given below.
If intermittent doses are given, the maintenance dose is calculated from given formula
Dosing rate (ss) = CL×Tc
CL = K×Vd
Whereas K= elimination rate constant

K= 0.693/t (1/2)
if the desired target concentration is known, the clearance in that patient will determine the
dosing rate. If the drug is given by a route that has a bioavailability (F) less than 100%, then the
dosing rate (ss) must be modified. For oral dosing, dosing rate is:

Dosing rate (oral) = Dosing rate (ss)/F (oral)
If intermittent doses are given, the maintenance dose is calculated from formula given below.
Maintenance dose = Dosing rate ×Dosing interval
Dose adjustment
Dose adjustment for certain drugs is required in patients with reduced renal function to
avoid toxicity as many drugs are eliminated by the kidneys. Renal disease or reduced cardiac
output often reduces the clearance of drugs that depend on renal elimination. Alteration of
clearance by liver disease is less common but may also occur. Impairment of hepatic clearance
occurs (for high extraction drugs) when liver blood flow is reduced, as in heart failure, and in
severe cirrhosis and other forms of liver failure. Because it is important in the elimination of
drugs, assessing renal function is important in estimating dosage in patients. The most important
renal variable in drug elimination is glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and creatinine clearance
(CLcr) is a convenient approximation of GFR. Renal function is altered by many diseases and is
often decreased in older patients. CLcr can be measured directly, but this requires careful
measurement of both serum creatinine concentration and a timed total urine creatinine. A
common method that requires only the serum (or plasma) creatinine measurement (Scr) is the use
of Cockcroft Gault equation.
The dosage in a patient with renal impairment may be corrected by multiplying the
average dosage for a normal person times the ratio of the patient’s altered creatinine clearance
(CLcr) to normal creatinine clearance (approximately 100 mL/min, or 6 L/h in a young adult).
This simplified approach ignores non-renal routes of clearance that may be significant. If
a drug is cleared partly by the kidney and partly by other routes, formula given below should be
applied to the part of the dose that is eliminated by the kidney. For example, if a drug is 50%
cleared by the kidney and 50% by the liver and the normal dosage is 200 mg/d, the hepatic and
renal elimination rates are each 100 mg/d. Therefore, the corrected dosage in a patient with a
creatinine clearance of 20 mL/min will be:

Calculations
1. A patient is administered with IV theophylline injection and target plasma

concentration is 20 mg/L to relieve acute bronchial asthma in a patient. Mean
clearance for 70 kg patient is 2.8 L/h/70 kg. After the relieve of asthma attack, the
clinician might want to maintain this plasma level using oral theophylline, which
might be given every 12 hours using an extended-release formulation to approximate
a continuous intravenous infusion.
Calculate the maintenance and loading dose.
= 2.8 L/h x 20 mg/L
= 56 mg/L
= 56 mg/L x 12 h
Maintenance dose = 672 mg
Loading dose = volume of distribution (Vd) ×Tc
= 2.8 L x 20 mg/L
Loading dose = 56mg

2. Thom, a 70 kg patient has been prescribed an anti-inflammatory drug with the
following information printed on its monograph: Vd = 50 L, Half-life (t ½ ) = 3 h,
Target concentration = 3.5 mg/L. What is dosing interval?
Calculate the maintenance dose of this drug
CL = K×Vd
K= 0.693/t (1/2)
K = 0.693/3 h
K = 0.231 h
CL= 0.231 x 50 L
CL= 11.55 L/h
= 11.55 L/h x 3.5 mg/L
Maintenance Dose = 40.41 mg/h
3. Neena, a 20 kg child, has strep throat and was prescribed an antibiotic drug every 12 hr
to treat the infection. The drug monograph gives you the following information: Vd =
0.5L/kg, Half-Life (t 1/2) = 2 h, Dosage interval = 3 h, Target concentration = 150
mg/L
Bioavailability = 70%. Calculate the loading and maintenance dose of antibiotic.

K= 0.693/t (1/2)
K= 0.693/2 h
K= 0.347 h
Vd= 0.5 kg/L x 20 kg
Vd= 10L
CL = 0.347 h x 10 L
CL = 3.47 L/h
= 3.47 L/h x 150mg/L
= 520.5 mg/h
Dosing rate = Dosing rate (ss)/F
= 520.5 mg/h / 0.70
= 743.57 mg/h
= 743.57 mg/h x 3h
= 2,230.71 mg
Loading dose = 10 L x 150 mg/L
= 1500 mg

Experiment No. 11
The different parts and kinds of prescription

Objectives
 Familiarized the different parts of prescription.
 Learn the different abbreviations used in prescription writing.
 Learn the general considerations in accepting and rejecting prescriptions.
“A prescription is a written order from the physician to the pharmacist so that a drug or a
combination of drugs from pharmacy is dispensed to patient. It contains directions to the
pharmacist and also for the patient regarding its use”.
Format: Traditionally a prescription is written in a definite order that facilitates its interpretation.
Prescription begins with name, age, address, and diagnosis of the patient on the left hand side
and date on the right side.
Parts of prescription
Main body of prescription consists of following parts
1. Superscription
2. Inscription
3. Subscription
4. Signatura
5. Physician’s signature
1. Superscription
This is the sign Rx which is instruction to the pharmacist. It is derived from Latin word
recipe, meaning “take thou”.
2. Inscription
It is the main part of the prescription that contains name of drug, dosage form and
strength.
3. Subscription
It contains direction for the pharmacist including size of each dose, amount to be
dispensed and form of drug.

4. Signatura
It contains direction for the patient, usually precede by the symbol Sig: the place where
the physician indicates instructions. These may include
(a) The method of administration and application

(b) The dose if the preparation is for internal dose
(c) The time of administration or application
(d) The diluents (e.g. water) if relevant, or means of application (e.g. brush)
(e) The part of body where the preparation is to be applied, in case of external use
5. Physician’s signatures
These are written on the right hand side at the end of prescription. It includes;
i). Physician signature.

ii). Professional qualification.
iii). License Number
iv). Address
General considerations
1) It should be in National language.

2) It should be legible.
3) Abbreviations should be avoided.
4) Preferably the doses should be written in metric system.
5) Medicines should be written in serial number.
6) Every prescription should be signed.
7) Form & strength of every medicine should be written.
8) Full name rather than formula of the medicine should be written.
9) Instruction to patient for intake of medicine should be complete.
10) Instruction regarding diet & medicine should be complete.
11) Instruction regarding diet & medicine should be written at the end.

Abbreviation used in Prescription Writing
The followings are the most commonly used abbreviations while writing the prescription

Reading and Interpretation of Prescription
1. Provide an actual copy of a prescription with at least 3 medications prescribed. (3 sample

prescription)

2. Check for validity and state your reasons for considering or rejecting the prescription.
Prescription 1: shown above is an example of extemporaneous type of prescription.However,

I’d consider this prescription since it contains complete information for the ingredient of
prescriptions and right for medication.
Prescription 2: an example of prescription for official preparation. However, I’d barely reject it
since it lacks information specifically on the Subscription or instructions for the pharmacist. The
physician might have not written how much of the drug should be dispensed.
Prescription 3: shows a prescription for official preparation . Though the picture isn’t the whole
content of the prescription I might reject that part for a reason thereof: such that the information
about the patient, physician, the signa and other special instructions are not where to be found in
the specific prescription, However, referring to the body part information is clear and complete.
3. Write down the medications on the prescription and interpret the prescription.
I.
Carafate 400mg/mL
Cherry Syrup 40mL
Sorbitol Solution 40 mL
Take 5 ml of each three times a day
II.
Acetaminophen 650mg
Take 1 tablet of Acetaminophen 650 mg every 4 hours as needed.
Treatment for Coronary Artery Disease:
Aspirin 81mg
Take Aspirin 81 mg orally once a day.
Clopidogrel 75mg
Take clopidogrel 75 mg orally once a day.

III.
Co-amoxiclav 1g/tab
Take 1 tablet 2 times a day for 7 days
Vitamin C 500mg/tab
Take 1 tablet 3 times a day for 7 days
Celecoxib 200mg/tab
Take 1 tablet 2 times a day as needed for pain
4.Identify the uses (indications) of the medicines in the prescription.
I
Carafate 400mg/mL - Oral Suspension is indicated in the short-term (up to 8 weeks)
treatment of active duodenal ulcer.
Cherry Syrup 40mL - used to treat ulcers of the stomach and intestines and to prevent
intestinal ulcers from coming back after they have healed.
Sorbitol Solution 40 mL - a laxative. This medicine is used to relieve constipation.
II
Acetaminophen 650mg - used to treat mild to moderate pain (from headaches, menstrual
periods, toothaches, backaches, osteoarthritis, or cold/flu aches and pains) and to reduce fever
Aspirin 81mg - used to prevent a heart attack or a stroke.
Clopidogrel 75mg - antiplatelet medicine,helps prevent blood clots if you have an

increased risk of having them.
III
Co-amoxiclav 1g/tab - used for bacterial infections.
Vitamin C 500mg/tab - It is known as an antioxidant.It is needed to maintain the health

of skin, cartilage, teeth, bone, and blood vessels. It is also used to protect your body's cells from
damage.
Celecoxib 200mg/tab - Anti-inflammatory painkillers, used to relieve pain, tenderness,

swelling and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis.

Experiment No. 12
Identification of drug
Objectives
 Familiarized the students with the most common medications found in a local
pharmacy.
Procedure
1. Visit a pharmacy
2. Collect empty packets and blisters of drugs
3. Identify the generic name, formula/ composition of these preparations
4. Enumerate the classification / sub classification of each group of collected packs of drugs
5. List uses of each substance / ingredient collected
Name of Drug Substance/ ingredient Classification/ Uses of each substance and

/formula name grouping ingredients
Brand Generic Drug 1

Name Name
Doxycyclin Ingredients: Tetracycline Uses of each Ingredients:

Vibramyci e Hyclate antibiotics
n Capsules a. magnesium stearate a. magnesium stearate
b. microcrystalline - lubricant
cellulose
b. microcrystalline cellulose
c. doxycycline hyclate
- direct compression
The capsule shells contain: c. doxycycline hyclate
a. FD&C Blue No. 1 - active ingredient
b. gelatin The capsule shells contain:
c. titanium dioxide
a. FD&C Blue No. 1
Formula name: C24H33ClN2O10 - FDA-approved color
commonly used to dye
dosage forms such as
tablets and capsules.

b. gelatin
- gelatin dissolves in the
human body at normal
body temperature
c. titanium dioxide
- ability to scatter light and

absorb UV rays means it
is routinely incorporated
in the packaging of
medicines to maintain
shelf life and prevent any
premature degradation
from moisture, heat or
light.
Drug 2
Imodium loperamide Ingredients: Antidiarrheal Ingredients:

agents
a. Lactose a. Lactose
b. cornstarch - is milk sugar. It is a
c. talc disaccharide composed of
one galactose and one
d. magnesium stearate glucose molecule. In the
pharmaceutical industry,
Formula name: lactose is used to help
C29H33ClN2O2 form tablets because it
has excellent
compressibility
properties.
b. cornstarch
- disintegrant and binder
c. talc
a. anticaking agent
d. magnesium stearate

a. lubricant
Drug 3
Prilosec Omeprazole Ingredients: Proton Pump Ingredients:

Inhibitors.
a. mannitol a. mannitol
b.crospovidone a. diluent
c.hypromellose b.crospovidone
d. poloxamer a. solubility enhancement
e. meglumine c.hypromellose
f. povidone a. coating agent
g. methacrylic acid ethyl d. poloxamer
acrylate copolymer
- are polymers used for
h. triethyl citrate drug delivery as
i. magnesium stearate. formulation excipients
e. meglumine
Formula name:
C17H19N3O3S f. povidone
- synthetic polymer vehicle
for dispersing and
suspending drugs
g. methacrylic acid ethyl
- used in enteric coatings
for fast dissolution in
the upper bowel, for
granulation of drug
substances in powder

form for controlled-
release, and for site-
specific drug delivery.
h. triethyl citrate
- coating
i. magnesium stearate.
- lubricant
Drug 4
Medicol Ibuprofen - Ibuprofen NSAIDs Pain reliever
Formula name: C13H18O2
Drug 5
Bioflu a. phenylephrine HCL nasal used for the temporary relief of

phenylephri decongestant stuffy nose, sinus, and ear
ne HCL, Formula name: C9H14ClNO2 symptoms caused by the
chlorphena common cold, flu, allergies, or
mine b. chlorphenamine other breathing illnesses
maleate, maleate Antihistamine
paracetamol used to treat symptoms of
Formula name: allergies
C20H23ClN2O4
analgesic and used to reduce fever and relieve
c. paracetamol antipyretic mild to moderate pain from
Formula name: C8H9NO2 conditions.
Drug 6

RiteMed cetirizine a. cetirizine hydrochloride antihistamine used to treat symptoms of
allergies
Formula name:
C21H27Cl3N2O3
Drug 7
Ingredients: USES:
Disudrin Phenylephri a. Phenylephrine HCl Nasal Phenylephrine is used to relieve
ne HCL b. Chlorphenamine maleate. Decongestant nasal discomfort caused by colds,
Chlorphena Antihistamines allergies, and hay fever.
mine
Maleate Formula: Chlorpheniramine relieves red,
C20H23ClN2O4 itchy, watery eyes; sneezing;
itchy nose or throat; and runny
nose caused by allergies, hay
fever, and the common cold.
Drug 8
Ascof Vitex Ingredients: USES:

Forte negundo L. a.Chrysoplenol-D Cough Chrysoplenol-D - a smooth
Lagundi b.casticin suppressants and muscle relaxant
Leaf c. luteolin expectorants casticin, luteolin, isoorientin
d.isoorientin - antihistamines
e. lagundi leaf lagundi - use to stop coughing,
relieve asthma
Drug 9
Ingredients: angiotensin II a. lactose monohydrate - a

Cozaar Losartan a. lactose monohydrate receptor crystallized form of milk sugar.
Potassium b. starch pregelatinised antagonists It's commonly used as a filler for
c. colloidal anhydrous silica medications
d. microcrystalline cellulose b. starch pregelatinised- used

e.magnesium stearate as a pharmaceutical aid,
f. carnauba wax especially as a filler-binder
g.hypromellose c. colloidal anhydrous silica -
h.titanium dioxide (E171) and as an anti-caking agent,
i. macrogol 400 adsorbent, disintegrant, or glidant
to allow powder to flow freely
Formula Name: when tablets are processed.
C22H22ClKN6O d. microcrystalline cellulose-
used for direct compression
e.magnesium stearate- use as an
emulsifier
f. carnauba wax- used as a
hardener g.hypromellose - is a
coating agent and film-former
h.titanium dioxide (E171) -
considered as an inert
and
i. macrogol 400- used as an
inactive ingredient
Drug 10
Norvasc Amlodipine Ingredients: Calcium Channel a. amlodipine besylate

Blockers - active ingredient
a. amlodipine besylate b. microcrystalline cellulose
b. microcrystalline - excipient
cellulose c. dibasic calcium
c. dibasic calcium - diluents
d. phosphate anhydrous d. phosphate anhydrous
e. sodium starch glycolate - filler
f. magnesium stearate e. sodium starch glycolate
- dissolution
Formula name: excipient
C20H25CIN2O5•C6H6O3S f. magnesium stearate
- lubricant

Drug 11
Deltasone Prednisone Ingredients:

Glucocorticostero
a. Prednisone id a. Prednisone
b. Calcium Stearate - active ingredient
c. Corn Starch b. Calcium Stearate
d. Lactose - excipient and for
lubrication
c. Corn Starch
- disintegrant and
Formula name: C21H26O5 binder
d. Lactose
- used to help form
tablets because it
has excellent
compressibility
properties.
Drug 12
Ponstel Mefenamic Ingredients: Non-steroidal a. Mefenamic acid

acid anti-inflammatory - active ingredient
a. Mefenamic acid drugs b. Lactose monohydrate
b. Lactose monohydrate - used to help form
c. magnesium stearate tablets because it
has excellent
The capsule shell contains: compressibility
properties
a. gelatin
c. magnesium stearate
b. sodium lauryl sulfat
- an additive that is
c. titanium dioxide
most frequently
d. D&C yellow No. 10,
used as a lubricant
FD&C yellow No. 6
and FD&C red No. 3.
Formula: C15H15NO2

Drug 13
Biogesic Paracetamol  Acetaminophen- Analgesic  Acetaminophen-
 Dexbrompheniram is a medication used to treat

Maleate fever and mild to moderate pain.
At a standard dose
 Dexbrompheniram Maleate
it is used for the symptomatic

relief of allergic conditions,
including rhinitis and
conjunctivitis.
Drug 14
Bioclavid CO-  Amoxicillin trihydrate antibiotic  Amoxicillin trihydrate

AMOXICL
AV  Potassium clavulanate treats infection by killing the
bacteria responsible for the
infection. Some bacteria are able
to produce a chemical which
makes amoxicillin less effective.
 Potassium clavulanate
stops the chemical produced by

the bacteria from working, and
this allows the amoxicillin to kill
the bacteria.
Drug 15
Colvan  Paracetamol Nasal  Paracetamol

Phenylprop

anolamine  Guaifenesin decongestant common painkiller used to treataches a
hydrochlor pain
ide,  Phenylpropanolamine
Hydrochloride  Guaifenesin
 Dextromethorphan relieve chest congestion

Hydrobromide
 Phenylpropanolamine
 Chlorphenamine Maleate Hydrochloride
relieve nasal discomfort caused by col

allergies, and hay fever.It is also used
relieve sinus congestion and pressure.
 Dextromethorphan
Hydrobromide
relieve cough caused by the common c

the flu, or other conditions.
Dextromethorphan will relieve a coug
but will nottreat the cause of the cough
speed recovery
 Chlorphenamine Maleate
used to relieve symptoms ofallergy,

hay fever, and the common cold

Experiment No. 14
Objectives
Determine the Frequency of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Medical / Surgical /

OPD
Procedure
1. Visit on OPD or ward in hospital
2. Take permission from relevant authority
3. Take consent of the patient
4. Select patient taking analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
5. Inquire and record following information
6. Analyze the information collected
Patient Name, Age Drug brand name Generic name/ Formula/ Frequency, Doses duration Relieve in Unwanted effects
& Presenting Composition of treatment pain &
Complain inflammati
on on 1 - 10
scale
A) Ms. Rogers Aspirin acetylsalicylic acid ● 75mg once a 7 headache

is a 56 y/o who day to prevent
has been having a heart attack
chest pains for or stroke.
the last week.
B)Ms. Trinidad is ● Advil ● Ibuprofen ● Ibuprofen 600 7 Upset stomach

a 50-year-old ● Vicodin ● Acetaminophe mg a few times
with a history of n-hydrocodone per week, and
chronic headaches Vicodin a few
who complains of
oral tablet
times per week.
acute onset of
double vision and
right eyelid
droopiness three
days ago.

C) Ms.Castro, Tylenol Acetaminophen ● Tylenol 500 6 Nausea
25 year old & mg for
complaint of menstrual
“abdominal periods and
pain’’ muscle aches
D) Mrs. Vargo Cataflam Diclofenac ● For the relief 7 Swelling

a 54-year-old Voltaren of rheumatoid (Edema)
who has been arthritis, the
experiencing a recommended
rheumatoid dosage is 150
arthritis for 5 to 200 mg/day
days. in divided
doses (50 mg
three times a
day or four
times a day, or
75 mg twice a
day.)
E)Ms. Ultram Tramadol ● 100 mg orally 8 Constipation

Katherine Hu, a Ultram ER once daily
28-year-old just initially;
finished her Ryzolt increase by 100
tooth extraction ConZip mg/day every 5
(having a tooth days; not to
pulled) and she exceed 300
feel in pain. mg/day.
F) Ms. Biogesic Paracetamol ● Adults and 9 Vomiting

Christina children 12
Young, a 35- years and older
year-old having usually take 1
a fever and to 2 500mg
she’s been tablets orally
experiencing every 4 to 6
headache for 2 hours. It is not
days. recommended
to take more
than 4g (8
500mg tablets)
of Paracetamol

in a span of 24
hours because
this can lead to
overdose.

Experiment No. 15
The effect of coffee on pulse rate blood pressure on normal human volunteers
Objectives
To study the Effect of Coffee on Pulse rate and Blood Pressure on Normal Human volunteers
Theory
Caffeine is an alkaloid present in coffee, chocolate, tea and cola-drinks. It is a cardiac and CNS
stimulant and also produces diuresis. 30-60 mg caffeine is present in 150 ml coffee and 360 cola
drink. In larger doses, caffeine causes insomnia, palpitations.
Procedure
● Select volunteers randomly without any discrimination of age, sex

● Measure the blood pressure and pulse rate
● Administer a cup of coffee containing a teaspoon of coffee and 2 teaspoons of sugar
mixed in 250 ml of water
● Count the Pulse and measure the blood pressure before taking the drink i.e. zero min and
then at regular intervals of 30 min for 2 hours
● Calculate the standard deviation and standard error for each data
● Compare the 0 minute data of the two groups by applying Student's t test and find out the
statistical significance
Pulse Rate Female ( 20 yrs old) Male ( 20 yrs old)
0 Mins 80 beats/min 79 beats/min

Blood Pressure (systolic) Female ( 20 yrs old) Male ( 20 yrs old)
0 Mins 80/65 90/70
30 Mins 90/70 120/85
60 Mins 100/75 110/90
90 Mins 110/80 110/95
120 Mins 110/85 120/90
Pulse rate
Male
Female
79, 85, 90, 90, 92
80, 86, 90, 90, 94
Mean = 88
Mean = 88
Median= 90
Median= 90
Mode= 90
Mode= 90
SD= √110.8/4
SD= √112/4
= 5.26
= 5.29
SE= 5.26/√5
SE= 5.29/√5
= 2.35
= 2.37
T- TEST
= 87.2 - 88/ √2.37 - 2.35
= 0.2398
p value = 0.8165 ; there is no significant difference between two data samples
DOF = 5+5-2 = 8

Blood Pressure (systolic)
DOF = 5+5-2 = 8
Female
80, 90,100, 110,110
Mean = 98
Median= 100
Mode= 110
SD= √680/4
= 13.04
SE= 13.04/√5
= 5.83
Male
90, 110, 110, 120, 120
Mean = 110
Median= 110
Mode= 110 and 120
SD= √600/4
= 12.25
SE= 12.25/√5
= 5. 48
T- TEST
= 98 - 110/ √13.04 - 12.25
= 1. 4998
p value = 0.1721 ; there is no

significant difference between two data
samples

Group 5:
Dayot, De La Rosa, Diesto, Pilla, Yulo
Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 | Practical Lab Manual
Experiment no. 16
Determine the frequency of hypoglycemic drugs in medical/ surgical ward/ OPD
Objectives
Familiarized the students with the most common Hypoglycemic Drugs used in Medical / Surgical /
OPD
Procedure
1. Visit on OPD or ward in hospital
2. Take permission from relevant authority
3. Take consent of the patient
4. Select patient taking Hypoglycemic drugs
5. Inquire and record following information
6. Analyze the information collected
Patient Name,
Age & Drug Generic Frequency, Relieve in Unwanted
Presenting brand name/ Doses pain & effects
Complain name Formula/ duration of inflammatio
Compositiok treatment n on 1 - 10
n scale

1) Mr Glucophag Metforrmin Metformin 8 Heartburn
Sanchez , e XR 500 mg orally
45-year- every 12
old ,complai hours
n about
numb or
tingling
feeling in Maintenance
his hands doses: 1500-
and feet 2550 mg/ day
and have a taken orally
sore that divided once
heal slowly. every 8-12 hr
He often with meal
feel hungry
and thirsty
2) Mr. Amaryle Glimepiride 1 mg take 8 Nausea

Gonzales once a day
65 year old,
complain
unintended
weight loss
and
frequent
urination
3) Mrs. Starlix nateglinide - 120 mg by 7 nausea and

Maison, a mouth every 8 vomiting
54-year-old hour
complaining
about her -60 mg by mouth
red, every 8 hour if
swollen, patient near goal
tender HbA1C
gums after -Take dose 1-30
her teeth minutes before
pulled away meal
and sores
that don’t
heal.

4) Mr. 40-80mg daily 8 Stomach ache
Domingo, a and
38-year-old Diamicron Gliclazide increasing
complaining until adequate
about what control is
he feels like achieved
the rapid
heartbeat
and blurred
vision.
5) Mr. Cruz, Glyburide Glibenclamid Initially, 2.5-5 7 stomach upset

a 58-year- e mg daily,
old adjusted in
complaining increments of
about the 2.5 mg at
numbness weekly
of mouth intervals,
and tongue. based on
patient’s
response.
Max: 20 mg
daily.
6) Mr. Precose Acarbose Initially, 25 8 severe

Lopez, a mg or 50 mg stomach/abdomin
55-year-old, tid. May also al pain
complain initiate with 25
that he mg or 50 mg
cannot daily to
control the minimise
amount of gastrointestin
sugar in the al effects,
blood cause then gradually
him sudden increase to 25
faint mg or 50 mg
tid.
Mr. Jones a Glycet Miglitol recommende 7 bloated full feeling

48- year d starting
old; dosage of and diarrhea
complains miglitol tablets
having a is 25 mg,
blurred given orally
vision and three times
been daily at the
experiencin start of each
g polyuria main meal.
patients may
benefit by
starting at 25
mg once daily
to minimize
gastrointestin
al adverse
effects, and
gradually
increasing the
frequency of
administration
to 3 times
daily.
Precose Acarbose Initially 25 mg 6 hypoglycemia

PO q8hr, at
meals (with
first bite)

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Exp 8 16

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Group 5:

Dayot, De la Rosa, Diesto, Pilla, Yulo

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 | Practical Lab Manual

Introduction to Biostatistics and its applications

Purpose & Uses:

It is an event, which is seen to occur. Usually the observation is measurement of

Ø We take five students of a class and record their weight

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

A set of information is called data. It is classified as qualitative and quantitative data.

Quantitative data: are numerical values, arising from counts or measurements.

· 4 Patients got fever 100, 102, 100, 103

Ø Tabular presentation (Simple-Complex)

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

E.g. ESR of 7 patients is: 7,5,4,6,4,5,9

(Mean is equal to the summation of all scores present/total number of population)

68, 69, 79, 80, 84, 93, 96

Median = 2+3/ 2 = 2.5

E.g. In the given number of values,

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

It is difference of individual observation from their arithmetic mean

Standard Deviation (SD):

It is defined as positive square root of AM (Arithmetic Mean) of the square deviation

S.D = √∑( − )²/ –

Standard error SE:

P-Value: It is calculated via frequency distribution table.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Standard error SE:

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

median= 110 and 130

Standard error SE:

415.73/ √4= 207.87

= 0.85 C there is not significant difference between sample

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Different formulas used in calculating a child’s dose

Strength or potency of a drug is the amount or quantity of the active pharmaceutical

Pediatric Dose calculation:

Child Dose = Age in years

Child Dose = Weight (lb) ×

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Dose calculation on basis of Body Surface Area

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

A 70 kg patient is receiving 500 mg ciprofloxacin b.i.d. How much volume of

Child dose = weight (lbs)/150 × adult dose = dose for child

(Patient’s BSA m2 )/(1.73 m2) x Adult dose

= 0.347 x 25 mg= 8.67 mg or 9 mg

ft -- in. = 4x12 = 48+2 = 50 in

A= √((weight x height )/3131)

= √((75lb x 50in )/3131)

(pt.BSA m2 )/(1.73 m2) x Adult dose

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

= 0.63 x 25 mg = 15.75mg or 16mg q.i.d.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Loading dose = volume of distribution (Vd) ×Tc

Dosing rate (ss) = CL×Tc

Whereas K= elimination rate constant

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

Maintenance dose = Dosing rate ×Dosing interval

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2 Practical Laboratory Manual

1. A patient is administered with IV theophylline injection and target plasma

Calculate the maintenance and loading dose.

Dosing rate (ss) = CL×Tc

= 2.8 L/h x 20 mg/L

Maintenance dose = Dosing rate ×Dosing interval